海天在线考研英语基础阅读讲义(张培).

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屠皓民英语语法基础讲义

考研英语语法基础讲义屠皓民一、考研语法考什么？二、定语从句1．关系词的产生2．介词+which/whom 的由来3． When/where/why 的演变4．限定性与非限定性从句区别与翻译5．定语从句省略实战演练：将下面的句子翻译成英文1. All those____________ (想去长城的) will get together at the bus—stop at six tomorrow morning ．2. The building ________________________ (座落于我们学校附近的) is a hospital.3. Tom is really the bravest boy _________________________ (我所认识的)。

4. Have you received the letter ___________________________ (我上星期六写的)?5. Can you help me find the person ________________________（救我女儿命的）6. This is the one hundredth letter_________________________ (我上个月收到的)。

7. Tennis______________ (夏季最好的运动之一) can be played by two or four players ．8. I shall use the machine in such a way____________________________ (他使用过的)．强化练习Fill in the blanks with “prep + whom/which”.1. The teacher ____ _______ I learnt most was Mrs. Zhu.2. Mathematics is the subject ______ _______ I am most interested.3.This is the house __________ _________ I was born.课程内容一、考研语法考什么？二、考研语法巅峰考点——定语从句三、考研语法重点考点——状语从句四、考研语法特殊考点——倒装结构五、长难句四步拆分——选自《考研工具书之语法长难句》（屠皓民编）《考研英语基础核心教程》4.Is that the girl ________ ________ you lent your bicycle?5.This is the pen ________ _______ I wrote the letter.6.These are the things _______ ________ I spoke just now.7.Is that the fish _______ _______ you asked the waiter?8.We love the village _______ _______ we work for two years.9.Peter, ______ ______ I played tennis on Sundays, was stronger than I.Fill in the blanks with “where 、why、when ”1. I don’t know the reason ___________ he was late for the class.2. I will never forget the day _____________ I joined the army.3. This is the factory ____________ my father worked 30 years ago.Multiple Choicesl . I will never forget the day I joined the League.A. whichB. whenC. in whichD. on that2. September 18, 1931 is the day we'll never forget.A. thatB. whenC. on whichD. on that3. This is the factory we visited last year.A. whereB. which C . the one D .at which4. Is this the factory your father works?A. whereB. whichC. of whichD. in that5. This is the best factory I have visited all my life.A. whereB. which C . when D. that6. Is this the factory color TV set are produced?A. thatB. which C . in which D . in that7. Have you found the woman purse was lost?A. herB. of whichC. thatD. whose8. Where is the window glass is broken?A. whichB. thatC. whoseD. its9. The book, the cover is broken, is not mine.A. of itB. forC. whoseD. of which10. Who' s the comrade you just shook hands with?A . whomB .which C. whose D. of which11. Do you know the comrade we are talking?A. to whomB. to who C . whom D. to that12. The comrade is speaking at the meeting is a good worker.A. whomB. whichC. whoD. whose13. Mr. Green, has come for a visit to China, arrived in Shanghai yesterday.A. whomB. thatC. whichD. who14. This is Mr. Smith, I think has something to tell you.A. who B . whom C. that D. x15. His father is an engineer, makes him very proud.A. for whatB. which C . that D. what16. He talked about the teachers and schools he had visited.A. whichB. whoC. thatD. what17. He is the only man I can find for the work.A. who'sB. whoseC. thatD. which18. I, your close friend, will try my best to help you out.A. who isB. who amC. that isD. what is19. Those want to see the film please put down your names.A. whichB. whatC. whoseD. who20. He does not reach the Great Wall is not a true man.A. whatB. who C . which D. as21. That was the reason Mac refused to speak at the meeting.A. whyB. thatC. whichD. of which22. Do you know the reason he was late for school.A. of itB. for itC. whichD. for which23. Please bring back the dictionary I lent to you last week.A. whereB. whatC. whichD. who*24. The knife we cut the bread is very sharp.A. with whichB. that whichC. which with D . which25. He bought me a dictionary on my birthday, made me happy.A. whichB. thatC. whoD. whom26. His dog, was now very old, became ill and died.A. itB. thatC. whoseD. which27. I saw some trees , the leaves of were black with disease .A. thatB. which C . whose D . the trees28. He told me all he knew.A. whichB. whatC. thatD. who29. The first English novel I read was Robinson Crusoe.A. whichB. thatC. whereD. who30. This is the very book I am after.A. whichB. thatC. whoseD. whom31. A football fan is _____ has a strong interest in football.A. a thing thatB. something thatC. a person whoD. what32. The house, _____ was destroyed in the terrible fire, has been repaired.A. the roof of whichB. which roofC. its roofD. the roof33. Can you lend me the novel _____ the other day?A. that you talkedB. you talked about itC. which you talked withD. you talked about34. They talked for about an hour of things and persons _____ they remembered in the school.A. whichB. thatC. whoD. whom35. All the apples _____ fell down were eaten by the pigs.A. thatB. thoseC. whichD. what36. I’ll tell you _____ he told me last night.A. all whichB. all whatC. that allD. all37. A child _____ parents are dead is called an orphan.A. whoB. who’sC. whoseD. which38. -How do you like the book?-It’s quite different from _____ I read last month.A. thatB. whichC. the oneD. the one what39. Which sentence is wrong?A. The finger I dipped into the cup was not the one I put it into my mouth.B. Do you know the boy who jumped onto the platform?C. Science and new technology have made it possible for farmers to produce more food on the sameamount of land.D. People in ancient times took it for granted that the sun moved round the earth.40. The train _____ she was traveling was late.A. whichB. whereC. on whichD. in that41. He has lost the key to the drawer _____ the papers are kept.A. whereB. on whichC. under whichD. which42. He often helps the students _____ he thinks are not quick at their studies.A. whomB. whoC. whenD. because43. The Second World War _____ millions of people were killed ended in 1945.A. whenB. during thatC. in whichD. which44. Mr. Crossett will never forget the day _____ he spent with his various students.A. whenB. whichC. during whichD. on which45. We are going to spend the Spring Festival in Guangzhou, _____ was decided last year.A. whichB. thatC. whoD. where三、状语从句1．类型2．状语从句省略3．虚拟语气四、倒装结构1．全部倒装2．部分倒装特殊句型真题再现z Reaching new peaks of popularity in North America is Iceberg Water, which is harvested from icebergs off the coast of Newfoundland, Canada.z Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.z Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots.z Not only has the highway system affected the American economy by providing shipping routes, it has led to the growth of spin-off industries like service stations, motels, restaurants, and shopping centers/malls.五、长难句四步拆分策略长难句是考研的重点，完形和阅读中需要通过理解来解答题目，翻译部分直接考查考生对于长难句的理解和中文转换能力。

