北京外国语大学硕士研究生入学考试试题(样卷)
北外考研基础英语样题
北京外国语大学2011年硕士研究生入学考试英语基础测试（技能）（样题）Part I GRAMMAR(30Points)A、Correct ErrorsThe passage contains ten errors.Each indicated line contains a maximum of one error.In each case,only ONE word is involved.You should proofread the passage and correct it in the following way:For a wrong word,underline the wrong word and write the correct one in the blank provided at the end of the line.For a missing word,mark the position of the missing word with a∧and write the word which you believe is missing in the blank provided at the end of the line.For an unnecessary word,cross the unnecessary word with a slas h／and put the word in the blank provided at the end of the line.The elderly who finds great rewards and satisfactions(1)___________In their later lives are a small minority in this country.But theyDo exist.They are the“aged elite”.It is most striking about these(2)___________People is their capacity for growth.When Arthur Robinson wasEighty,someone told him that he was plying piano better than(3)___________Ever.“I think so,”he agreed.“Now I take chances I never tookBefore.I was used to be so much more careful.No wrong notes.(4)___________Not too bold ideas.Now I let go and enjoy myself and to be with(5)___________ Everything besides the music.”Another reason for the success ofThe aged elite are the traits they formed earlier in their lives.A(6)___________Sixty-eight-year old woman,three times married and widowed,Says,”It’s not just what you do when you’re past sixty-five.It’s whatYou did all your life which matters.If you have lived a full life,(7)____________ Developed your mind,you will be able to use it past sixty-five.Along frankness comes humor.A sense of humor is an(8)___________aid people use to cope with tension.“Humor,”says Dr.Barren,“also leads you to join with other people.There are two ways toDeal with stress.We either reach out or withdraw.The reachers(9)___________seek out other people to share their problems instead of pullingaway.”Growing,active,humorous,sharing–these are all qualitieswhich describe the aged elite.(10)__________Part II READING COMPREHENSION(60points)A.Multiple ChoicePlease read the following passages and choose A,B,C or D to best complete the statements about them.The Perils of EfficiencyThis spring,disaster loomed in the global food market.Precipitous increases in the prices of staples like rice(up more than a hundred and fifty per cent in a few months)and maize provoked food riots,toppled governments,and threatened the lives of tens of millions.But the bursting of the commodity bubble eased those pressures,and food prices,while still high,have come well off the astronomical levels they hit in April.For Americans,the drop in commodity prices has put a few more bucks in people’s pockets;in much of the developing world,it may have saved many from actually starving.So did the global financial crisis solve the global food crisis?Temporarily,perhaps.But the recent price drop doesn’t provide any long-term respite from the threat of food shortages or future price spikes.Nor has it reassured anyone about the health of the global agricultural system,which the crisis revealed as dangerously unstable.Four decades after the Green Revolution,and after waves of market reforms intended to transform agricultural production,we’re still having a hard time insuring that people simply get enough to eat,and we seem to be more vulnerable to supply shocks than ever.It wasn’t supposed to be this way.Over the past two decades,countries around the world have moved away from their focus on“food security”and handed market forces a greater role in shaping agricultural policy.Before the nineteen-eighties,developing countries had so-called “agricultural marketing boards,”which would buy commodities from farmers at fixed prices (prices high enough to keep farmers farming),and then store them in strategic reserves that could be used in the event of bad harvests or soaring import prices.But in the eighties and nineties,often as part of structural-adjustment programs imposed by the I.M.F.or the World Bank,many marketing boards were eliminated or cut back,and grain reserves,deemed inefficient and unnecessary,were sold off.In the same way,structural-adjustment programs often did away with government investment in and subsidies to agriculture—most notably,subsidies for things like fertilizers and high-yield seeds.The logic behind these reforms was simple:the market would allocate resources more efficiently than government,leading to greater productivity.Farmers,instead of growing subsidized maize and wheat at high cost,could concentrate on cash crops,like cashews and chocolate,and use the money they made to buy staple foods.If a country couldn’t compete in the global economy,production would migrate to countries that could.It was also assumed that,once governments stepped out of the way,private investment would flood into agriculture,boosting performance.And international aid seemed a more efficient way of relieving food crises than relying on countries to maintain surpluses and food-security programs,which are wasteful and costly.This“marketization”of agriculture has not,to be sure,been fully carried through.Subsidies are still endemic in rich countries and poor,while developing countries often place tariffs on imported food,which benefit their farmers but drive up prices for consumers.And in extreme circumstances countries restrict exports,hoarding food for their own citizens.Nonetheless,we clearly have a leaner,more market-friendly agricultural system than before.It looks,in fact,a bit like global manufacturing,with low inventories(wheat stocks are at their lowest since1977), concentrated production(three countries provide ninety per cent of corn exports,and five countries provide eighty per cent of rice exports),and fewer ernments have a much smaller role,and public spending on agriculture has been cut sharply.The problem is that,while this system is undeniably more efficient,it’s also much more fragile.Bad weather in just a few countries can wreak havoc across the entire system.When prices spike as they did this spring(for reasons that now seem not entirely obvious),the result is food shortages and malnutrition in poorer countries,since they are far more dependent on imports and have few food reserves to draw on.And,while higher prices and market reforms were supposed to bring a boom in agricultural productivity,global crop yields actually rose less between1990and 2007than they did in the previous twenty years,in part because in many developing countries private-sector agricultural investment never materialized,while the cutbacks in government spending left them with feeble infrastructures.These changes did not cause the rising prices of the past couple of years,but they have made them more damaging.The old emphasis on food security was undoubtedly costly,and often wasteful.But the redundancies it created also had tremendous value when things went wrong.And one sure thing about a system as complex as agriculture is that things will go wrong,often with devastating consequences.If the just-in-time system for producing cars runs into a hitch and the supply of cars shrinks for a while,people can easily adapt.When the same happens with food, people go hungry or even starve.That doesn’t mean that we need to embrace price controls or collective farms,and there are sensible market reforms,like doing away with import tariffs,that would make developing-country consumers better off.But a few weeks ago Bill Clinton,no enemy of market reform,got it right when he said that we should help countries achieve “maximum agricultural self-sufficiency.”Instead of a more efficient system,we should be trying to build a more reliable one.(1)What can be learned from the first paragraph?[A]Global financial crisis destablized governments.[B]Food riots resulted from skyrockeing food bills.[C]Financial crisis worsens food crisis.[D]Food prices surged by150%in April.(2)The food crisis revealed the global agricultural system as.[A]fragile[B]unresponsive[C]costly[D]unbearable(3)According to the third paragraph,structural-adjustment programs.[A]intended to cope with poor harvests[B]were introduced as part of“market forces”policies[C]removed price controls and state subsidies[D]encouraged countries to focus on food security(4)The marketization of agriculture probably means.[A]private investment floods into agriculture[B]market forces provide efficiency in agriculture[C]agricultural policy works with the free market system[D]agricultural production is free from government intervention(5)Which of the following is NOT a feature of the existing agricutural system?[A]Reduced government spending.[B]Concentrated production.[C]Self-sufficiency.[D]Low wheat stocks.(6)In the last paragraph,the underlined part“the redundancies”probably refer to.[A]High-yield seeds[B]Grain reserves[C]Cash crops[D]Corn importsMinding the Inequality GapDuring the first70years of the20th century,inequality declined and Americans prospered together.Over the last30years,by contrast,the United States developed the most unequal distribution of income and wages of any high-income country.Some analysts see the gulf between the rich and the rest as an incentive for strivers,or as just the way things are.Others see it as having a corrosive effect on people’s faith in the markets and democracy.Still others contend that economic polarization is a root cause of America’s political polarization.Could,and should,something be done?Claudia Goldin and Lawrence F.Katz,two Harvard economists,think yes.Their book,The Race Between Education and Technology(Harvard,$39.95),contains many tables,a few equations and a powerfully told story about how and why the United States became the world’s richest nation—namely,thanks to its schools.The authors skillfully demonstrate that for more than a century,and at a steady rate,technological breakthroughs—the mass production system,electricity,computers—have been increasing the demand for ever more educated workers.And,they show,America’s school system met this demand,not with a national policy,but in grassroots fashion,as communities taxed themselves and built schools and colleges.Beginning in the1970s,however,the education system failed to keep pace,resulting,Ms.Goldin and Mr.Katz contend,in a sharply unequal nation.The authors allow that a decline in union membership and in the inflation-adjusted minimum wage also contributed to the shift in who partook of a growing pie.But they rule out the usual suspects —globalization(trade)and high immigration—as significant causes of rising inequality.Amidthe current calls to restrict executive compensation,their policy prescription is to have more Americans graduate from college.If only it were that easy.The authors’argument is really two books in one.One offers an incisive history of American education,especially the spread of the public high school and the state university system.It proves to be an uplifting tale of public commitment and open access.The authors remind us that the United States long remained“the best poor man’s country.”A place where talent could rise.The other story rigorously measures the impact of education on income.The authors’compilation of hard data on educational attainment according to when people were born is an awesome achievement,though not always a gripping read.They show that by the1850s,America’s school enrollment rate already“exceeded that of any other nation.”And this lead held for a long time.By1960,some70percent of Americans graduated from high school—far above the rate in any other country.College graduation rates also rose appreciably.In the marketplace,such educational attainment was extremely valuable,but it didn’t produce wide economic disparity so long as more people were coming to the job market with education. The wage premium—or differential paid to people with a high school or a college education—fell between1915and1950.But more recently,high school graduation rates flatlined at around70percent.American college attendance rose,though college graduation rates languished.The upshot is that while the average college graduate in1970earned45percent more than high school graduates,the differential three decades later exceeds80percent.“In the first half of the century,”the authors summarize,“education raced ahead of technology,but later in the century technology raced ahead of educational gains.”Proving that the demand for and supply of educated workers began not in the time of Bill Gates but in the era of Thomas Edison is virtuoso social science.But wasn’t a slowdown in rising educational attainment unavoidable?After all,it’s one thing to increase the average years of schooling by leaps and bounds when most people start near zero,but quite another when the national average is already high.The authors reject the idea that the United States has reached some natural limit in educational advances.Other countries are now at higher levels.What,then,is holding American youth back?The authors give a two-part answer.For one thing,the financial aid system is a maze.More important,many people with high school diplomas are not ready for college.The second problem,the authors write,is concentrated mostly in inner-city schools.Because the poor cannot easily move to better school districts,the authors allow that charter schools as well as vouchers,including those for private schools,could be helpful,but more evaluation is necessary.Data on the effects of preschool are plentiful,and point to large returns on investment,so the authors join the chorus in extolling Head Start,the federal government’s largest preschool program.Providing more children with a crucial start,along with easier ways to find financial aid,are laudable national objectives.One suspects,though,that the obstacles to getting more young people into and through college have to do with knotty social and cultural issues.But assume that the authors’policies would raise the national college graduation rate.Would that deeply reduce inequality?Averages can be deceptive.Most of the gains of the recent flush decades have not gone to the college-educated as a whole.The top10or20percent by income have education levels roughly equivalent to those in the top1percent,but the latter account for much of the boom in inequality. This appears to be related to the way taxes have been cut,and to the ballooning of the financial industry’s share of corporate profits.It remains to be seen how a reconfigured financial industry and possible new tax policies might affect the30-year trend toward greater inequality.In the meantime,it is nice to be reminded,in a data-rich book,that greater investments in human capital once put Americans collectively on top of the world.(7)What do we learn from The Race Between Education and Technology?[A]The United States has reached its natural limit in educational attainment.[B]The20th century was the American Century due to its educational advances.[C]Technology raced ahead of education in the first half of the20th century.[D]American high school graduation rates levelled off at80percent in1970.(8)Which of the following is considered a significant cause of rising inequality according toClaudia Goldin and Lawrence F.Katz?[A]High immigration.[B]Executive compensation.[C]Reduced union membership.[D]Stagnate college graduation rates.(9)What does the underlined word“laudable”mean?[A]Reasonable.[B]Achievable.[C]Deserving praise.[D]Worth trying.(10)Which of the following led to the slowdown in American educational advances in the lastthree decades of the20th century?[A]No easy access to financial aid.[B]Overemphasis on preschool programs.[C]A dramatic fall in college enrollment rates.[D]A rise in the number of poor school districts.(11)What does the author think of the book?[A]It is a research on human capital.[B]It is intended for economists.[C]It is a happy fireside read.[D]It is rich in data.(12)Which of the following is true according to the passage?[A]The demand for educated workers began in the era of IT.[B]The pace of technological change has not been steady.[C]America is not educating its citizens the way it used to.