翻译教程第4讲
实用英汉互译教程4 Basic Translation Skill Conversion
2. 介词转译成动词（prep.---v.）
英语中介词的使用频率相对于汉语来说要高得多 。实际上英语中很多介词在语境中可带有明显的 动作意味，例如“across, against, past, toward, through, with”等。因此在翻译的过程中为了汉语 表达的通顺流畅，可以根据具体情况将一些介词 转译为动词。
4. 副词转译为动词（adv.---v.） 英语中，副词常常用来修饰动词作状语，这样使 得副词具有了动作意味。所以，副词也可以转换 为汉语的动词来翻译。 We started home. 我们启程踏上归途。 The train will be in in ten minutes. 火车十分钟后会到达。
2. 介词转译成动词（prep.---v.）
“Coming!” Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the verandah(凉台), and into the porch(门廊).
“来啦！”她转身蹦跳着越过草地，跑上小径，跨 上台阶，house with the money. 他用那笔钱买了一栋房子。 Both the police and the murderer are after him. 警察和凶手都在找他。 He was finally on his feet again. 他终于又站了起来。 Are you for or against the proposal? 你赞成还是反对这项提案？
be flooded with people 战争前夕，这个火车站被逃难者所淹没。 Before the war, the train state was flooded with refugees. be all packed 体育馆被塞得满满当当。 The stadium was packed with so many people. The stadium is all packed.
UnitHow I Found My Voice课文翻译综合教程四
U n i t9HowIFoundMyVoiceJamesEarlJones’’..3SinceIwaseightI’,,myfaceburningwithshame.4I’找回声音詹姆斯·厄尔·琼斯1今天我在声音方面的名气一点都不逊色于我的表演。
我在乔治·卢卡斯的《星球大战》三部曲中担任达斯·维达的配音演员，并在有线新闻网担任旁白播音员，能够获得这些工作机会我感到很幸运。
我还与西雅图交响乐团合作录制CD，在艾伦·科普兰的《林肯肖像》中担任朗诵。
也许我最大的荣誉是应邀录制《新约》。
2我花了好长时间才相信这样的好事会落到我头上。
我还是个小孩子的时候口吃非常严重，以至于不敢在公众面前说话。
3从8岁开始我说话就有困难。
情况很严重。
每次我在班上站起来朗读，其他小孩不是窃笑就是大笑。
于是我只好坐下来，双颊绯红，羞愤不已。
4我不知道怎么会口吃的。
也许是情感问题。
我出生在密西西比州的阿卡布特拉。
5岁的时候，搬到密歇根州北部都柏林附近我外祖父母的农场里，和他们生活在一起。
从温暖惬意的鲶鱼之乡搬到气候严峻的北部，风土人情看起来大不相同，是一件令人痛苦的事。
5幸运的是，我外公是位农场主绅士，他教会我热爱土地。
他个头矮小，精力过人。
为了讨好外婆，他甚至建了一座教堂，因为外婆是上帝热诚的信徒。
我们的小教堂邀请了各色人等参加活动；白人、黑人、印第安人，不分宗教派别，纷至沓来，和睦友爱。
外公的爱尔兰传统表现在他对语言的热爱上。
周一到周六他使用"日砈糜飻，但是到了礼拜天他只讲最优雅的英语。
6尽管我佩服他语言流利，我却无法达到他的水平。
最后我放弃了到主日学校学习，也不去教堂，再也不想受到羞辱。
在我整个小学时代，老师考核我进步的唯一方式是让我写下我所学会的全部知识。
7哦，我会说话，是的。
我们农场里的动物都知道这一点。
我觉得叫唤猪，告诉狗儿把奶牛赶到一块儿都很容易，还可以对着凡妮倾诉衷肠。
(完整版)英汉翻译教程
英汉翻译教程张培基第一讲翻译原则简介一、教学目的:了解基本的翻译原则和翻译研究的问题二、教学过程：1．翻译的定义和内涵：（Definition and Connotation）Translation is an art/ science/craf2.中国几位翻译家的理论（influential translation principles）严复：信达雅-—- faithfulness/expressiveness/elegance。
The “three character guide" is regarded as a plumb—line of long standing to measure the professional level of translating.傅雷：神似--—spiritual conformity。
Emphasizing the reproduction of the spirit of the flavor of the original。
强调原作神韵再现。
钱钟书：化境--—sublimed adaptation. Focus on the translator’s smooth and idiomatic Chinese version for the sake of the Chinese reader.刘重德：信、达、切-——faithfulness/expressiveness/closeness.3．中国翻译史上的论争:鲁迅：宁信而不顺-—-rather to be faithful than smooth。
目的：引入英文句式的表达法梁实秋、赵景深:宁顺而不信--—rather to be smooth than faithful 目的：可读性强，便于交流.4．直译与意译:直译—--literal translation意译：free translation直译的例子：crocodile tears鳄鱼的眼泪; armed to the teeth武装到牙齿； chain reaction连锁反应；gentlemen's agreement君子协定； one country, two systems 一国两制；The three religions and the nine schools of thought 三教九流；paper tiger 纸老虎; Breath one’s last——-断气； go to one’s external rest——-安息； the long sleep——-长眠；see Marx 见马克思; Go west 上西天; go to heaven 上天堂； blow out the candles 吹灯拔蜡kick the bucket 蹬腿：直译不等于死译（dead translation）:街道妇女应动员起来打扫卫生：Women in the street should be called on to do some cleaning.“In the street" should be replaced by “in the community”.她一大早起床，进城，见到了她的公爹:She got up early, went to the town and saw her public father。
英汉翻译实用教程第4讲 英译汉 (3)
四. 形式上否定，意义上肯定 形式上否定， 有些英语句子或短语形式上是否定的，意 义上却是肯定的。这类句子一般可译成汉 语的肯定句。现分述如下：
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1．“nothing” 有时意为“零”、“正好”。 如： 1) Multiply 6 by nothing, and the result is nothing. 六乘以零等于零。 2) He is five foot nothing. 他整整五英尺高。