郑州海天考研英语基础阶段测试卷

※海天寄语：四月之春，考研复习拉开序幕，你有没有发现，自习室的人忽然多起来了？你想知道，你目前复习到什么程度了吗？你想了解，你跟其他同学有多大差距吗？郑州海天从海天考研内部题库，精选试题，汇编成本套试卷，帮助你了解现阶段复习水平！花上一个小时的时间，用心认真做完本套试题，交到本校负责人处，就有海天高辅老师为你批改试卷，指出缺陷，发现亮点，帮你进一步提升成绩！测试获得高分的同学，还会有惊喜好礼相送！那么，拿起你的笔，让我们现在开始吧！海天英语基础测试卷学校：院系：专业：姓名：电话：邮箱/QQ：得分：Section I Section II总分：Part APart B教师评语：Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Pronouncing a language is a skill. Every ___1___ person is expert in the skill of pronouncing his own language, but few people are even moderately ___2___ at pronouncing foreign languages. Now there are many reasons __3____this, some obvious, some perhaps not so obvious. ___4___I suggest that the fundamental reason why people___5___ do not speak foreign languages very much better__6____they do is that they fail to__7____the true nature of the problem of learning to pronounce, and ___8___never set about dealing with it in the right way. Far too many people fail to realize___9___pronouncing a foreign language is a skill one that needs careful training of a special kind, ___10___one that cannot be__11____by just leaving it to take care ofitself. I think even teachers___12___language, while recognizing the importance of a good accent, tend to neglect, in their practical teaching, the branch of study concerned ___13___speaking the language. So the first ___14___I want to make is that English pronunciation must be taught; the teacher should be prepared to__15____some of the lesson time to this, and by his whole attitude to the subject he should get the student to feel that here is a matter worthy__16____receiving his close attention. So, there should be__17____when other aspects of English, ___18___grammar or spelling, are allowed for the moment to take___19___place. ___20___this question of the time given to pronunciation, there are two other requirements for the teacher: the first, knowledge, the second, technique.1.[A] normal [B] average [C] common [D] ordinary2.[A] efficient [B]effusive [C]profitable [D] proficient3.[A]for [B]to [C]with [D]on4.[A]and [B]but [C]also [D]for5.[A]above all [B]for all [C]after all [D]in general6.[A]then [B]otherwise [C]than [D]when7.[A]catch [B]capture [C]grasp [D]seize8.[A]constantly [B]considerately [C]conscientiously [D]consequently9.[A]that [B]which [C]what [D]how10.[A] but [B]and [C]so [D]as well11.[A]demanded [B]learned [C]acquired [D]required12.[A]to [B]of [C]at [D]with13.[A]without [B]on [C]with [D]upon14.[A]point [B]aim [C]goal [D]major15.[A]share [B]devote [C] spend [D]take16.[A] on [B]for [C]in [D]of17.[A]occasions [B]occurrence [C]occupation [D]orientation18.[A]but for [B]except for [C]such as [D]as well as19.[A]first [B]second [C]firstly [D]secondly20.[A]Except [B]Except for [C]But [D]Apart fromSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four passage. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (30 points)Text 1Just when you thought you knew the web, along come new competitors to keep things interesting. On September 15th, a new search engine called was unveiled by Amazon, the giant internet retailer. It repackag es Google’s search results, but with useful tweaks. Searches not only call up websites and images on the same page, but other references, such as Amazon’s book search, the Internet Movie Database, and encyclopedia and dictionary references. Moreover, it keeps track of users search histories —an important innovation as search becomes more personalized.Many had assumed the market was stitched up by Google and Yahoo! (who account for over 90% of searches), barring the expected entrance of Microsoft. Likewise, the market for online music seemed settled: Apple’s iTunes is the leader, its main rivals being RealNetworks and Microsoft’s MSN Music. Yet this, too, understates the potential for battle. Last week, Yahoo! bought Musicmatch, an online music retailer and software firm, for $160m. Music downloads are now worth roughly $310m annually but are forecast to grow to $4.6 billion by 2008, according to Forrester Research, so there is room for new firms to sprout.Meanwhile, the most surprising new competition is in web browsers. Microsoft was the undisputed champ, after bundling Internet Explorer with its Windows operating system in the 1990s and destroying Netscape. However, Microsoft’s browser is so vulnerable to attacks by online crooks and various troublemak ers that the American and German governments have recommended that users consider alternatives. This has been a boon to two small browser makers, Opera, a Norwegian software company, and Mozilla, which developed the Firefox browser based on an open source version of Netscape. Firefox boasted 1m downloads within 100 hours of its release on September 14th.Security has become the main competitive difference. The software of both Opera and Mozilla is considered safer (partly because they have fewer users and so are a less attractive target for hackers). Microsoft’s share of the browser market has actually shrunk over the past three months from around 96% to 94%. It is a highly symbolic phenomenon, albeit a modest decrease. Even Google is thought to be toying with the idea of launching its own browser.Underlying this ripple of competition is the ability of large companies that already benefit from economies of scale to extend into new areas, says Hal Varian, an economist at the University of California at Berkeley. That explains Amazon’s A9 search service and Yahoo!’s move into music. As for browsers, “Microsoft had a lock on the market and just dropped the ball. Microsoft hasn’t provided any innovation in the browser area and they had poor security,” he says. Th e message: watch your back.21. Compared with , Google［A］offers fewer references.［B］presents less effective search.［C］has a darker future.［D］provides more personalized services.22 .The development of Opera and Mozilla is owing to［A］their promise of high speed download.［B］the defect of Microsoft’s browser.［C］the funds granted by the governments.［D］the shrinking market share of Microsoft.23. Which of the following word can replace “stitched up”(Sentence 1, Para. 2)?［A］Dominated.［B］Threaded.［C］Repaired.［D］Excluded.24. Which of the following is true according to the author?［A］ will be much more popular than Google.［B］Music downloads will be worth $4.6 billion in 2008.［C］ A company’s size acts on its expansion ability.［D］Google is now hatching its own web browser.25. The best title of this passage may be［A］Microsoft, a Fade Star.［B］Competition, Still on the Web.［C］A9, into the Sunrise.［D］Security, a Decisive Factor.Text 2During the past four decades the fishery scientists of the West have been studying the dynamics of fish populations with the objective of determining the relation between the amount of fishing and the sustainable catch. They have developed a substantial body of theory that has been applied successfully to a large number of fish populations and has led to major improvement in the management of some of the major marine fisheries.The theory has been developed for single species populations with man as a predator. Much of it is based on the Darwinian concept of a constant overpopulation of young that is reduced by density related mortality resulting from competition within the species. The unfished population tends toward a maximum equilibrium size with a relatively high proportion of large, old individuals. As fishing increases, both population size and proportions of large old individuals are reduced, but growth is increased and natural mortality is reduced. Fishing mortality eventually takes the place of most natural mortality. If the amount of fishing is increased too much, the individuals will tend to be taken before realizing their potential growth, and total yield will be reduced. The maximum sustainable yields can be taken at an intermediate population size that in some populations is about one third to one half the unfished population size.G.V. Nikolskii, of Moscow State University, develops his theory from a different approach. He is a non-Darwinian and is (he says) a non-mathematician; rather he considers himself an ecologist and a morpho logist. He argues that Darwin’s concept of constant overpopulation has led to the neglect of the problemof protecting spawners and young fish. He argues also that Darwin’s concept of a variety as an incipient species has led to extensive mathematical analysis of racial characteristics without understanding of the adaptive significance of the characters. Nikolskii considers the main laws of population dynamics to be concerned with the succession of generations：their birth, growth, and death. The details are governed by the relative rates of adaptation and environmental change. The mass and age structure of a population are the result of adaptation to the food supply. The rate of growth of individuals, the time of sexual maturity, and the accumulation of reserves vary according to the food supply. These factors in turn influence the success of reproduction in ways that tend to bring the size of the population into balance with its food supply.26. The first theory assumes that fish population is controlled mainly by［A］the size of the fish caught within a species.［B］the amount of fishing.［C］the high proportion of large old fish.［D］the constant overpopulation of young fish.27. Nikolskii believes that fish population is controlled mainly by the［A］racial characteristics of the species.［B］adaptation of the species to the environment.［C］natural mortality within the species.［D］amount of food available to the species.28. The main difference between the two theories mentioned is［A］the amount of fish that can be caught.［B］the effect of food supply on the size of fish.［C］the cause of population variation in fish.［D］the growth rate of fish population.29. The researchers discussed in the text are mainly concerned with［A］species of fish faced with extinction.［B］the ecology of fish.［C］commercial fishing.［D］the development of fishing methods.30. What’s the author’s attitude towards the two different theories?［A］He prefers the first theory to the second theory obviously.［B］He prefers the second theory to the first theory obviously.［C］He prefers neither of the two theories.［D］He prefers both of the two theories.Text 3Students of human migration speak of push and pull factors, which influence an individual’s decision to move from one place to another. Push factors are associated with the place of origin. A push factor can be as simple and mild a matter as difficulty in finding a suitable job, or as traumatic as religious persecution, war, or severe famine. Obviously, refugees who leave their homes with guns pointed at their heads or with hate filled mobs at their heels are motivated almost entirely by push factors (although pull factors do influence their choice of destination).Pull factors are those associated with the place of destination. Most of these are economic, such as better job opportunities or the availability of good land to farm. The latter was an important factor in attracting settlers to the United States during the nineteenth century. In general, pull factors add up to an apparently better chance for a good life and material well being than is offered by the place of origin.Besides push and pull factors, there are what the sociologists call “intervening obstacles” — deterrents to migration. Even if push and/or pull factors are very strong they still may be outweighed by intervening obstacles, such as the distance of the move, the trouble and cost of moving, the difficulty of entering the new country, and the problems likely to be encountered on arrival.The decision to move is also influenced by “personal factors” of the prospective migrant. The same push—pull factors and obstacles operate differently on different people, sometimes because they are at different stages of their lives, or just because of their varied abilities and personalities. The prospect of pulling up stakes and moving to a new and perhaps very strange environment may appear interesting and challenging to a young, footloose man and appallingly difficult to a slightly older man with a wife and young children. Similarly, the need to learn a new language and customs may intrigue one person and frighten another.Regardless of why people move, migration of large numbers of people causes friction. The United States and other “receiving” countries (the term used for countri es that welcome large numbers of migrants) have experienced adjustment problems with each new wave of immigrants. The newest arrivals are usually given the lowest paying jobs and are resented by natives who may have to compete with them for those jobs. It has usually taken several decades for each group to gain acceptance in the mainstream of society in the receiving country.31. Refugees migrate out of their country probably because of［A］guns pointing at them.［B］bad economic conditions.［C］their country’s unstable situation.［D］their resent resentment towards government.32. Which of the following migration is most likely to be caused by pull factors?［A］Jews in 1942 migrated to America.［B］Refugees migrate to neighbor countries.［C］ A Philippine woman migrates to Hong Kong for a better job.［D］ A Japanese girl migrates to America to marry her American boyfriend.33. According to the text, pull and push factors［A］decide personal factors.［B］have the decisive influence on migrants.［C］outweigh deterrents to migration.［D］work with intervening obstacles on migration.34. The author implies that personal factors［A］attract people to move.［B］are obstacles to migration.［C］may affect migration.［D］may confuse those prospective migrants.35. According to the author, the immigrants in America,［A］have friction with Americans.［B］are reluctant to blend in the mainstream.［C］often find it difficult to seek high paying jobs.［D］went to America in the 19th country for a better job.Part BDirections：Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Good manners and etiquette are not complicated. Anyone can demonstrate courtesy and consideration for others. And no one is born knowing those rules. They are learned gradually at home, in school, at work, and in everyday contacts with both friends and strangers. To expand their knowledge of good conduct, many people continue to read etiquette books as adults.There are a number of reasons why people want to learn good manners and the rules of etiquette. Good manners help win friends.36)Naturally, people who treat other people with kindness nd sympathy are most likely to become popular because they are considered good companions. Good manners also help please members of the family, special friends, teachers, employers, and strangers like salespeople and law officers. Good manners help put people at ease, make them cooperative and just plain happy. People who practice good manners and understand the rules of etiquette also make themselves happy. Knowing how to behave properly, in familiar as well as in strange situations, builds self-confidence. Meeting new people and visiting new places become pleasurable instead of frightening experiences.Good manners begin at home. Even the youngest children quickly learn when their parents, brothers, and sisters are courteous toward each other. Respect for family members can be demonstrated in many ways.37)Being on time for meals, showing responsibility in handling an allowance, and taking care of belongings are all part of manners at home. 38)So are respecting privacy, sharing household chores, and taking turns using the telephone, television set, or family car.On the job, good manners mean arriving on time, being reliable, and caring about neatness in both work and personal grooming. Thoughtfulness toward other employees helps improve the working atmosphere. Employers appreciate willingness to work and accept criticism and an ability to keep confidences.Any number of situations in social life call for a knowledge of etiquette. For instance, knowing how to make proper introductions helps avoid confusion and embarrassment at parties. Knowing how to order from a menu and whom and how much to tip, can help make a date go smoothly. 39)Today, when foreign travel is so popular, the person who learns in advance the customs of a country he intends to visit will increase his enjoyment of the trip as well as leave a good impression in the host country.Sometimes the rules of etiquette one has learned may not seem to fit a particular situation. 40)Then it is up to the individual to use his own common sense and good judgment in deciding what sort of behavior is appropriate. Naturalness and sincerity can help him master even the most complicated situations.36）37）38）39）40）※海天现有辅导班种：※梦想特训营（上课地点：北京）：暑期基础班 + 秋期集训班※高级辅导课程（上课地点：郑州）：飞跃计划：全程规划，全科辅导，面授网络相结合，直到复试结束；加速度计划：补齐政/英/数短板，专业课一对一辅导；※公共课一卡通、统考/非统考专业课课程、专业课内部资料：详询本校负责人。

