高级英语Lesson_2_(Book_2)_Marrakech课件PPT
Lesson 2 高英第二册PPT教学课件
2020/12/10
5
Background
Morocco: Located in North Africa, on
the Mediterranean Sea and the
Atlantic Ocean, the farthest west of
all the Arab countries.
Capital：Rabat
Advanced English
Book Two Lesson 2 Marrakech
Instructor: Wei Haiyan
2020/12/10
1
Teaching plan
• About the author • Introduction to the passage • Background • Stylistic Analysis
Political System: Constitutional
monarchy, multiparty democracy.
Brief history: Morocco was inhabited
in the stone age by cave dwellers, who
left many traces of their presence.
reasons or details.
5. The burial of the poor inhabitants
6. A municipal城市的(urban) employee begging for a piece of
bread
7. The miserable lives of the Jews in the ghettoes
About 2000 B.C., it was settled by
高级英语Lesson-2-(Book-2)-Marrakech-课件PPT
George Orwell
Orwell is best remembered today for two of his novels
Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty-Four
His book --- Animal Farm
Animal Farm (1945)
---- a political fable Each animal represents a certain human character, meant to criticize Stalin's socialism.
fighting social injustice, oppression, and the power of totalitarian (极权主义的 ) regimes.
Features of his works
In reading his works, several aspects draw our attention:
His Life
– He received good education in Britain and studied in the most famous school “Eden”.
His Life
– Marrakech is one of the places he travelled to. His travel made him take a hostile attitude toward imperialism. He showed deep sympathy for the poor and became a firm supporter of socialism.
---Renowned for leather goods --- the old city is like a labyrinth (迷宫 ) full of
第二课 Marrakech
…the flies left the restaurant table in a cloud and rushed after it, but they came back in a few minutes later. …the taxis and the camels… When the friends get to the burying-ground they hack an oblong hole a foot and two deep, dump the body in it and fling over it a little of the dried-up, lumpy earth, which is like the broken brick.
省级精品课程 《高级英语》第三版第二册
制作人：徐李洁
Lesson 2 Marrakech
By George Orwell
Teaching Aims
• To familiarize with the background knowledge of George Orwell, Morocco, French colonies, Marrakech; Jews • To learn expository writing; • To analyze the theme and the writer’s opinion of colonialism.
2. A region politically controlled by a distant country; a dependency.
3. A group of people who have been institutionalized in a relatively remote area
Lesson 2 高英第二册PPT教学课件
bread. P.6 Result I tore off a piece and he stowed it gratefully in some
2020/12/10
1
Teaching plan
• About the author • Introduction to the passage • Background • Stylistic Analysis
2020/12/10
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About the Author
George Orwell: pseudonym of Eric Arthur Blair (1903-50), an English writer. born in Motihari, Bengal, India. Concerned with the sociopolitical conditions of his time.
• P.9 Working conditions, dress: ... all dressed in the long black robe, and black cap, working in dark cave-like flyinfested booths. Example 1: a carpenter
2020/12/10
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IV. The Old Women
P.16 Topic/statement All people who work with their hands are
高级英语lesson2（book2）marrakech词汇短语[详解]
![高级英语lesson2（book2）marrakech词汇短语[详解]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/0080095ece84b9d528ea81c758f5f61fb73628ff.png)
词汇(Vocabulary): pass through by twisting，turning，or weaving in and out穿过，通过----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: a round fruit with a red，leathery rind and many seeds covered with red，juicy，edible flesh；the bush or small tree that bears it 石榴；石榴树----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: a simple liturgical song in which a string of syllables or words is sung to each tune(礼拜仪式唱的)单调的歌----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: a platform or portable framework on which a coffin or corpse is placed棺材架；尸体架----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: break up(land)with a hoe，mattock，etc．(用锄等)翻地，挖(土) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: longer than broad；elongated长方形的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: full of lumps；covered with lumps多块状物的；凹凸不平的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: full of or looking like low，rounded hills布满小丘的；似小圆丘的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: deserted by the owner；abandoned；forsaken无主的；被遗弃的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: a plot of ground一块地----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: without clear qualities or distinctive characteristics 无区别的；无显著特点的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: a heap or bank of earth，sand，etc．built over a grave，in a fortification，etc．土堆；堤；坟堆----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: full of prickles多刺的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: any of a genus of cactus plants having cylindrical or large，flat，oval stem joints and edible fruits仙人掌(属)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: full of bumps；rough；jolting崎岖不平的；颠簸的；震摇的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: any of various small，swift，graceful antelopes瞪羚----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: either of the two hind legs and the adjoining loin of a carcass of veal，beef，lamb，etc．；[p1.]the hind part of a four-legged animal(牛、羊、猪等的)后腿肉；[复](四肢动物的)后躯----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: take small，cautious，or gentle bites小口地咬；谨慎地咬(啃) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: strike or push with the head or horns：ram with the head(用头或角)撞击；顶撞----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: any point in space，not in contact with the ground or other surface空中；上空----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: n unskilled laborer，as on canals，roads，etc．劳工；无特殊技术的工人----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: move sideways，esp．in a shy or stealthy manner(羞怯或偷偷地)侧身行走----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: pack or store away；fill by packing in an orderly way装载；装进；收藏---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- municipality n．a city，town. etc．