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三. 双重否定 双重否定指两个否定词并用，否定同一个 单词，或者一个否定词否定另一个词，其 否定意义互相抵消而取得肯定意义。汉译 时可译成肯定句。如：
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1) Nothing is so difficult that it can not be done. 有志者事竟成。 2) There is not any advantage without disadvantage. 有一利必有一弊。 3) It is none other than zinc. 这就是锌。 4）You can’t make something out of nothing. 巧妇难为无米之炊。
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6）There was the growing realization that for all their vastness, the resources to be found in the oceans and seas were not inexhaustible. One could not hunt whales at will without risking their extermination or catch herring limitlessly without threatening survival of the stock. 分析：that引导的从句that for all their vastness, the resources to be found in the oceans and seas were not inexhaustible是 realization的同位语从句。介词for相当于in spite of。句子中的 not inexhaustible为双重否定结构。第二句中也用了not without 双重否定结构。有否定词without的双重否定结构，翻译时一般 可以译成肯定句。但是，在需要加强语气的时候，也可以译成 双重否定句。 译文：人们越来越认识到，尽管海洋无边无垠，但其资源并不 是取之不尽用之不竭的。人们不可能随心所欲地捕鲸而不使其 遭致灭绝的危险，或无限制地捕捞鲱鱼而不威胁到该物种的繁 衍生息。
英译汉教程Unit_4_conversion_课后习题答案
Unit 4 Conversion（转换法）Drills 4.1.1a.16. 绝不允许违反这个规则。
17．我无意让这件事是你厌烦。
18．激光视近年来最为轰动的成就之一，因为激光可以应用于许多科学领域，也适合于各种实际用途。
19．关切保护公共财物，应不限于仅防止盗窃与破坏。
20．我们反对一切侵略战争。
21．屠杀共和党人的事件，以及随之颁布的取缔报刊和结社权利的九月法令，都是他一手干出来的。
22．难怪老一辈的许多人见了这个就会想起三十六年前的往事。
23．必须明确承认国与国之间平等的原则。
24．这一发现开创了空气静力学这一门学科。
25．这样的岩石最适宜储存地下水。
26．这家商店有多种鞋帽可供选购。
27．总统竭力主张大大扩大导弹和空间计划。
28．要不是我能干重活，早就给辞退了。
29．两位领导人就中美关系和国际事务认真、坦率地交换了意见。
30．海洋法条约的谈判，经过六年的审议，实际上已与上周结束了。
31．演讲者号召人们打到帝国主义，消灭人剥削人的制度，解放中国和受压迫者。
32．从事诸如武装进攻、海上封锁和向武装恐怖分子集团提供援助之类的行动，都被认为是一种侵略。
33．第三代电子电路是沿着晶体管的发展趋势发展起来的。
34．本文结尾讨论了使用数学力学模型来研究地质构造成因的重要性。
35．这个王宫综合了不同时期的不同建筑风格。
36．这表示承认你个人的资格及贵国为国际合作所做的贡献。
37．每个国家需要什么来保卫自己的安全，只有它自己才能做出做好的决定。
38．人群一看见贵宾的车队，就关乎起来了。
39．要交流世界各国文化，就必须学习外语。
40．使用原子武器显然违反国际法。
41．他们慢慢地顺着北冰洋沿岸航行，一路仔细观察。
42．该国再三企图把这条原则说成是宣传花招。
43．晶体管是最近才发展起来的。
44．我们只有充分发挥人的主动性，才能更好地利用机器来改造自然。
Drills 4.1.1 b(1)加注S（主）或O（宾）并翻译。
UnitA French Fourth课文翻译综合教程四
U n i t 6AFrenchFourthCharlesTrueheart1Alongaboutthistimeeveryyear,asIndependenceDayapproaches,IpullanoldAmericanfla goutofabottomdrawerwhereitisfoldedaway－foldedinasquare,Iadmit,’&,andourchildrenareelevenandnine,soAmericanhistoryismo stlysomethingtheyhavelearned－orhaven’tlearned－’’salsoatime,oneamongmany,whenmythoughtsturnmoregenerallytothecostsandbe nefitsofraisingchildreninaforeignculture. LouiseandHenryspeakFrenchfluently;theyaretaughtinFrenchatschool,,seldommixingthemup,,在法国庆祝美国独立日查尔斯·特鲁哈特1每年差不多到了独立日日益临近的时候，我都会把一面折叠好的旧的美国国旗从底层抽屉里取出——我承认我折叠国旗不是官方规定的三角形，而是正方形。
我拥有这面国旗很长时间了，每年到了7月4日我总是把它挂出来。
身处巴黎的我把它挂在四楼的阳台上，在马路上都看得到。
虽然我没见过有人抬头看它一眼，但在我脑海中，我想象着美国游客或许会注意到它并莞尔一笑，而法国路人会从中想起促使这面国旗出现的相关日期和原因。
诚愿如此。
2对我们这个旅居国外的家庭来说，这面国旗之所以意义深远，部分是因为我们没有其他任何活动来庆祝独立日。
巴黎人不在公寓里烧烤，我认识的大多数在此定居的美国人并不张扬他们的这种传统，他们宁可回国消夏来为自己加油打气。
新英汉翻译教程第四章翻译的技巧答案
【改后译文】他和我握手的时候是那样热情，那样 真挚，要不然他那自信的神情和高傲的派头， 我还真有点害怕呢。
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课堂互动1： B. 改译下列翻译不理想、不 正确的句子（参考译文）
5. Without his knowledge, the matchmakers were at work.
【译文】那表情不是生气，不是惊讶，不是 不满，不是嫌恶，也不是她原先准备应付 的任何一种感情。
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课堂互动1： A. 翻译下列句子（参考译文）
5. Modern geology has for its aim the deciphering of the whole evolution of the earth from the time of the earlier records that can be recognized in the rocks to the present day.