海天考研-秋季六级-赵南望-阅读课件

2014考研英语辅导大学英语六级阅读讲义第一部分（补充阅读）主讲：赵南望Text 1Aristotle wrote that men come together in cities to live, but stay in them to live the good life. It was the Greeks who invented the idea of the city, and urbanity continues as a thriving tradition. But in the first decade of the 21st century, urban life is changing. “Cities are now junctions in the flows of people, information, finance and freight,” says Nigel Harris, a professor of development planning. “They’re less and less places where people live and work.”The enlargement of the European Union in December in 2002 has given residents of up to 13 new member nations freedom of movement within its borders. At the same time, an additional 13.5 million immigrants a year will be needed in the EU just to keep a stable ratio between workers and pensioners over the next half century. All this mobility will make Europe’s cities nodes of nomadism, linked to each other by high-speed trains and cheap airline flights. The bustle around airports and train stations will ma ke the crowds in Europe’s great piazza look thin by comparison. Urban designers, with a freshly pricked interest in transience rather than stasis, are even now dreaming up cityscapes that focus on flows of people and fungible uses for buildings.Public spaces are due for a revamp. Earlier architects conceived of train stations as single buildings; today’s designers are thinking of them as transit zones that link to the city around them, pouring travelers into bus stations and surrounding shops, In Amsterdam, urban planner Ben van Berkel, co-director of the design firm of UN Studio, has developed what he calls Deep Planning Strategy, which inverts the traditional “top-down” approach: the creation of a space comes before the flow of people through it. With 3-D modeling and animation, he’s able to look at different population groups use public spaces at different times of the day. He uses the data todesign spaces that accommodate mobs at rush hour and sparser crowds at other times.The growing mobility of Europe has inspired a debate about the look and feel of urban sprawl. “Up until now, all our cultural heritage has been concentrated in the city center,” notes Prof. Heinrich Moding of the German Institute of Urban Affairs. “But we’ve got to imagine how it’s po ssible to have joyful vibrancy in these outlying parts, so that they’re not just about garages, highways and gasoline tanks.” The designs of new building are also changing to anticipate the emerging city as a way station. Buildings have been seen as disconnecting, isolating, defining. But increasingly, the quality of space that’s in demand is movement.Text 2Pain, unfortunately, is a horrible necessity of life. It protects people by alerting them to things that might injure them. But some long-term pain has nothing to do with any obvious injury. One estimate suggests that one in six adults suffer from a “chronic pain” condition.Steve McMahon, a pain researcher at King’s College, London, says that if skin is damaged, for instance with a hot iron, an area of sensitivity develops around the outside of the burn where although untouched and undamaged by the iron the behavior of the nerve fibers is disrupted. As a result, heightened sensitivity and abnormal pain sensations occur in the surrounding skin. Chronic pain, he says, may similarly be caused not by damage to the body, but because weak pain signals become amplified.This would also help explain why chronic pains such as lower-back pain and osteoarthritis fail to respond well to traditional pain therapies. But now an entirely new kind of drug, called Tanezumab, has been developed. It is an antibody for a protein called nerve growth factor (NGF), which is vital for new nerve growth during development. NGF, it turns out, is also crucial in the regulation of the sensitization of pain in chronic conditions.Kenneth Verburg, one of the researchers involved in the development of Tanezumab at Pfizer, says it is not exactly clear what role NGF plays in normal physiology, but after an injury which involves tissue damage and inflammation, levels of NGF increase dramatically. NGF seems to be involved in transmitting the pain signal. As a consequence, blocking NGF reduces chronic pain.Tanezumab must still complete the final stages of clinical trials before it can become a weapon in the toolkit for reducing human suffering. But unexpected pains do not always come from the body. According to Irene Tracey, a pain researcher at the University of Oxford, how pain is experienced also depends upon a person’s state of mind. If successive patients suffer the same burn, the extent to which it hurts will depend on whether one is anxious, depressed, happy or distracted.Such ideas are being explored with brain scans which suggest that even if a low level of p ain is being sent to the brain, the signal can be turned up by the “mind” itself. Indeed, patients can even be tricked into feeling pain.In one experiment volunteers were given a powerful analgesic and subjected to a painful stimulus—which, because of the analgesic, they could not feel. Then they were told the drug had worn off (although it had not), and subsequently complained that the stimulus hurt.People can, therefore, feel pain simply because it is expected. They can fail to feel pain for exactly the same reasons, for example when they are given placebos or are distracted. But although pain may be subjective, that does not mean the final experience is controlled solely by the mind.A recent paper in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences has shown that genes play a role in determining sensitivity to pain. One gene, known as SCN9A, codes for a protein that allows the channels along which nerve signals are transmitted to remain active for longer and thus transmit more pain signals. It seems likely that this protein will attract a great deal more analgesic research. Variations in SCN9A may also explain why some patients prefer different classes of painkillers.Although pain may be a horrible necessity, there is no doubt that humanity could cope with far less of the chronic sort. Understanding how the mind, the body andpeople’s genes interact to cause pain should bring more relief.Text 3More than 41m Americans tuned in on March 7th to watch “The Hurt Locker” win the award for best picture at the Oscars, the annual ritual of glitz that reminds the world that Hollywood is the global centre of the film and entertainment industry. “The Hurt Locker”, however, was filmed in Jordan, not Hollywood. Perhaps that is as it should be for a f ilm set in Iraq. But what about “Battle: Los Angeles”? Hitting cinemas next year, it is a film about marines fighting an alien invasion. And it is being shot in Louisiana.California has been worrying about “runaway production” since 1998, when Canada began luring producers and their crews away from Los Angeles with tax breaks. Other places followed, and all but seven American states and territories and 24 other countries now offer, or are preparing to offer, rebates, grants or tax credits that cut 20%, 30% or even 40% of the cost of shooting a movie.These incentives have become a huge factor in choosing where to shoot a film. Hollywood types are used to going on location, says Amy Lemisch, the director of the California Film Commission, a state body that tries to retain film production. These days, she says, producers first compare the incentives offered by the different locations and only then look at their scripts to see which of the places on the shortlist make sense. California’s world share of studio f ilms (ie, those made by the six biggest studios) dropped from 66% in 2003 to 34% in 2008, she estimates, and has fallen further since then.The decline in movie-shooting would have been even faster if California had not, last July, also got into the game of giving out incentives. Ten feature films which would otherwise have been made outside the state were filmed in Los Angeles in the second half of 2009 purely because of this financial aid. But California’s incentives are relatively modest, says Ms Lemisch, and are set to expire in 2014.It may seem strange that even states with budget crises, such as Michigan, New York or California, choose to make their deficits worse with such giveaways—and in Michigan the tax credits have indeed become controversial. But states and countries are enthusiastic about hosting film crews, for good reason. With no factories to build, the economic benefit is instantaneous. Jack Kyser at the Los Angeles County Economic Development Corporation estimates that the average film (with a budget of $32m) leads to 141 jobs directly, from caterers to make-up artists, and another 425 jobs indirectly. And it generates $4.1m in sales taxes and income taxes.Even with its film schools and armies of cameramen and extras, therefore, Hollywood is not quite as unshakable as it once thought. The business of film-making may split, says Ms Lemisch, with the lawyers, agents and other suits staying in their Brentwood and Bel Air villas, and the crews decamping. Every time a film is shot in another state, moreover, the locals pick up skills that make subsequent shoots easier. In a sign of how desperate Los Angeles is becoming, the city is now considering offering its most treasured resource to crew members at no charge: parking places.第二部分（新题型）主讲：赵南望Text 1Graduating high school seniors looking to enter the workforce and other high school students searching for summer jobs are facing a tighter job market this year as the once red-hot U.S. economy continues to cool. Nationally, the jobless rate for 16- to 19-year-olds continues to rise. The unemployment rate for teenagers hit 14.2 percent in April, compared with 12.8 percent last year, according to the U.S. Department of Labor.