外商直接投资质量研究综述
外商直接投资质量研究综述
外商直接投资质量研究综述作者:王明严来源:《中国经贸导刊》2017年第32期摘要:文章梳理了FDI质量的文献,归纳并评述了国内外学者关于FDI质量的评价体系及FDI在东道国利用质量的“门槛”效应问题,以期对进一步研究FDI质量的学者提供参考。
关键词:FDI 质量综述外商直接投资在开放型经济体的发展进程中发挥着重要作用,利用外资是开放型经济体制的重要组成部分。
当前,国际产业转移和跨国投资均呈现出新的趋势,对于深度融入全球经济一体化的中国而言,如何在新常态下应对利用外资的新形势、以提升利用外资的质量,将是我国在国际经济领域合作中亟待解决的重大课题。
在新的历史发展时期,研究如何提升FDI质量势必要先梳理国内外学者关于FDI质量问题的研究视角、方法、质量评价体系及相关研究结论,以期得到更有价值的参考与借鉴。
FDI质量是引进和利用FDI时对用资方要求的满足程度(朱晓菁、韩福荣,2007),FDI 质量应包含FDI的本身质量和东道国FDI的利用质量两个方面,两个方面存在一定的内在逻辑关联,且有相应的评价体系和“门槛”效应。
文章即以FDI质量的评价体系和“门槛”效应为主线进行梳理和述评。
一、FDI质量评价体系(一)国外学者对FDI质量评价体系的研究Kumar(2002,2005)较为系统地构建了FDI质量评价体系与评价指标的具体测度方法,Kumar认为FDI项目本身的新知识、新技术、更优的管理水平及其在东道国经济中扩散范围影响着东道国的经济发展,FDI的应用质量也因东道国的影响因素不同而差别较大。
Buckley (2004)从FDI的项目规模、产业结构及关联和区域分布等方面考察了中国FDI利用质量,认为中国利用FDI的质量不高。
Kumar和Buckley对FDI质量评价体系中忽略或简化了FDI本身的引进质量因素,而更测重于对FDI在东道国的利用质量评价,这种评价FDI质量的结果必会有一定的偏差,对东道国进行招商引资时的可借鉴性较低。
中国对外直接投资影响研究的文献综述
中国对外直接投资影响研究的文献综述中国对外直接投资(FDI)是指中国企业在境外投资并持有对外实体企业的股权或投资。
自改革开放以来,中国对外直接投资规模不断扩大,对外投资方式和领域也日益多元化。
中国对外直接投资的增长不仅为中国企业拓展国际市场提供了机会,也对全球经济和国际贸易产生了深远影响。
本文旨在通过文献综述的方式,探讨中国对外直接投资的影响及其相关研究成果。
一、中国对外直接投资的发展历程自1979年实行对外开放以来,中国对外直接投资规模不断扩大。
起初,中国企业主要通过政府引导和支持的方式进行对外投资,主要集中在资源开采和基础设施建设领域。
随着中国经济的快速增长和企业国际化进程的加快,中国对外直接投资呈现出快速增长的态势,投资领域也逐渐扩展到制造业、金融业、科技创新等领域。
2014年,中国对外直接投资流出规模首次超过外商直接投资流入规模,成为全球最大的海外投资国之一。
1. 对中国经济的影响中国对外直接投资为中国企业提供了更广阔的市场空间和资源获取途径,有利于提高中国企业的国际竞争力。
中国对外直接投资也为中国企业带来了更多的技术和管理经验,促进中国产业结构升级和经济转型。
中国对外直接投资还有助于推动中国与沿线国家的经济合作,促进区域经济一体化进程。
2. 对全球经济的影响中国对外直接投资不仅推动了中国经济的发展,也对全球经济产生了重要影响。
中国的对外投资活动促进了沿线国家的基础设施建设和产业发展,为当地创造了就业机会和经济增长点。
中国对外直接投资也有助于促进全球经济的复苏和增长,为全球投资提供了新的机遇和动力。
在中国对外直接投资研究领域,国内外学者们进行了大量深入的研究,形成了丰富的研究成果。
主要研究内容包括中国对外直接投资的发展模式、动因和效果、中国对外直接投资与宏观经济的关系、中国对外直接投资与区域经济一体化等方面。
1. 发展模式、动因和效果关于中国对外直接投资的发展模式、动因和效果的研究较为广泛。
外商直接投资与环境质量关系研究综述
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中国企业对外直接投资现状与对策研究
中国企业对外直接投资现状与对策探究引言随着中国经济的快速进步,中国企业对外直接投资(FDI)呈现出蓬勃的态势。
作为全球最大的进步中国家,中国已逐渐成为重要的国际投资者。
然而,中国企业在对外直接投资中面临诸多挑战,如文化差异、政策限制、商业环境等。
为了更好地进步对外直接投资,中国企业需要深度探究对外直接投资现状,并制定相应的对策。
一、对外直接投资现状1.投资规模迅速扩大自改革开放以来,中国企业对外直接投资规模不息扩大。
依据国家统计局数据显示,2019年中国对外直接投资达到1432亿美圆,同比增长5.8%。
中国企业对外直接投资已经遮盖了浩繁领域,包括能源、制造业、房地产、金融等。
2.投资主要集中在进步中国家中国企业对外直接投资主要集中在进步中国家和地区。
这些国家和地区往往面临着经济落后、基础设施不完善等问题,对外直接投资有助于提升其经济进步水平。
例如,中国企业在非洲地区进行大规模投资,推动了当地经济的进步。
3.投资领域主要集中在资源型行业中国企业对外直接投资领域主要集中在资源型行业。
由于中国缺乏自然资源,对外直接投资成为得到资源的重要手段。
中国企业在能源、矿产等领域进行投资,保证了国内的资源供应。
二、对外直接投资面临的挑战1.文化差异与语言障碍中国企业在对外直接投资过程中屡屡遇到文化差异和语言障碍的问题。
不同国家有着不同的文化习惯和价值观,这些差异可能导致沟通误解和商业合作难以顺畅进行。
此外,语言障碍也是一个重要的挑战,语言沟通困难使得商业合作的成功率降低。
2.政策限制与法律环境中国企业对外直接投资受到各国政策限制和法律环境的影响。
一些国家对外资有一定的管制措施,需要符合一定的条件和流程才能进行投资。
此外,法律环境的不确定性也增加了对外直接投资的风险。
3.商业环境与风险管理不同国家的商业环境存在差异,包括市场规模、竞争程度、政府支持等方面。
中国企业需要了解并适应不同国家的商业环境,以确保投资的成功。
外商直接投资对我国产业结构影响的研究【文献综述】
毕业论文文献综述国际经济与贸易外商直接投资对我国产业结构影响的研究一、前言改革开放以来,随着外商直接投资的不断进入,我国三次产业结构也不断的变化。
外商直接投资从整体上促进了我国产业结构的调整与升级、产业技术的进步和产业组织结构的优化。
但外商直接投资对三次产业的贡献度不同,使得产业间的发展水平差距扩大,不利于经济的长远发展。
特别是外商直接投资在我国投资中所占比重很大,对我国产业结构的改善有着很大的影响。
二、正文外商直接投资的理论回顾哈佛大学教授Vernon在1966年提出“国际产品周期理论”。
Vernon认为国际直接投资的产生是产品生命周期三个阶段(创新、成熟、标准化)更迭的必然结果,外资公司顺应产品生命周期的变化,在成熟产业向低成本国家转移的同时引起各自所在国的产业结构升级。
伴随着国际投资所产生的一个重要现象就是国际产业转移。
赤松要(Kaname Akamatsu)在20世纪30年代提出了“雁行模式”(Flying-Geee Paradigm)。
按照该模式,一国产业成长经历了引进产品、进口替代、出口增长、成熟、返进口五个阶段,而产业结构升级依次分为劳动和资源密集、技术密集和资本密集三个阶梯。
随着外资的进入及一国工业化的发展,某一产业坐逐渐衰落,并将转移到低一个梯级的国家和地区,通过产业替代,推动产业升级。
我国外商直接投资与产业结构的情况改革开放以来,中国吸引外商直接投资的规模不断的扩大,质量也不断提高。
尤其是中国加入WTO以后,我国吸引外商直接投资的规模呈现出进一步扩大的趋势。
我国利用外商直接投资大体上可以分为四个阶段,第一阶段:1979~1986年即萌芽起步阶段;第二阶段:1987~1991年即稳步发展阶段;第三阶段:1992~ 1995年即高速发展阶段;第四阶段:1996年至今即平稳发展阶段(李义福,2009)。
外商直接投资在我国产业结构分布的现状是,主要集中在第二产业,对第三产业投资比重偏低,对第一产业投资比重很低。