● 在语法结构上、意义逻辑上、选词遣字上尽 力做到忠实原文，务使文理通顺；
● 根据不同的文章体裁，力求句简词精，译出 雅致优美，译出抑扬顿挫，译出明白流畅、 简练畅达；
● 有创造性、发挥性，沿着原文的思路、按照 原文的风格，敢于用生动活泼的语言，译出 形式上适当异化，意义上适当归化，结构上 适当等值的文字来。
【译文】最好的办法就是要逐渐使自己关心更 多的和不跟自己直接有关的事情。
【改后译文】最好的办法就是要逐渐使自己关 心更多的事情，甚至关心那些跟自己无关的 事情。
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课堂互动1： B. 改译下列翻译不理想、不 正确的句子（参考译文）
Unit9HowIFoundMyVoice课文翻译综合教程四
Unit 9How I Found My VoiceJames Earl Jones1 Today I am known for my voice as much as for my acting. It has been my good fortune toreceive jobs such as the speaking role of Darth Vader in George Lucas’s Star Wars trilogy and the voice-over announcer for CNN cable television。
I also narrated Aaron Copland’s Lincoln Portrait on a compact disc I recorded with the Seattle Symphony. Perhaps my greatest honor came when I was asked to read the New Testament on tape.2 But it took a long time to believe such good things could happen to me。
When I was a youngsterI stuttered so badly I was completely unable to speak in public.3 Since I was eight I’d had trouble speaking。
It was so bad that whenever I stood up inclass to read， the other kids snickered and laughed. I always sat down, my face burning with shame.4 I'm not sure what caused my stuttering. Perhaps it was an emotional problem. I was bornin Arkabutla， Mississippi， and when I was about five, I moved to live with my grandparents on their farm near Dublin in northern Michigan。
英语本科段自学考试英汉翻译教程Unit_4_Economy[1].doc
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Unit 4 EconomyLesson 10 (E—C)A Golbal EconmyRsident Clinton realized—as all of us must—that today’s economy is global. We live in an era in which information, goods and capital sped around the globe, every hour of every day. Whther we like it or not, all of our fortunes are tied together. We are truly interdependent.America supports international trade because we believe fundamentally that trade will enrich those nations who embrace its discipline. The great promise of trade is its potential to promote mutual prosperity—and to strengthen the bonds between sovereign nations.The U.S. and China both demonstrate the potential of trade to improve the lives of our people. Y ou know better than I the great achievements of the Chinese economy over the past two decades. In 1977, the sum total of Chinese imports and exports was less than $15 billion, putting China’s share of world trade at 0.6 percent. The most populosus country in the world, China ranked a distant 30th among exporting nations. By 1993 China’s exports and imports totaled nearly $200 billion. China had become the world’s tenth largest exporter.Since 1978, when China began opening its econnomy to imcreased foreign investment and trade, aggregate outpou has more than doubled. The strongest growth has occurred in the coastal areas near Hong Kong and opposite Taiwan, where foreign investment and modern production methoods have spurred productin of both domestic and export goods. Per capita GNP has grown at an average rate of 7.6% from 1980-1992.The numbers are interesting, but how has this affected the people of China? In the last decade, telephone connections rose more than 60%. Electrical production more than doubled to 621 million kilowatt hours. In short, China has improved the economic well-being of its people.The people of the United States also have experienced the benefits of world trade. Since World War II, the U.S. has been the world’s largest econnomy and, in most years, the world’s largest eporter.But the importance of trade in our economy had exploded in the past three decades. In 1970, the value of two way trade was equal to just 13% of the U.S. economy. Last year, that figure, at 28%, was more than twice as high. In just the last seven years, jobs supported bu U.S. exports (goods and services) have risen by 4 million, to a total of 11 million. That’s almost one out of ten American jobs. Last year U.S. trade equalled $1.8 trillion dollars.Nor is the importance of trade likely to diminish for either China or the United States. China will continue to depend upon lucrative export markets to earn the foreign exchange it needs to develop and grow. At the same time, China’s imports will supply the much needed machinery and technology to fuel its continued development.For the United States, new commercial opportunities will grow most rapidly in the emerging markets. We estimate that three quarters of new eport opportunities over the next twenty years that’s an incredible $1.9 trillion in potential exports—will come in the emerging markets of Asia and Latin America. This means jobs for American workers and a higher standard of living for the American people.(Ecerpted form “Remarks by Ambassador Kantor at the University of International Business and Economics”, 1995)译文：一个全球性的经济正如每个人必须认识到的那样，克林顿总统认识到当今的经济具有全球性质。