“It’s very obvious that it’s going to be a little harder this summer, becau se businesses are much more reserved and cautious,” said Mark J. Gambill, the vicepresident of marketing at Manpower Inc. , the nation’s largest temporary employment agency. The New York City-based company recently surveyed 16,000 public and private employers. It found manufacturing, light industry, and high-tech firms were least likely to be seeking employees.Temporary jobs typically are the first to suffer in a slowing economy, but other sectors that employ teenagers heavily have fallen on leaner times as well. For instance, the amusement, recreation, and hotel industries shed a combined 43000 jobs in March and April, said John F. Stinson Jr. , an economist at the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.Ironically, the pinch comes as the nation’s overall jobles s rate remains low. Statistics show that fewer teenagers have been jobless over the past few summers than at any time during the previous decade. “The jobless rates are still low by historical standards,” Mr. Stinson said. Ten years ago, for example, the u nemployment rate for 16- to 19-year-old workers was 21.1 percent in June and 15.7 percent in July. Last year, the rate was 14.4 percent and 12.4 percent, respectively, federal figures show.Experts say teenagers looking for summer work still can find jobs but not lots of pay. The continuing slump in the nation’s high-tech sector and lingering uncertainty over the general health of the economy have combined to limit teenagers’ job options to the type of work that American youths typically have thrived on——the retail and fast-food industries.For the past several years, experts say, large numbers of teenagers found work with high-paying technology companies. But those heady days of $50000 starting salaries for those with computer skills and only a high school diploma have ended.Nationally, some 2.8 million students are expected to graduate from public and private high schools this year, according to the U.S. Department of Education. Lacking some sort of post secondary education or training virtually ensures those graduates will garner low wages. Ron Bird, the chief economist at the Employment Policy Foundation, a Washington-based nonprofit think tank, said economic projections show that wage growth for those with only a high school diploma will be the slowest among all groups.“There is a fundamental shift evident in the U.S. economy, ties primarily to technology, that will reward more professional, management, and technical-type jobs as opposed to line operators,” he said.Text 2The United Stated is said to have a mixed economy because privately owned businesses and government both play important roles. Indeed, some of the most enduring debates of American economic history focus on the relative roles of the public and private sectors.The American free enterprise system emphasizes private ownership. Private businesses produce most goods and services, and almost two-thirds of the nation’s total economic output goes to individuals for personal use (the remaining one-third is bought by government and business). The consumer role is so great, in fact, that the nation is sometimes characterized as having a “consumer economy”.This emphasis on private ownership arises, in part, from American beliefs about personal freedom. From the time the nation was created, Americans have feared excessive government power, and they have to sought to limit government’s authority over individuals——including its role in the economic realm. In addition, Americans generally believe that an economy characterized by private ownership is likely to operate more efficiently than one with substantial government ownership.When economic forces are unfettered, Americans believe, supply and demand determine the prices of goods and services. Prices, in turn, tell businesses what to produce; if people want more of a particular goods than the economy is producing, the price of the goods rises. That catches the attention of new or other companies that, sensing an opportunity to earn profits, start producing more of that goods. On the other hand, if people want less of the goods, prices fall and less competitive producers either go out of business or start producing different goods.There are limits to free enterprise, however. Americans have always believed thatsome services are better performed by public rather than private enterprise. For instance, in the United States, government is primarily responsible for the administration of justice, education, the road system, and national defense.In this mixed economy, individuals can help guide the economy not only through the choices they make as consumers but through the votes they cast for officials who shape economic policy. In recent years, consumers have voiced concerns about product safety, environmental threats posed by certain industrial practices, and potential health risks citizens may face; government has responded by creating agencies to protect consumer interests and promote the general public welfare.Text 3It is not just meetings of the rich and powerful that are getting increasingly cosmop olitan. Global universities are “reshaping the world”, argues Ben Wildavsky, the author of “The Great Brain Race”. Because big problems often transcend borders, many ambitious students demand a global education. The number of people studying outside their home country jumped from below 2m in 2000 to 3.3m in 2008, according to the OECD.The most popular destination is the English-speaking world, led by America, which hosts 19% of the world’s mobile students. French and German universities are also popular, but more narrow in their allure. Most of the foreign students in France come from Europe or former colonies in Africa, but foreign students in America come from everywhere.America’s lead is declining slightly, but remains huge at the top of the knowledge tree. Two-thirds of postgraduates who study abroad choose America. In some of the hardest disciplines most postgrads at American universities are foreign: 65% in computing and economics, 56% in physics and 55% in maths, notes Mr Wildavsky.Text 4Wine buffs are like art collectors. Few can tell the difference between a well-made fake and the real thing. Yet whereas counterfeit art has been around for centuries, wine forgery is relatively new. It started in the late 1970s when the prices of the best wines—especially those from Bordeaux—shot up. Today, with demand from China fuelling a remarkable boom, counterfeiting is rife. By some estimates 5% of fine wines sold at auction or on the secondary market are not what they claim to be on the label.The simplest technique is to slap the label of a 1982 Château Lafite (one of the most prized recent vintages) onto a bottle of 1975 Lafite (a less divine year). Another trick is to bribe the sommelier of a fancy restaurant to pass on empty bottles that once held expensive wine, along with the corks. These can be refilled with cheaper wine, recorked and resealed. Empty Lafite and Latour bottles are sold on eBay for several hundred euros.The margins are fruity. A great wine may cost hundreds of times more than a merely excellent one. Small wonder that oenophiles are growing more vigilant. Bill Koch, an energy tycoon and avid wine collector, currently has five lawsuits pending against merchants, auctioneers and other collectors. His grape-related gripes began in 2006, when he filed a complaint against a German wine dealer who sold bottles of Lafite he claimed had once belonged to Thomas Jefferson. The case is unresolved.“There is a code of silence in the industry,” says Mr Koch, who owns 43,000 bottles of wine and estimates that he has spent $4m-5m on fakes. Some collectors are too proud to admit that they have been duped. Others fear sullying a vintage’s reputation and thereby reducing the value of their own collections. So instead of speaking out, “they dum p their fakes into auctions or sell them to other private collectors,” says Mr Koch.Wine merchants and auction houses say they are doing everything they can to filter out the fakes. Simon Berry, the chairman of Berry Brothers & Rudd, a Britishwine merchant, says his firm never buys wines from before 2000 unless they come from its own cellars. (Berry Brothers stores nearly 4m bottles on behalf of its customers.) Christie’s, an auctioneer, says all the wines it auctions are inspected three times by different people, using detailed checklists for condition and authenticity.Fear of fakery has not stopped the boom. But the wines that win the best prices at auction are those whose provenance is certain. In May, Christie’s sold an impériale (six-litre bottle) of 1961 Latour for $216,000 in Hong Kong. It came directly from the cellars of Château Latour.Text 5Every profession or trade, every art, and every science has its technical vocabulary, the function of which is partly to refer to things or processes which have no names in ordinary English, and partly to secure greater exactness in nomenclature. Such special dialects, or jargons, are necessary in technical discussion of any kind. Being universally understood by the devotees of particular science or art, they have the precision of a mathematical formula. Besides, they save time, for it is much more economical to name a process than to describe it. Thousands of these technical terms are properly included in every large dictionary, yet, as a whole, they are rather on the outskirts of English language than actually within its borders.Different occupations, however, differ widely in the character of their special vocabularies. In trades and handicrafts and other occupations, such as farming and fishing, that have occupied great numbers of men from remote times, the technical vocabulary is very old. It consists largely of native words, or of borrowed words that have worked themselves into the very fiber of our language. Hence, though highly technical in many particulars, these vocabularies are more familiar in sound, and more generally understood, than most other technicalities. The special dialects of law, medicine, divinity, and philosophy have also, in their older strata, become pretty familiar to cultivated persons, and have contributed much to the popular vocabulary.精品教学课件设计| Excellent teaching planYet, every vocation still possesses a large body of technical terms that remain essentially foreign, even to educated speech. And the proportion has been much increased in the last fifty years, particularly in the various departments of natural and political science and in the mechanic arts. Here new terms are coined with the greatest freedom, and abandoned with indifference when they have served their turn. Most of the new coinages are confined to special discussions and seldom get into general literature or conversation. Yet no profession is nowadays, as all professions once were, a close guild. The lawyer, the physician, the man of science, and the cleric associate freely with his fellow creatures, and does not meet them in a merely professional way.Furthermore, what is called "popular science" makes everybody acquainted with modern views and recent discoveries. Any important experiment, though made in a remote or provincial laboratory, is at once reported in the newspapers, and everybody is soon talking about it——as in the case of the Roentgen rays and wireless telegraphy. Thus, our common speech is always taking up new technical terms and making them commonplace.。

海天作文讲义

综上所述，考生一定要洞悉考研英语大纲对写作部分的高分标准涉及以下六个方面：1．内容切题。

审题准、不跑题。

文不对题会严重影响成绩，导致写作失败。

2．表达清楚。

语言要简洁、准确，条理清楚；主题明确。

3．意义连贯。

遣词造句得当，表达连贯平稳。

论点论据展开合理（以因果，对比，分类，定义，列举，概括，详情，时间，空间，过程或综合等方法展开）。

4．句式有变化。

采用适当的句式来表达相应的内容。

常用句式包括简单句；并列句；复合句；主被动句；长句；短句；否定句；双重否定句；疑问句；反问句；倒装句；强调句；插入语；独立主格成分等。

5．用词有变化。

避免重复使用同一词汇，可适当使用代词；同义词；近义词；关联词；使表达富有动感。

同义词的使用是衡量考生语言运用能力的一个尺度。

6．语言规范。

符合英语的表达习惯，语法错误少，写出的英语不是中式英语。

妙笔生花：（一）与英语词语活用相关的写作技巧1、转换成动词汉语中经常出现动词，这是汉语的特征，但是在英语中，谓语动词出现的次数远远少于汉语。

例如：（1）Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe.火箭己经用来探索宇宙。

(名词转换为动词)（2）The fact that she was able to send a message was a hint，but l had to be cautious.她能够给我带个信儿这件事就是个暗示，但是我必须小心谨慎。