[D]High school graduation rates peaked in the U.S.in1950.B.True or FalseRead the following passage carefully and then decide whether the statements which follow are true(T)or false(F).Generation What?Welcome to the socio-literary parlor game of“Name That Generation.”It all began in a quotation Ernest Hemingway attributed to his Paris patron,the poet and salonkeeper Gertrude Stein.On the title page of his novel“The Sun Also Rises,”published in 1926,he quoted her saying to her circle of creatively disaffected writers,artists and intellectuals in the aftermath of World War I,“You are all a lost generation.”In the cultural nomenclature after that,the noun generation was applied to those“coming of age”in an era.Anne Soukhanov,U.S.editor of the excellent Encarta dictionary,observes,“Young people’s attitudes,behavior and contributions,while being shaped by the ethos of,and major events during,their time,came in turn to represent the tenor of the time.”Taking that complex sense of generation as insightful,we can focus on its modifier as the decisive word in the phrases built upon it.The group after the lost generation did not find its adjective until long after its youthful members turned gray.Belatedly given a title in a1998book by Tom Brokaw, the Greatest Generation(which had previously been called the G.I.Generation)defined“those American men and women who came of age in the Great Depression,served at home and abroadduring World War II and then built the nation we have today.”That period,remembered as one characterized by gallantry and sacrifice,was followed by another time that was described in a sharply critical sobriquet:in1951,people in their20s were put down as the Silent Generation.That adjective was chosen,according to Neil Howe,author of the1991 book“Generations,”because of“how quiescent they were during the McCarthy era...they were famously risk-averse.”The historian William Manchester castigated the tenor of youth in that era as“withdrawn,cautious,unimaginative,indifferent,unadventurous and silent.”Overlapping that pejorative label in time was the Beat Generation,so named by the writer Jack Kerouac in the’50s. Though the author later claimed his word was rooted in religious Beatitudes,it was described by a Times writer as“more than mere weariness,it implies the feeling of having been used,of being raw...a sort of nakedness of mind.”Now we’re up to the’70s,dubbed by Tom Wolfe in New York magazine in1976as the“me decade.”That coinage led to the general castigation of young adults by their elders in that indulgent era as the Me Generation,preoccupied with material gain and“obsessed with self.”It was not so silent,far from beat,but still,in its own grasping way,a generation lost.Then came the title denoting mystery of the demographically huge generation born from roughly 1946to1964—begun as the Baby-Boom Generation,but in its later years its younger members took on a separate identity:Generation X.That is the title of a1991book by Douglas Coupland;“It is an identity-hiding label,”the generationist Howe tells my researcher Caitlin Wall,“of what is the generation with probably the weakest middle class of any of the other generations born in the 20th century.”While most boomers proudly asserted their generational identity,“Xers”at first did not;now,however,most feel more comfortable with the label.It has been followed by Y and Z, but those are too obviously derivative,and the Millennial Generation—if narrowly defined as those beginning to come of age since2000—has members still in knee pants.THE JOSHUA GENERATIONU.S.presidents like to identify themselves with the zeitgeist inspiriting their electorate.“This generation of Americans,”F.D.R.told the1936Democratic convention,“has a rendezvous with destiny,”the final three words later evoked by both Lyndon Johnson and Ronald Reagan.John F. Kennedy,in his1961inaugural address,said,“The torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans—tempered by war,disciplined by a hard and bitter peace,proud of our ancient heritage.”Speaking in March2007at a chapel in Selma,Ala.,in commemoration of a bloody march for voting rights,Senator Barack Obama put forward a name for a new generation of African-Americans.After acknowledging“a certain presumptuousness”in running for president after such a short time in Washington,Obama credited the Rev.Otis Moss Jr.for writing him“to look at the story of Joshua because you’re part of the Joshua generation.”He noted that the“Moses generation”had led his people out of bondage but was not permitted by God to cross the river from the wilderness to the Promised Land.In the Hebrew Bible,it wasJoshua,chosen by Moses to be his successor,who led the people across,won the battle of Jericho and established the nation.“It was left to the Joshuas to finish the journey Moses had begun,”Obama said to the youthful successors to the aging leaders of the civil rights movement,“and today we’re called to be the Joshuas of our time,to be the generation that finds our way across the river.”Though the spirit of an age is best defined in retrospect,and religious allusion is not currently considered cool,the Joshua Generation—unlike all its era-naming predecessors—does have alliteration going for it.(874)(13)The Greatest Generation is also referred to as“The Veterans”.(14)William Manchester didn’t think highly of the Silent Generation.(15)The Beat Generation is characterized by being obsessed with material gain.(16)The Generation X follows the the Baby-Boom Generation while the Generation Y precedes the Millennial Generation.(17)The Moses Generation refers to American leaders,who fought for but never saw the “Promised land”of racial equality.C.Gap FillingPlease choose the best sentence from the list after the passage to fill in each of the gaps in the text. There are more sentences than gaps.TV Can Be Good for YouTelevision wastes time,pollutes minds,destroys brain cells,and turns some viewers into murderers.(18).But television has at least one strong virtue,too,which helps to explain its endurance as a cultural force.In an era when people often have little time to speak with one another,television provides replacement voices that ease loneliness,spark healthful laughter,and even educate young children.Most people who have lived alone understand the curse of silence,when the only sound is the buzz of unhappiness or anxiety inside one’s own head.Although people of all ages who live alone can experience intense loneliness,the elderly are especially vulnerable to solitude.For example, they may suffer increased confusion or depression when left alone for long periods but then rebound when they have steady companionship.A study of elderly men and women in New Zealand found that television can actually serve as a companion by assuming“the role of social contact with the wider world,”reducing“feelings of isolation and loneliness because it directs viewers’attention away from themselves”.(19).The absence of real voices can be most damaging when it means a lack of laughter.(20).Laughter is one of the most powerful calming forces available to human beings,proven in many studies to reduce heart rate,lower blood pressure,and ease other stress-related ailments.Television offers plenty of laughter for all kinds of viewers:the recent listings for a single Friday night included more than twenty comedy programs running on the networks and on basic cable between6pm and9pm.A study reported in a health magazine found that laughter inspired by television and video is as healthful as the laughter generated by live comedy.Volunteers laughing at a video comedy routine“showed significant improvements in several immune functions,such as natural killer-cell activity”.(21).Even for people with plenty of companionship,television’s replacement voices can have healthful effects by causing laughter.Television also provides information about the world.This service can be helpful to everyone but especially to children,whose natural curiosity can exhaust the knowledge and patience of their parents and caretakers.(22).For example,educational programs such as those on the Discovery Channel,the Disney Channel,and PBS offer a steady stream of information at various cognitive levels.Even many cartoons,which are generally dismissed as mindless or worse, familiarize children with the material of literature,including strong characters enacting classic narratives.Two researchers studying children and television found that TV is a source of creative and psychological instruction,inspiring children“to play imaginatively and develop confidence and skills”.Instead of passively watching,children“interact with the programs and videos”and “sometimes include the fictional characters they’ve met into reality’s play time”.(23).The value of these replacement voices should not be oversold.For one thing,almost everyone agrees that too much TV does no one any good and may cause much harm.Many studies show that excessive TV watching increases violent behavior,especially in children,and can cause, rather than ease,other antisocial behaviors and depression.(24).Steven Pinker, an expert in children’s language acquisition,warns that children cannot develop language properly by watching television.They need to interact with actual speakers who respond directly to their specific needs.Replacement voices are not real voices and in the end can do only limited good.But even limited good is something,especially for those who are lonely,angry,or neglected. Television is not an entirely positive force,but neither is it an entirely negative one.Its voices stand by to provide company,laughter,and information whenever they’re needed.[A]In addition,human beings require the give and take of actual interaction.[B]While the TV may be baby-sitting children,it can also enrich them.[C]Thus runs the prevailing talk about the medium,supported by serious researchas well as simple belief.[D]Here,too,research shows that television can have a positive effect onhealth.[E]Thus television’s replacement voices both inform young viewers andencourage exchange.[F]Television can be a positive practical training ground for moral growth in a changingworld.[G]Thus television’s replacement voices can provide comfort because they distract from afocus on being alone.[H]Further,the effects of the comedy were so profound that“merely anticipatingwatching a funny video improved mood,depression,and anger as much as two days beforehand”.Part III TRANSLATION(60points)A.Please read the following passage and translate it into Chinese.Australia’s convict origins have been variously written in and out of the national consciousness.While it was once a shameful admission to have a convict ancestor,today it is more likely to be seen as a badge of honour.Victorian notions of morality and scientific theories of the early20th century influenced the view that a convict past was a moral‘contagion’that could be inherited through successive generations.As views changed,more emphasis was placed on the social environment as the most influential factor in shaping character and behaviour.With the cessation of transportation,the gold rushes of the1850s and the influx of free settlers,a view of the‘born colonist’emerged.Always male,he was regarded as a hardy type, adaptable,independent,sport loving and resolute.He was egalitarian and valued mateship highly above any respect to authority.The anti-authoritarian character of the‘Australian Type’was perpetuated by images of bushranging,the persistent eulogising of Ned Kelly,the independence, resolve and uprisings on the gold digging fields and the unionists of the late19th century.B.Please read the following passage and translate it into English.动漫产业迅猛发展是不争的事实，但全球的漫画家都在抱怨生存的压力和生活的窘迫，而且似乎有越来越窘迫的趋势。
北京外国语大学硕士研究生入学考试二外历年真题系列-2002年二外英语试题及答案
[C] of...speaks
[D] two... speak
10. That story about the haunted house is ______ long ______ tell.
[A] so ... to
[B] too.., for
[C] very ... for
[D] too ... to
[A] If she finished
[B] Having finished
[C] In order to finish
[D] When she finished
9. Neither _______ Joe’s parents _______ English.
[A] from... speaks
[B] one.., speak
competition.
[A] confront
[B] take
[C] lose
[D] appreciate
13. Tanagers（唐纳雀）are usually found in the forests, where they feed on insects, fruits and
flowers.
2. Although Bob is _____ age as Kathy, he isn’t _______ as she is.
[A] as same ... tall
[B] the same.., as tall
[C] same ... taller
[D] the same..., tall
3. Jennifer doesn’t smoke regularly, but she does have a cigarette______.
北京外国语大学2007年硕士研究生入学考试基础英语试题及参考答案
北京外国语大学硕士研究生入学考试历年真题系列- 2007年英语学院基础英语试题及参考答案北京外国语大学2007年硕士研究生入学考试基础英语试题Please w rite all the ans w ers on the ans w er sheets.Tim e Limit：3 hoursThe total points for this exam are 150 pointsI. Reading Com prehension (50 points)A Multiple Choice (24 points)Please read the passages and choose A、B、C or D to best complete the statements about them.The Q uiet CrisisClose gam es for th e Am erican s w ere rare in p rev iou s Olym p ics, bu t n ow it ap p ears to be som eth in g th e Am erican s sh ou ld get u sed to.You cou ld fin d n o better m etap h or for th e w ay th e rest of th e w orld can n ow com p ete h ead-to-h ead m ore effectiv ely th an ev er w ith Am erica th an th e stru ggles of th e U.S. Olym p ic basketball team in2004. Th e Am erican team, m ad e u p of N BA stars, lim p ed h om e to a bron ze m ed al after losin g to Pu erto Rico, Lith u an ia, an d Ar gen tin a. Prev iou sly, th e Un ited States Olym p ic basketball team h ad lost on ly on e gam e in th e h istory of th e m od ern Olym p ics. Rem em ber w h en Am erica sen t on ly N CAA stars to th e Olym p ic basketball ev en ts? For a lon g tim e th ese team s totally d om in ated all corn ers. Th en th ey started gettin g ch allen ged. So w e sen t ou r p ros. An d th ey started gettin g ch allen ged. Becau se th e w orld keep s learn in g, th e d iffu sion of kn ow led ge h ap p en s faste r; coach es in oth er cou n tries n ow d ow n load Am erican coach in g m eth od s off th e In tern et an d w atch N BA gam es in th eir ow n liv in g room s on satellite TV. Man y of th em can ev en get ESPN an d w atch th e h igh ligh t reels. An d th an ks to th e trip le con v er gen ce, th ere is a lot of n ew raw talen t w alkin g on to th e N BA cou r ts from all ov er th e w orld—in clu d in g m an y n ew stars from Ch in a, Latin Am erica, an d Easter n Eu rop e. Th ey go back an d p lay for th eir n ation al team s in th e Olym p ics, u sin g th e skills th ey h on ed in Am erica. So th e au tom atic Am erican su p eriority of tw en ty years ago is n ow gon e in Olym p ic basketball. Th e N BA stan d ard is in creasin gly becom in g a global com m od ity—p u re van illa. If th e Un ited States w an ts to con tin u e to d om in ate in Olym p ic basketball, w e m u st, in th at great sp orts cliché, step it u p a n otch. Th e old stan d ard w on’t d o an ym ore. As Joel Caw ley of IBM rem arked to m e, “Star for star, th e basketball team s from p laces like Lith u an ia or Pu erto Rico still d on't ran k w ell v ersu s th e Am erican s, bu t w h en th ey p lay as a team—w h en th ey collaborate better th an w e d o, th ey are extrem ely com p etitiv e.”Th ere is som eth in g abou t p ost-w orld W arⅡAm erica th at rem in d s m e of th e classic w ealth y fam ily th at by th e th ird gen eration starts to squ an d er its w ealth. Th e m em bers of th e first gen eration are n ose-to-th e-grin d ston e in n ov ators, th e secon d gen eration h old s it all togeth er th en th eir kid s com e alon g an d get fat, d u m b, an d lazy an d slow ly squ an d er it all. I kn ow th at is both ov erly h arsh an d a gross gen eralization, bu t th ere is, n ev erth eless, som e tru th in it. Am erican society started to coast in th e 1990s, w h en ou r th ird p ostw ar gen eration cam e of age. Th e d ot-com boom left too m an y p eop le w ith th e im p ression th at th ey cou ld get rich w ith ou t in v estin g in h ard w ork. All it took w as an M BA an d a q u ick IPO, or on e N BA con tract, an d y ou w ere set for life. Bu t w h ile w e w ere ad m irin g th e flat w orld w e h ad created, a lot of p eop le in In d ia, Ch in a, an donly economy standing after W orld W ar Ⅱ, and we had no serious com petition for forty years. That gave us a huge head of steam but also a huge sense of entitlem ent and com placency—not to m ention a certain tendency in recent years to extol consum ption over hard work, investm ent, and long-term thinking. When we got hit with 9／11, it was a once-in-a-generation opportunity to summ on the nation to sacrifice, to address som e of its pressing fiscal, energy, science, and education shortfalls—all the things that we had let slide. But our presid ent did not summ on us to sacrifice. He sum m oned us to go shopping.The truth is, we are in a crisis now, but it is a crisis that is unfolding very slowly and very quietly. It is a quiet crisis and this quiet crisis involves the steady erosion of Am erica's scientific and engineering base, which has always been the source of Am erican innovation and our rising standard of living.