外商直接投资与环境质量关系研究综述
外商直接投资与环境质量关系研究综述田锦锦;辛晴【摘要】对国内外关于外商直接投资与环境质量相关的文献进行系统梳理,并从FDI对环境的规模效应、技术效应、结构效应和政策效应四个角度系统总结了FDI 对资金流入地区的环境影响;同时找出已有研究的相同点和存在的分歧,并提出了未来FDI与环境资源关系的研究还需要在模型设定和研究方法方面予以改进。
%Based on domestic and overseas literature of foreign direct investment and environmental quality,this paper summarizes the effect on environmental quality in capital loss region from the view of scale effect,technology effect,structure effect and policy effect.It points out the similarities and differences that have investigated and finally puts forward the research method of the relationship between foreign direct investment and environmental quality in the future.【期刊名称】《山东青年政治学院学报》【年(卷),期】2011(000)004【总页数】5页(P117-121)【关键词】外商直接投资;环境质量;效应【作者】田锦锦;辛晴【作者单位】山东财政学院,山东济南250014;山东财政学院,山东济南250014【正文语种】中文【中图分类】F830.59改革开放以来,外商对我国的直接投资规模不断扩大。
外资的流入对我国的经济发展起到了重要的推动作用。
外商直接投资文献综述资料
本文档包括改专题的:外文文献、文献综述一、外文文献Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and standard of living in NigeriaAkinmulegun, Sunday Ojo.Journal of Applied Finance and Banking (2012),2(3): 295-309. AbstractThe subject of interrelationship that exists between foreign direct investment (FDI) and standard of living has been an issue of both theoretical and empirical investigations. This study, thus examined the relationship between foreign direct investment and standard of living measured by per capita income (PCI) in Nigeria over 1986 - 2009 period using time series data. The study employed Vector Auto regression (V AR) model because of the fact that the variables are integrated of different orders in their Unit Root Tests.Test involving Impulse Response Analysis and Variance Decomposition reveal that the relationship between FDI and standard of living is insignificant. Thus, the past values of FDI could be used to predict the future behavior of standard of living in Nigeria only to a lesser extent.Thus, the policy implications underscore the need for institutional and macroeconomic policy framework that would redirect steps in making FDI to contribute positively to the standard of living in Nigeria by channeling the available FDI into industrial, productive sector of the economy.JEL classification numbers: F3, I3, D3, C3Keywords: Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), Standard of Living, Per Capital Income, Vector Autoregression Model(ProQuest: ... denotes formulae omitted.)1 IntroductionForeign direct investment (FDI) can be defined as "investment made to acquire lasting interest in enterprises operating outside of the economy of the investor" (Mosima, 2003). Thus, it is not only a transfer of ownership from domestic to foreign residents but also a mechanism that makes it possible for foreign investors to exercisemanagement and control over host country's firms (Hill, 2004; Sandey, 2003). Accordingly,"when a corporation or an individual decides to move from its countrydomain; crossing international border(s) to establish a new production capacity in such a nation, and/or join a domestic enterprise or a host national to form a corporation, whether or not the corporation has formerly being in existence, in the course of a national establishing a new corporation/enterprise not existing in its country-domain; such that the control and management lies in the hands of the foreign national, such an investment is called foreign direct investment (FDI) and hitherto manifests as such" (Akinmulegun, 2011)Among others, Feldstein (2000) opined