(形容词转换为动词)（3）Doctors have said that they are not sure they can save his life.医生们说他们不敢肯定能否救得了他的命。

(形容词转换为动词)注意：英语中表示知觉、情欲、欲望等心理状态的形容词，在系动词后作表语用时，往往可转换成动词。

如：confident, certain, careful, cautious, angry, sure, ignorant, afraid, doubtful, aware, concerned, glad, delighted, sorry, ashamed, thankful, anxious等。

海天考研英语写作词汇讲义(王军)

Run out of the Rainy Season of Your Life跑出人生的雨季王军老师2011年考研英语全国高校巡回讲座Life is like this: when you are in rainy days in your life, if you couldn’t find a way to prevent you from being drenched earlier, you would have been overwhelmed by it, but if you decide to get rid of it, you’ll discover that the rainy days last not so long as you imagined.Everything is so simple: to run without an umbrella! When you run out of the rainy season of your life, there will be bright sky ahead of you.生活就是这样：当你处在人生的雨季时，如果你无法尽快找到防止雨淋的方法，就要被雨水淋透，但如果你决定摆脱，你会发现，雨季并不像你原来想的那样长。

一切都是那么简单：没有伞，就跑！跑出人生的雨季，你前面就会是一片晴朗的天空。

☆ 王军老师相关链接☆海天教育集团资深教师，考研英语词汇、写作和完型翻译主讲；北京宫东风英语教学团队核心师资；高等教育出版社、西安交通大学出版社考研配套辅导教材撰稿人；拥有14年考研英语辅导经验。

王军老师因其准确的考点把握、严谨的教学态度、创新的课程设计、不断升级的课程内容倍受全国各地学子推崇，教学足迹遍及北京、上海、天津、西安等城市；他在全国首创的写作词汇课程已成为全国考研英语培训的品牌课程，赢得了全国考研学子的普遍认同；王军老师多次荣获高等院校个人优秀教学成果奖，他指导的学生在全国大学生英语写作大赛和CCTV杯演讲比赛中屡获殊荣；他编写的多本教材已由上海外语教育出版社、高等教育出版社、西安交通大学出版社等权威出版机构出版发行。

考研英语真题阅读理解试题及名师解析

考研英语真题阅读理解试题及名师解析(十一)2009-11-07海天教育Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in robotics—the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close。

As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robot-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy—far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone。

2013讲义13

2013武汉海天英语高辅课程讲义（13）Text 1Many of the philosophers we have been reading in class seem to me to be hopelessly dated. Of course, it's easy to become trapped in writing only for the period a person lives in, and a philosophy is necessarily dependent on the historical situation and the extent of man's knowledge. And many of the philosophers who have existed over the course of the centuries have necessarily had to worry about governmental, church, or societal disapproval, censorship, or punishment.However, Victor Hugo said that if he were writing for his own time only, he would have to break his pen and throw it away. And so, it seems to me that, in order for a philosopher to be relevant for the future as well as the present, he must take into account all of the objections to his philosophy which can be anticipated at the present time. And it seems to me that the most frequent objections to modern and pre-modern philosophers come from the incompatibility of their philosophies with what is considered to be established scientific fact. For instance, Plato's theory of forms does not, to me, seem to jibe with modern physics and cosmology. And although I can only vaguely glimpse the psychology which underlies Kant, it seems to be highly questionable.And so, it seems to me, the best way that a philosopher can keep from being dated is to be aware of scientific knowledge, and integrate it into philosophy. Of course, this necessitates an independent evaluation of the merits and drawbacks of a given scientific idea, which necessitates, in turn, a thorough knowledge of that theory.After all, physics can give us insights into metaphysics, since both seek different ways to do the same thing; psychology, sociology, anthropology, and archeology can give us insights into epistemology; various "soft" sciences dealing with comparative cultures can provide food for thought in ethnics, and so on.History is, of course, necessary to any understanding of a philosophy: how it came about, what people did with it, etc. Sartre, although he developed some of his ideas from Nietzsche and Kierkegaard, probably could not have expounded those same ideas of existentialism in their times; Nietzsche, who popularized the idea that "God is dead", could not have written in the time of Descartes; and Descartes could not have expressed his radically individualist ideas during the time of Plato.I suppose that my point, which I am being exceedingly long-winded about, is that philosophy does not (and should not, and must not) stand apart from the rest of the sciences. Rather, philosophy should be integrated with the rest of the sciences through a method of rational judgment. Rather than sailing behind, or next to but away from, the rest of the sciences, philosophy should be the flagship of the group. Although the other sciences can provide us with data, observations, and theories, only philosophy can integrate those into a coherent whole, tell us what to do with them, or provide a meaningful context for using these facts in our daily lives.Text 2The high-tech revolution has inspired a seemingly endless stream of new and exciting electronic products that we just can’t live without. In fact, the dizzying speed of technological innovation can make last year’s must-have this year’s junk.And that’s the problem. The average life span of a personal computer has shrunk to around 18 months——and this had nothing to do with worn-out mice or damaged disk drives. Simply put, electronic products can become obsolete before you’ve even figured out how they work.However, out-fashioned electronic machines are disposed in ways disagreeable. Old keyboards, monitors, organizers and CPUs are stashed away in the attic or forgotten in a corporate warehouse, taking up valuable space.Many end up in landfills and that is where the trouble really begins. Computer monitors can contain up to 3.5kg of lead and can actually be considered hazardous waste once they are no longer in use. Circuit boards in electronic products contain cadmium, chromium and mercury, all of which are toxic substances that can leach into groundwater if left in a landfill.Unfortunately, disposal problem is growing by the minute. In Japan alone, consumers throw away some 20 million TVs, washing machines, refrigerators and air conditioners each year.In Europe, 6 million metric tons of electrical and electronic equipment were generated in 1998 alone, and that volume is expected to increase three to five percent per year——which means by 2010 it could nearly double.Actions are taken to answer the problem raised by techno-trash. The European Commission has proposed a directive that would require all electronic manufacturers to take back and properly dispose of all electronic products, regardless of their age. The details are still being ironed out, but some version of the directive will most probably become law in the next few years. Similar legislation is in preparation in the U.S. and has already been passed in Japan.Companies are searching for new ways of tackling disposal issues before they become a problem, thus eliminating the need for legislative solutions. One way to reduce waste is to avoid throwing this away in the first place. Many companies reuse parts from old products in new models. This is not cheating——it makes both environmental and economic sense. Canon, for example, has adopted a corporate philosophy known as “kyosei”. In Canon’s context it means “living and working together for the common good”——including a fundamental goal of achieving sustainable economic development and harmony between the environment and corporate activities. The company has even gone so far as to say that environmental assurance should come before all business activities, and that companies incapable of achieving such assurance do not deserve to remain in business.Electronic products garbage cannot necessarily be reined in during only one phase. One concept, called “design for the environment” is in evidence at Kyocera Mita, whose Ecosys laser printers do not use disposable toner cartridges. Using advanced ceramics technology, these printers include a durable print drum with a super-hard coating that can produce up 300,000 pages of high-quality printing. Not only does this make ecological sense and keep cartridges out landfills, but also it saves the customer money.IBM, meanwhile, recently unveiled programs in Canada and the U.S. that, for a small fee, will take back not just an IBM but any manufacturer’s computer. Depending on the age and condition, the equipment will then be either refurbished and donated to charity, or broken down and mined for reusable parts and recyclable materials.。

考研英语真题初体验

考研英语阅读YY8622讲义海天教育·王素丽第一章：考试形式和内容该部分（共20小题，40分）要求考生根据所提供的4篇（总长度约为1600词）文章的内容，从每题所给出的4个选项中选出最佳答案。

考生在答题1上作答。

考生应能读懂选自各类书籍和报刊的不同类型的文字材料（生词量不超过所读材料总词汇量的3%），还应能读懂与本人学习或工作有关的文献资料、技术说明和产品介绍等。

对所读材料，考生应能：1）理解主旨要义；段落主旨；全文主旨2）理解文中的具体信息；（事实细节题；因果细节题；）3）理解文中的概念性含义；4）进行有关的判断、推理和引申；5）根据上下文推测生词（包括熟词生义）的词义；6）理解文章的总体结构及上下文之间的关系；针对主旨题和新题型比较多7）理解作者的意图、观点和态度；8）区分论点和论据。