having its own incorporated government for local affairs自治市(或镇)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: (in certain European cities)a section to which Jews were formerly restricted(某些欧洲城市中从前的)犹太人居住区----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: giving or feeling physical pain；painful疼痛的；感到疼痛的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: a light，closefitting，brimless cap，usually worn indoors(室内戴的)无沿便帽----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: overrun or inhabit in large numbers，usually so as to be harmful or bothersome；swarm in or over(虫害等)侵扰；骚扰；蔓延----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: a stall for the sale of goods，as at markets or fairs(市场或集市上的)货摊；摊店，摊棚----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: pertaining to ancient times，very old-fashioned老式的；古旧的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: become bent or twisted out of shape变弯曲；变歪----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: full of uncontrolled excitement疯狂的，狂乱的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: make a loud confused noise or shout；cry out喧嚷，喧嚣，吵闹----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: feel or search about blindly，hesitantly，or uncertainly摸索；探索----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: having within oneself or itself all that is necessary；self-sufficient，as a community自给自足的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: the power or practices of witches: black magic；sorcery巫术；魔法----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: satisfying；solid；substantial[口]令人满意的；充实的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: attracting attention by being unexpected，unusual，outstanding惹人注目的，显眼的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: orchard果园----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: a member of a legion军团的成员----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: requiring great physical exertion；very tiring费劲的；辛苦的，累人的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: uninhabited；deserted荒无人烟的，荒凉的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: a type of plant whose leaves grow in groups of three and which is used for feeding farm animals紫花苜蓿----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: gorse food for cattle，horses，sheep，etc. as cornstalks，hay and straw (牛、马、羊的)粗饲料；饲草----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: put a yoke on；join together；link用轭连起；连合；连结----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: a heavy frame with spikes or sharp-edged disks，drawn by a horse or tractor and used for breaking up and leveling plowed ground，covering seeds，rooting up weeds，etc．耙----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: a narrow groove made in the ground by a plow沟，畦；犁沟----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: the act of trickling；a slow，small flow滴，淌；细流；----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: the layer of soil beneath the surface soil底土，下层土，----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: shrivel or dry up干瘪；枯干；成木乃伊状----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: go unsteadily，haltingly，etc．蹒跚----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: 1ike leather in appearance or texture. tough and flexible(外观或质地)似皮革的；坚韧的，粗硬的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: cause to become very angry；enrage(使)发怒，激怒----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: execrably该诅咒地；极坏地----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: a saddle with fastenings to secure and balance the load carried by a pack animal驮鞍;----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: a head harness for guiding a horse马勒;马笼头; 缰绳----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: a rope，cord，strap，etc.，usually with a headstall，for tying or leading an animal；a bitless headstall，with or without a lead rope缰绳；(马)笼头----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: the bowels；entrails[常用复]内脏----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: condition or state of affairs；esp.，now, an awkward．sad，or dangerous situation情况；状态；(现尤指)苦境；困境或险境----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: injure or make sore by rubbing；chafe擦伤，擦痛；磨----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: any of a family of large，long-legged，mostly old-world wading birds．having a long neck and bill，and related to the herons鹳----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: second-hand or ready-made(衣服)用旧的；别人用过的；现成的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: made of khaki(cloth)卡其(布)制的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: force one’s way；squeeze挤进，挤入----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: have a drooping posture or gait低头弯腰(而行)；消沉----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: inclined to ask many questions or seek information；eager to learn好询问的；好奇的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: an infectious venereal disease，caused by a spirochete and usually transmitted by sexual intercourse or acquired congenitally梅毒----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: troops stationed in a fort or fortified place驻军；卫戍部队----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: a horse ridden in battle or on parade战马, 军马----------------------------------------------------------------------------------短语(Expressions): a complete and satisfying meal美餐丰盛的、令人满足----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: a large number of small things moving through the air as a mass一团例：a cloud of locusts一群蝗虫----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: to approach or reach到达，得到例：You have to use a little ladder to get at the jars on the top shelves．你得使用一把小梯才可以拿到架子上面的坛子。
高级英语第二册第二课“马拉克什”
Watch and Discuss
Background Information
George Orwell
Colonialism
Morocco
Marrakech
George Orwell
George Orwell (1903—1950)
pseudonym of Eric Blair a man of the uncommitted and independent left Masterpiece including Animal Farm 1984
Back
Morocco
Morocco
Morocco
Location: North Africa Capital : Rabat (435,000 people) 拉巴特 Area : 171,583 square miles State religion: Islam; Most of the people of Morocco are Muslims Languages: Arabic (official language), French and Spanish also spoken Money: Dirham 迪拉姆, DH
Colonism
Non-settlement colonies: a new kind of colony. The Europeans sent just enough soldiers, officials and businessmen to rule the people who already lived there. These non-settlement colonies were important as markets and as sources of raw materials for factories in the ruling countries.