that profits generated by FDI contribute to corporate tax revenue in the host country. In addition, if the foreign affiliate decides to reinvest the proceeds into the domestic system, it will be an additional advantage to economic growth in the host nation with the attendant impact any structural change exerts on standard of living of individual citizenry. Although, the theoretical literature on this is clear and straightforward (Findlay, 1978; Romer, 1994), however, the evidence in empirical studies is still divided. This gap needs to be filled.This study therefore aims at examining the impact of FDI on the life standards of Nigerian citizens. Thus, the major hypothesis to be tested is; Ho: foreign direct investment in Nigeria has no significant relationship with the people's standard of living.2 Literature Review2.1 Conceptual LiteratureOne of the major dramatic changes in the world economy over the past three decades as evidence in the super flows of institutions is the surge in the FDI across national borders (Mimiko, 2010). This is so to the extent that scholars all over the ages have argued in favour of FDI as a catalyst for economic growth and living standards in the host nation. That, the wide externalities in respect of technology transfer, the development of human capital and enhancement of domestic productive capacities attested to the beneficial effects of FDI cannot be overemphasized (Bende-Nabende,2002; Feldstein, 2000; Chantal and Patrick, 2005; Alfaro and Charlton, 2007; Mottaleb, 2007; Ayanwale, 2007; Maertens and Swinnen, 2008). The growth effects of FDI and subsequent multiplier impact on living standards in the host country in terms of productivity gains, managerial skills and know-how in the domestic market, employee training, international networks and markets account for its preference as evident in the literature (Findlay, 1978; Caves, 1996; UNCTAD, 1999; Carkovic and Levine, 2002).However, it is sometimes feared whether FDI contributes to the broader aspect of growth and the distribution of income in the host economy. For growth potentials of FDI to manifest, the distribution and redistribution of income as a central factor in determining the impact of growth on living standards cannot be overemphasized. This presupposes a linkage between growth and poverty level of an economy. Thus empirical evidence on the relationship between growth and poverty has shown that higher growth is usually associated with reduction in poverty (Ravallion and Chen, 1997; Dollar and Kraay, 2002; Ravallion and Datt, 2002; Besley and Burgess, 2003; Kraay, 2006; Ashley, 2008). This further presupposes equitable living standard.2.2 Empirical LiteratureThat economic theory univocally predicts a positive and directional impact of FDI on standard of living is a subject of intensive examination as empirical evidence is mixed. There seems to be no doubt that there is a strong correlation between FDI and standard of living. This has been argued from the economic growth potentials of FDI (Hayami, 2001; Mottaleb, 2007; Crespo and Fontura, 2007).Measured in terms of domestic productivity, Adams (2004) found from his regression analysis that FDI is not harmful to sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries. Thus, contributing to the living standard of its citizenry. All these predict a greater positive impact of FDI on living standards of the host country.However, empirical evidence casts doubts on the