第二章：解题步骤1. 阅读题干：抓关键词，粗略定位2. 文章定位：明确定位，抓住中心3. 答案选择：找到答案，逐一核对第三章：考研英语阅读真题Text 1The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike. Progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that it is, because building new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radically higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with the country entering a recession and Japan at its pre-bubble peak, The U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of the primary cause of the poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda, Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese counterparts –– a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job.More recently, while examining housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English- speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry’s work.What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don’t force it. After all, that’s how education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn’t have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.As education improved, humanity’s productivity potential increased as well. W hen the competitive environment pushed our ancestors to achieve that potential, they could in turn affordmore education. This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance. Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education. A lack of formal education, however, doesn’t constrain the abil ity of the developing world’s workforce to substantially improve productivity for the foreseeable future. On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn’t developing more quickly there than it is.1. The author holds in paragraph 1 that the importance of education in poor countries___________.[A] is subject to groundless doubts[B] has fallen victim of bias[C] is conventional downgraded[D] has been overestimated2. It is stated in Paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system __________.[A] challenges economists and politicians[B] takes efforts of generations[C] demands priority from the government[D] requires sufficient labor force3. A major difference between the Japanese and U.S. workforces is that __________.[A] the Japanese workforce is better disciplined[B] the Japanese workforce is more productive[C] the U.S. workforce has a better education[D] the U.S. workforce is more organized4. The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged __________.[A] when people had enough time[B] prior to better ways of finding food[C] when people no longer went hungry[D] as a result of pressure on government5. According to the last paragraph, development of education __________.[A] results directly from competitive environments[B] does not depend on economic performance[C] follows improved productivity[D] cannot afford political changesA ofB ：B的A；A的B（表量的概念，如a serious of或表时间段等）Text 2Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human,” with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food readily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services” than males.Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan’s and Dr. de Waal’s study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.In the world of capuchins, grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide hertoken in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to induce resentment in a female capuchin.The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions. In the wild, they are a co-operative, group-living species. Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone. Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.6. In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by ________.[A] posing a contrast[B] justifying an assumption[C] making a comparison[D] explaining a phenomenon7. The statement “it is all too monkey” (Paragraph l) implies that ________.[A] monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals[B] resenting unfairne ss is also monkeys’ nature[C] monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other[D] no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions8. Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are________.[A] more inclined to weigh what they get[B] attentive to researchers’ instructions[C] nice in both appearance and temperament[D] more generous than their male companions9. Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys ________.[A] prefer grapes to cucumbers[B] can be taught to exchange things[C] will not be co-operative if feeling cheated[D] are unhappy when separated from others10. What can we infer from the last paragraph?[A] Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.[B] Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.[C] Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.[D] Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.。

2010年海天考研英语冲刺阅读理解专项训7

无需积分，无需回复，只要你带宽足够大，你资料就足够多！大家网考研论坛/forum-28-1.html真正的全免费公益性考研论坛，等待您的光临！声明：本资料由大家论坛考研论坛/forum-28-1.html收集整理，转载请注明出自考研英语冲刺阅读理解专项训练007Begin with the fuss over wiretapping．According to Robert Byrd, a Democratic senator from West Virginia, George Bush has assumed unchecked power that is reserved only for kings and potentates.Barbara Boxer of California says there is no excuse for Mr Bushs actions．A growing chorus of outrage, including Congressman John Lewis and John Dean (of Watergate fame), has suggested impeachment．Over at the Nation, Jonathan Schell argues that Bushes abuses of presidential power are the most extensive in American history．The administration is not a dictatorship, he concedes, before adding that it does manifest the characteristics of one in embryonic form．”And the proof of dictatorship? On more than 30 different occasions, Mr Bush authorised the tapping of telephone calls made by American citizens．Tapping domestic telephone calls without getting a warrant is illegal．But Mr Bush claims that his constitutional powers as commander-in-chief allowed him to do so because all these calls were international ones．He maintains that going to the courts would have been cumbersome and that his first priority was to prevent another terrorist attack．You can pick at this reasoning--for instance, there are retrospective warrants that might have donethe trick．But it is hard to claim that Mr Bush is being outlandish on any of these scores．John Schmidt, an associate attorney-general under Bill Clinton, thinks Mr Bush has the constitutional power to approve such taps; General Michael Hayden, the deputy director of national intelligence, has argued that the programme has been successful in detecting and preventing attacks inside the United States．That assertion is for Congress to probe, but the real argument here is surely one of nuance: it has to do with how much freedom you should reasonably curtail in the name of security．Mr Bush may have crossed a line, but he has hardly smashed through it．Most European countries have more intrusive surveillance regimes than Americas．As for impeachment, the prospect of having to defend Mr Bush against the charge that he went a tad too far trying to avert a terrorist attack is the sort of thing Karl Rove salivates about．[353 words]1．What led to the challenge to President George Bushes power?A．His abuses of presidential power．B．The characteristics of his administration．C．A growing chorus of outrage to his recent actions．D．His authorization of tapping of telephone calls．2．Bush’s exc use for wiretapping is thatA．he has constitutional power to do soB．the prevention of terrorism is the top priorityC．international calls might be made by terroristsD．no warrant is needed for tapping telephone calls3．______least supports Bushes authorization of wiretapping．A．The pressB．John SchmidtC．Michael HaydenD．Jonathan Schell4．The author believes that______A．freedom must be sacrificed to certain extent to safeguard securityB．even Congress has no more power to wiretap than the PresidentC．Mr Bush has been successful in fighting against terrorismD．Mr Bush went too far trying to avert another terrorist attack5．The author______Mr Bushes authorization of wiretapping in many occasions．A．despisesB．discussesC．appreciatesD．approves of全文翻译首先从搭线窃听事件引发的争论谈起。

跨考英语名师考试考研英语最后冲刺讲义

跨考英语名师考试考研英语最后冲刺讲义晏晏初尚书，请僧住院，僧辞以穷漏不可为。

景初曰：“高才固易耳。

”僧曰：“巧妇安能作无面汤饼乎？”-----陆游合抱之木，生于毫末；九层之台，起于垒土；千里之行，始于足下。

-----老子PREFACE写作重点考查1．语言表达能力2．逻辑思维能力3．题目理解能力阅卷老师喜欢的作文1．Not too many mistakes. （主谓一致、时态、拼写、短语）2．Clear structure. (Essay + Paragraph)3．Various use of words and sentence structure.4．Some ideas.一、写什么1、审题、立意，选择合适的模板；2、列提纲---把第一时间想到的观点用快捷的方式记下关键词；4、无论记下的观点是多还是少都要马上选定2-3个容易写的。

想如果观点少，也不用冥思苦想，写两个观点就行。

二、怎么写篇章1、重笔开篇---点明主题；2、紧扣议题---展开作文，不离提纲；3、回应效应---结尾呼应开头。

CONTENTSPART Ⅰ：作文十大句型 (1)PART Ⅱ：常用谓宾搭配 (3)PART Ⅲ：应用文 (3)UNIT Ⅰ文体类型 (3)UNIT Ⅱ各种信函类型 (4)UNIT Ⅲ信函写作格式 (15)PART Ⅳ：议论文 (16)UNIT Ⅰ九大主题词汇 (16)UNIT Ⅱ27个写作高频语汇 (25)UNIT Ⅲ议论文十四大功能语汇 (27)UNIT Ⅳ造句练习 (28)UNIT Ⅴ文章欣赏 (30)PART Ⅰ：作文十大句型1. It ---(1) It is obvious to most of us, in particular the younger ones, that SVO.(2) It goes without any slightest question (doubt) that SVO.(3) It can be said with much certainty and confidence that SVO.(4) It has been repeatedly pointed out by some authoritative sources that SVO.2. To ---To tell the truth / To be honest / To be more exact / To put it in a more accurate way3. As ---(1) As far as I am aware, SVO.(2) As is well-known to the general public, SVO.(3) As is often the case, SVO.(4) As often mentioned by some experts, SVO.4. There be ---(1) There is no denying an obvious fact that, SVO.(2) There is certain element of truth in saying that SVO.5. What ---(1) What matters is that SVO.(2) What needs to be emphasized rahter than overlooked here is that SVO.(3) What must be rememberd about the situation is that SVO.(4) What I have to pointed out here is that SVO.6. which ---SVO, which SVO fact+commentHe jumped out and killed himself, which is baffling many people.(1), which is of great importance (benefit) to our life (society).(2), which is damaging both physically and spiritully.7. It is … that …I bought a book yesterday.It is yesterday that I bought the book.I love you because you love me.It is because you love me that I love you.8. Only + adv.If we have fund, we can protect cultural heritage.Only if we have fund, can we protect cultural heritage.We can solve the problem in this way as soon as possible.Only in this way can we solve the problem.Only in this way, to tell the truth, can we …It … only…9. … as … as …It is important to protect cultural heritage.Nothing in this world is as important as to protect cultural heritage.The biz shoule be responsible for society.Nothing is as important as the biz’s responsibility for society.Nobody should be as responsibility for society as the biz.10. not … but … not because … but because …We should protect heritate because the heritage is a part of our history.We should protect heritage not because we can make money out of it but because the heritage is a partof our history.PART Ⅱ：常用谓宾搭配谓宾搭配economy （经济方面）save money, save resource, improve efficiencyenvironment（环境方面）purify air/water, protect forest/soileducation（教育方面）promote educational justice, instruct kidscommunity（社会组织方面）make community peaceful and harmonious, reduce crimefamily（家庭方面）stabilize family, consolidate family relationship (link)healty（健康问题）improve health, add satisfaction动词lead to, give rise to, bring about, originate from, derive from, be rooted in, have a lot to do with, be involved with名词personal interest, living pressure, financial desire, time, health, knowledge, schoolingfamily issues (divorce, single parenting, violence, prejudice)job (employment, income, promotion, stress, office politics, condition)psyche (depression, satisfaction, fulfillment, pride)society (system, economy, cultural, communication, population)environment (pollution, worsenting situation, resources)PART Ⅲ：应用文UNIT Ⅰ文体类型一信函英文书信主要分为两大类：私人信函和公务信函。

英语讲义

Unit 3 Section A教学内容与教学步骤第一步: Learning before ClassI. Background Information1. Cultural Differences1) the Hyde SchoolIn 1966, Joseph W. Gauld founded the first Hyde School in Bath, Maine in response to a system of education which he believed was failing its children because of conflicting priorities. His search for a new approach in education led to a program that valued attitude over aptitude, effort over ability, and character over talent. This emphasis creates a learning environment where students experience success with integrity, the kind of success that lasts a lifetime.约瑟夫.W.戈德认为，教育优先权的冲突使得孩子们不能受到成功的教育，为了应对这种失败的教育模式，1966年，他在缅因州的巴斯市创建了第一所海德学校。