高级英语第二册 Lesson2 Marrakech
Morocco is a constitutional monarchy with an elected parliament. The King of Morocco holds vast executive powers, including dissolving parliament at will. Executive power is exercised by the government but more importantly by the king himself. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the two chambers of parliament, the Assembly of Representatives and the Assembly of Councillors. Parliamentary elections were held in Morocco on 7 September 2007, and were considered by some neutral observers to be mostly free and fair. The political capital is Rabat, and the largest city is Casablanca; other large cities include Marrakech, Tetouan, Tangier, Salé, Fes, Agadir, Meknes and Oujda.
Lucerne [lju‘sə:n] [作物] 苜蓿；紫花苜蓿 Gazelle [ɡə‘zel]小羚羊；瞪羚 Stork [stɔ:k] 鹳 prickly pear 仙人掌，仙人球 Pomegranate [‘pɔmɡrænit ] 石榴
高级英语 张汉熙 第二课 课件
Orwell’s Political point
Orwell was a keen critic of imperialism , fascism ,Stalinism, and capitalism.
His works are concerned with the sociopolitical conditions of his time, notably with the problem of human freedom.
Never use a long word where a short one will do. If it is possible to cut a word out, always cut it out. Never use the passive voice where you can use the
b. A territory thus settled.
2. A region politically controlled by a distant country; a dependency.
3. A group of people who have been institutionalized in a relatively remote area
Colonize vt. e.g. Britain colonized Australia.
Colonist (殖民地居民， 移民）， colonialism,
colonialist, Colonization, colonizationist (主张开拓殖民
地者）
Colonial country Colony （殖民地， 居住区）
Scene 1: The burial of the poor inhabitants (para 1-3) The idea: Life is cheap. People are so poor that they can not
高级英语第二册第二课Marrakech
• still more
• more,much more,in addition,而且，况 且，更加 • I said nothing, which made him still more angry. • 我什么也没说，这使他更加生气。
• All colonial empires are in reality founded upon this fact.
• Sometimes, out for a walk as you break your way through the prickly pear, you notice that it is rather bumpy underfoot, and only a certain regularity in the bumps tells you that you are walking over skeletons.”
• break your way: force your way or pick your way
• prickly pear : 仙
人掌果；仙人掌；仙 人球
• bumpy (adj.) : full of bumps；rough； jolting
• 崎岖不平的；颠簸的；震摇的 Nhomakorabea•
When out for a walk picking your way through the prickly pear, you find that the ground is bumpy. You realize that you are walking over skeletons. You know they are graves only because the bumps appear in an even pattern.