《大学汉英翻译教程》 第四章 句子的英译与常用技巧
【例2】科学是老老实实的学问，来不得半点虚假，需要付出艰巨的 劳动。（郭沫若：《科学的春天》） Science means honest, solid knowledge, allowing not an iota of falsehood, and it involves herculean effort and grueling toil. 【分析】译文中增译了“herculean effort”，用来和“grueling toil” 一起来表示艰巨的任务的意思，增加了这个词语，使得译文更充分 的传达除了艰苦的劳动之意。 【例3】还有些人不能进领导班子或者不能重用，例如，……革命意志 严重衰退，饱食终日，无所用心的，等等。（邓小平：《邓小平文 选》第二卷） There are also others whom we should not recruit into leading bodies or place in important posts. They include:...and persons whose revolutionary will has waned and who are content to eat three square meals a day and do nothing. 【分析】“饱食终日”这个词语在译文中采用了增译法，划线部分为 与之对应的译文。
【例3】所以，人们对于大自然，全都一致并深深地依赖着。 Hence people are all heavily dependent on nature for survival. 【分析】“全都”已经包含了“一致”的意思了，所以，译文 中“一致”并没有再次译出。
【例4】他暗暗下定决心：一定重新做人。 He made up his mind to turn a new leaf in his life. 【分析】“暗暗下决心”不必译成“he made up his mind secretly”,在英文中“make up one’s mind”就可以表达暗暗下 定决心了，如果加上“secretly”反而会让人觉得奇怪。因为下 决心本来就是一种心理活动，所以就不存在“openly”和 “secretly”之分了。
(完整版)Unit1NeverGiveIn,Never,Never,Never课文翻译综合教程四
Unit 1Never Give In, Never, Never, NeverWinston ChurchillAlmost a year has passed since I came down here at your Head Master's kind invitation in order to cheer myself and cheer the hearts of a few of my friends by singing some of our own songs. The ten months that have passed have seen very terrible catastrophic events in the world—ups and downs, misfortunes—but can anyone sitting here this afternoon, this October afternoon, not feel deeply thankful for what has happened in the time that has passed and for the very great improvement in the position of our country and of our home? Why, when I was here last time we were quite alone, desperately alone, and we had been so for five or six months. We were poorly armed. We are not so poorly armed today; but then we were very poorly armed. We had the unmeasured menace of the enemy and their air attack still beating upon us, and you yourselves had had experience of this attack; and I expect you are beginning to feel impatient that there has been this long lull with nothing particular turning up!But we must learn to be equally good at what is short and sharp and what is long and tough. It is generally said that the British are often better at the last. They do not expect to move from crisis to crisis; they do not always expect that each day will bring up some noble chance of war; but when they very slowly make up their minds that the thing has to be done and the job put through and finished, then, even if it takes months—if it takes years—they do it.Another lesson I think we may take, just throwing our minds back to our meeting here ten months ago and now, is that appearances are often very deceptive, and as Kipling well says, we must "... meet with Triumph and Disaster. And treat those two impostors just the same."You cannot tell from appearances how things will go. Sometimes imagination makes things out far worse than they are; yet without imagination not much can be done. Those people who are imaginative see many more dangers than perhaps exist; certainly many more will happen; but then they must also pray to be given that extra courage to carry this far-reaching imagination. But for everyone, surely, what we have gone through in this period—I am addressing myself to the school—surely from this period of ten months this is the lesson: never give in, never give in, never, never, never, never—in nothing, great or small, large or petty—never give in except to convictions of honour and good sense. Never yield to force; never yield to the apparently overwhelming might of the enemy. We stood all alone a year ago, and to many countries it seemed that our account was closed, we were finished. All this tradition of ours, our songs, our school history, this part of the history of this country, were gone and finished and liquidated.Very different is the mood today. Britain, other nations thought, had drawn a sponge across her slate. But instead our country stood in the gap. There was no flinching and nothought of giving in; and by what seemed almost a miracle to those outside these islands, though we ourselves never doubted it, we now find ourselves in a position where I say that we can be sure that we have only to persevere to conquer.You sang here a verse of a school song: you sang that extra verse written in my honour, which I was very greatly complimented by and which you have repeated today. But there is one word in it I want to alter—I wanted to do so last year, but I did not venture to. It is the line: "Not less we praise in darker days."I have obtained the Head Master's permission to alter darker to sterner. "Not less we praise in sterner days."Do not let us speak of darker days: let us speak rather of sterner days. These are not dark days; these are great days—the greatest days our country has ever lived; and we must all thank God that we have been allowed, each of us according to our stations, to play a part in making these days memorable in the history of our race.绝不屈服，绝不，绝不，绝不温斯顿·丘吉尔1 将近一年前，应贵校校长盛情邀请，我来到这里唱了几首我们自己的歌曲，既为自己加油，也为一些朋友打气。