relationship that exist between FDI and standard of living. This spurred the idea behind this research work at investigating the relationship using a dynamic approach as specified below.3 MethodologyThe methodological approach used in this study follows the works of Selvanathan and Selvanathan (2008) as captured in the growth model, which depicts a realistic relationship between two variables of output and capital stock as in Solow (1956) given as;Yit= α0+αi+μ i+βXit+εit (1)In line with the above theoretical framework therefore, this relationship between FDI and standard of living measured by PCI is presented in a simple model as follows: PCI=f(FDI) (2)wherePCI = per capita income (a measure of standard of living)FDI = foreign direct investmentThe apriori expectation is that;...To avoid spurious regression as suggested by Gujarati and Porter (2009), a stationary test (unit root test) will be conducted to determine the time series properties of the variables and to know whether a condition for long-run equilibrium relationship among them is met.Thus, it is required that variables in a model should be integrated of the same order to meet the condition for long-run equilibrium relationship known as cointegration.If this condition is not met, a better option for estimation as suggested by Gujarati and Porter (2009) and Greene (2003) is the Vector Autoregression (V AR). Hence, this study prefers the V AR model which is specified mathematically asYt=AtYt-1+...+ApTt-p+βtXtεt (3)where t Y is a k vector of endogenous variables (PCI and FDI), t X is a vector of exogenous variables. At ,....Ap and β are matrices of coefficient to be estimated and εt is a vector of innovation.The V AR is commonly used for forecasting system of interrelated time series and for analyzing the dynamic impact of random disturbances on the system of variables. It sidesteps the need for structural modeling by modeling every endogenous variable in the system as a function of the lagged values of all the endogenous variables in theThe V AR form of the model above is given as (4) (5)where β1j and β2j are matrices of coefficient to be estimated and β1t is a vector of innovation, j=1,2,...,k . This is the lag length of each variable. The choice of lag length for this study is made using Akaike Information Criterion (AIC).Once the V AR is estimated, a further analysis in terms of Variance Decomposition and Impulse Response will be conducted. Impulse Response Analysis traces the effects of a shock to an endogenous variable on the variables in the V AR. By contrast, variance decomposition decomposes variation in an endogenous variable into the component shocks to the endogenous variable in the V AR. This gives information about the relative importance of each random innovation to the variables in the V AR.The study thus uses time series data on per capita income (PCI) and foreign direct investment (FDI) collected for 1986 ¡V 2009 period. Data were gathered notably through secondary sources. Results of both Impulse Response functions and Variance Decomposition are presented in the next section.4 Data Analysis4.1 Stationary Test of VariablesTable 1 above presents the results of the Philip Peron Unit root test. The table enables us to determine the time series properties of each variable, and know whether a condition for long-run equilibrium relationship among the variables is met.Note: The Null hypothesis is that the series is non-stationary or contains a unit