高级英语marrakech课件
Improving oral skills
01
English is often the language of choice in the workplace, specifically in international companies and organizations
02
Proficiency in English can open up more job opportunities and enhance career development prospects
04
Skills and Methods of English Learning
Improve listening skills
Listening comprehension
Encourage students to actively listen to native English speakers and understand the main points of the conversation
The Culture of Marrakesh
Marrakesh is a cultural hub of Morocco, known for its vibrant art scene and traditional craftsmanship The city's culture is a blend of Berber, Arab, and European influences, making it a unique destination for art and culture lovers
高级英语Lesson-2-（BooK-2）-Marrakech-词汇短语
高级英语Lesson-2-（BooK-2）-Marrakech-词汇短语词汇(Vocabulary)thread (v.) : pass through by twisting，turning，or weaving in and out穿过，通过----------------------------------------------------------------------------------pomegranate (n.) : a round fruit with a red，leathery rind and many seeds covered with red，juicy，edible flesh；the bush or small tree that bears it 石榴；石榴树----------------------------------------------------------------------------------chant (n.) : a simple liturgical song in which a string of syllables or words is sung to each tune(礼拜仪式唱的)单调的歌----------------------------------------------------------------------------------bier (n.) : a platform or portable framework on which a coffin or corpse is placed棺材架；尸体架----------------------------------------------------------------------------------hack (v.) : break up(land)with a hoe，mattock，etc．(用锄等)翻地，挖(土) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------oblong (adj.) : longer than broad；elongated长方形的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------lumpy (adj.) : full of lumps；covered with lumps多块状物的；凹凸不平的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------hummocky (a.) : full of or looking like low，rounded hills布满小丘的；似小圆丘的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------derelict (adj.) : deserted by the owner；abandoned；forsaken无主的；被遗弃的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------lot (n.) : a plot of ground一块地----------------------------------------------------------------------------------undifferentiated (adj.) : without clear qualities or distinctive characteristics无区别的；无显著特点的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------mound (n.) : a heap or bank of earth，sand，etc．built over a grave，in a fortification，etc．土堆；堤；坟堆----------------------------------------------------------------------------------prickly (adj.) : full of prickles多刺的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------prickly pear : any of a genus of cactus plants having cylindrical or large，flat，oval stem joints and edible fruits仙人掌(属)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------bumpy (adj.) : full of bumps；rough；jolting崎岖不平的；颠簸的；震摇的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------gazelle (n.) : any of various small，swift，graceful antelopes 瞪羚----------------------------------------------------------------------------------hindquarter (n.) : either of the two hind legs and the adjoining loin of a carcass of veal，beef，lamb，etc．；[p1.]the hind part of a four-legged animal(牛、羊、猪等的)后腿肉；[复](四肢动物的)后躯----------------------------------------------------------------------------------nibble (v.) : take small，cautious，or gentle bites小口地咬；谨慎地咬(啃) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------butt (v.) : strike or push with the head or horns：ram with the head(用头或角)撞击；顶撞----------------------------------------------------------------------------------mid-air (n.) : any point in space，not in contact with the ground or other surface空中；上空----------------------------------------------------------------------------------navvy (n.) : n unskilled laborer，as on canals，roads，etc．劳工；无特殊技术的工人----------------------------------------------------------------------------------sidle (v.) : move sideways，esp．in a shy or stealthy manner(羞怯或偷偷地)侧身行走----------------------------------------------------------------------------------stow (v.) : pack or store away；fill by packing in an orderlyway装载；装进；收藏----------------------------------------------------------------------------------municipality n．a city，town. etc．having its own incorporated government for local affairs自治市(或镇) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------ghetto (n.) : (in certain European cities)a section to which Jews were formerly restricted(某些欧洲城市中从前的)犹太人居住区----------------------------------------------------------------------------------sore (adj.) : giving or feeling physical pain；painful疼痛的；感到疼痛的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------skull-cap (n.) : a light，closefitting，brimless cap，usually worn indoors(室内戴的)无沿便帽----------------------------------------------------------------------------------infest (v.) : overrun or inhabit in large numbers，usually so as to be harmful or bothersome；swarm in or over(虫害等)侵扰；骚扰；蔓延----------------------------------------------------------------------------------booth (n.) : a stall for the sale of goods，as at markets or fairs(市场或集市上的)货摊；摊店，摊棚---prehistoric (adj.) : pertaining to ancient times，very old-fashioned老式的；古旧的------------------------------------------------------------------warp (v.) : become bent or twisted out of shape变弯曲；变歪----------------------------------------------------------------------------------frenzied (adj.) : full of uncontrolled excitement疯狂的，狂乱的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------clamour (v.) : make a loud confused noise or shout；cry out 喧嚷，喧嚣，吵闹----------------------------------------------------------------------------------grope (v.) : feel or search about blindly，hesitantly，or uncertainly摸索；探索----------------------------------------------------------------------------------self-contained (adj.) : having within oneself or itself all that is necessary；self-sufficient，as a community自给自足的---witchcraft (n.) : the power or practices of witches: black magic；sorcery 巫术；魔法----------------------------------------------------------------------------------square (adj.