“The sky is not falling, nothing horrible is going to happen today, ” said Jackson, a physicist by training who chooses her words carefully. “The U.S. is still the leading engine for innovation in the world. It has the best graduate program s, the best scientific infrastructure, and the capital m arkets to exploit it. But there is a quiet crisis in U.S. science and technology that we have to wake up to. The U.S. today is in a truly global environm ent, and those com petitor countries are not only wide awake, they are running a m arathon while we are running sprints. If left unchecked, this could challenge our preem inence and capacity to innovate. ”And it is our ability to constantly innovate new products, services, and com panies that has been the source of Am erica's horn of plenty and steadily widening middle class for the last two centuries. It was Am erican innovators who started Google, Intel, HP, Dell, Microsoft, and Cisco, and it m atters where innovation happens. The fact that all these com panies are headquartered in Am erica m eans that m ost of the high-paying jobs are here, even if these com panies outsource or offshore som e functions. The executives, the departm ent heads, the sales force, and the senior researchers are all located in the cities where the innovation happened. And their jobs create m ore jobs. The shrinking of the pool of young people with the knowledge skills to innovate won't shrink our standard of living overnight. It will be felt only in fifteen or twenty years, when we discover we have a critical shortage of scientists and engineers capable of doing innovation or even just high-value-added technology work. Then this won’t be a quiet crisis anym ore, said Jackson, "it will be the real McCoy."Today, Am ericans are feeling the gradual and subtle effects of globalization that challenge the econom ic and strategic leadership that the United States has enjoyed since W orld war Ⅱ.A substantial portion of our work-force finds itself in direct com petition for jobs with lower-wage workers around the globe, and leading-edge scientific and engineering work is being accom plished in m any parts of the world. Thanks to globalization, driven by m odern comm unications and other advances, workers in virtually every sector m ust now face com petitors who live just a m ouse-click away in Ireland, Finland, China, India, or dozens of other nations whose econom ies are growing. This has been aptly referred to as “the Death of Distance.”(1)Why NBA was m entioned in this passage?A. It serves as a m etaphor to illustrate how the globe is com peting head-to-head with U.S.B. It presents a fact that NBA is now perform ing very poorly.C. It sends a m essage that the U.S. overall strength is dropping.D. It warns the Am ericans of the grave situation that the status of its super power does not exist any longer.(2) “Star for star, the basketball team s from places like Lithuania or Puerto Rico still don't rank well versus the Am ericans, but when they play as a team—when they collaborate better than we do—they are extrem ely competitive. In this sentence, “Star for star...”m eans＿＿＿＿.A. when one team plays against anotherB. The place of the stars in a teamC. The tim e the star is on the courtD. When individual players of the team s are playing against each other(3) It is stated in paragraph 3 that people are adm iring the flat world. What does “flat” m ean?A. It m eans that the world is getting bigger and bigger and people are losing a lot of choices.B. It m eans that the world is getting sm aller and globalization is the dom inant trend.C. It m eans that the world is getting sm aller and easier to control.D. It m eans that the world stops being a round globe.(4) The author thinks that the third generation of Am ericans＿＿＿＿.A. are nose-to-the-grindstone innovatorsB. are holding the wealth all togetherC. are becom ing m ore diligent and hard w orkingD. are starting to squander their wealth(5) What can be inferred of the author’s feeling about the fact that m any big com panies are headquartered in Am erica?A. Negative.B. Indifferent.C. Positive.D. W orried.(6) What does the word aptly in paragraph 7 m ean?A. Suitably.B. Fortunately.C. Adaptively.D. Inappropriately.(7)The“ Death of Distance” refers to＿＿＿＿.A. the dying economy in the U.S. because of the com petitions from Ireland, Finland, China andIndiaB. the intensified com petition between the U.S. and other countries due to globalization andadvanced Comm unicationsC. the econom ies in Ireland and Finland that outperform those in China and IndiaD. the closeness of countries like Ireland and Finland, China and India(8)The title of this passage “The Quiet Crisis” suggests that＿＿＿＿.A. the crisis that the U S. faces is seen clearlyB. the U. S. is not yet in a crisisC. the crisis that the U. S. faces unfolds very quicklyD. the current crisis develops slowlyThe Nature of CivilizationsDuring the cold war the world was divided into the First, Second and Third W orld s. Those divisions are no longer relevant. It is far m ore m eaningful now to group countries not in term s of their political or econom ic system s or in term s of their level of econom ic development but rather in term s of their culture and civilization.What do we m ean when we talk of a civilization? A civilization is a cultural entity. Villages, regions, ethnic groups, nationalities, religious groups, all have distinct cultures at different levels of cultural heterogeneity. The culture of a village in southern Italy m ay be different from that of a village in northern Italy, but both will share in a common Italian culture that distinguishes them from Germ an villages. European com m unities, in turn, will share cultural features that distinguish them from Arab or Chinese comm unities. Arabs, Chinese and W esterners, however, are not part of any broader cultural entity. They constitute civilizations. A civilization is thus the highest cultural grouping of people and the broadest level of cultural identity people have short of that which distinguishes hum ans from other species. It is defined both by comm on objective elem ents, such as language, history, religion, custom s, institutions, and by the subjective self-identification of people. People have levels of identity: a resident of Rom e m ay define him self with varying degrees of intensity as a Rom an, an Italian, a Catholic, a Christian, a European, or a W esterner. The civilization to which he belongs is the broadest level of identification with which he intensely identifies. People can and do redefine their identities and. as a result, the com position and boundaries of civilizations change.Civilizations m ay involve a large num ber of people, as with China (“a civilization pretending to be a state, " as Lucian Pye put it), or a very sm all num ber of people, such as the Anglophone Caribbean. A civilization may include several nation states, as is the case with W estern, Latin Am erican and Arab civilizations, or only one, as is the case with Japanese civilization. Civilizations obviously blend and overlap, and m ay include subcivilizations. W estern civilization has two m ajor variants, European and North Am erican, and Islam has its Arab, Turkic and Malay subdivisions. Civilizations are nonetheless m eaningful entities, and while the lines between them are seldom sharp, they are real. Civilizations are dynam ic; they rise and fall; they divide and m erge. And, as any student of history knows, civilizations disappear and are buried in the sands of tim e.W esterners tend to think of nation states as the principal actors in global affairs. They have been that, however, for only a few centuries. The broader reaches of hum an history have been the history of civilizations. In A Study of History, Arnold Toynbee identified 21 m ajor civilizations; only six of them exist in the contem porary world.(9) According to the passage, what is a m ore m eaningful way now to group countries as com pared with the Cold W ar period?A. In term s of political system s.B. In term s of the level of econom ic developm ent.C. In term s of the culture only.D. In term s of culture and civilization.(10)The author states that a civilization isA. a cultural entityB. a custom practiced in villages, regions, ethnic groups, nationalities, or religious groupsC. not with any cultural heterogeneityD. not blending or overlapping with other civilizations(11) According to this passage, how m any subdivisions does the Islam Civilization have?A. None.B. One.C. Two.D. Three.(12) It can be inferred from the passage that the author of this passage＿＿＿＿the following statem ent：”W esterners tend to think of nation states as the principal actors in global affairs.”A. agrees withB. disagrees withC. detestsD. d oes not m ention if he agrees or not withB True or False (12 points)Below is a passage followed by six statements. Read the passage carefully and then decide whether the statements are true (T) or false (F)The American CharacterThe Am erican is wonderfully alive; and his vitality, not having often found a suitable outlet, m akes him appear agitated on the surface; he is always letting off an unnecessarily loud blast of incidental steam. Yet his vitality is not superficial; it is inwardly prom pted, and as sensitive and quick as a m agnetic needle. He is inquisitive, and read y with an answer to any question that he m ay put to himself of his own accord; but if you try to pour instruction into him, on m atters that do not touch his own spontaneous life, he shows the m ost extraordinary powers of resistance and forgetfulness; so that he often is rem arkably expert in som e directions and surprisingly slow in others. He seem s to bear lightly the sorrowful burden of hum an knowledge. In a word, he is young.What sense is there in this feeling, which we all have that the Am erican is young? His country is blessed with as m any elderly people as any other, and his descent from Adam, or from the Darwinian rival of Adam, cannot be shorter than that of his European cousins. Nor are his ideas always very fresh. 0ld conventions and rigid bits of m orality and religion, with m uch seem ly and antique political understanding, rem ain clear-cut in him, as in the m ind of a child; he m ay carry all this about with an unquestioning fam iliarity which does not com port understanding. To keep traditional sentim ents in this way untouched and uncriticised is itself a sign of youth. A good young m an is naturally conservative and loyal on all those subjects which his experience has not brought to a test; advanced opinions on politics, m arriage, or literature are com paratively rare in Am erica; they are left for the ladies to discuss, and usually to condem n, while the m en get on with their work. In spite of what is old fashioned in his m ore general ideas, the Am erican is unm istakably young；and this I should say for two reasons：one that he is chiefly occupied withhis imm ediate environm ent, and the other, that his reactions upon it are inwardly prom pted, spontaneous, and full of vivacity and self-trust. His views are not yet lengthened; his will is not yet broken or transform ed. The present m om ent, however, in this, as in other things, m ay m ark a great change in him; he is perhaps now reaching his m ajority, and all I say m ay hardly apply today, and m ay not apply at all tom orrow. I speak of him as I have known him; and whatever m oral strength m ay occur to him later, I am not sorry to have known him in his youth. The charm of youth, even when it is a 1ittle boisterous, obvious obedience to that pure, sem inal principle which, having form ed the body and its organs, always directs their m ovem ent, unless it is forced by vice or necessity to m ake them crooked, or rem ains young, and, wherever it is able to break through, sprouts into som ething green and tender. W e are all as young at heart as the most youthful Am erican, but the seed in his case has fallen upon virgin soil, where it m ay spring up m ore bravely and with less respect for the giants of the wood. People seem older when their perennial natural youth is encum bered with m ore possessions and prepossessions, and they are m indful of the m any things they have lost or m issed. The Am erican is not m indful to them.(13) Am ericans’ vitality is fairly superficial because deep down in their heart, they are very young.(14) Am ericans tend to be resistant to the things they are told to do and to the things they do notfeel very strongly about.(15) Am ericans are young because in their country, there are not as m any elderly people as thosein any other European countries.(16) A good young m an here is generally quite avant-garde, refuting all conventions and traditions.(17) W e are all as young at heart as the m ost youthful Am ericans but our seed is growing uponvirgin soil.(18) In general, the Am erican character is am biguous and mysterious.C Gap Filling (14 points)Please choose the best sentence from the list after the passage to fill each of the gaps in the text.Selling out to the StudentsUniversity faculties involve them selves unwittingly in the destruction of the university when they bow to all the pressures of their students and loosen up on requirem ents. (19)＿＿＿＿.The students will organize a vote and abolish the language requirem ent and abolish the science requirem ent, and then they'll decide they ought to get two units or five units for learning the sitar. As a faculty m em ber my feeling about all this nonsense is that it's not worth fighting for the innovations the students want because they’re utterly trivial.(20)＿＿＿＿.what he wants is to avoid som e obvious difficulty, like reading som ething he doesn't like to read, or having a sadistic exam, or having to sit still for three hours a week listening to som e bore talk about something the student feels he ought not to be required to 1isten to in the first place. It's stupid to expect genuine ed ucational insights to com e from kids who are the products of this system. (21)＿＿＿＿.But the faculties will do it. They'll do it because they feel guilty about their approach to teaching. They'll do it in ways that won't interfere with what their departm ents are doing. (22)＿＿＿＿.A good teacher is som ebody who is not interested in his own ideas, he is interested in som ebody else's m ind but the young faculty m em ber in a university typically is bursting with hisown ideas, and his notion of teaching is to tell those ideas to other people. This has nothing to do with teaching. (23)＿＿＿＿.Say that a faculty m eeting is scheduled to discuss som e utterly m eaningless provisions of the curriculum. The students com e in with a charm ing protest against it and a rather neat solution：(24)＿＿＿＿.This presupposes the continued existence of courses. With student-initiated courses being ad ded all the tim e, it only strengthens the course system. But the real aim should be to get rid of the course system altogether. A teacher gives it another decade of life by saying to a student, “O. K, you object to the course system? What do you want a course in?” And he says, “African bead, ” or what not. "Sold! Go to it." And so the student goes to it and earns three units. (25)＿＿＿＿.The fact is, however, that he winds up with contem pt for a faculty that permits this sort of thing to go on. The depressing thing is to see, under the guise of revolution, sim ply the old middle class individualistic free market being pushed to its ultim ate absurdity in the name of student consum er dem and. To confuse this with revolution in education is tragic.In the m eantim e he has stopped objecting to courses for a while.They want anything but things taught at universities.To turn academ ic decisions over to them is ludicrous.The kids will get what they think they want, which isn’t really what they want.Confronted with student power the faculty m em ber gives in, and it doesn't bother him because he gets to be a hero by voting yes for freedom."The courses ought to be divided into three groups: a third in the m ajor, a third not in the m ajor, and the other third the student can d o anything he wants with."Teaching is the art of developing or cultivating another m ind, and helping it to increase its powers.The ed ucational im agination of a product for a student of a university is not very significant. II. Please read the following passage and translate the underlined parts into Chinese. (50 points, 5 points each)A Journey by Train：Making Tracks in EuropeW e’re taking a train across Europe, from the coast of France all the way to Athens, a trip that has our friends expressing their concern. (26)The general feeling seem s to be that France and Italy are free—but the ferry from Italy and the train ride across Greece? They call it “travelin g rough.”The first leg is easy, from the French port of Calais to Paris. And very com fortable too. (27) One of the benefits of a Eurail pass is that you get to travel first class (unless you’re using a youth pass), and for the first tim e in our lives we ride a train in a “com partm ent” just as in the m ovies. These com partm ents seat six but today we’re the only occupants so we spread ourselves and our luggage around.