root. Test statistics for PP are compared with stimulated critical values from Mckinnon, testing the hypothesis at both 5% and 10% significance levels.The lag length in PP test known as test bandwidth selection is based on Newey-West. All results are obtained from E-view 7.1 econometric package.The variables are made stationary at their first difference thereby integrated of order one, denoted as I(1). Hence, the result is a clear indication that the model does not meet the condition for cointegration since all variables are integrated of differentAs suggested by Gujarati and Porter (2009) and Greene (2003); a better alternative when variables in a model are not integrated of the same order is to resort to the V AR technique and all its attached system dynamics. Hence, the use of V AR by this study is justified.4.2 Vector Autoregression ResultsTo know how much endogenous the variables are, the summary regression statistics are presented in Table 2 below.Table 2 above shows the summary of regression statistics. The table presents the level of endogeneity of the variables in the model.The degree of endogeneity of each variable is found to be very high with the high R2 and adjusted R2 of the variables. This implies that the variables are affected by each other to a larger extent.As stated earlier, the main uses of the V AR are the impulse response analysis and the variance decomposition, which show the nature and direction of the relationship among the variables.The impulse response function and the variance decomposition tables are presented in Tables 3 and 4 below.Table 3 below represents the impulse response function. The impulse response function table traces the effect of a one standard deviation shock to one of the innovations on current and future values of the endogenous variables in the V AR model.Table 4 below presents the results of the variance decomposition. The result as presented decomposes variations in an endogenous variable into the component shocks to the endogenous variables in the V AR model.The result in Tables 3 and 4 represents the impulse response function results and the variance decomposition results. The interpretation of the results is straight forward. The question is that, what happened to PCI (a proxy for standard of living) if there is one standard deviation shock to FDI. The impulse response results in Table 3 show that a one standard deviation shock to FDI impacts significantly on living standard,measured by PCI. However, the impact is positively unstable. On the other hand, a better analysis of the magnitude and direction of impact between FDI and living standard is revealed by the results of the variance decomposition in Table 4 below. The table shows that initially 73.25 percent of variations in PCI were feedback effect, but reduces drastically to 8.44 percent and 9.41 percent in the 5th and 10th periods respectively.The impact of FDI on PCI was insignificant. Less than 1 percent in the first instance. However, in the variance decomposition of FDI, the results revealed that the contribution of FDI to variations in PCI (a measure of standard of living) was about 33.12 in the first period and diminishingly reduces to a low figure of 3.39 percent in the 10th period. This highly contradicts the apriori expectation of this studyThus, the major inference that can be drawn from the findings is that FDI impacts insignificantly on living standard in Nigeria.While the feedback effect on