英汉翻译教程张培基【完整版】
《英汉翻译教程》第一章总论翻译是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确完整地重新表达出来的语言活动。
（张培基等1983）我国早期典籍《周礼·秋官司寇》篇里就有“象胥”（谓通言语之官）这一名目，唐朝贾公彦所作的《义疏》里提到“译即易，谓换易言语使相解也。
”这条注疏，关于翻译的定义，足以给人不少启发。
用现代文艺理论和语言理论，也许可以诠释为：翻译是把一种语言文字换易成另一种语言文字，而并不变更所蕴含的意义，——或用近年流行的术语说，并不变更所传递的信息，——以达到彼此沟通，互相了解的目的。
（罗新璋1984）一、关于翻译何谓翻译？关于翻译的定义很多。
根据《现代汉语词典》，翻译是“把一种语言文字的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来”。
根据《剑桥语言百科全书》，“翻译”这个中性术语是指将一种语言（“原语”）里的词句的意思转变为另一种语言（“目的语”）的意思所做的一切，不论其手段是说话、写字还是做手势。
美国著名翻译理论家奈达认为，所谓翻译，是指从语义到语体在译语中用最切近而又最自然的对等语再现原语的信息。
（《奈达论翻译》，1984）有人把翻译看作是一门科学（science），因为它有自身的规律可循；有人看作是一门艺术（art），因为它是译者对原文再创造的过程；也有人看作是一门手艺（craft），因为原语的信息需要用地道恰当的目的语再现。
在自动化数据处理中，翻译又被定义为：“将计算机信息从一种语言转换成另一种语言，或将字符从一种表示转换成另一种表示。
”（《现代科学技术词典》上海科学技术出版社1980）凡此种种，不一而足。
但是，在经济和文化日益全球化的今天，翻译的重要性是有目共睹的。
翻译是国际间理解的钥匙，据说西欧的文明归功于翻译者（据L·G·凯里1979）。
季羡林教授也说，翻译是永葆中华文明青春的万应灵药。
前中国驻联合国代表凌青先生说，从中国来讲，没有翻译工作，就没有中国***和中国近代的革命运动，就没有中国成功的对外开放和四个现代化；从世界范围来讲，没有翻译，就没有世界和平，就没有各种国际交往，就没有一个共同繁荣的美好世界的未来。
(完整版)新编英语教程4课文翻译
在生活中，没有什么比顿悟更令人激动和兴奋的，它可以改变一个人---------不仅仅是改变，而且变得更好。
当然，这种顿悟是很罕见的，但仍然可以发生在我们所有人身上。
它有时来自一本书，一个说教或一行诗歌，有时也来自一个朋友。
在曼哈顿一个寒冷的冬天下午，我坐在一个法国小餐馆，倍感失落和压抑。
因为几次误算，在我生命中一个至关重要的项目就这样落空了。
就因为这样，甚至连期望看到一个老朋友（我常常私下亲切的想到的一个老人）的情形都不像以前那样令我兴奋。
我坐在桌边，皱起眉头看着色彩多样的桌布，清醒地嚼着苦涩的食物。
他穿过街道，过着旧棉袄，一顶帽子从光头打下来，看上去不像是一个有名的精神病医生，倒像是一个精力充沛的侏儒。
他的办公室在附近到处都有，我知道他刚刚离开他最后一个病人。
他接近80岁，但仍然扛着一个装着满满文件的公文包，工作起来仍然像一个大公司的主管，无论何时有空，他都仍然爱去高尔夫球场。
当他走过来坐在我旁边时，服务员早已把他总是要喝的啤酒端了过来。
我已经几个月没有见他了，但他似乎还是老样子。
没有任何寒暄，他就问我“怎么了，年轻人？”我已经不再对他的样子感到奇怪，所以我详细地把烦恼告诉他。
带着一丝忧伤的自豪，我尽量说出实情，除了我自己，我并没有因为失望而责备任何人。
我分析了整件事情，但所有负面评价以及错误仍然继续。
我降了约有十分钟，这期间老人只是默默的喝着啤酒。
我讲完后，他取下眼镜说：“到我的办公室去。
”“到你的办公室？你忘了带什么了吗？”他和蔼的说“不是，我想看看你对某些事情的反应，仅此而已。
”外面开始下起小雨，但他的办公室很温暖,舒服，亲切：放满书的书架靠着墙壁，长皮沙发Sigmund佛洛依德的亲笔签名照，还有墙边放着的录音笔。
他的秘书已经回家了，只有我们在那里。
老人从纸盒里拿出一盘磁带放进录音笔，然后说：“这里面有到我这里来求助的三个人的简单录音，当然，这没有说明具体是那三个人。
我想让你听听，看你是否能找出双字词的短语，这里是在三个案例中共有的。
大学实用翻译教程(英汉双向)第四章 词语翻译技巧
二、 汉译英
1、动词转为名词 这本书反映了20世纪90年代的中国社会状况。
The book is a reflection of the Chinese society of the 1990s. 据我们了解，贵公司经营中国产品已有多年 历史。
We learn that you have been dealers of Chinese products for many years. 我公司决定按照来函说明的条款，试订下列 货物。
（2）省略物主代词
We are doing our physical experiments. 我们正在做物理实验。
Plants obtain their energy from sunlight.
植物是从太阳那里获得能量的。
The diameter and the length of the wire are not the only factors to influence its resistance. 导线的直径和长度不是影响电阻的仅 有因素。
3、省略连词
When short waves are sent out and meet an obstacle, they are reflected. 短波发送出去，遇到障碍就反射回来。
Go and see if they are still in the laboratory. 请去看看他们是否还在实验室里。
第四章
词语翻译技巧
第一节 词类的转换
英语属印欧语系，汉语属汉藏语系。 英汉两种语言在词汇和语法结构方面 有许多不同，因此，在多数情况下英 汉互译的时候很难将两种语言的词汇 或结构一一对应。为了使译文符合译 出语的习惯，翻译时不必拘泥于原文 的表层结构，可以在忠实原文意义的 前提下，将原文中某些词的词类或成 分转换为译出语的其他词类或成分。
新编英语教程第三版4翻译
Unit4 [见教材P61]Writing Between the Lines阅读时要做读书笔记Mortimer J. Adler（U.S.）莫迪摩尔.J.阿德勒（美国）①You know you have to read “between the lines” to get the most out of anything.②I want to persuade you to do something equally important in the course of your reading.③I want to persuade you to “write between the lines.”④Unless you do, you are not likely to do the most efficient kind of reading.①你很清楚，为了能够最充分地理解，你必须要能听读懂言外之意。
②现在，我想建议你在阅读时也要做同等重要的事，那就是建议你在阅读时做读书笔记，否则你的阅读不大可能是最有效的。
①I contend, quite bluntly, that marking up a book is not an act of mutilation but of love.①坦白说，我认为，人们阅读时在书上做笔记不是毁书，而是爱书。
① There are two ways in which you can own a book. ② The first is the property right[you establish by paying for it], just as you pay for clothes and furniture.③But this act of purchase is only the prelude to possession.④Full ownership comes only when you have made it a part of yourself, and the best way to make yourself a part of it is by writing in it. ⑤An illustration may make the point clear.⑥You buy a beefsteak and transfer it from the butcher,s icebox to your own. ⑦But you do not own the beefsteak in the most important senseuntil you consume it and get it into your bloodstream.⑧I am arguing that books, too, must be absorbed in your bloodstream to do you any good.①人们可以通过两种方式来拥有一本书。
新编汉英翻译教程 第四章(Shortened)
4.1.3 增补主语
汉语中，主语隐含不显或无主语的情况时常可 见。译成英语，则必须依照英语的规则，将主语增 补起来。增补主语的原则，一是要推敲语境，二是 要考虑英语语法习惯和行文的需要。
⑴ 到了济南府，进得城来，家家泉水，户户垂杨， 比那江南风景，觉得更为有趣。 When he reached Jinan and entered the city, there were flowing streams by every house and willow trees by every door, which delighted him even more than the scenery of the south. ⑵起大风了。 It's blowing hard.
⑶幸亏这些青年妇女，白洋淀长大的，她们摇得小 船飞快。小船活像开了水皮的一条打跳的梭鱼。 It was lucky that all these young wives grown up by the river: their boat went like the wind. It shot forward like some flying fish, hardly skimming the water.