[colloq.]) : satisfying；solid；substantial[口]令人满意的；充实的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------conspicuous (adj.) : attracting attention by being unexpected，unusual，outstanding惹人注目的，显眼的------------------------------------------------------------------grove (n.) : orchard果园----------------------------------------------------------------------------------legionnaire (n.) : a member of a legion军团的成员----------------------------------------------------------------------------------back-breaking (adj.) : requiring great physical exertion；very tiring费劲的；辛苦的，累人的---desolate (adj.) : uninhabited；deserted荒无人烟的，荒凉的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------lucerne (n.) : a type of plant whose leaves grow in groups of three and which is used for feeding farm animals紫花苜蓿----------------------------------------------------------------------------------fodder (n.) : gorse food for cattle，horses，sheep，etc. as cornstalks，hay and straw (牛、马、羊的)粗饲料；饲草----------------------------------------------------------------------------------yoke (v.) : put a yoke on；join together；link用轭连起；连合；连结----------------------------------------------------------------------------------harrow (n.) : a heavy frame with spikes or sharp-edged disks，drawn by a horse or tractor and used for breaking up and leveling plowed ground，covering seeds，rooting up weeds，etc．耙----------------------------------------------------------------------------------furrow (n.) : a narrow groove made in the ground by a plow 沟，畦；犁沟---trickle (n.) : the act of trickling；a slow，small flow滴，淌；细流；----------------------------------------------------------------------------------subsoil (n.) : the layer of soil beneath the surface soil底土，下层土，----------------------------------------------------------------------------------mummify (v.) : shrivel or dry up干瘪；枯干；成木乃伊状----------------------------------------------------------------------------------hobble (v.) : go unsteadily，haltingly，etc．蹒跚----------------------------------------------------------------------------------leathery (adj.) : 1ike leather in appearance or texture. tough and flexible(外观或质地)似皮革的；坚韧的，粗硬的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------infuriate (v.) : cause to become very angry；enrage(使)发怒，激怒----------------------------------------------------------------------------------damnably (adv.) : execrably该诅咒地；极坏地---packsaddle (n.) : a saddle with fastenings to secure and balance the load carried by a pack animal驮鞍;----------------------------------------------------------------------------------bridle (n.) : a head harness for guiding a horse马勒;马笼头; 缰绳----------------------------------------------------------------------------------halter (n.) : a rope，cord，strap，etc.，usually with a headstall，for tying or leading an animal；a bitless headstall，with or without a lead rope缰绳；(马)笼头----------------------------------------------------------------------------------gut (n.[usu．in pl.]) : the bowels；entrails[常用复]内脏----------------------------------------------------------------------------------plight (n.) : condition or state of affairs；esp.，now, an awkward．sad，or dangerous situation情况；状态；(现尤指)苦境；困境或险境----------------------------------------------------------------------------------gall (v.) : injure or make sore by rubbing；chafe擦伤，擦痛；磨。
高级英语 Marrakech 课件
Orwell describes objectively the suffering and misery in Marrakech, yet he manages to show that he is outraged at the spectacle of misery. He succeeds in imparting the feeling to the readers, first, through the clever choice of the scenes he describes; second, through the appropriate use of words; third, through the tone in which he describes these scenes; and finally, by contrasting the indignation at the cruel handing of the donkey with the unconcern to the fate of the human beings.
Islam is the state religion and Arabic is the official language. But French and Spanish are also spoken.
Marrakech: Marrakech is in west central Morocco, at the Northern foot of the high Atlas,130 miles south of Casablanca, the chief seaport. The city renowned for leather goods, is one of the principal commercial centers of Morocco.
高级英语第二册第二课Marrakech
• They rise out of the earth，… are gone. • They are born. Then for a few years they work, toil and starve. Finally they die and are buried in graves without a name,and nobody notices that they are dead.
•
• flesh: • mankind,human beings
• undifferentiated brown stuff: • sth brown in color with no individual characteristics.
• coral:珊瑚的； 珊瑚色的 • coral insects:珊瑚虫
• alliteration (押头韵） • showing the monotonous life.
• sink into:渗入； 陷入； 沉入； 把…投入
• The facts don't seem to sink into his
head. • 他似乎没有牢记这些事实。
• mound (n.) : a pile of earth or stones that looks like a small hill 土堆；土丘； 坟堆
• Sometimes, out for a walk as you break your way through the prickly pear, you notice that it is rather bumpy underfoot, and only a certain regularity in the bumps tells you that you are walking over skeletons.”