他对这一新型教育模式的探索引进了一项新的计划，即重视学生的学习态度而非资质，重视个人努力而非能力，重视个性而非天赋。

这种强调创造了一种学习环境，学生们可以通过他们的切实的努力来获得成功，而这种成功将陪伴他们一生。

2)BaltimoreBaltimore is a city of northern Maryland on an arm of Chesapeake Bay northeast of Washington. D.C. It has been a busy port since the 18th century. A city on the move with new attractions, Baltimore is an exciting city with charming neighborhoods, ethnic and cultural diversity, and a wealth of history.巴尔的摩是马里兰州北部的一个城市，它位于华盛顿东北部切斯匹克湾的旁边。

海天四六级写作讲义(张培最新版)笔记

2015年大学英语四六级写作精讲班内部讲义编讲：张培（新浪微博：@张培老师）\六级作文高分必须知道的四大核心问题Q1：字数与段落要求：_________Q2：评分具体细则：_____________Q3：高分作文的标志：____________Q4：临考前如何准备：____________Part One：必背高分闪光表达1、解决问题_______________2、对某事产生影响______________3、在某事上起作用______________4、关注（重视）某事____________5、付出努力做某事______________6、采取措施做某事______________7、阐述原因（导致这个趋势/现象的原因有很多）8、对于某个现象/问题观点不同9、阐述重要性10、描述一种现象11、表达观点12、环境类表达总结13、文化教育类表达总结14、社会现象类表达总结15、现代科技类表达总结Part Two：高分写作手法特训----模仿1、It is undeniable that shopping on the Internet has become an irresistible trend in modern society.2、A host of individuals deem that a test of spoken English will do more good than harm.3、The next sight to visit is the Ming Tombs, which is one of the best-preserved tombs for 13 emperors in Ming Dynasty built more than one thousand years ago.4、although honesty is believed to be a virtue, there are still dishonest people in our society.5、It is widely accepted , indeed, that they have gained increasing popularity among people in all walks of life.Part Three：经典范文精读精讲-------学以致用（input-----output）Food Safety（描述现象）Over the past couple of years, several cases of the food scandal have been disclosed on various media. The problem of food security has become a hot button across society. The prevalence of food insecurity has greatly impacted public health,（※非限制性定语从句）which the government could not afford to ignore, according to the online edition of the People Daily.（阐述原因）（原因段落的首句或主题句概括句）There are a couple of driving forces, I would argue, behind this undesirable tide. First,in the course of （在什么的过程中）the rapid economic evolution（经济发展=economic growth）,(万能原因) we ignore moral education, giving rise to the rising rate of the problem. More importantly, the lack of adequate regulation and punishment on those illegal producers enforces the trend.（措施段落正面弘扬、负面抵制）As Confucius instructed（引用名言，增强文章说服力）, it is better late than never. （措施的主题句）Prompt and strict measures should be taken to turn back this evil trend（被动，在写作中可以使用主动和被动相结合）. The government should launch a massive moral campaign to educate all citizens and draw up tougher laws to crack down on打击those irresponsible corporations and prohibit them from entering the food industry again.展望I am firmly convinced that through our combined efforts we are bound to enjoy more risk-free foods in the days ahead.Uncivilized BehaviorsWe cannot fail to notice that countless uncivilized behaviors exist in our daily lives, such as spitting, talking loudly, littering, saying nasty words in public places and so forth. All these are bad manners that we should not lose sight of. As an ancient land enjoying a splendid civilization spanning over 5,000 years, China is witnessing a surge in improper acts that every Chinese citizen should feel ashamed of. Uncivilized behaviors by a host of Chinese both at home and abroad have seriously affected China’s image, according to an editorial posted on People Daily’s official website.As Chinese, we should not get offended when others point out our weaknesses but should focus more attention on improving ourselves. We should strive to identify the causes of those improper behaviors and find ways to eliminate them. There are a host of causes, I would argue, behind this trend. To name only one: the lack of moral education. The government should wage a massive moral campaign to fight against this trend and we ourselves should endeavor to behave decently in our daily lives. As college students of the new age, we should take the leading role.Digital AgeAs scientific technology becomes increasingly mature, a host of digital products have been incorporated into our day-to-day life, steering our way of life onto a brand-new path. Among various digitalized items, cell phones , laptop computers and the like are those that we are familiar with.It is beyond question that electronic gadgets , like everything in this world , emerge wrapped with bright and dark sides. On one hand , digital devices have hugely bettered our life in many fronts. Take a concrete example. With the help of computers, we can acquire a wealth of useful materials, enormously facilitating our studies, a scenario unimaginable in the pre-Internet days. On the other hand, they also yield adverse impacts. A growing number of young adults are hooked on online games, feeding negatively into their academic performance.A sweeping digital revolution is well under way, an irresistible trend which is supposed to be reckoned with. From my own perspective, the benefits of digital stuff outweigh their inadequacies. We are supposed to make full use of it to serve our multiple purposes and strive to minimize its unfavorable impacts on us. To put it simply , I firmly believe that if handled properly, we are bound to profit immensely from digital products.类型1：现象解释类【典例1】2011年6月四级Online Shopping1．现在网上购物已成为一种时尚2．网上购物有很多好处，但也有不少问题3．我的建议Giant leaps of the Internet industry have set the stage for the mushrooming of online shopping, which is gaining growing popularity for the past year or two. According to one recent survey conducted by Sina Weibo, an immensely popular microblogging service in the Middle Kingdom , close to 90 percent of respondents have once done web shopping.Undoubtedly, virtual shopping cuts both ways. To be more concrete, Internet shopping enjoys a host of benefits. To name only one: the prices of the commodities and services you desire to purchase are typically lower in online shops than that in physical ones. For all the various strengths of Internet-based shopping, the dark sides of it also exist, however. Take a concrete example. A tiny minority of merchants with evil motives use the false information to trick people into parting with credit cards and other important personal details, which cost consumers dear.From my own perspective, the rewards of Internet-based shopping outweigh its risks. Simply stated, we are supposed to make full use of its virtues to serve our purposes and do all in our power to minimize its adverse impacts on us meanwhile.【典例2】2011.06六级真题Certificate Craze范文：Certificate CrazeCurrently, it is fairly commonplace to hear news about growing interest in sitting for various certificate tests among people at all levels. Indeed, obtaining a glittering array of certifications has emerged as a golden rush. According to one recent report conducted by Sina Weibo, one of China's leading Twitter-like services, up to 70 percent of respondents are keen on acquiring certificates.People's intentions are sharply different when striving to get certificates. As far as the college students are concerned, a wealth of graduates-to-be argue that a wide variety of certifications, especially those highly recognized ones by the whole society, will enormously sharpen their competitive edge compared with their peers in the talent market. From the perspective of white-collar employees, many professional certificates will weigh heavily against the chances of getting promoted. To put it in another way, certifications are playing an increasingly prominent part when moving up the rigid social ladder.Admittedly, whether a simple certificate can truly reflect one's real capabilities is widely questionable. Simply stated, we should keep a clear head when it comes to the certificate craze. Most importantly, in my eyes, doing all in our power to hone the abilities and skills ought to be high on our agenda. Only by doing so can we stand a much better chance of staying ahead in this brutally competitive society.类型2：现象+观点论证类Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic of My View on University Ranking. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below:1. 目前高校排名相当盛行2. 对于这种做法，人们看法不一3. 我认为……My View on University Ranking____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________【参考范文】My View on University RankingFor the past year or two, college ranking has become immensely prevalent across the Chinese landscape. A bewildering array of university ranking frequently emerge in various media, ranging from newspapers to magazines to educational sites. It is no exaggeration to say that college ranking has gained considerable public concern currently.This topic is on the lips of everyone, but their views are far from being equal. A host of individuals supportive of university ranking argue that it can function as an effective channel through which low-ranking universities are able to be well aware of the gap between them and first-class ones. In this case, those middle orlow-ranking institutions will strive to progress up the ranking and the overall academic level is bound to be enhanced. Plus, many college-students-would-be are capable of acquiring more useful information about their desired schools. However, other people taking a dim view of university ranking deem that restricted by a wealth of conditions, many college rankings are not objective and even positively misleading. Additionally, a handful of schools with evil intentions fabricate college ranking in efforts to lure high school graduates.To my way of thinking, we should not overrate this kind of ranking because it cannot serve as the sole criterion to appraise a certain campus. As far as the colleges and universities are concerned, they are supposed to put boosting comprehensive capabilities at the top of the agenda, say, academic fruits and teaching equipments and faculty. Only by doing so can we build first-rated universities progressively.类型:3：引言类Directions:For this part you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled The Way to Success by commenting on Abraham Lincoln's famous remark, "Give me six hours to chop down a tree, and I will spend the first four hours sharpening the axe." You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.The Way to Success________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________【参考范文】The Way to SuccessTo paraphrase the US former president Abraham Lincoln, a household name across the whole planet, "I will devote the first four hours to honing the axe if I am assigned a task to cut down a tree within six hours." This prominent comment, in my eyes, ought to trigger rounds of soul-searching over the long-standing issue on the way to success.Undoubtedly, each individual aspires to taste success in their life. As a matter of fact, we will encounter a wealth of top-performers as well as low-achievers. What is the fundamental difference between them? Digging into this phenomenon, we may identify that those high-achievers have made adequate preparations before embarking upon new tasks. Take Steve Jobs, a great innovator who came up with a string of products having immeasurably transformed our life. We must be acutely aware that he has dedicated a considerable amount of time and effort to preparing for the launch of new items. Therefore, the past decade has witnessed his unprecedented success that no one else can rival.From my own perspective, in an effort to get ahead, setting a well-defined objective is of crucial significance. More importantly, however, we are supposed to gear up for it sufficiently, both psychologically and physically, which can help us achieve our desired success smoothly.Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay about a campus activity that has benefited you most. You should state the reasons and write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words. ( 2014年12月四级真题)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the following question. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.Suppose a foreign friend of yours is coming to visit your campus, what is the most interesting place you would like to take him/her to see and why? （2014年6月四级真题）类型4：图画图表类Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic The Impact of the Internet on Interpersonal Communication. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.The Impact of the Internet on Interpersonal Communication____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________【参考范文】The Impact of the Internet on Interpersonal CommunicationThe advent of the Internet ushers in a new era of interpersonal communication. The picture features a compelling scene: a lovely little girl tells her father that he can gain a glimpse of what has happened at school today through her weblog. Along with the emergence of the web and a host of post-Internet products such as blogs, we are supposed to ponder the impacts they yield on interpersonal communication.Few if any would deny this most transformative invention of the 20th century has hugely boosted interpersonal interaction. To name only one: thanks to the Internet, we now can keep in touch with each other through delivering emails or sending text messages instead of posting lengthy letters in the old days, enormously enhancing the efficiency and cementing the intimate ties among people. However, we should not turn a blind eye to the adverse effects. Currently, growing numbers of folks get hooked on the web and ultimately become socially isolated. Poor social life and feeling of loneliness are not uncommon for a wealth of heavy Internet users.Admittedly, the net has fed immensely into interpersonal communication, both positively and negatively. Simply stated, what really needs to occur is to make full use of this extremely powerful tool to promote interpersonal communication and strive to reduce the unfavorable influences on us meanwhile. And I firmly believe that desirable interpersonal relationship is exceedingly rewarding for the on-going drive to build a highly civilized and more harmonious society.2012年12月四级作文Education paysA recent investigation shows the weekly earnings of people with different levels of education. Graduates with a doctoral degree receive the highest weekly wage, which is $ 1551, followed by the ones with master’s and bachelor’s degrees, whose weekly earnings are $ 1272 and $ 1038.On the other hand, graduates with no college degree, or with high school diploma or with less than high school diploma earn $712, $ 626 and $ 444 per week respectively.As we can see, graduates with higher degrees usually receive higher weekly pay. There are several factors contributing to this phenomenon.Firstly, graduates with higher degrees have acquired more knowledge and skills so that they can deal with tough tasks. What’s more, those people are better in resolving difficult problems. As a result, they are more likely to be employed by major companies when competing with their peers.Nowadays, our society is more and more in need of people with rich knowledge and strong ability. While it costs a lot to get higher degrees, education is evidently a worthy investment.。