(28)Our reward: three days in Paris. W e thrill to all the things you're supposed to thrill to—the Eiffel Tower, the Louvre, the Arc de Triom phe. But the really m em orable m om ent in this city is one of those spontaneous hum an events you can never plan for. The trick of traveling, I guess, is to be ready to savor whatever happens.I’m standing on the corner by one of the fam ous bridges across the River Seine the PontNeuf. (29)There's nothing special about it. In a city battered by the roar of endless cars, it s just another crossroads where two large stream s of traffic m eet. All roar, m ore roar and uproar. (Cars are the great bane of Europe. The inner city streets of m ost of the old cities were never designed for this sort of traffic—and it shows.)(30)I pause am ong the surging pedestrians to ease my weary feet. That’s when I hear it. Rising trium phantly above the howl of the traffic, catchy m usic jingles in the air. I look around m e. It's com ing from...an organ grinder(街头手风琴师).(31)Everyone is hurrying and straining to be som ewhere else. But my wiry little organ grinder pours his heart into bringing this corner alive with his m usic. Old favourite songs dance gaily above our heads—“Can Can”, “Lara's Theme”, “Funiculi-Funicula”—these popular songs from past decades have a European father than an Am erican flavour.(32) Am azingly, a furry cat is fast asleep on top of the m usic m achine ignoring everything around it as if this was som e peaceful garden rather than a precarious perch that shakes with every turn of its owner's arm. And in a basket by the organ's pram wheels, a dog dreams peacefully while comm uters pour out from an underground station.My organ grinder has discovered the miracle of perpetual m otion. Round and round goes his arm, his body rocking to the effort. (33)Casually he transfers the handle from one hand to the other, catching it as it twirls, the m usic leaping around him as if it would whisk him and his m achine over the rooftops and away past Notre Dam e Cathedral (巴黎圣母院) or along the Cham ps Elysees (香榭丽舍大道).Mind you, he’s not the only one presiding over this noisy com er. Two police officers are here as well, charged with m aintaining order. One is m ale, youthful and confident. (34) The other i s... well, a police girl. Her gun is alm ost as big as she is. Her weapon belt sags on her hips. Maybe in a couple of years she’ll develop into a police-wom an, but it’ll take at least that long to grow into her official-issue trousers.But, petite as she is, this Parisienne carries with her all the authority of the French gendarm erie. The traffic at the corner is clogging up-as it does repeatedly during my half-hour here. Boldly she blows her whistle and strides out into the surge of traffic. (35)Angry cars growl to a halt and sullenly crouch at her feet, snarling their annoyance, fretting to be away. But, cowed by her tiny arm they bite back their frustration and wait till this uniform ed child waves them on.III. Translate the following passage into English. (50 points)学问与趣味由小学到中学, 所修习的无非是一些普通的基本知识。
北京外国语大学硕士研究生入学考试基础英语2000[试卷+答案]
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北京外国语大学2000年硕士研究生入学试题基础英语试卷I.Reading Comprehension.（32分）1.Read the following article and paraphrase the underlined parts:The twenty-first century will mark the era of tertiary and lifelong learning for everybody-or almost everybody.Thus the West Report from Australia,echoing a key theme of the immediately preceding Dearing Report in the UK①(National Committee of Inquiry into Higher Education [NCIHE],1997).The notion of lifelong learning has pervaded higher education around the world as governments have increasingly come to recognize a link between their education systems and national economic performance.However,policy relating to the actual making of the link needs deeper consideration.The development of key skills’has been seen in the UK as an important way in which higher education can contribute to economic development,but it can be argued that to focus on these skills represents a narrow and insufficient response to what employers-and the wider interest-really need(see Stephenson’s[1998]argument for a‘capability’approach to higher education and,more broadly,the discussion in part2of Barnett[1994].However the contested nature of this aspect of higher education might be resolved,current discussions have left relatively unexplored the broader implications for curricula②and,in particular,for fist-cycle provision.In earlier times many took the view that a first degree③was a sufficient basis for lifetime career.The accelerating pace of knowledge development has undermined this conception,and increasing attention is now being given to the provision of higher degree programs and other opportunities for professional development.This raises a serious question:what function does the first degree serve in the context of lifelong learning?Logically,it makes no sense in today’s world to try to pack first degree curricula with all the knowledge,understanding and skills need for the rest of a lifetime.There simply is not the time available,and anyway curriculum-packing runs the risk of superficiality of learning.④A first degree should,if they have not already acquired it,develop in students the ability to learn how to learn,as well as enhance their subject-specific expertise and other relevant skills.The old saying is valid here:giving individuals each a fish might feed them for a day,but teaching them the skills of fishing could feed them for life.There is a need to think of the first degree in terms of the quality,rater than the quantity,of students’learning,In today’s world the first degree becomes more of a foundation qualification, upon which graduates will expect to build during their lives.Some might react by saying that to make such a shift implies a dilution of academic standards-but the counter is that standards relate primarily to the quality,and not the quantity,of students’learning.⑤The reconstrued first degree need be no intellectual poor relation:academic rigour can be built into curricula of widely differing focus.The standards may well be different,but they do have to be inferior.Some reduction in the volume of discipline-specific content will require an adjustment of thought⑥－in particular,on the part of employers and professional bodies.The professional accreditation of some first degree programs is seen by some as an essential condition.However, there seems no necessary reason for this to be the case-and it might well be to the professions’longer-term advantage if first degree curricula were to pay particular attention to developing in graduates the ability to learn to learn,⑦leaving subsequent professional and developmentalactivities to provide the‘topping-up’that would cohere with the professional bodies’expectations.A strategic vision for higher education in the next millennium requires more than a muttering of the mantra of lifelong learning.Making lifelong learning‘work demands a sustained commitment to fitting together the pieces of the multidimensional jigsaw whose components include educational purposes,values and practicalities.Academics are among the people who ought to relish this jigsaw’s challenge.Whippier-snapper:an insignificant,esp.young,person who appears impertinent.①echoing a key theme of the immediately preceding Dearing Report in the UK.②However the contested nature of this aspect of higher education might be resolved,current discussions have left relatively unexplored the broader implications for curricula.③first degree④curriculum-packing runs the risk of superficiality of learning.⑤but the counter is that standards relate primarily to the quality,and not the quantity,of students’learning.⑥Some reduction in the volume of discipline-specific content will require an adjustment of thought⑦it might well be to the professions’longer-term advantage if first degree curricula were to pay particular attention to developing in graduates the ability to learn.Ⅱ.Read the following passage and answer the following questions:（28分）When that Grand old Man of Victorian,William Evart Gladstone,was in his85th year,he was steering the second home-rule bill foe Ireland through a recalcitrant parliament and going home to translate the odes of Horace at night,When Ronald Reagan reached the tender age of73,he was fighting his second presidential election campaign.Alan Greenspan,the world’s most successful central banker,is also73.Politics and economics are plainly jobs that the old can do well.They are not alone.The boardrooms of the world’s big companies are full of non-executive sages, telling whippersnapper40-somethings how to run their firms.①Why,then,are so few of the rich world’s older folk in employment?They live longer and enjoy better health than their parents did.Most jobs have become less physically demanding;most people in late middle age are well sensibly,is no harder than training the young.But the figures show an1960,men could expect to spend50of their68years of life in paid work.Today,they are likely to work for only38of their76years.Fewer than two-thirds of men in their late50a and early60s ate in the rich world’s labour force.by the time they celebrate their55th birthday,more than half of Europe’s men have gone home to translate Horace.②For most,that is something to celebrate.Never before have so many people been able to look forward to so many years of healthy leisure.Two-thirds of people say that they like being retired and have no desire to go back to work There are grandchildren to enjoy,foreign countries to visit,books to read and golf games to play.The pleasures of old age less expensive,and more widely available,than ever before.③Silver-haired liningThe big question is whether all of this retirement is voluntary.It is worth asking for its own sake;in a liberal society,the old,too,should be free to choose.But,in addition,the stampede to retire has consequences not merely for the old themselves.And it is often being encouraged by perverse public policy.Widespread and early retirement will increasingly affect the lives of everyone else,for two reasons.The first is a familiar one:as the share of old folk in the population rises,so will the burden on the young of paying for their pensions and health care.The second is less discussed:the rise of the grey-headed leisured class has consequences for economic growth,because of its impact on the supply of labour and of capital.Many governments,their eyes focused on the impact that future pensions claims will have on public finances,have embarked on reforms__but not always reforms that five pensioners a freer choice.For their eyes are also trained.in the shorter term,on high unemployment.④Governments,especially in western Europe,are pressing more people to retire early,on the mistaken view that this will provide jobs for the young,even as they try to trim pensioners’entitlements in order to reduce the burden on public finances.This is unforgivable from a liberal point of view.It is also foolish from the perspective of public policy.The sheer size of the baby-boom generation that starts to teach retirement age over the coming decade means that there will be a simple,but huge imbalance:too few people in work, paying taxes and pension contributions;too many in retirement,drawing on pensions and running up health costs.In that case,the main alternatives will be to renege on the pensions that workers thought they had been promised,or to raise taxes.It would be far better for the health of economies if more older people went on working instead.Quite small rises in the ages at which people retire have large effects.⑤As long as older folk stay in the job market,they pay taxes （helping one side of the fiscal balance）and draw either no pension,or a smaller one（helping the other）.Governments should recognize that people（like politicians）would prefer to decide for themselves when to retire.At Present,the choice is,perversely,biased in favour of retirement.For example,in many countries,the opportunity cost of working beyond the minimum retirement age is high:workers must often leave the job market in order to receive a state pension,and even where this is not the case,they rarely earn any extra pension for their additional taxes and contributions,If they claim disability benefit,as many in their late50s and early60s do,their pension rights are rarely affected.Such perverse incentives should be replaced with neutrality.Employers,often urged on by trade unions,also put obstacles of their own in the way of older workers.Pension schemes based on defined benefits make it disproportionately expensive to offer jobs to older people.Pay schemes that reward longs service more that merit and productivity make it disproportionately costly to keep older workers on the payroll.⑥And sheer discrimination,formally banned in the united States but flourishing in most countries,persuades many older folk to go home rather than risk probable rebuff.Would such changes coax60-olds off the golf course?In America,where jobs for older workers are plentiful and the government is scrapping the tax disincentives for older folk to work, early retirement has begun to fall.Give people a choice,and they might surprise you.Answer the following questions.1.The boardrooms of the world’s big companies are full of non-executive sages,telling whippersnapper40-somethings how to run their firms.（1）what is the meaning of“boardroom”in this sentence?（2）what is meant by“non-executive sages”?（3）what is meant by“whippier-snapper40something’s”?2.By the time they celebrate their55th birthday,more than half of Europe’s men have gonehome to translate Horace.Do they really go home to translate poetry?What do they do?3.The pleasures of old age are less expensive,and more widely available,than ever before.Explain the idea of this sentence in your own words.4.For their eyes are also trained in the shorter term,on high unemployment.What is the meaning of this sentence?Explain in your own words.5.Quite small rises in the ages at which people retire have large effects.Explain in your own words.6.Pay schemes that reward long service more than merit and productivity make it disproportionately costly to keep older workers on the payroll.（1）why is it very costly to keep older workers on the payroll?（2）what is meant by“to keep…..on the payroll”?7.Does the author of this article advocate that workers reaching retirement age should stay on their jobs?If so,why?If not,what does he advocate?Ⅲ.Translate the following Chinese passage into English（40分）从诞生的那天起，人类就开始一刻也不停地创造着他的文明。
北京外国语大学考研意大利语专业真题样题