例：在同新闻界谈话的时候，上海人使用越来越多的
最高级形容词。 a. When they talk to the press, the Shanghai citizens use more and more adjectives of the superlative degree. b. You can hear Shanghai people using more and more adjectives of the superlative degree when they talk to the press. 译文a紧随原文句子结构，主、谓语的选择与原文完 全对应。译文b则不同，其中can hear替代了原谓语 “使用”，是因为句中的主语不再是“上海人”，而 是泛指人称代词You。两个译文都与原文意义相符， 且符合语法规范。不同的是，译文a仅仅陈述事实， 语气比较客观；而译文b从旅游观光者的角度表达， 带有一定的感情色彩。
(完整版)Unit6AFrenchFourth课文翻译综合教程四
Unit 6A French FourthCharles Trueheart1Along about this time every year, as Independence Day approaches, I pull an old American flag out of a bottom drawer where it is folded away －folded in a square, I admit, not the regulation triangle. I’ve had it a long time and have always flown it outside on July 4. Here in Paris it hangs from a fourth-floor balcony visible from the street. I’ve never seen anyone look up, but in my mind’s eye an American tourist may notice it and smile, and a French passerby may be reminded of the date and the occasion that prompt its appearance. I hope so.2For my expatriated family, too, the flag is meaningful, in part because we don’t do anything else to celebrate the Fourth. People don’t have barbecues in Paris apartments, and most other Americans I know who have settled here suppress such outward signs of their heritage －or they go back home for the summer to refuel. 3Our children think the flag-hanging is a cool thing, and I like it because it gives us a few moments of family Q&A about our citizenship. My wife and I have been away from the United States for nine years, and our children are eleven and nine, so American history is mostly something they have learned －or haven’t learned －from their parents. July 4 is one of the times when the American in me feels a twinge of unease about the great lacunae in our children’s understanding of who they are and is prompted to try to fill the gaps. It’s also a time, one among many, when my thoughts turn more generally to the costs and benefits of raising children in a foreign culture.4Louise and Henry speak French fluently; they are taught in French at school, and most of their friends are French. They move from language to language, seldom mixing them up, without effort or even awareness. This is a wonderful thing, of course. And our physical separation from our native land is not much of an issue.My wife and I are grateful every day for all that our children are not exposed to.American school shootings are a good object lesson for our children in the follies of the society we hold at a distance.5Naturally, we also want to remind them of reasons to take pride in being American and to try to convey to them what that means. It is a difficult thing to do from afar, and the distance seems more than just a matter of miles. I sometimes think that the stories we tell them must seem like Aesop’s (or La Fontaine’s) fables,myths with no fixed place in space or time. Still, connections can be made, lessons learned.6Last summer we spent a week with my brother and his family, who live in Concord, Massachusetts, and we took the children to the North Bridge to give thema glimpse of the American Revolution. We happened to run across a reenactment ofthe skirmish that launched the war, with everyone dressed up in three-cornered hats and cotton bonnets. This probably only confirmed to our goggle-eyed kids the make-believe quality of American history.7Six months later, when we were recalling the experience at the family dinner table here, I asked Louise what the Revolution had been about. She thought that it had something to do with the man who rode his horse from town to town. “Ah”, I said, satisfaction swelling in my breast, “and what was that man’s name?”“Gulliver?” Lou ise replied. Henry, for his part, knew that the Revolution was between the British and the Americans, and thought that it was probably about slavery.8As we pursued this conversation, though, we learned what the children knew instead. Louise told us that the French Revolution came at the end of the Enlightenment, when people learned a lot of ideas, and one was that they didn’t need kings to tell them what to think or do. On another occasion, when Henry asked what makes a person a “junior” or a “II” or a“III”, Louise helped me answer by bringing up kings like Louis Quatorze and Quinze and Seize; Henry riposted with Henry VIII.9I can’t say I worry much about our children’s European frame of reference.There will be plenty of time for them to learn Am erica’s pitifully brief history and to find out who Thomas Jefferson and Franklin Roosevelt were. Already they know a great deal more than I would have wished about Bill Clinton.10If all of this resonates with me, it may be because my family moved to Paris in 1954, when I was three, and I was enrolled in French schools for most of my grade-school years. I don’t remember much instruction in American studies at school or at home. I do remember that my mother took me out of school one afternoon to see the movie Oklahoma! I can recall what a faraway place it seemed: all that sunshine and square dancing and surreys with fringe on top. The sinister Jud Fry personified evil for quite some time afterward. Cowboys and Indians were an