基础语法讲义(学生)

2010年海天英语基础语法（内部讲义）海天高级辅导英语教研中心主讲：张琦考研英语基础语法扎实的语法功底对于考研解题是很重要的。

据总结，最令大多数考研学生头疼的基础语法现象主要有以下几项：英语的基本句式、形容词性（定语）从句、名词性从句（主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句和同位语从句）、副词性（状语）从句、As 的用法。

下面将对以上语法点详解，并通过练习进一步强化对它们的掌握。

一、英语的基本句式（一）英语句子的主要成分英语句子主要由主语，谓语，宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语），定语，状语，补语（主语补语和宾语补语），表语（主语补语的一种），同位语，感叹语，插入语等构成。

（二）英语的五大句式一)主 + 系 + 表语例如：You are a baby.系动词：联系动词（Link Verb）是一种表示谓语关系的动词，作为系动词，它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语，构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。

系动词可以是be动词，也可以是某些实义动词。

例如：The dog looks dangerous.五大类常见系动词：1）be动词--用来表示主语状态。

例如：He is a teacher.2）“持续类”--用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度。

这类系动词主要有：例如：I am sorry to have kept you waiting.This matter rests a mystery.3）“表象类”--用来表示"看起来像"这一概念这类系动词主要有：例如：He seems （to be）very sad.4）“感官类”--用来表示“感觉”“触觉”等这类系动词主要有：例1：It sounds reasonable.例2：-Do you like this sweater?-Yes, it __________ very soft.A. is feelingB. feltC. feelsD. is felt5）“变化类”--这些系动词表示主语变成什么样这类系动词主要有：例如：It worried her a bit that her hair was turning gray.The rumor proved false.His plan turned out a success.二) 主语+不及物动词+（状语）例如：He changed a lot.You cried loudly.注意：该句型可接状语。

英语四六级写作讲义2--张培

高联2015年春英语四六级写作精讲班内部讲义编讲：张培（新浪微博：@张培老师）★★★实战演练类型1：现象解释类【典例1】2011年6月四级Online Shopping1．现在网上购物已成为一种时尚2．网上购物有很多好处，但也有不少问题3．我的建议Giant leaps of the Internet industry have set the stage for the mushrooming of online shopping, which is gaining growing popularity for the past year or two. According to one recent survey conducted by Sina Weibo, an immensely popular microblogging service in the Middle Kingdom , close to 90 percent of respondents have once done web shopping.Undoubtedly, virtual shopping cuts both ways. To be more concrete, Internet shopping enjoys a host of benefits. To name only one: the prices of the commodities and services you desire to purchase are typically lower in online shops than that in physical ones. For all the various strengths of Internet-based shopping, the dark sides of it also exist, however. Take a concrete example. A tiny minority of merchants with evil motives use the false information to trick people into parting with credit cards and other important personal details, which cost consumers dear.From my own perspective, the rewards of Internet-based shopping outweigh its risks. Simply stated, we are supposed to make full use of its virtues to serve our purposes and do all in our power to minimize its adverse impacts on us meanwhile.【典例2】真题：On Excessive Packaging1. 目前许多商品存在过度包装的现象；2. 出现这一现象的原因；3. 我对这一现象的看法和建议。

(推荐)海天英语课外补充阅读资料

海天英语课外补充阅读资料（1）（2013年4月10日——4月20日）【注意事项】：本文通过2012年美国总统大选中候选人针对贫困阶层政策的讨论，系统描述和分析当今美国社会的贫困问题。

本文有大量经典长难句、地道英文表达、美国文化和社会背景介绍、经济学和政治学专业词汇，篇幅较长，难度略高于考研真题。

同学们在完成当周讲义学习和之前讲义复习的基础上，可以进行阅读。

但也要按照课堂的要求进行精读。

切记不要为了阅读此文而忽略讲义内容，不可主次不分；也不可泛泛而读，否则起不到补充训练的效果。

本文有任何细节不懂，也可以随时向我提问。

另，本文最后附有对部分生僻背景知识的注释。

————海天英语老师赵南望The poor in America美国的贫困阶级America’s poor were little mentioned in Barack Obama’s re-election campaign. They deserve better巴拉克·奥巴马的连任竞选几乎没有提到美国的穷人们。

这对他们来说很不公平。

(2012年11月10日，《经济学人》)You do what you can尽力而为When Barack Obama first ran for president, Emma Hamilton was part of that politically crucial cohort, the white working class. A tall woman with tawny hair, broad shoulders, a firm handshake and a forthright, direct manner, Ms Hamilton worked as a loader at a factory in Sumter, a modest city of 40,000 in east-central South Carolina. In July 2008, however, after seven years on the factory floor, she mangled her hand between two heavy rollers. The accident was to leave her unable to work.在巴拉克·奥巴马第一次竞选总统时，艾玛·汉密尔顿（Emma Hamilton）还在工作。

2016年启航考研英语商志基础阅读最新版讲义完整版

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考研英语最后三月高分全攻略

考研英语最后三月高分全攻略——阅读、写作、模拟一网打尽一、合理规划最后三月是大家复习的疲惫期但也是创造奇迹的时刻，首先要排除那些“要是考不上怎么办？”“错那么多还能行吗？”等这种不自信、不确定的情绪和心态，而是要抱着只要付出就有收获的平衡心态才能在考试中取得良好的成绩。

最后三月关于考研英语应该是按以下的过程按部就班——英语一：Ø 10月中之前完成近十年真题的精读与分析（开始晚的同学可以考虑延长到10月底）Ø 10月下-11月中进行近十年真题的二轮复习及写作的突破Ø 11月下-12月中进行模拟演练Ø 12月中-12月31作文背诵预测、套题演练Ø 1月1日-3日重点回顾及2012、2013真题完美收官二、写作复习方法考研英语作文分为小作文与大作文两部分。

小作文满分为10分，主要考查应用文体，如辞职信、道歉信、感谢信、投诉信等。

形式是给出提示要点，要求考生根据要求表达清楚要点。

得高分的前提是要在格式、语言和思路等方面下功夫。

1、格式称呼：如果是不认识对方，一般称呼为敬词+尊称，例如，Dear Sir or Madam ；如果是写给关系正式的知其名字的团体或个人，称呼为敬词+尊称+名，例如，Dear Mr. xx或Dear Ms.xx；对于关系亲密的人可以直呼其名，例如Dear Tom。

注意称号后面是逗号。

正文：传统格式为首段开头空四个字母，段落之间不空行；现在流行格式为齐头式，每段开头不空格，但是各段之间空一行。

称呼和最后的署名都需要顶头书写。

2、语言写作用词准确是最基础的要求之一。

其次，句型可以多变，例如既有并列句，也有复合句，还有从句，但注意语法运用要正确。

此外要注意，正式语言一情况不用缩略语和口语用法。

一定记住：不需要华丽的词汇表达和吸引眼球的文采展示，而是以言简意赅的词句及清晰的逻辑将事情叙述清楚。

3、思路在考试时要在脑子里理清思路——在仔细审题后，罗列提纲。

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