北京外国语大学研究生入学考试意大利语专业样题31.RISPONDETE ALLE DOMANDE(50punti)1)Chièil primo re del Regno d’Italia?2)Chi sono i filosofi importanti di Antica Grecia?3)I colori della bandiera italiana?4)L’anno della Scoperta dell’America?5)L’anno della seconda repubblica italiana?6)Un rappresentante della scuola siciliana?7)Listate due opere di Dante.8)I temi piùrilevanti di Decamerone.9)La lingua usata nel Decamerone.10)Cheèl’Umanesimo?11)Che relazioneèl’Umanesimo e il Rinascimento?12)La lingua italianaèsulla base della lingua di quale città?13)Un’opera di Matteo Maria Boiardo.14)Un’opera storico-politica piùimportante di Machiavelli.15)La signoria del Torino nel Quattrocento.16)Chi ha dato la riforma protestante nel1517?17)Cheèil Concilio di Trento e per quale motivo?18)Liatate un poema eroico nel tardo Rinascimento.19)L’autore di questo poema.20)Un’opera di Galileo Galilei.21)Cheèla nuova scienza del Seicento?22)Cheèl’Illuminismo?23)L’autore di Dei delitti e delle pene.24)Chièsempre il protagonista del teatro di Goldoni?25)Le caratteristiche del teatro di Goldoni rispetto alla commedia dell’arte.26)Chièsia il rappresentante del neoclassicismo sia del romanticismo?27)Spiegate un pòil neoclassicismo.28)Il romanzo epistolare di Ugo Foscolo.29)Che caratteristica particolare ha il Romanticismo italiano?30)La caratteristica principale delle poesie di Leopardi.31)Il primo esempio di romanzo storico della letteratura italiana.32)L’autore di questo romanzo.33)Lo sfondo storico di questo romanzo.34)Spiegate il verismo.35)L’autore del verismo.36)Chi organizza la Spedizione dei Mille in Sicilia?37)Tre opere di Giuseppe Verdi.38)Tre opere di Giacomo Puccini.39)Una poesia di GiosuèCarducci.40)Un’opera di Giovanni Pascoli.41)Tre opere di Gabriele d’Annunzio.42)Due opere di Italo Svevo.43)Tre opere di Luigi Pirandello.44)Tre scrittore che vincono il Premio Nobel per la letteratura.45)Che sono le poesie ermetiche?46)Due poeti ermetici.47)Un’opera di Carlo Emilio Gadda.48)L’autore di Conversazione in Sicilia.49)Due opere di Cesare Pavese.50)L’autore di la Romana.PRENSIONE(50punti)La Divina CommediaLa Comedia,conosciuta soprattutto come Commedia o Divina Commedia,èun poema di Dante Alighiri,scritto in terzine incatenate di versi endecasillabi,in lingua volgare posta secondo i critici tra il1304e il1321,anni del suo Commediaèl'opera piùcelebre di Dante,nonchéuna delle piùimportanti testimonianze della civiltàmedievale;conosciuta e studiata in tutto il mondo,èritenuta la piùgrande opera della letteratura di tutti i tempi.L'opera ebbe subito uno straordinario successo,e contribuìin maniera determinante al processo di consolidamento del dialetto toscano come lingua italiana.Il testo,del quale non si possiede l’autografo,fu infatti copiato sin dai primissimi anni della sua diffusione,e fino all'avvento della stampa,in un ampio numero di manoscritti.Parallelamente si diffuse la pratica della chiosa e del commento al testo(si calcolano circa60 commenti e tra le100.000e le200.000pagine),dando vita a una tradizione di letture e di studi danteschi mai interrotta;si parla cosìdi secolare vastitàdelle testimonianze manoscritte della Commedia ha comportato una oggettiva difficoltànella definizione del testo Commedia,pur proseguendo molti dei modi caratteristici della letteratura e dello stile medievali(ispirazione religiosa,fine morale, linguaggio e stile basati sulla percezione visiva e immediata delle cose),èprofondamente innovativa,poiché,comeèstato rilevato in particolare negli studi di Erich Auerbach,tende a una rappresentazione ampia e drammatica della realtà.Èuna delle letture obbligate del sistema scolastico italiano.La Commedia(chiamata divina dai posteri)èl’espressione di tutto il pensiero politico e morale e della esperienza umana di esule del poeta;èanche la sintesi del sapere medievale.Ecco alcuni aspetti chiavi:Titolo:Dante intitola il poema Commedia perché,come egli stesso dice,èuna narrazione che ha un inizio tragico e una lieta fine.Inoltre viene usato uno stile medio accessibile a tutti.Al di làdi queste Commedia rappresenta non solofigure nobili,ma anche personaggi di diverse condizioni sociali e aspetti di vita quotidiana.Struttura:La strattura ha come base la perfezione del numero tre(il numero della Trinità).Èdivisa in tre Cantiche,inferno il mondo dei dannati,Purgatorio,il mondo dei penitenti,Paradiso,il mondo dei beati.Ogni Canticaècomposta da33canti piùdi uno di introduzione edèscritta in terzine.Struttura fisica:il sitema tolemaico sta alla base dell’ordinamento fisico del poema. La Terraèal centro dell’universo;intorno ad essa ruotano nove sfere celesti contenute da una decima l’Empireo,cheèimmobile.Solo l’emistero settentrionale della terraèabitato.All’interno si apre la cavitàdell’Inferno,provocata dalla caduta di Lucifero, l’angelo ribelle a Dio.L’emisfero meridionaleèoccupato dall’Oceano,dove emerge la montagna del Purgatorio.Ordinamento morale:Dante segue il pensiero di S.Tommaso:l’uomo pe sua natura tende al bene;Dioèil Bene supremo;l’uomo,dotato di libero arbitrio,puòpeccare per un esagerato amore per le cose terrene.Argomento:èun viaggio-visione,pieno di situazioni drammatiche e di incontri affettuosi,di Dante nel mondo dell’oltretomba:Dante smarritosi nella selva del peccato,viene guidato alla salvezza attraverso i tre regni da Virgilio e poi nel paradiso, da Beatrice.Allegoricamente rappresenta il faticoso cammino di un’anima,cammino esemplare per tutta l’umanità.Inoltre,Dante se ne serve per condannare la corruzione della Chiesa e l’incapacitàdell’Impero ad assolvere il suo compito.La Commedia come ultima summaLa commedia che Boccaccio disse divina per il suo carattere di poema scro e per l’altezza sublime della poesia,èl’ultima summa,la piùgrande della cultura medievale, sintesi di tutta la realtàterrena e ultraterrena,naturale e storica,culturale e morale: una sintesi per immagini,non condotta cioècon gli strumenti puri della deduzione filosofica,ma con quelli poetici della raffigurazione allegorica.Tale summa viene concepita e realizzata da Dante proprio quando ne stanno venendo meno i presupposti ideologici e storici,con una intempestivitàa posteriori evidente, ma che tuttavia pare debba costituire un carattere inderogabile di tutti i grandi capolavori della letteratura,destinati a ricuperare un passato sommerso o in via di sommersione per proporre un’alternativa radicale a un presente disgregato e corrotto, convertendo la nostalgia in utopia e facendo dell’arcaico un nuovissimo progetto. Nella Commedia culmina quel sogno di integralitàche e tipico della cultura medievale, per cui filosofia,teologia e Rivelazione convergono nell’edificare la totalitàarmonica della verità.La costruzione a cattedrale del poema,la legge del numero perfetto che presiede alle micro e macrostrutture compositive(la partitura in tre cantiche,i33canti per ognuna di esse piùil canto introduttivo,il ternario metrico delle terzine,la distinzione di ognuno dei tre regni in nove zone),la rete delle rispondenze interne che segnala continuamente la dominanza del disegno architettonico sull’apertura all’infinito delle situazioni particolari:tutto congiura a produrre il senso di un’unitàdell’opera che corrisponde all’unitaria visione del mondo caratteristica del razionalismo universalistico medievale.1)RISPONDETE(CIRCA50PAROLE PER OGNI DOMANDA)(25punti)a.PerchéDante si intitola il poema Commedia,spiegate in vostre parole.b.Perchéla Commediaèconsiderata ultima summa?c.Da quali tre mondi sono composti dalla Commedia,chièla guida per Dante?d.Secondo te,che simbolo ha la guida di Dante?e.Che la Commedia allegoricamente rappresenta secondo te?2)TRADUCETE IN CINESE(25punti)La Divina Commedia,èun poema di Dante Alighiri,scritto in terzine incatenate di versi endecasillabi,in lingua volgare posta secondo i critici tra il1304e il1321,anni del suo Commediaèl'opera piùcelebre di Dante, nonchéuna delle piùimportanti testimonianze della civiltàmedievale;conosciuta e studiata in tutto il mondo,èritenuta la piùgrande opera della letteratura di tutti i tempi.3.SCRIVETE(50punti)Che ne pensi di Commedia?Scrivete un testo su Commedia(circa300parole).。
北京外国语大学硕士研究生入学考试试题
北京外国语大学硕士研究生入学考试试题招生专业：金融科目名称：金融学综合（考试时间3小时，满分150分，全部写在答题纸上，答在试题页上无效）一、名词解释（每题5分，共30分）1、资本充足性管理2、系统性风险3、有效市场假说4、到期收益率5、可转换债券6、证券市场线二、简答与计算（每题10分，共50分）1.下面有三种股票：a. 股票A预计每年分红10元钱，直到永远；b. 股票B预计下一年分红5元，之后每年红利预计增长4%，直到永远；c. 股票C预计下一年分红5元，之后5年每年红利预计增长20%，然后就不再分红了。
假设贴现率是10%，那么哪支股票最有价值？2.国库券的利息率为4%，市场证券组合的报酬率为12%。
（1）计算市场风险报酬率；（2）计算β值为1.5时的必要报酬率；（3）如果一项投资计划的β值为0.8，期望报酬率为9.8%，判断是否应当进行投资；（4）如果某支股票的必要报酬率为11.2%，计算其β值。
3.商业银行为什么、应该怎样进行流动性管理？4.假设英国的年利率为8%，美国的年利率为5%。
目前英镑与美元之间的即期汇率是$1.80/£，1年期远期汇率是$1.78/£。
如果某投资者可借入$1,000,000或£555,556，试分析利率平价关系（Interest Rate Parity）在当前市场条件下是否成立。
若不成立，该投资者可利用远期合约进行怎样的抵补套利（covered interest arbitrage），从而获得无风险收益？5.为什么要对金融市场进行较为严格的监管？监管的主要方向在哪些方面？三、翻译（20分）“A prerequisite for market-based interest rates is that all participating entities must be marketised,” said Yang Zaiping, vice-chairman of the China Banking Association. “If you have got an entity that can borrow but does not have to repay, then you cannot have a market.That is what you call ‘moral hazard’.”An explosion in borrowing by state groups and local governments pushed China’s debt to GDP ratio to 251 per cent by mid-2014, up from about 147 per cent before the financial crisis. Mr Yang and Mr Li warn that rising rates caused by liberalisation could make this debt burden even more difficult to bear.China has taken steps in recent months to impose market discipline on state borrowers. In May, the cabinet approved a pilot to allow local governments to sell bonds directly, rather than borrowing through opaque financing vehicles. But it could take years to transform state groups and local governments into entities able to withstand a rise in borrowing costs.Equity investors say the perception that China is entering a period of low interest rates has been a reason for the strong performance of Chinese stock markets this year. The Shanghai Composite Index has risen 16 per cent since May.四、论述或案例分析（每题25分，共50分）1.中国人民银行2014年11月22日开始下调金融机构人民币贷款和存款基准利率。
北京外国语大学2009年硕士研究生入学考试试题
北京外国语大学2009年硕士研究生入学考试试题招生专业：汉语国际教育硕士专业学位科目名称：现代汉语一、单项选择题（每小题1分，共10分）1.下列汉字中，属于会意字的是A.裁B.本C.舞D.叔2.“唱”（chàng）这个音节所包含的音素一共有A.两个B.三个C.四个D.五个3.下列词语中，包含有两个语素的是A.斑驳陆离B.八遍玲珑C.鳏寡孤独D.歇斯底里4.下列词语中，与“鲁鱼亥豕”结构方式相同的是A.泰山北斗B.望闻问切C.言犹在耳D.揭竿而起5.下列词语中，与“刚刚”结构相同的是A.潺潺B.瑟瑟C.姐姐D.猩猩6.下列词语中，与“水灵灵”同属一类的是A.聪明B.灵敏C.水灵D.雪白7.下列词语中，与“大型”语法特征最接近的是A.大号B.大胆C.大方D.大肆8.下列短语中，与“上街购物”结构相同的是A.听了烦恼B.请他进来C.喜欢安静D.有人反对9.下列句子中，与“两个人一个房间”同一句型的是A.一口饭他都不吃B.今天星期六C.这件事我赞成D.一锅饭吃十个人10.“东北人都是‘活雷锋’”中的“雷锋”所运用的修辞格是A.比喻B.借代C.比拟D.双关二、多项选择题（每小题一分，共10分）在每小题的5个备选答案中选出2-5个正确答案，并将其代码写在答题纸相应的题号之后。
不选.多选.少选或错选者，该题无分。
1.下列选项中，属于汉语方言的是A.广州话B.上海话C.长沙话D.厦门话E.北京话2.下列选项中，属于现代汉语语音特点的是A.有复辅音B.有声调C.有长短元音对立D.元音占优势E.元音收尾的音节较多3.下列音节中，含有合口呼韵母的是A. jūB.zūC.quánD. xuěE.luǎn4.下列词语中，含有词缀语素的是A.老巢B.老鼠C.船头D.念头E.勇于5.下列词语中，含有性别色彩的是A.人家（指代“我”）B.大家C.狠心贼D.盗贼E.死鬼6.下列简称中，与“环保”简化形式相同的是A.家电B.高校C.奥运会D.中小学E.北大7.下列外来词中，与“休克”同类的是A.逻辑B.模特儿C.沙丁鱼D.雪茄烟E.芭蕾舞8.下列短语中，与“存活期”宾语同类的是A.捆十字B.抽烟斗C.织毛衣D.寄快件E.唱小生9.下列短语中，与“打算出发”第一个动词同类的是A.得到帮助B.省得忘了C.主张改革D.认为可行E.担心出事10.下列短语中，有歧义的是A.对他的意见B.对生的留恋C.朋友的弟弟D.母亲的回忆E.翻译作品三、解释下列术语（每小题6分，共30分）1.儿化的作用2.古语词3.形象色彩4.名谓宾动词5.双宾语5.异体字6.互补关系7.调值8.形象义四、语言分析题（共30分）1.请用国际音标将普通话元音音位/a/的音位变体标注出来，然后对它们的出现条件作简要说明（10分）2.用义素分析法分析下列这组量词的词义（用横排式描写法）。
北京外国语大学2005年硕士研究生入学考试基础英语考研真题试(精)
北京外国语大学2005年硕士研究生入学考试基础英语试卷Please write all the answers on the answer sheets.Time Limit:3 hoursI.Reading Comprehension 阅读理解This section contains two passages.Read each passage and then answer the questions given at the end of it.Your answers must be in English.Passage OneCritics and supporters of the United Nations have sometimes seemed worlds apart.But since last year, almost all of them, whether multilateralist or unilateralist, American or European, have come to agree that the organization is in crisis.This week, a blue.ribbon panel commissioned by the body's secretary-general.Kofi Annan, released its report on what to do about it.The UN's sorry state became most obvious with the Iraq war.Those favoring the war were furious that after a decade of Security Council resolutions, including the last-chance Resolution 1441 threatening “serious consequences” if Iraq did not prove its disarmament, the UN could not agree to act.Anti-war types were just as frustrated that the world body failed to stop the war.But Iraq was not the UN's only problem.It has done little to stop humanitarian disasters, such as the ongoing horror in Sudan.And it has done nothing to stop Iran's and North Korea's pursuit of nuclear weapons.Recognizing the danger of irrelevance. Mr. Annan last year told a 16-member panel, composed mainly of former government ministers and heads of government, to suggest changes.These fall broadly into two categories:the institutional and the cultural.The former has got most of the headlines—particularly a call for changing the structure of the Security Council.But changes in the UN's working practices are crucial too.Everyone agrees that the Security Council is an unrepresentative relic: of its 15 seats, five are occupied by permanent, veto-wielding members (America, Russia, China, Britain and France and ten go to countries that rotate every two years and have no veto.But that thecouncil's composition is a throwback to the world order immediately after the Second World War has been agreed on for decades, without any success in changing it. Japan and Germany, the second-and third-biggest contributors to the UN budget, believe they are entitled to permanent seats.So does India, the world's second-most-populous country, and Brazil, Latin America's biggest.Unlike in previous efforts, these four have finally banded together to press their case.And they are joined in spirit by the Africans, who want two seats for their continent.But each aspirant has opponents.China mistrusts Japan.Italy opposes a permanent seat for Germany, which would make Italy the only biggish European power without one.(It instead proposes a single seat for the European Union, a non-starter since this would require Britain and France to give up theirs, and regional institutions cannot be UN members under the current UN Charter. Spanish-speaking Mexico and Argentina do not think Portuguese-speaking Brazil should represent Latin America, and Pakistan strongly opposes its rival India's bid.As for potential African seats.Egypt claims one as the representative of the Muslim and Arab world.That would Leave Nigeria, the continent's most populous country, and South Africa, which is richer and a more stable democracy, fighting for the other.The panel has proposed two alternatives.The first would give six countries(none is named but probably Germany, Japan, India, Brazil and two African countries permanent seats without a veto, and create three extra non-permanent seats.bringing the total number of council members to 24.The second, which would expand the council by the same number of seats, creates a new middletier of members who would serve for four years and could be immediately re-elected, above the current lower tier of two-year members, who cannot be re-elected.The rivals to the would-be permanent members favour this option.While Security Council reform may be the most visible of the proposals, the panel has also shared its views on the guidelines on when members may use forcelegally.Under the UN Charter, they can do so in two circumstances only:Article 51 allows force in a clear case of self-defence, and Chapter VII permits its use when the Security Council agrees.While the panellists have not proposed major changes to these two parts of the Charter, they have offered refinements.Though the Charter was written to govern war between countries, the panel argues that even without revision, Chapter VII lets the SecurityCouncil authorise force for more controversial, modern reasons like fighting terrorists and intervention in states committing humanitarian horrors.It even considers "preventive" wars against serious but non—imminent threats potentially justifiable.But the panel also says any decision to use force must pass five tests:the threat must be grave;the primary purpose must be to avert the threat; force must be a last resort; means must be proportional;and there must be a reasonable chance that force will succeed without calamitous consequences.All common-sense stuff, but the panel proposes making these tests explicit (if subjective and unofficial, thus raising the quality of debate about any decision to go to war.On top of this, the report urges the UN to make better use of its assets in the fight against terrorism.One of the obstacles to an effective counter-terrorism strategy has been UN members' inability to agree on a definition of terrorism.The panel tries to help by defining it as “any action that is intended to cause death or serious bodily harm to civilians or non-combatants”; Arab countries may continue to press for exemptions in the case of“foreign occupation”.The report also deals with what it sees as a possible “cascadeof nuclear proliferation”in the near future.It recommends creating more incentives for countries to stop enriching uranium.1.Explain the following sentences or phrases in English, bringing out the implied meaning, if there is any.(40 points, 4 points each1 This week , a blue-ribbon panel commissioned by the body's secretary-general, Kofi Annan.released its report on what to do about it.2Recognizing the danger of i rrelevance, ……3Everyone agrees that the Security Council is an unrepresentative relic:…4 But that the council's composition is a throwback to the world order immediately after the Second World War has been agreed on for decades, without any success in changing it.5 Unlike in previous efforts, these four have finally banded together to press their case.6 But each aspirant has opponents.7……a non-starter since this would require Britain and France togive up theirs, …8 While the panelists have not proposed major changes to these two parts of the Charter, they have offered refinements.9It even considers “preventive” wars against serious but non-imminent threats potentially justifiable.10 the primary purpose must be to avert the threat;force must be a last resort, means must beproportional, and there must be a reasonable chance that force will succeed without calamitous consequences.2.Give a brief answer to each of the following questions in your own words.