American cliché that had already reached Paris through the movies, and I askeda grandparent to send me a Davy Crockett hat so that I could live out that fairy taleagainst the backdrop of gray postwar Montparnasse.11Although my children are living in the same place at roughly the same time in their lives, their experience as expatriates is very different from mine. The particular narratives of American history aside, American culture is not theirs alone but that of their French classmates, too. The music they listen to is either “American” or “European,” but it is often hard to tell the difference. In my day little French kids looked like nothing other than little French kids; but Louise and Henry and their classmates dress much as their peers in the United States do, though with pe rhaps less Lands’ End fleeciness. When I returned to visit the United States in the 1950s, it was a five-day ocean crossing for a month’s home leave every two years;now we fly over for a week or two, although not very often. Virtually every imaginable pro duct available to my children’s American cousins is now obtainable here.12If time and globalization have made France much more like the United States than it was in my youth, then I can conclude a couple of things. On the one hand, our children are confronting a much less jarring cultural divide than I did, and they have more access to their native culture. Re-entry, when it comes, is likely to be smoother. On the other hand, they are less than fully immersed in a truly foreign world. That experience no longer seems possible in Western countries －a sad development, in my view.在法国庆祝美国独立日查尔斯·特鲁哈特1 每年差不多到了独立日日益临近的时候，我都会把一面折叠好的旧的美国国旗从底层抽屉里取出——我承认我折叠国旗不是官方规定的三角形，而是正方形。
Unit1NeverGiveInNeverNeverNever课文翻译综合教程四
Unit 1NeverGive In, Never, Never, NeverWinsto n Church illAlmost a year has passed sinceI came down here at your Head Master's kind invita tionin orderto cheermyself and cheerthe hearts of a few of my friend s by singin g some of our own songs.The ten months that have passed have seen very terrib le catast rophi c events in the world—ups and downs,misfor tunes—but can anyone sittin g here this aftern oon, this Octobe r aftern oon, not feel deeply thankf ul for what has happen ed in the time that has passed and for the very greatimprov ement in the positi on of our countr y and of our home? Why, when I was here last time we were quitealone, desper ately alone, and we had been so for five or six months. We were poorly armed. We are not so poorly armedtoday;but then we were very poorly armed.We had the unmeas uredmenace of the enemyand theirair attack stillbeatin g upon us, and you yourse lveshad had experi enceof this attack; and I expect you are beginn ing to feel impati ent that therehas been this long lull with nothin g partic ularturnin g up!But we must learnto be equall y good at what is shortand sharpand what is long and tough. It is genera lly said that the Britis h are oftenbetter at the last. They do not expect to move from crisis to crisis; they do not always expect that each day will bringup some noblechance of war; but when they very slowly make up theirmindsthat the thinghas to be done and the job put throug h and finish ed, then, even if it takesmonths—if it takesyears—they do it.Anothe r lesson I thinkwe may take, just throwi ng our mindsback to our meetin g here ten months ago and now, is that appear ances are oftenvery decept ive, and as Kiplin g well says, we must "... meet with Triump h and Disast er. And treatthosetwo impost ors just the same."You cannot tell from appear ances how things will go. Someti mes imagin ation makesthings out far worsethan they are; yet withou t imagin ation not much can be done. Thosepeople who are imagin ative see many more danger s than perhap s exist; certai nly many more will happen; but then they must also pray to be giventhat extracourag e to carrythis far-reachi ng imagin ation. But for everyo ne, surely, what we have gone throug h in this period—I am addres singmyself to the school—surely from this period of ten months this is the lesson: nevergive in, nevergive in, never, never, never, never—in nothin g, greator small, largeor petty—nevergive in except to convic tions of honour and good sense.Neveryieldto force;neveryieldto the appare ntlyoverwh elmin g mightof the enemy. We stoodall alonea year ago, and to many countr ies it seemed that our accoun t was closed, we were finish ed. All this tradit ion of ours, our songs, our school histor y, this part of the histor y of this countr y, were gone and finish ed and liquid ated.Very differ ent is the mood today. Britai n, othernation s though t, had drawna spongeacross her slate. But instea d our countr y stoodin the gap. Therewas no flinch ing and no though t of giving in; and by what seemed almost a miracl e to thoseoutsid e theseisland s, though we oursel ves neverdoubte d it, we now find oursel ves in a positi on whereI say that we can be sure that we have only to persev ere to conque r.You sang here a verseof a school song: you sang that extraversewritte n in my honour, whichI was very greatl y compli mente d by and whichyou have repeat ed today. But thereis one word in it I want to alter—I wanted to do so last year, but I did not ventur e to. It is the line: "Not less we praise in darker days."I have obtain ed the Head Master's permis sionto alterdarker to sterne r. "Not less we praise in sterne r days."Do not let us speakof darker days: let us speakrather of sterne r days. Theseare not dark days; theseare greatdays—the greate st days our countr y has ever lived; and we must all thankGod that we have been allowe d, each of us accord ing to our statio ns, to play a part in making thesedays memora ble in the histor y of our race.绝不屈服，绝不，绝不，绝不温斯顿·丘吉尔1 将近一年前，应贵校校长盛情邀请，我来到这里唱了几首我们自己的歌曲，既为自己加油，也为一些朋友打气。