高级英语Lesson_2_(BooK_2)_Marrakech_课文内容
高级英语Lesson_2_(BooK_2)_Marrakech_课文内容MarrakechGeorge Orwell1 As the corpse went past the flies left the restaurant table in a cloud and rushed after it, but they came back a few minutes later.2 The little crowd of mourners -- all men and boys, nowomen--threaded their way across the market place between thepiles of pomegranates and the taxis and the camels, walling a short chant over and over again. What really appeals to the flies is that the corpses here are never put into coffins, they are merely wrapped in a piece of rag and carried on a rough wooden bier on the shoulders of four friends. When the friends get to the burying-ground they hackanoblong hole a foot or two deep, dump the body in it and fling overit a little of the dried-up, lumpy earth, which is like broken brick. No gravestone, no name, no identifying mark of any kind. The burying-ground is merely a huge waste of hummocky earth, like aderelict building-lot. After a month or two no one can even becertain where his own relatives are buried.3 When you walk through a town like this -- two hundredthousand inhabitants of whom at least twenty thousand own literally nothing except the rags they stand up in-- when you see how thepeople live, and still more how easily they die, it is alwaysdifficult to believe that you are walking among human beings. All colonialempires are in reality founded upon this fact. The people have brown faces--besides, there are so many of them! Are they really the sameflesh as your self? Do they even have names? Or are they merely a kind of undifferentiated brown stuff, about as individual as bees or coral insects? They rise out of the earth，they sweat and starve for afew years, and then they sink back into the nameless mounds of the graveyard and nobody notices that they are gone. And even the graves themselves soon fade back into the soil. Sometimes, out for a walk as you break your way through the prickly pear, you notice that it is rather bumpy underfoot, and only a certain regularity in the bumps tells you that you are walking over skeletons.4 I was feeding one of the gazelles in the public gardens.5 Gazelles are almost the only animals that look good to eat when they are still alive, in fact, one can hardly look at their hindquarters without thinking of a mint sauce. The gazelle I wasfeeding seemed to know that this thought was in my mind, for though it took the piece of bread I was holding out it obviously did not like me. It nibbled nibbled rapidly at the bread, then lowered its head and tried to butt me, then took another nibble and then butted again.Probably its idea was that if it could drive me away the bread would somehow remain hanging in mid-air.6 An Arab navvy working on the path nearby lowered his heavyhoe and sidled slowly towards us. He looked from the gazelle to the bread and from the bread to the gazelle, with a sort of quiet amazement, as though he had never seen anything quite like thisbefore. Finally he said shyly in French: "1 could eat some of that bread."7 I tore off a piece and he stowed it gratefully in some secretplace under his rags. This man is an employee of the municipality.8 When you go through the Jewish Quarters you gather someidea of what the medieval ghettoes were probably like. Under their Moorish Moorishrulers the Jews were only allowed to own land in certain restricted areas, and after centuries of this kind of treatment they have ceased to bother about overcrowding. Many of the streets are a good deal less than six feet wide, the houses are completely windowless, and sore-eyed children cluster everywhere in unbelievable numbers, like clouds of flies. Down the centre of the street there is generally running a little river of urine.9 In the bazaar huge families of Jews, all dressed in the long black robe and little black skull-cap, are working in dark fly-infested booths that look like caves. A carpenter sits crosslegged at a prehistoric lathe, turning chairlegs at lightning speed. He works thelathe with a bow in his right hand and guides the chisel with hisleft foot, and thanks to a lifetime of sitting in this position his left leg is warped out of shape. At his side his grandson, aged six, is already starting on the simpler parts of the job.10 I was just passing the coppersmiths' booths when somebody noticed that I was lighting a cigarette. Instantly, from the dark holes all round, there was a frenzied rush of Jews, many of them old grandfathers with flowing grey beards, all clamouring for a cigarette.Even a blind man somewhere at the back of one of the booths heard a rumour of cigarettes and came crawling out, groping in the air with his hand. In about a minute I had used up the whole packet. None of these people, I suppose, works less than twelve hours a day, and every one of them looks on a cigarette as a more or less impossible luxury.11 As the Jews live in self-contained communities they follow thesame trades as the Arabs, except for agriculture. Fruitsellers, potters, silversmiths, blacksmiths, butchers, leather-workers, tailors, water-carriers, beggars, porters -- whichever way you look you see nothing but Jews. As a matter of fact there are thirteen thousand of them, all living in the space of a few acres. A good job Hitletwasn't here. Perhaps he was on his way, however. You hear the usual dark rumours about Jews, not only from the Arabs but from the poorer Europeans.12 "Yes vieux mon vieux, they took my job away from me andgave it to a Jew. The Jews! They' re the real rulers of this country, you know. They’ve got all the money. They control the banks, finance -- everything."13 "But", I said, "isn't it a fact that the average Jew is alabourerworking for about a penny an hour?"14 "Ah, that's only for show! They' re all money lenders really.They' re