PCI (a measure of standard of living) reduces, the impact from other exogenous variables takes over except for the FDI. These other exogenous variables according to Akinmulegun (2011) include, Current Account Balance (CAB) and Index of openness (both proxies of globalization).5 Discussions, Conclusions and Policy RecommendationsThis study adopts a country specific-data in the analysis to allow for an indepth and elaborate investigation into the impact of FDI on standard of living as it relates to an individual nation-state. The variables are affected by each other from the results of the regression statistics tests, thus; they stand to explain changes in each other. Deduced from the findings is that FDI has insignificant impact on living standard in Nigeria with FDI accounting for less than 2 percent in the variations in PCI in the first instance, and less than 10 percent in the subsequent impact decomposition of FDI. This might not be unconnected with the small proportionate share by Nigeria from the slow proportion of FDI flows to sub- Saharan Africa and the appropriation of the little flows that accrued to Nigeria. When the investment of FDI into the domestic economy is majorly on white elephant projects that have no direct impact on what goes to the pockets of individual citizenry, one would not expect anything other than the resultsabove. Chantal and Patrick (2005) argued that the sector in which a country receives FDI affects the extent to which the country could realize its potential benefits. Furthermore, the results juxtapose the findings of Adams (2009); as the political environment in Nigeria over the years and the dilapidated infrastructural facilities serve as a bane to FDI growth-potential in the nation. Where over 80 percent of the FDI flows to Nigeria goes to oil sector alone, one will not expect the effect to be on the per capita income as the majority of the benefits are channel towards unproductive service sector, thus neglecting the industrial productive sectors.The findings of this study therefore leads us to accepting our Null hypothesis that FDI in Nigeria has no significant relationship with living standard. Thus, with the bi-directional relationship between FDI and PCI, the finding is consistent with theory and empirical literature. FDI is expected to have causal influence on standard of living, such that the past values of FDI should be able to help predict future values of PCI. This is in line with the previous findings (Adams, 2004; Fosu and Magnus, 2006) and therefore satisfies the objective of examining relationship between FDI and PCI of this study, however, the relationship is insignificant. This insignificant impact of FDI on PCI corroborates Ayadi (2009).The policy implication of this is that the past values of FDI can only predict the future values of PCI to a lesser extent.It is thus recommended that;i. Government should embark on policies that would attract more FDI to the dynamic products and sectors with high-income elasticities of demand.ii. FDI should be channeled to the production of secondary products, such that FDI be made to contribute positively to the living standard of Nigeria.iii. Government should redirect steps at making FDI (more importantly, Oil FDI) to contribute positively to the PCI through a well articulated policies that will develop non-oil sectors of the economy.Acknowledgements: I wish to acknowledge the contribution of the entire academic staffof Banking and Finance Department, Adekunle Ajasin University for the successful completion of this work. In addition, the comment of Professor J.A.Oloyede and Dr. T.M. Obamuyi is appreciated.二、文献综述作为技术溢出的外商直接投资文献综述摘要目前国内外学者主要是从外商直接投资和进口贸易两个方面研究技术溢出的效应。