(15 points, 5 points each1 How does the Iraq war reflect the state of the UN?2 What are the proposals for structural changes of the UN?3 What are the major contents of the panel report?Passage TwoThe trade and investment relationship between the European Union and the United States is the most important in the world.Despite the emergence of competitors, Europe and America are the dynamo of the global economy.This economic relationship is a foundation of our political partnership, which we all know has been through a difficult patch.The identity of interest between Europe and America is less obvious than during the cold war.But while the trans—Atlantic relationship is becoming more complex, that does not make it less important.As European commissioner for trade.I do not agree that European and American values are fundamentally diverging, or that our interests on longer coincide.We still share a belief in democracy and individual freedoms, and in creating opportunity and economic openness.We face the same security challenges.We look ahead to shared global problems:poverty, migration, resource crises, climate change.We need commitment and vision to redefine our, relationship.I want to see a stronger and more balanced partnership—one in which Europe is more united, more willing to take its role in global leadership and onewhere the United States is moreinclined to share leadership with Europe.We need to find ways to complement each other, not compete in the political arena.We will not achieve either side of this equation without the other.Europe needs to build stronger foreign policies and to be ready to act on the world stage.But equally, the body language we see from America has a huge impact on how Europeans view the partnership.Our common interest requires a strong Europe, not a weak and divided one.I hope that the United States will reinforce its historical support for European integration.I am fortunate now to take over an area of policy in which Europe is highly effective:trade.Our top trade priority on both sides of the Atlantic must be to put our weight behind the multilateral Doha development agenda. Concluding this negotiation in a way that lives up to its ambition will bring enormous benefits.Collectively, we took a major step in reaching the framework agreement in Geneva last July, following the lead taken by the EU on agriculture export subsidies.We now look to the United States and others to follow that lead, and we need to accelerate work in other areas——on industrial tariffs and services—to achieve a balanced result.The Doha round of talks differs from any other in its focus on development.Europe and the United States must ensure that poorer countries are fully engaged and derive benefits.But the issues we need to tackle to stimulate growth and innovation in trans-Atlantic trade are not those on the Doha agenda.Our markets are relatively open and highly developed.We need to concentrate on removing regulatory and structural barriers that inhibit activity.This is about cutting international red tape.Our regulatory systems and cultures are different.but that is where real gains can be made.As EU trade commissioner I want to develop an ambitious but practical trans-Atlantic agenda.I am not inclined to set rhetorical targets or launch lofty initiatives.I want a set of achievable goals.Work on trans-Atlantic deregulation will also contribute to the central goal of the new European Commission:promoting growth and jobs in Europe.I am not naive.I am not turning a blind eye to the inevitable disputes in trans-Atlantic trade.They are relatively small as a proportion of totaltrade, but they make the headlines.They reflect the huge volume of our trade and investment flows.That is good.They also reflect our readiness to settle disputes in the World Trade Organization.That is also good.The WTO is the best example of effective multilateralism that the world has so far invented.I hope we will work together to uphold it.If multilateralism is to be worthwhile, it has to be effective—and that goes for every part of the relationship between Europe and America.1.Explain the following sentences or phrases in English, bringing out the implied meaning, if there is any.(24 points, 4 points each1he identity of interest between Europe and America is less obvious than during the cold war.2European and American values are fundamentally diverging, or that our interests, no longer coincide.3 We will not achieve either side of this equation without the other.4…to put our weight behind the multilateral Doha development agenda.5 Concluding this negotiation in a way that lives up to its ambition will bring enormous benefits.6This is about cutting international red tape.2.Give a brief answer to each of the following questions in your own words.(15 points, 5 points each1 What does the author call on the United States to do to strengthen the bond in the trans-Atlantic partnership?2 What does the author think are the issues the EU and US should work on in trans-Atlantic trade?3cording to the author, what is the role of WTO in solving trans-Atlantic trade disputes?Ⅱ.Please read the following passage and translate the underlined parts into Chinese.(24 points, 4 points each英译汉But can a liberal—today—be for censorship? Yes, but he ought tofavor a liberal form of censorship.I don't think this is a contradiction in terms.「1」We have no problem contrasting repressive laws governing alcohol, drugs and tobacco with laws regulating(that is, discouraging the sale ofalcohol, drugs, and tobacco.We have not made smoking a criminal offense.We have, however, and with good liberal conscience, prohibited cigarette advertising on television.The idea of restricting individual freedom.in a liberal way, is not at all unfamiliar to us.I therefore see no reason why we should not be able to distinguish repressive censorship from liberal censorship of the written and spoken word.In Britain, until a few years ago, you could perform almost any play you wished—but certain plays, judged to be obscene, had to be performed in private theatrical clubs.In the United States, 「2」allof us who grew up using public libraries are familiar with the circumstances under which certain books could be circulated only to adults,while still other books had to be read in the library.In both cases, a small minority that was willing to make a serious effort to see an obscene play or book could do so.「3」But the impact of obscenity was circumscribed, and the quality of public life was only marginally affected.「4」It is a distressing fact that any system of censorship is bound, upon occasion, to treat unjust a particular work of art—to find pornography where there is only gentle eroticism, to find obscenity where none really exists, or to find both where the work's existence ought to be tolerated because it serves a larger moral purpose.That is the price one has to be prepared to pay for censorship—even liberal censorship.「5」But if you look at the history of American or English literature, there is precious little damage you can point to as a consequence of the censorship that prevailed throughout most of that history. I doubt that many works of real literary merit ever were suppressed.Nor did I notice that hitherto suppressed masterpiece flooded the market when censorship was eased.「6」I should say, to the contrary, that literature has lost quite a bit now that so much is permitted.It seems to me that the cultural market in the United States today is awash in dirty books, dirty movies, dirty theater.Our cultural condition has not improved as a result of the new freedom.I'll put it bluntly:If you care for the quality of life in our American democracy, then you have to be for censorship.Ⅲ.Translate the following passage into Eng lish.(32 points汉译英明代哲学家王阳明早年被贬到贵州龙场做地方官时, 捕获了当地一个强盗头目。
北京外国语大学硕士研究生入学考试公共科目(自命题)样题-二外法语、翻译硕士法语
北京外国语大学硕士研究生入学考试样题科目名称：二外法语、翻译硕士法语（考试时间3小时，满分100分。
其中前60题的答案涂在机读卡上；翻译题答在答题纸上。
各类题答在试题页上均无效。
）Partie I : Structure grammaticale et vocabulaire (35 points)1. Y a-t-il quelque chose _____ intéressant dans ce film?(A) si (B) d’(C) très (D) trop2. Si tu _____ le dictionnaire, tu n’aurais pas commis autant de fautes dans larédaction de cet article!(A) aurais consulté(B) as consulté(C) avais consulté(D) aies consulté3. _____ l’adresse de son ami, elle est allée se renseigner à la réception.(A) N’ayant pas su (B) Ne pas savoir(C) Ne pas savoir (D) Ne sachant pas4. _____ soit votre travail, vous devez le prendre au sérieux.(A) Que (B) Quelque (C) Quel que (D) Quoi que5. _____ un vent très fort, il a nagé dans ce lac.(A) Malgré(B) A cause d’(C) Grâce à(D) Faute d’6. _____ est le nom de ton école?(A) Quoi (B) Qui (C) Quel (D) Qu’7. Les étudiants sont contents que le Président de l’Université_____ hier àleursoirée.(A) serait venu (B) était venu (C) est venu (D) soit venu8. Toutes les routes sont fermées _____ une tempête.(A) à la suite d’(B) en fonction d’(C) en échange d’(D) en dépit d’9. Philippe a écrit un mail à Jean pour féliciter _____ .(A) ses ennuis (B) sa peur (C) sa faim (D) sa promotion10. Le médecin a fixé un rendez-vous _____ une semaine, vendredi prochain.(A) durant (B) dans (C) en (D) pour11. Mes enfants, ne jouez pas avec le couteau _____ vous blesser les mains.(A) au lieu de (B) pour (C) afin de (D) de peur de第1页共8页。
北京外国语大学俄语学院硕士研究生入学考试翻译理论与实践方向试卷
编者按:随着攻读项士学位研究生逐渐升温,越来越多的读者关注北京外国语大学俄语学院《俄语语言文学》专业硕士学位研究生的招生考试情况。
近年来北外俄语学院《俄语语言文学》专业招收四个方向的研究生,这四个研究方向是:俄罗斯社会与文化、俄罗斯文学、翻译理论与实践、现代俄语。
考生初试应通过两门专业课的考试(基础俄语、本研究方向)以及政治、二外(英语)的考试。
现将2002—2003两年初试的题目在本刊相关栏目发表,以满足广大读者的需要。
○长 祚北京外国语大学俄语学院2002年硕士研究生入学考试翻译理论与实践方向试卷一、Переведитеследующиетекстынакитайскийязык.(50баллов)11Дружба—этошколавоспитаниячеловеческихчувств.Дружбанужнанедлятого,чтобычем2тозаполнитьвремя,адлятого,чтобыут2верждатьвчеловеке,ипреждевсеговсамомсебе,добро.21Усиленныйбатальонизсоставаамериканской102йгорнойдивизии(примернотысячачеловек)перебрасываетсявУзбекистаниТаджикистан.СообщилажурналистампресссекретарьПентагонаВикторияКларк.Поеесловам,которыеприводитгазета《Вашингтонпост》,развертываниевСре2днейАзииболеетысячибойцоврегулярныхсухопутныхсилСШАпред2ставляетсобойпервоевисторииихпоявлениесбоевымзаданиемнатерри2ториибывшегоСССР.Комментируясообщение《Вашингтонпост》,нача2льникГенштабаВооруженныхсилРоссииАнатолийКвашнинсказал,чтоемуничегонеизвестноопосылкеамериканскихвойсквУзбекистан.Как○РУССКИЙЯЗЫКΠ2005.2 47сказалКвашнин,уРоссииестьопределенныедоговоренностисУзбекиста2номиеслиТашкентнесообшилМосквеопребываниинаеготерриторииамериканскихвойск,тоэто《нездорово》.31ВчераМосгорсудприговорилбывшегоминистраюстицииРоссииВалентинаКовалеваиегопомощникаАндреяМаксимовасоответственнокдевятиишестигодамлишениясвободыусловно,сообщилоагентствоРИА《Новости》.СудустановилКовалевуиМаксимовуиспытательныйсрок—соответственнов5и4года.Согласнорешениюсуда,уКовалеваиМакси2моваконфискованыдваземельныхучасткавОдинцовскомрайонеПодмос2ковьяидвеквартирывМосквекакнажитыепреступнымпутем.Крометого,вдоходгосударствабудутобращенытакже40тыс.долларов,полу2ченныеКовалевымввидевзятки.КовалевиМаксимовтакжелишеныклассныхчиновсоветниковициииправазаниматьдолжностивправо2охранительныхорганахиорганахюстициивтечениетрехлет.二、Переведитеследуюшиетекстынарусскийязык.(50бал2лов)11那是十多年前的事了。
北外硕士研究生入学考试初试——德语MTI试题
北京外国语大学2011年硕士研究生入学考试试题招生专业：翻译硕士（德语MTI） 科目名称：德语翻译基础（考试时间3小时，满分150分，全部写在答题纸上，答在试题页上无效） I. Übersetzen Sie die folgenden Abkürzungen und Begriffe ins Chinesische! (1*15=15 Punkte):1. IMF2. WTO3. UNICEF4. OECD5. ASEAN6. CSU7. DAX8. FDP9. Koalitionsvertrag10. Legislaturperiode11. Bruttoinlandsprodukt12. Deflation13. Biodiversität14. Renaissance15. VölkerwanderungII. Übersetzen Sie die folgenden Wortgruppen ins Deutsche (1*15=15 Punkte).1.恢复生态平衡2.可持续发展3.科学发展观4.经济转轨5.能源密集型产业6.新兴经济体7.应对气候变化8.社会弱势群体9.跨国公司10.追求最大利润11.中庸之道12.中西合璧13.良莠不齐14.沽名钓誉15.好事多磨III. Übersetzen Sie den folgenden Text ins Chinesische (60 Punkte).Was stoppt den Klimawandel? Wie sieht die Energie der Zukunft aus? Wiebekommen alle Zugang zu ausreichend Wasser? Wichtige Fragen, die eng mit Klima- und Umweltschutz verbunden sind.Das renommierte US-Magazin …Time“ zeichnet das Bild eines neuen Deutschland, in dem Windparks, Biogas-Anlagen und Solardächer wie selbstverständlich zum Landschaftsbild gehören. Die Bundesregierung habe, so lautet die Quintessenz, frühzeitig die Weichen für einen Wandel gestellt: Sie hat eine Öko-Steuer eingeführt, um den Ölverbrauch zu senken. Sie hat ein Recycling-System aufgebaut, um Ressourcen zu schonen und Rohstoffe wiederzuverwerten. Und vor allem hat sie das Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetz (EEG) auf den Weg gebracht.Tatsächlich ist das im Jahr 2000 in Kraft getretene EEG das Herzstück der deutschen Energie- und Klimapolitik. Es ermutigt Bürger, Unternehmen und Kommunen Strom aus erneuerbaren Quellen selbst zu produzieren und gegen Vergütung ins Netz einzuspeisen. Damit macht so mancher Produzent ein gutes Geschäft. Und der Anteil erneuerbarer Energien am Stromverbrauch konnte in wenigen Jahren auf 14 Prozent gesteigert werden. Das Ziel ist ein Anteil von 25 bis 30 Prozent im Jahr 2020. 47 Staaten haben das Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetz nach deutschem Vorbild bisher in seinen Grundzügen übernommen. Denn von dem Marktanreizprogramm profitiert nicht nur das Klima, sondern auch die Wirtschaft. Aus Deutschland stammen jede dritte Solarzelle und fast jedes zweite Windrad. Die deutsche …Greentech“-Branche ist Technologieführer und hat nach einer aktuellen Studie das Potenzial, den erfolgreichen deutschen Maschinen- und Automobilbau im Jahr 2020 als beschäftigungsstärkste Industriezweige abzulösen. …Umweltschutz und Arbeitsplätze sind kein Widerspruch. Im Gegenteil: Beide bedingen sich im globalen Maßstab“, sagt Bundesumweltminister Sigmar Gabriel. Schon ist von der …dritten industriellen Revolution“ die Rede.IV. Übersetzen Sie den folgenden Text ins Deutsche (60 Punkte).公路是用于行车而不是停车的。
北京外国语大学英语真题(二外)-2000(精)
北京外国语大学2000年硕士研究生入学考试二外英语试题I. Choose a correct word to fill in each blank:(9%e. g There is no place to go in this rainy day, and I don’t know what to do.(know, no1. _____ for me, I want to see what my_____ is while I’m near the scales.(weight, wait.2. That new boy-scout does_____ know how to tie a_____. (knot, not3. _____ you like to buy a_____ stove? (would, wood4. The_____ of that wine had his office in his_____ (seller, cellar5. Even a_____ man will_____ when he has sever pains. (grown, groan。