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第四讲翻译理论学习：直译与意译一、直译与意译（Literal translation/Free translation）直译：既保持原文内容、形式，效果一致的翻译方法或翻译文字。
意译：就是只保持原文内容、不保持原文形式的翻译方法或文字。
译例：词语例1：the moon直译：月亮意译：玉兔（—东升）；蟾宫（—折桂）；月桂（一轮—）；婵娟（但愿人长久，千里共—【苏轼词】）水镜；夜光；素壁例2：月亮直译：the moon意译：heavenly body, planet, secondary planet, planetoid; orb of night, moon goddess; green cheese; sailor’s friend; Diana, queen ofheavens(Shakespeare)二、直译意译方法分析1.直译在译文中采用原作的表达法，句子结构与原句较相似，例：He walked at the head of the funeral procession, and every now and then wiped his crocodile tears with a big handkerchief.他走在送葬队伍的前头，还不时地用一条大手绢抹去他那鳄鱼的眼泪。
（假星星）2.意译是在译文中舍弃原作的表达法，另觅同义等效的表达法，或指对原作的句子结构进行较大的变化或调整。
例1：It rains cats and dogs 大雨滂沱。
例2：Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者，事竟成。
3. 直译不是字对字、句对句的死译：意译也不是不顾原文任意发挥例1：How old are you. 怎么老是你？（极端的例子）out of sight, out of mind看不见时会发疯（极端的例子，应译为：眼不见心不烦）例2：He was a boy with an unusual mind that collected details, experiences, and impressions of people as though he already knew he would have use for them later.儿时的他头脑非凡，区区小事过目不忘，仿佛他知道以后当了作家会用得上似地。
（任意发挥）改译：他是个与众不同的孩子，常把一些生活小事、经历和别人的看法记在心中，就像他已经知道日后用得上这些东西似的。
4.直译与意译的应用原则(1)一般人的看法或做法是能直译就直译，不能直译就意译。
许渊冲（意译为先）jolie（美）：（《红与黑》）“山清水秀，小巧玲珑”，mourir（死）：“魂归离恨天”。
著名翻译家罗新璋认为：‚没有创造力的译文，总没有生命力。
生命就是创造。
创造，才是生命。
‘魂归离恨天’曲终奏雅，译得好，我就没想到，想到，我也会用上。
”方平：语不惊人死不休(2)文体侧重：法律文件、政治文献、学术文献、新闻报道：直译诗词、散文、剧本、小说、传记：意译(3)直译和意译交叉使用相辅相成例如：The oppressed people in the world would rather g o throug h fir and water to fight against imperialists and colonialists than be turned round their fingers.世界上被压迫人民宁肯赴汤蹈火（直译），同帝国主义者与殖民主义者进行斗争，也不愿任人摆布（意译）。
5.直译与意译的局限性(1)直译有时有碍成功交际，死板。
例：It was an old and ragged moon.那是一个又老又破的月亮。
（死译）那是一弯下弦月。
（残月）但也不尽然，例如：Though the colonialists were armed to the teeth, yet the local people still dared to fight with them.虽然殖民主义者武装到了牙齿，但当地人民仍然敢于同他们斗争。
(2)意译容易抹杀原文的文学色彩。
例1：John is tall like I am the president of the United States.表层表达：约翰高得像我是美国总统。
（直译，死译）浅层表达：要说约翰个头高，那我就是美国总统。
（直译与意译交互使用）深层表达：要说约翰个头高，没影的事/没那么回事。
（意译，原文的形象比喻没有了，文学色彩没有了）例2：to teach a pig to play a flute.教猪吹笛子（直译，不能接受）对牛弹琴（意译，原文比喻改了，色彩变了。
）例3：to kill two birds with one stone一石二鸟（直译，能接受）；一举两得，一箭双雕（意译，意象改变了）6. 直译与意译各自的好处（1）直译的好处：①忠实于原文，内容和形式统一；②见识异国情调，利于文化交流；③吸收新的外来词语及表达法，丰富汉语的表现力。
外来词：幽默、卡通、武装到牙齿、鳄鱼的眼泪，印度佛经的涅磐、三味、菩萨、佛陀、罗汉句子异国化：如状语后置和连词增加：例1：我知道他是不说谎话的；子君总不会再来的了，像去年那样。
（鲁迅）例2：那时候天虽则还没有黑，但因为风沙飞满在空中，所以沉沉的大地上，已经现出了黄昏前的急景。
（郁达夫）（这些连词去掉不但不影响表达，反而是更纯粹的汉语）（2）意译的好处：①使得翻译得以进行（可译）②直观明了，归化。
例如：to flog a dead horse直译：鞭打死马。
意译：白费力；徒劳；白搭；枉然；突然。
7. 直译与意译的取舍：（1）Pandora’s box （潘多拉的匣子）译作：“罪恶之源、后患无穷。
”（2）罗玉君把《红与黑》中于连的骂“Monstre! Monstre!”（魔鬼！魔鬼！）译成“啊！社会的蟊贼啊！杀人不眨眼的刽子手啊！”（3）翻译观使然，如许渊冲先生的“意译”观。
（4）出版社或商业考虑，还有文化、政治、性观念等考虑。
如林纾：（Oliver Twist ）《雾都孤儿》，译作《贼史》）Hamlet（《哈姆雷特》）译作：（《王子复仇记》（Uncle Tom’s Cabin）《汤姆叔叔的小屋》，译作：《黑奴吁天录》或《贱民生涯》把《把一切献给党》译成Son of the Working Class8. 《尤利西斯》译例：第十七章中描述心理活动的一句话。
He thought that he thought that he was a jew whereas he knew that he knew that he knew that he was not.金隄译：他想他想他是犹太人，而他知道他知道他知道他不是。
萧乾译：他【布鲁姆】认为，他【斯蒂芬】在想他【布鲁姆】是个犹太人；同时，他【布鲁姆】知道，他【斯蒂芬】晓得他【布鲁姆】明白他【斯蒂芬】不是个犹太人。
翻译技巧学习词的翻译（一）翻译中词汇的对应一、词汇译文多样化的原因：1、一词多义例1：sponge例如，：You’ve only removed 11 sponges…，（手术）“纱布”。
例2：dayA life of principle will always win the day“……的人生将战无不胜”。
（战斗）例3：helpThe medicine help the cough. “这药能治咳嗽”。
Don’t mistranslate a word if you can possibly help it. “如果能避免，就不要把字译错”。
例4：浓浓茶strong tea,浓墨thick/dark ink,浓烟dense smoke例5：青青山green hill,青天blue sky,青布black cloth2、语境不同，措词不同例1：gooda good mother，“慈母”a good wife、“贤妻”。
例2：playplay chess下棋，play tennis打网球，play football踢足球，play the piano弹钢琴，play the flute吹笛，play with dice掷骰子，play truant逃学，play a part扮演角色，play in a drama演剧，play one’s part well克尽职守例3：That does not sell out to expediency（利己，自身厉害的考虑）and that is not relative to the situation at hand,（这一准绳不因一己之利而背叛，也不随眼前形势而变化。
）例4：Hitler was the fate of the people.“希特勒是德国人民的劫数。
”3、词的内涵及外延不完全对等例1：sun 太阳；The room is flooded with sun.房间里洒满阳光。
a quilt sunning on the fence.晒在篱笆上的被子。
例2：document 文献Among all those decades’ w orth of family documents my parents had looked through, the delivery bill was the only thing they thought of sufficient interest to pass along.delivery bill (出生证明)family documents “家中的资料”例3：manShe has a son, you know. He’s a man now.你知道，她有个儿子，现已长大成人了。
（男人）Any man could do it.任何人都能干这事。
the rights of man 人权(“人类”)They can’t stay in the same room if they are not man and wife.如果他们不是夫妻，就不能同住一屋。
（丈夫）Very well, sir, you are the master and I’m the man.是的，先生，您是主人，我听从您的吩咐。
（“仆人，随从”）man一词的意义还有很多，自然也随之会有多种不同译法。
其他词汇也一样，其含义一定要在具体的上下文中去理解，其翻译一定要符合汉语的习惯表达。
二、词汇翻译注意以下几方面:1.词义的选择例1：book定义：number of sheets of paper，either printed or blank，fastened together in a cover（若干张空白或印上东西的纸订在一起，覆以封面）。