cunning, the Jews."15 In just the same way, a couple of hundred years ago, poor old women used to be burned for witchcraft when they could not even work enough magic to get themselves a square meal. square meal16 All people who work with their hands are partly invisible, andthe more important the work they do, the less visible they are. Still, a white skin is always fairly conspicuous. In northern Europe, when you see a labourer ploughing a field, you probably give him a second glance. In a hot country, anywhere south of Gibraltar or east of Suez, the chances are that you don't even see him. I have noticed this again and again. In a tropical landscape one's eye takes ineverything except the human beings. It takes in the dried-up soil, the prickly pear, the palm tree and the distant mountain, but it always misses the peasant hoeing at his patch. He is the same colour as the earth, and a great deal less interesting to look at.17 It is only because of this that the starved countries of Asia and Africa are accepted as tourist resorts. No one would think of running cheap trips to the Distressed Areas. But where the human beings have brown skins their poverty is simply not noticed. What does Morocco mean to a Frenchman? An orange grove or a job in Government service. Or to an Englishman? Camels, castles, palm trees, Foreign Legionnaires, brass trays, and bandits. One couldprobably live there for years without noticing that for nine-tenths ofthe people the reality of life is an endless back-breaking struggle towring a little food out of an eroded soil.18 Most of Morocco is so desolate that no wild animal bigger than a hare can live on it. Huge areas which were once covered with forest have turned into a treeless waste where the soil is exactly like broken-up brick. Nevertheless a good deal of it is cultivated, with frightful labour. Everything is done by hand. Long lines of women, bent double like inverted capital Ls, work their way slowly across the fields, tearing up the prickly weeds with their hands, and the peasant gathering lucerne for fodder pulls it up stalk by stalk instead of reaping it, thus saving an inch or two on each stalk. The plough is a wretched wooden thing, so frail that one can easily carry it on one's shoulder, and fitted underneath with a rough iron spike which stirs the soil to a depth of about four inches. This is as much as the strength ofthe animals is equal to. It is usual to plough with a cow and a donkey yoked together. Two donkeys would not be quite strong enough, but on the other hand two cows would cost a little more to feed. The peasants possess no narrows, they merely plough the soil severaltimes over in different directions, finally leaving it in rough furrows, after which the whole field has to be shaped with hoes into small oblong patches to conserve water. Except for a day or two after the rare rainstorms there is never enough water. A long the edges of the fields channels are hacked out to a depth of thirty or forty feet to get at the tiny trickles which run through the subsoil.19 Every afternoon a file of very old women passes down theroad outside my house, each carrying a load of firewood. All of them are mummified with age and the sun, and all of them are tiny. It seemsto be generally the case in primitive communities that the women, when they get beyond a certain age, shrink to the size ofchildren. One day poor creature who could not have been more thanfour feet tall crept past me under a vast load of wood. I stopped herand put a five-sou sou piece ( a little more than a farthing into her hand. She answered with a shrill wail, almost a scream, which was partly gratitude but mainly surprise. I suppose that from her point of view, by taking any notice of her, I seemed almost to be violating a law of nature. She accept- ed her status as an old woman, that is to say as a beast of burden. When a family is travelling it is quite usual to see a father and a grown-up son riding ahead on donkeys, and anold woman following on foot, carrying the baggage.20 But what is strange about these people is their invisibility. For several weeks, always at about the same time of day, the file of old women had hobbled past the house with their firewood, and though they had registered themselves on my eyeballs I cannot truly say thatI had seen them. Firewood was passing -- that was how I saw it. Itwas only that one day I happened to be walking behind them, and the curious up-and-down motion of a load of wood drew my attention to the human being beneath it. Then for the first time I noticed the poor old earth-coloured bodies, bodies reduced to bones and leathery skin, bent double under the crushing weight. Yet I suppose I had not been five minutes on Moroccan soil before I noticed the overloading of the donkeys and was infuriated by it. There is no question that the donkeys are damnably treated. The Moroccan donkey is hardly bigger than a St. Bernard dog, it carries a load which in the British Army would be considered too much for a fifteen-hands mule, and very often its packsaddle is not taken off its back for weeks together. But what is peculiarly pitiful is that it is the most willing creature on earth, it follows its master like a dog and does not need either bridleor halter . After a dozen years of devoted work it suddenly drops dead, whereupon its master tips it into the ditch and the village dogs have torn its guts out before it is cold.21 This kind of thing makes one's blood boil, whereas-- on thewhole -- the plight of the human beings does not. I am notcommenting, merely pointing to a fact. People with brown skins are next door to invisible. Anyone can be sorry for the donkey with its galled back, but it is generally owing to some kind of accident if one even notices the old woman under her load of sticks.22 