6. A small boy_____ a ball_____ our window and broke it. (threw, through7. _____were several people who said that they were going to vote for_____ favorite candidate.(their, there8. In the sentence. “it is a nice day’’ _____“it.” that the sentence has for_____ subject.(its, it’s9. If John_____ that notice of a chance to sail the seven_____, he will_____ the opportunity. (seize, sees, seasII. Understand and use the synonym context clues: (21%A:Determine the meaning of the underlined word by identifying its part of speech (verb, noun, adjective etc. and by locating its synonym in the statement. Write your answer on the given line.e.g Even as a child Thomas Edison had a very inquisitive mind; at the age of three he performed his first experiment out of curiosity.In this sentence, inquisitive is a (an adjective. It means curious.1.You must bathe the wound with clean water, and after you wash it, put some medicine on it and bandage it carefully.In this sentence, bathe is a (an _____. It means_____.2. He developed a cynical attitude after years of frustration. He was always in low spirits because of this negativeness.In this sentence, cynical is a (an _____ .It means_____.3.A bridge sky in the morning is not a guarantee of fine weather during the rest of the day. Don’t promise anything too soon.In this sentence, guarantee is a (an _____. It means_____.4.The old woman had a strange habit to keep over 100 cats in her house. Her neighbours all called her an eccentric lady.In this sentence, eccentric is a (an _____. It means_____.5.Few composers have been so idolized during their lifetime as was Edward Mar Dowel. Of course, people worshiped him for a good reason.In this sentence, idolize is a(an ____ .It means_____.B:Make a best choice to complete each statement. Then from the statement find out the synonym clue(s of the underlined word and put it/them into bracket (s. e.g.(aMany amateur theater groups produce benefit plays for the purpose ofraising(funds.They may be interested in the theater for its own sake, but their principal interest is_____a. profitb. reputationc. excitementd. Creativeness( Large chunks of ice and snow melt very slowly. Once they begin to thaw, several weeks of warm weather may be required before they are totally_____a. increasedb. dissolvedc. frozend. warm( June in the West Indies has an interesting significance, for this is the time when conditions necessary for hurricane formation begin to build up. It gets windier and windier. By August these conditions are fully developed, and from then until the first of November is the period of____a. winterb. growthc. stormsd. harvest( The early Babylonians made their written record permanent. They made signs on soft clay tablets with the top of a reed. These tablets were then baked in the sun until they became hard and durable. Thus the words on the tablets_____ a. were correct b.1ast for a long time c. were readable d. disappeared immediately( People are still conjecturing about the mysterious fate of the Lost Colony. Some guess that Indians carried off or killed the settlers; others imagine that the Spaniard destroyed the settlement. What actually occurred is_____a. seldom recalledb. described in dramac. as yet unknownd. a matter of record( Legally all men are equal, but genetically no two men are identical. It is highly improbable that two individuals will ever be born with patterns of genetically transmitted characteristics that are_____.a. similarb. the samec. differentd. individual III. Understand and use the antonym context dues: (20%A:Each of the following sentences contains an antonym clue for the underlined word. Locate the word/phrase which means the opposite of the underlined word and then put it into brackets. Finally, select the best meaning for the underlined word. e. g. Professor English’s attitude showed his(concern.The students’ attitudes, on the other hand, were very casual.(cCasual means_____.a. attitudeb. concernedc. Indifferent( Some students were unintentionally late for class while a few were purposely late. Unintentionally means____a. purposelyb. accidentallyc. always( In many nations there are two financial extremes, from penury to great wealth. Penury means____a. wealthb. povertyc. middle income( Oranges are indigenous to southern California but foreign to New York farms.Indigenous means_____a. nativeb. unknownc. alien( Rather than carefully planning, the speaker relied on improvising the speech as he addressed the audience. Improvising means_____.a. jokingb. making upc. planning( Why did you spend such all inordinate amount of time on the first question? Ten minutes would have been more reasonable. Inordinate means_____a. tinyb. uninterestedc. excessiveB: Make a best choice to complete each statement, and then find out the antonym clue of your choice and put it on the given line.e. g In the treatment of this disease, complete calm is necessary for recovery. The doctor has warned that under no circumstances must the patient be allowed to become_____a. inactiveb. betterc. hungryd. excitedAntonym clue of d is calm.1.Collectors of stamps, coins, or other objects should collect common specimens as well as unusual ones. Not only are they often more attractive, but also one can never tell when some common object may suddenly become_____.a. attractiveb. rarec.1ess valuabled. duplicatedAntonym clue of_____ is _____.2.Every excess causes a defect, every defect an excess. Every sweet has its sour, every hardship its_____.a. goodb. penaltyc. comfortd. disasterAntonym clue of_____ is_____3.Most people like Ellen because they know she is frank with them. On the other hand, they distrust her sister because she is always——.a. secretiveb. impolitec. inactived. unreliableAntonym clue of_____ is_____.4.She had so long enjoyed her imaginary illnesses that when the doctor dismissed her case she was_____.a. curedb. memoriesc. disappointedd. pleasedAntonym clue of_____ is _____.5.In the atomic powerhouse, nuclear reactors are used in place of oil and coal furnaces. However, the nuclear reactors create radiation hazards; this problem had to be solved before such reactors could be used_____.a. cheaplyb. experimentallyc. safelyd. dailyAntonym clue of_____ is_____.IV. Decide whether the statements are true or false according to the context: (20 %A:After each paragraph, there are two statements. If the statement is a valid judgement to the content of the paragraph, write T; if it is not, write F. e. g Men in boats are able to approach quite close to the ocean sunfish before it turns over and disappears under the water. Thus it is easily caught(T The ocean sunfish is noted for its stupidity(F The ocean sunfish must be kept fresh1.There was no way of knowing when we had crossed the border----.no markings, no border posts----but it must have happened sometime around midnight( The author is traveling alone.( the author is unfamiliar with the area.2.Randolph grew up in New York and knew well its secret charms and hidden faults. He did not even care about the world that p eople told him existed beyond New York’s limits.( His knowledge and sympathies were quite limited.( He could not afford to travel around the world.3. Originally there was an abundance of white pine in American forests. However, so many uses have been discovered for this wood that the supply of white pine is becoming smaller and smaller.( People will find white pine increasingly abundant.( As a result, white pine has become increasing expensive.4.Many men have been employed to paint this gigantic bridge. If one of the painters fell his perch, he would probably be killed. There have been no fatal accidents of this kind since the bridge span was completed.( One reason for this is that the painters employed here are all specially trained.( Painters working on this bridge have to be insured.5.The instructor read Sam’s paper and saw that Sam had scored perfectly on the multiple-choice true-false, and fill-in sections of the test. However, Sam had not finished the major essay and had lost fifteen points on that section.( The instructor fails Sam.( The instructor believes that Sam generally understands the work.B:Decide if the statement after each paragraph is a valid inference. If it is valid, write T:If it is not, write F.e.g. When the phone finally rang, Joe leaped from the edge of his chair and grabbedfor it.(T Joe probably had been waiting for the call anxiously.1.They were all shocked when Jones confessed to the theft.( No one had questioned his courage.2. The letter of the alphabet were nothing more to her than meaningless shape. ( She did not know how to think.3. No fragments of pottery have been unearthed by archaeologists from the ruins of this city.( Apparently the inhabitants did not know how to build homes.4.When people of early New England chose sleeping garments, the main consideration was warmth.( People at that time had different taste of beauty.5.Every editor has to cope with a certain number of wound-up visitors Ralph worked with his hat on.( He wore his hat to give visitors the impression that he was about to leave. 6.The man who installed the new equipment in the executive’s office told him that the first cost would be the last.( It was suggested that the equipment was built to last a lifetime.7.Only in terms of decades, or even centuries, can we evaluate the importance andpermanence of the changes in the distribution of power among nations.( These changes occur obviously.8. We often hear that brevity is the soul of wit. As used here, wit perhaps refers to jest, but the saying is even more applicable to a higher form of wit--the concise expression of real wisdom.( It is implied that the man who can say much in a few words is a master 9 During the harvest season the men on all the farms were working from morning until sunset Sometimes they even worked by moonlight. They were trying to get the harvest in before it was ruined by a storm.( The farmers were pitted against competitors.10. A commuter whose estate is overrun with squirrels has a trap that catches but does not kill. He picks it up every morning, laden with squirrels, puts it in his car, drives three miles to his train, and, in a little park behind the station, releases the animals with a silent prayer that they will adjust to their new environment.( He is humane to small animalsV. Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words:(10%Everybody wastes time. Instead of doing his homework, the schoolboy watches television Instead of writing her essay, the student goes out with her friends. They all had good intentions, but they keep putting off the moment when they must start work As a consequence, they begin to feel guilty, and then waste even more time wishing they had not allowed themselves to be distracted.When someone else is organizing our time for us, as for instance during lessons or working hours, we do not necessarily work more efficiently, but at least we are subject to the discipline of a routine. t is when we ale responsible for organizing our own time that the need for self-discipline arises.I know two writers who seem to work in quite different ways. Bob is extremely methodical. He arrives at his office at 9 a. m . and is creative until 12:30.At 2 p.m. he returns to his desk and is creative until 5 p.m. when he goes home and switches off until the following morning. Alan, on the other hand, works in inspired bursts, often missing meals and sleep in order to get his ideas down on paper. Such periods of intense activity are usually followed by days when he potters around his flat, listening to Mozart and flicking through magazines.Their places of work reflect their styles. Bob’s books are nearly arranged on the shelves; he can always find the books he wants. Alan, on the other hand, has books and magazines all over the place. They are about every subject under the sun, mostly unconnected with his work. All the same he has a knack of making use of the unlikely information to illuminate his books.Questions:1.When people waste time instead of getting down to work, hey start to___________________________________________________________________________2.The advantage of working for someone else is that _____.____________________________________________________________________ __3.Why does Alan have a lot of books and magazines?______________________________________________________________________ 4.What can Alan’s work be best. Described as?______________________________________________________________________ 5.How could we describe Bob’s way of w orking?______________________________________________________________________ VL. Read the passage below and choose the best answer for each statement that follows. (20% Several years ago my parents, my wife, my son and I ate at one of those restaurants where the menu is scrawled on a blackboard. After a wonderful dinner, the waiter set the check in the middle of the table. That’s when it happened: my father did not reach for the bill Conversation continued. Finally it dawned on me that I should pick up the check! After hundreds of restaurant meals with my parents, after a lifetime of thinking of my father as the one with dollars, it had all changed. I reached for the check. and my view of myself was suddenly altered. I Was an adult. Some people mark off their lives in years; I measure mine in small events I did not become a young man at a particular age, like 13,but rather when a kid strolled into the store where I worked and called me. “ Mister ’’. He repeated it several times. looking straight at me. The realization hit like a punch：Me!I was suddenly a mister There have been other milestones. The cops of my youth always seemed big, even huge, and of course they were older than I Was. Then one day they were suddenly neither. In fact, some were kids…short k ids at that. The day came when 1 suddenly realized that all the football players in the game 1 was watching were younger than 1 was. They were just big kids. with that milestone went the fantasy that someday, maybe I too could be a football player. Without ever having reached the hill, 1 was over it. I never thought that 1 would fall asleep in front of the TV set as my father did Now it’s what I do best I never thought that I would go to the beach and not swim. yet I spent all of August at the shore and never once went into the once an. I never thought that I wouldappreciate opera, but now the pathos and combination of voice and orchestra appeal to me I never thought that I would prefer to stay home evenings. but now I find myself passing up parties. I used to think that people who watched birds were strange. but this summer I found myself watching them, and maybe I’11 get a book on the subject I feel a strong desire for a religious conviction that I never thought I’d want, eel close to ancestors long gone, and echo my father in arguments with my son. I still lose. One day I bought a house. One day---what a day!---I became a father, and not too long after that I picked up the check for my own father. I thought then it was a milestone for me. One day, when I was a little older, I realized it Was one for him too, another milestone. 1.The tone established in the passage is one of______. a. sad regret b. amusement c. happiness d. deep feeling2. When did the author realize his responsibility as an adult? a. He realized that when he got married. b. He realized that when he became a father. c. He realized that when his father didn’t reach for the bill. d. He realized that when the waiter set the check in the middle of the table.3.The author mentions the event in the restaurantbecause_____. a. that is one of his milestones b. he paid the bill but he didn’t want to c. he became a father with dollars d. that is the last restaurant meal with his parents 4.When did the author think that he became a young man? a. He was called. “Mister”. b. He was thirteen years old. c. He started working in a store. d. He was hit by a boy in a store.5.Why did the boy repeat the word. “mister” several times? a. Because the boy’s voice was too low. b. Because the author didn’t hear the ca ll. c. Because the author made no response. d. Because the author was greatly shocked by the word.6. “Then one day they were suddenly neither.” implies that____. a. suddenly they became older than I was b. suddenly I knew that they were neither bigger nor older than I was c. suddenly I realized I made a mistake d. suddenly I found myself no longer a kid7.What does the author do best? a. Swimming in the ocean. b. b. Reading books about birds. c. Falling asleep in front of the TV set. e. Playing a musical instrument in an orchestra.8.The author is now interested in____ a. parties and music b. TV programs and swimming c. his ancestors andhis son d. birds and home evenings 9.Which of the following is not true? a. The restaurant event is one milestone for the author. b. The author never thought he’d want any religious conviction. c. The author always falls asleep at parties d. The author appreciates operas 10.Which of the following best expresses the author’s thinking? a. One today is worth two tomorrows b. To save time is to lengthen life. c. When an opportunity is neglected, it never comes back to you.d. Time and tide wait for no person 北京外国语大学 2000 年硕士研究生入学考试二外英语参考答案Ⅰ 1 wait, weight 2 not, knot 3 would, wood 4 seller, cellar 5 grown, groan 6 threw, thro ugh 7 there, their 8 it’s, its 9 sees, seas, seize Ⅱ A 1 verb, wash 2 adjective, satiric 3 noun, assurance 4 adjective, strange 5 verb, revere B 1-5 b c b c b ⅢA 1-5 b b a b c B 1 2 3 4 5 b, c, d, c, c, common hardship frank enjoyed hazards Ⅳ A1 2 3 4 5 B 1 6 F, T, F, F, F, T F T T T F 2 F 3 F 4 T 5 T T 7 F 8 T 9 F 10 T Ⅴ 1 feel guilty and waste more time 2 we are subject to the discipline of a routine 3 Alan reads books and magazines for relaxation and inspiration 4 Alan’s work is a combination inspired by varied materials 5 Bob’s way of working is regular and well arranged. Ⅵ 1-5 D C A A D 6-10 D C D C D。
2021北京外国语大学汉语国际教育硕士真题完整版(1)
2021北京外国语大学汉语国际教育硕士真题完整版汉语根底一、填空〔每空1分，共11分〕1、人类语言有两种根本形式，〔〕语言和〔〕语言。
2、〔〕是根据句子结构分出来的类，分为主谓句和非主谓句。
3、〔〕是按语气分出来的类，可以分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和〔〕。
4.普通话的音节有〔〕个音素，其中元音有〔〕个；辅音有〔〕个。
5.〔〕是按句子局部结构特点划分出来的类，如：“把〞字句、“被〞字句等。
6．语素是最小的〔〕结合的语言单位。
7.句子具有〔〕是其最显著的特点。
二、名词解释〔每个3分，共15分〕1、四呼2、词义3、主谓谓语句三、简答〔4个还是5个，每个6-10分〕1、举例说明上声的变**况。
3、请分析d t n l的发音特点及异同。