As the storks flew northward the Negroes were marchingsouthward -- a long, dusty column, infantry , screw-gun batteries, and then more infantry, four or five thousand men in all, winding up the road with a clumping of boots and a clatter of iron wheels.23 They were Senegalese, the blackest Negroes in Africa, soblack that sometimes it is difficult to see whereabouts on their necks the hair begins. Their splendid bodies were hidden in reach-me-down khaki uniforms, their feet squashed into boots that looked like blocks of wood, and every tin hat seemed to be a couple of sizes too small. It was very hot and the men had marched a long way. They slumped under the weight of their packs and the curiously sensitive black faces were glistening with sweat.24 As they went past, a tall, very young Negro turned and caught my eye. But the look he gave me was not in the least the kind of look you might expect. Not hostile, not contemptuous, not sullen, not even inquisitive. It was the shy, wide-eyed Negro look, whichactuallyis a look of profound respect. I saw how it was. This wretched boy, who is a French citizen and has therefore been dragged from the forestto scrub floors and catch syphilis in garrison towns, actually has feelings of reverence before a white skin. He has been taught that the white race are his masters, and he still believes it.25 But there is one thought which every white man (and in this connection it doesn't matter twopence if he calls himself a socialist) thinks when he sees a black army marching past. "How much longer can we go on kidding these people? How long before they turn their guns in the other direction?"26 It was curious really. Every white man there had this thought stowed somewhere or other in his mind. I had it, so had the other onlookers, so had the officers on their sweating chargers and the white N. C. Os marching in the ranks. It was a kind of secret which we all knew and were too clever to tell; only the Negroes didn't know it. And really it was like watching a flock of cattle to see the long column, a mile or two miles of armed men, flowing peacefully up the road, while the great white birds drifted over them in the opposite direction, glittering like scraps of Paper.(from Reading for Rhetoric, by Caroline Shrodes,Clifford A. Josephson, and James R. Wilson)NOTES1. Orwell: George Orwell was the pseudonym of Eric Arthur Blair (1903-50), an English writer who at one time served with the Indian Imperial Police in Burma. He fought in the Spanish Civil War, an experience he recorded in Homage to Catalonia. His novels include Down and Out in Paris and London ; Burmese Days ; Coming up for Air ; A Clergyman' s Daughter ; Keep the Aspidistra Flying; Animal Farm; and 1984. The last two novels vilify socialist society andcommunism. Among his well known essays are: Shooting an Elephant ; A Hanging ; Marrakech ; and Politics and the English Language.2. Moorish: Moors, mixed Arabs and Berbers, and inhabitants of Morocco. They set up a Moorish empire from the end of the 8th century to the 12th century: by 12th century the empire included North Africa to the borders of Egypt, as well as Mohammedan Spain.3. Mon vieux: a French phrase meaning, "my old fellow (friend)"4. Distressed Area: area where there is widespread unemployment,poverty, etc., a slum area.5. Foreign Legionnaires: France organized a foreign legion shortly after the conquest of Algiers in 1830, enlisting recruits who were not French subjects. Spain had a foreign legion, up till the revolution in Morocco, and Holland in the Dutch East Indies.6. fifteen-hands: unit of measurement, especially for the height of horses; a hand, the breadth of the human palm, is now usually taken to be 4 inches.。
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How does the author put forward his idea?
By a contrast
between the soldiers and the storks and a comparison between the soldiers and cattle
the soldiers and the storks • The passive plodding, earthbound blacks(southward) are contrasted with the glittering white birds (their white masters; northward) so great, pure and lofty who sail above them in the sky. While the former are weighed down by heavy packs, are sweating and uncomfortably hot, the latter are free to soar unfettered in the cool sky above.
the soldiers and cattle The soldiers: passive plodding, earthbound, weighed down by heavy packs, sweating, uncomfortably hot, like cattle who do not asking questions and follow their masters blindly
I
Storks:
Para.23: The miserable state of the black soldiers( old uniforms, hard blocks , tin hat ,hot weather ,heavy packs and long way. )
Para.24: The mentality of the colonized
scene6:the soldiers(22-26)
The negro attitude towards the whites
Description of the black troops in . general and one black soldier individually.
A symbolic conclusion: The mentality of the colonized and the secret fear of the white colonialists and imperialists
Para.22: A contrast between white storks and the black soldiers
Symbol
white Storks --- symbolic of white colonialists
the soldiers and the storks • The passive plodding, earthbound blacks(southward) are contrasted with the glittering storks (their white masters; northward) so great, pure and lofty who sail above them in the sky. While the former are weighed down by heavy packs, are sweating and uncomfortably hot, the latter are free to soar unfettered in the cool sky above.
Para.25-26: Tቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱe secret fear of the white colonialists/imperialists
mplication of the questions in Paragraph 25: All colonial empires are in reality founded and maintained by cheating.
In this part ,the auther shows the mentality of the colonized by describing the boy look. (Not hostile, not contemptuous, not sullen, not even inquisitive ,only have reverence)