〔10分〕4、什么是声调，有几类？怎样用五度标记法？〔6分〕5.汉语中为什么可以说“一个小时，一个星期，一个月〞却不可以说“一个秒、一个刻、一个周、一个年〞。
〔8分〕1.我给他生日礼物，却他不快乐。
2.他吃了药，却病的更重了。
3.外面在下雨，却他坚持要出去。
五、语言分析1.找出以下句子中的错误，并分析原因。
〔1〕他曾经不爱汉语。
〔2〕他从来爱汉语。
〔3〕昨天，我去参观了高老师。
〔4〕他遭到了老师的表扬。
四、现代汉语应用1、给以下句子和词语注音。
〔1〕我们应该关爱留守儿童。
〔5分〕〔2〕婆娑、妊娠、乜斜、小觑、栅栏、赝品〔10分〕2.判断以下句子是否符合现代汉语语法标准。
〔10个〕〔1〕现在的毕业生，都说自己被就业了。
〔2〕您家父最近身体好吗？〔3〕你昨天有去过上海吗？〔4〕这房子的建筑风格也太山东了。
〔5〕妈妈一定要注意保重身体。
〔6〕我有看过这本书。
〔7〕这本书确实有很多精彩之处。
〔8〕这位是我的夫人，请多多照顾。
〔9〕〔10〕3、改错别字。
鞠躬尽瘁川流不息投笔从戎变本加厉4、写出以下汉字汉字的笔画数量及笔顺。
里乃与5、给出十个字合体字，让你说明这几个字的部件和部件的组合方式〔12个〕医凰坐许辩笔葬庆司赶凼围五、古代汉语〔30分〕永之氓咸善游一日水暴甚有五六氓乘小船绝湘水中济船破皆游其一氓尽力而不能寻常其侣曰汝善游最也今何后为曰吾腰千钱重是以后曰何不去之不应摇其首有顷益怠。
北京外国语大学考研意大利语基础真题样题
北京外国语大学研究生入学考试意大利语基础样题3PLETATE IL TESTO CON LE PAROLE GIUSTE,UNA PER OGNI SPAZIO.(30punti)Circa35anni fa,quando ero un ragazzo,1-(vivere)a Ferrara una signorina ebrea niente affatto brutta,népovera,nésciocca,nématura-non specialmente appetibile,se vogliamo,peròneanche da buttar via-alla quale,per strano che ciòpossa sembrare, la famiglia non2-(riuscire)a trovare un marito.Strano?Ebbene sì,strano.Nell'ambito della nostra comunità,la cosa presentava,a quell'epoca,tutti i caratteri dell'eccezione. Utilizzando,per solito,le reti delle parentele e delle affinità;ma anche le adunanze delle signore dell'A.D.E.I.3-(potere)servire bene allo scopo;e cosìle feste da ballo che,sotto Purìm,4-(tenersi)in alcuni locali annessi al Tempio di via Mazzini,o nel salone d'ingresso dell'Asilo infantile israelitico di via Vignatagliata,feste presenziate da folte,bisbiglianti file di matrone,5-(sedere)lungo le pareti a fare tappezzeria.La bicicletta,per combinare il diritto alla mobilitàcon il diritto alla salute di bicicleta,una scelta di civiltàda promuovere tramite una rete di piste ciclabili(1) uniscono la periferia al centro e che si integri con i(2)di trasporto pubblico.Una scelta di civiltàda incoraggiare con una serie(3)piccoli interventi di facile attenzione. Una scelta da sostenere e salvaguardare con una drastica(4)del traffico inquinante e il forte incremento delle zone pedonali.Fare la coda,trovare un parcheggio,non trovarlo,prendere una multa,fare ancora una coda,(5)un altro parcheggio introvabile.Ma(6)veramente sicuri che l’automobile ci porti rapidamente(7)destinazione?Sicuramente ci porta stress rendendo la(8) invivibile.E anche per chi si(9)in motorino i problemi non mancano.Spostarsi(10) piedi o in bicicletaèinvece un’esperienza rilassante e che,probabilmente,ci fa pure guadagnare un po’del nostro prezioso tempo.2.LEGGETE E COMPLETATE LE DOMANDE(50punti)Bisogna risparmiareBisogna risparmiare sono le parole che il vecchio avvocato ripete spesso durante la giornata!Le ripete quasi per paura di dimenticarle,col rischio di perdere il controllo del denaro che ha accumulato tutta la vita.La veritàèche l'avarizia dell'avvocatoèsenza limite;sarebbe capace di soffrire le pene dell'inferno,pur di non spendere un soldo!E'molto ricco,èproprietario di terreni e di appartamenti,maècontinuamente ossessionato dall'idea della miseria e vede attorno soltanto gente che sciupa il denaro,che non pensa all'avvenire,che dilapida patrimoni.Vive con lui il figlio sposato ed ha un nipotino cheèuna meraviglia,ma la nuoraèuna donna che non conosce il valore del denaro!Appena il bambino fa Ahi chiama subito il medico e sono quattrini che volano tra visite e medicinali.Poi risulta che il bambino ha un semplice raffreddore!Quante medicine,quanti sciroppo!Quegli sciroppi costano tanto e vengono spesso lasciati nelle bottiglie a metà!Il povero avvocatoècostretto a bere sciroppi di ogni genere,a prendere la pillole che la nuora compra e poi abbandona nei flaconi dentro i cassetti.Non puòtollerare che le medicine si debbano gettare via,quindi prende tutto! Ha preso perfino le piccole per la gravidanza.E la mania del figlio di comprare il giornale tutti i giorni?SI potrebbe chiederlo in prestito al professore che abita accanto;quando il professore l'ha letto,che cosa se ne fa del giornale?Se le notizie si leggono il giorno dopo,che cosa si perde?In tutto il palazzo ci si potrebbe mettere d'accordo e comprarne una sola copia per tutti!Ma questo significherebbe aver cura del denaro;invece il mondoèpieno di sciuponi. Senza contare che il risparmio ha anche un valore morale;ma non tutti lo capiscono. Certamente non lo capisce sua nuora,che va spesso dal parrucchiere e paga per farsi rovinare i capelli!Non lo capisce suo figlio,che compra scarpe e vestiti come se dovesse andare ogni giorno ad una festa!.Lui ha un cappello da trent'anni ed un vestito da vent'anni,col vantaggio che sono tornati di moda senza averli cambiati mai! Ma queste cose i giovani non le possono capire ed i negozianti si arricchiscono alle spalle dei poveri stupidi.Ora da tre giorni l'avvocatoèa letto con la febbre alta ed una tosse violenta che gli squassa il petto,ma non vuole sentire parlare di medico.Per una visitina di pochi minuti,secondo i suoi calcoli,pretendono il denaro che basterebbe a mandare avanti una famiglia per un'intera settimana!E'meglio sentire che cosa ha fatto lo scorso anno il suo vecchio amico,che ha avuto la stessa tosse.Il figlio e la nuora lo guardano molto preoccupati,ma lui,tra un colpo di tosse e l'altro, dice imperterrito:Passerà!Col suo denaro non dovràarricchirsi néil medico néil farmacista!Si sente infelice soltanto perché,la sera,non puògirare per le stanze e spegnere la luce,che figlio e nuora distratti lasciano sempre accesa!La tosse,con un po'di pazienza,passerà! SCEGLIERE LE FRASE GIUSTE SECONDO IL TESTO(8punti):a.L’avvocato ripete le parole“bisogna risparmiare”per fare a suo figlio nondimenticarle.b.Secondo l’avvocato,la nuoraèuna donna che non conosce bene il valore deldenaro.c.L’avvocato prende le medicine perchéèammalato.d.Il figlio compra il giornale tutti i giorni. moda qualche voltaètornata.f.L’avvocato prende la febbre e vuole andare dal medico.g.Il figlio e la nuora alla fine capiscono bene i comportamenti dell’avvocato econoscono il valore del denaro.h.L’avvocato crede che la sua tosse passeràfra poco.I numeri delle frase giuste sono1)TRADUCETE IN CISENE(12punti):Senza contare che il risparmio ha anche un valore morale;ma non tutti lo capiscono. Certamente non lo capisce sua nuora,che va spesso dal parrucchiere e paga per farsi rovinare i capelli!Non lo capisce suo figlio,che compra scarpe e vestiti come se dovesse andare ogni giorno ad una festa!.Lui ha un cappello da trent'anni ed un vestito da vent'anni,col vantaggio che sono tornati di moda senza averli cambiati mai! Ma queste cose i giovani non le possono capire ed i negozianti si arricchiscono alle spalle dei poveri stupidi.2)RISPONDETE ALLE DOMANDE(30punti):a.Cosa fa l'avvocato pur di non sprecare le medicine non finite?Che ne pensi?e mai l'avvocato non vuole sentire parlare di medico quando sta molto male? Sei d'accordo con lui?c.Secondo l’avvocato,cosa si potrebbe fare per risparmiare i soldi con i giornale?d.Puoi capire i comportmenti dell’avvocato?e.Secondo te,cosa significa risparmiare?3.TRADUCETE IN ITALIANO(20punti)罗马的巴洛克代表的不是一个，而是多个历史，他们主要围绕着市政和建筑空间展开，其中绘画、雕塑、乃至所谓的实用艺术都对“艺术的绝妙合成”起到了举足轻重的作用，而这种“含成”正是贝尼尼本人为了概括视觉艺术的结合而提出的模式，它可以被视巴洛克在内的整个十七世纪罗马艺术文化的特征。
北京外国语大学2011年硕士研究生入学考试英语语言文学专业能力测试试卷和英语基础测试(技能)(样题)
北京外国语大学2011年硕士研究生入学考试英语语言文学专业能力测试试卷（样题）I. Summarize the two views (that of the author and that he criticizes) in the following passage and then write a commentary. Your answer should not exceed 1000 words(50%)Asian Americans have increasingly come to be viewed as a “model minority”. But are they as successful as claimed? And for whom are they supposed be model?The model minority thesis first surfaced in the mid-1960s when journalists began publicizing the high educational attainment levels, high median incomes, low crime rates, and absence of juvenile delinquency and mental health problems among Asian Americans. This publicity served an important political purpose at the height of the civil rights movement: proponents of the thesis were in fact telling Black and Chicano activists that they should following examples set by Asian Americans who work hard to pull themselves up by the bootstraps instead of using ,militant protests to obtain their rights.Until today, similar political rhetoric can still be heard. Many politicians and pundits ask: “If Asian Americans can make it with their stress on hard work and education, why can’t African Americans?”Such comparisons pit minorities against each other and generate African American resentment toward Asian Americans. The victims are blamed for their plight, rather than racism or an economy that has made many young African- American workers superfluous.Without question, the socioeconomic status of Asian Americans as a whole has improved since the early 1940s. The median family income of Asian Americans in 1990 ($42,240) stood above the national average ($35,225). Asian American households are more affluent than any other racial or ethnic group including Whites. Asian Americans also have an enviable record of educational achievement, with almost twice the national average of college graduates.The figures, however, can be misleading. The celebration of Asian American success has obscured reality.First, most Asian-Americans live in California, Hawaii and New York – states with higher incomes and higher costs of living than the national average. Thus, while Asian Americans living there may earn more, they also have to spend more. The so-called high earnings of Asian-Americans relative to Caucasians are really deceptive. Comparing family incomes is even more tricky. Some Asian-American groups do have higher family incomes than Caucasians. But they have more workers per family. For example, in 60% of Chinese American families (compared to only 51% among the US population as a whole), more than one person worked, which helps to account for their higher family income. If per capita income, rather thanfamily income, had been used as the measure, then Chinese Americans are making considerably less than the national average.Second, a detailed study of the San Francisco-Oakland Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area showed that Asian Americans were unevenly distributed in the economy. Professionals clustered in accounting, dentistry, nursing, health technology, and engineering and were underrepresented in law, teaching, administration, social services, and higher levels of the medical professions. Managers were more likely to be self-employed than employees of large firms. Sales persons were retail clerks but seldom brokers or insurance agents. Clerical workers were mostly file clerk, typists, or office machine operators, and not secretaries or receptionists. Few Asian American held jobs in the heavy machine, electrical, paper, chemical, or construction industries. Most female operatives were garment workers. In short, Asian Americans were concentrated in occupations that did not pay as well as other jobs in the same industry.Third, the low unemployment rate of Asian Americans – another measure often used to depict their economic success – merely camouflages high underemployment. Wary of being on welfare, many Asian American workers apparently would rather hold low-paid, part-time, or seasonal jobs than receive public assistance.Fourth, the high labor force participation rate of Asian American women –supposedly a sign of their ready acceptance by employers – is in reality a reflection of the fact that more Asian American women are compelled to work because the male members of their families earn such low wages. It is true that working Asian American women earn a higher median income than do white working women, a larger percentage of them work full time, which helps to drive their median income upward. But despite their high educational level, they receive lower returns to their education than do white women, while the disparity between their returns and those of white men is even greater. In other words, they are not receiving earnings that are commensurate with their years of schooling.Fifth, with regard to the educational attainment of Asian Americans, the sizable influx of highly educated professionals after1965 has inflated the average years of schooling completed。
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北京外国语大学硕士研究生入学考试试题（样卷）招生专业：翻译学科目名称：英汉互译（笔译）（考试时间3小时，满分150分，全部写在答题纸上，答在试题页上无效）I.Translate the following passage into Chinese and write yourtranslation on the answer sheet. (50 points)Between Demond’s excursions he like s to accompany me to the Chinese Theatre, of which I had become a fervent votary. Peking is as much the home of the Chinese Theatre as Hollywood is of the films. I had invited many friends to performances that I thought wonderful, but after a very short time they pleaded earache, headache or frank boredom and beat a hasty retreat. Desmond was one of the rare exceptions: he understood instinctively the Chinese drama was the most vital of the traditional arts.A Pekingese enthusiast is mainly concerned with the vocal side of the drama: he goes to the theater to enjoy sustained and difficult flights of falsetto (假声) singing in a sociable atmosphere. The plot, which always drives home a sound moral, is a subsidiary attraction, and the same plays are performed year in year out to packed houses of listeners as critical as the audience of an opera in Italy. As for me, I was first struck by parallels with the Elizabethan stage.The Chinese Theatre provided that ideal synthesis of the arts which I had always been seeking, a synthesis which only the Russian Ballet had approached in Europe. It was a harmonious combination of dialogue, singing, dancing and acrobatics. The beauty of costume, make-up and movement, the subtlety of the pantomime（哑剧）, were thrilling even when one was ignorant of the plot and indifferent to the music. The technique of Chinese actors made scenery superfluous. Everything on this stage was simplified and intensified.The stage itself projected squarely into the audience without a drop curtain, though an embroidered curtain might hang at the back between the two doors for actors’ entrances and exits, and the few stage properties were symbolic. On this bare jutting platform only the comedians were allowed to be clumsy; all the others, who specialized in a certain type of role from which they never deviated, had to move with dignity, elegance and grace. In the popular drama, which had been perfected in Peking since the eighteen century, I preferred the ‘military’ or chronicle plays reviving remote periods of Chinese history in a shrill, vivid, stylized succession of tableaux（舞台造型）, teeming with characters in sumptuous costumes who performed dazzling feats in mimic battle, prodigies of swift, supple and precise sword-play, to the staid and sentimental ‘civil’ plays, with their demu re heroines, so correctly Confucian and tantalizingly deliberate, and their righteous elders warbling into the most improbableof beards.The rhythmic beauty of the battle-scenes was intoxicating; they heightened one’s blood pressure. And the technical resources of the actors seemed infinite. Being peaceable by nature, the Chinese reserved their few bellicose（好战的）strains for the theatre, where they became sublimated and polished by art. Sipping tea and nibbling melon seeds, they blandly watched the evolution of generals more ferocious than anything outside the jungle. To the clash of gongs, each carrying his favourite weapon, as decorative as it could be dangerous, the generals in gorgeous coats of mail（盔甲）strutted up like giant fighting cocks with vast plumes in their helmets, showing the thick white soles of buskin-like boots as they advanced in perfect tempo; then they juggled with their weapons to exhibit their skills. No two were alike in costume or make-up. The generals formed ranks while the supreme commander swaggered into their midst. In voices of thunder they proclaimed that they were wolves, tigers and leopards eager for the fray. The supreme commander boasted that his army of heroes would sweep his enemies off the face of the earth. (598)II.Translate the following passage into English and write yourtranslation on the answer sheet. (50 points).大宛之迹*，见*自张骞。
张骞，汉中人，建元*中为郎。
是时天子问匈奴降者，皆言匈奴破月氏王，以其头为饮器，月氏遁逃，而常怨仇匈奴，无与共击之。
汉方欲事灭胡，闻此言，因欲通使，道必更匈奴中，乃募能使者。
骞以郎应募，使月氏，与堂邑氏胡奴甘父俱出陇西。
经匈奴，匈奴得之，传诣单于。
单于留之，曰：“月氏在吾北，汉何以得往使？吾欲使越，汉肯听我乎？”留骞十余岁，与妻，有子，然骞持汉节*不失。
居匈奴中，益宽，骞因与其属亡乡*月氏，西走数十日，至大宛。
大宛闻汉之饶财，欲通不得，见骞，喜，问曰：“若欲何之？”骞曰：“为汉使月氏，而为匈奴所闭道。
今亡，唯王使人导送我。
诚得至，返汉，汉之赂遗王财物不可胜言。
”大宛以为然，遣骞，为发导绎*，抵康居，康居传致大月氏。
大月氏王已为胡所杀，立其太子为王。
既臣大夏而居，地肥饶，少寇，志安乐。
又自以远汉，殊无报胡之心。
骞从月氏至大夏，竟不能得月氏要领。
留岁余，还，并*南山，欲从羌中归，复为匈奴所得。
留岁余，单于死，国内乱，骞与胡妻及堂邑父俱亡归汉。
汉拜骞为太中大夫，堂邑父为奉使君。
初，骞行时百余人，去十三岁，唯二人得还。
(480)注释：迹：形迹。