企业对外直接投资分析综述
企业对外直接投资分析综述随着全球经济一体化的深入和市场开放的不断扩大,企业对外直接投资(FDI)的重要性越来越凸显。
简言之,FDI指企业在海外直接投资生产、销售和其他经济活动的一种行为。
而多项研究表明,FDI能够为企业带来巨大的战略优势,尤其是在国际化、技术创新、风险减轻和收益增加方面。
本文将对企业对外直接投资相关的研究和数据进行综述,重点介绍FDI的必要性和优势,以及FDI的影响因素和风险。
一、FDI必要性与优势1、国际化随着全球化带来的市场竞争的加剧,企业的国际化已经成为了一个迫切的需求。
FDI能够帮助企业在国际市场上获取更多的市场份额,并提高企业国际竞争力。
2、技术创新FDI不仅可以帮助企业打破技术瓶颈,使企业在生产、制造和研发方面得到对外的技术支持,还可以为企业的创新创造条件,使企业在技术和知识上更具优势。
3、风险减轻通过FDI投资,在海外建立分支机构或合资企业等,企业可以将业务风险分散到不同地区,减轻企业的经营风险。
这对于那些依赖某一地区市场的企业来说,可以帮助他们多元化业务,降低单一地区市场带来的风险。
4、收益增加最后,FDI可以为企业带来更高的收益。
通过直接投资海外市场,企业可以从海外市场中获得更多的利润,并扩大他们的客户群,创造更多的商机和市场机会。
二、FDI的影响因素和风险虽然FDI带来的优势令人难以忽视,但是在对FDI进行投资前,企业还需要考虑到一些因素和风险,以避免产生不必要的损失。
1、宏观经济环境如何评估目标国家的宏观经济环境及其对企业的影响是一个非常关键的问题。
这方面需要对政策的稳定性、经济体的规模和发展水平、国外直接投资的政策、货币和税收政策等多方面进行评估。
2、文化差异不同的国家和地区之间有不同的文化和管理方式,这可能会影响企业的运营,如语言障碍、文化差异、法律体系问题、劳动力成本等。
3、竞争压力地区市场与国际市场的竞争压力也对FDI产生一定的影响,企业需要对目标市场的竞争环境有足够的了解,判断自身是否具有足够能力在该市场生存下来。
外商直接投资对浙江经济增长的贡献分析【文献综述】
毕业论文(设计)文献综述题目:外商直接投资对浙江经济增长的贡献分析引言自20世纪90年代开始,世界各国纷纷采取措施,积极吸引外商直接投资以缓解本国资金不足等问题,取得了很好的效果。
浙江省作为东部沿海经济较为发达的地区,20多年间,浙江省利用外资得到迅速发展,实际利用外资占全国的比重在不断提高。
FDI及其载体———跨国公司在世界经济舞台上扮演着越来越重要的角色,也成为发展中国家获取外部资源的主要渠道。
FDI对东道国尤其是发展中国家经济社会发展的影响是多渠道和多途径的,除了可以增加东道国的资本存量,缓解其资本不足问题,还可以提高投资质量,并且为发展中国家带来新的技术和管理经验,以缓解东道国的就业压力。
一、国外研究文献综述(一)有关外商直接投资的理论研究1、外商直接投资影响经济增长的途径(1)浙江省外商直接投资促进了技术扩散外商直接投资不仅仅是资本的单方面转移,而且还伴随技术的转移和先进管理经验和方法的转移。
技术进步对各国长期经济增长是至关重要的决定性因素。
该方向的理论研究以Barro和Sala.I.Martin(1995)的内生增长理论为代表,该理论认为通过某种渠道,外商直接投资可以对经济增长产生长期效力。
而途径之一是通过技术扩散,技术扩散在经济发展中发挥核心作用,经济增长取决于一国技术水平相对于世界技术水平的状态,因此,发展中国家的经济增长在一定程度上取决于其技术水平的赶超程度,即取决于其移植发达国家已有技术的程度。
(2)外商直接投资调整了产业结构Chenery和Strout通过“双缺口模型",指出外商直接投资有助于推动东道国产业结构的更新。
从20世纪60年代末至70年代初,Hirschman对“双缺口模型”进行了修正,从弥补“技术缺口”的角度讨论了利用直接投资对于发展中国家调整产业结构和经济增长的意义,发展了“双缺口模型”。
他认为,在经济发展过程中,技术、管理和企业家的匮乏是发展中国家所面临的最重要约束,是又一个“缺口”。
外商直接投资研究
外商直接投资研究随着全球化进程的不断加快,外商直接投资(Foreign Direct Investment,FDI)在国际经济中扮演着越来越重要的角色。
外商直接投资是指跨国企业或个人在一个国家的经济活动,涉及到资本、资源和技术的跨国流动。
本文将对外商直接投资进行深入研究,分析其对经济发展的影响,并探讨相关的政策措施。
一、外商直接投资的定义和形式外商直接投资是指外国投资者或国际组织在目标国家自主经营企业的投资行为。
根据投资方向的不同,可以分为横向投资和纵向投资。
横向投资是指外国企业在目标国家开展与其在原国家相同的生产和经营活动;纵向投资则是指外国企业在目标国家的生产和经营环节不同于其在原国家的活动。
外商直接投资形式多样,包括独资、合资、合作和收购等。
独资是指外国投资者在目标国家独自投资并经营企业;合资是指外国投资者与目标国家的企业合资经营;合作是指外国投资者与目标国家的企业进行合作开展某项项目或业务;收购则是指外国投资者通过购买目标国家企业的股权或资产来实现投资。
二、外商直接投资的影响因素和动力外商直接投资的影响因素和动力多种多样,包括市场规模、经济增长、政策环境、资源禀赋、技术能力和成本优势等。
首先,市场规模是吸引外商直接投资的重要因素,市场规模大、消费潜力足够的国家更容易吸引外商直接投资。
其次,经济增长也是外商直接投资的重要动力,高速发展的经济可以为外资提供更多的商机和利润空间。
政策环境对外商直接投资也起着关键作用,稳定的政治环境、优惠的投资政策和法律法规的保障能够吸引更多外资。
此外,资源禀赋、技术能力和成本优势也是外商直接投资的重要因素,一些资源丰富、技术先进、成本较低的国家具有更大吸引力。
三、外商直接投资对经济发展的影响外商直接投资对经济发展的影响是多方面的。
首先,外商直接投资可以促进经济增长,通过引入资本、技术和管理经验,外资企业可以提升国内企业的竞争力,推动产业升级和技术创新。
其次,外商直接投资还可以带来就业机会,外资企业的进入可以促进就业,减缓国内就业压力。
FDI外商直接投资文献综述及外文文献资料
FDI外商直接投资文献综述及外文文献资料本文档包括改专题的:外文文献、文献综述一、外文文献A Snapshot of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) with Recent Trends WorldwideJha, Hem Chandra; Ghosh, JagannathAbstractFDI indicates net inward flows of investment to achieve a long lasting management interest operating in a nation other than the nation of the investment. FDI may be of 2 types as inward FDI and outward FDI. Foreign direct investor might take place through creating a wholly owned subsidiary or company, engaging in an equity joint venture with another organization, or through merger/acquisition of an enterprise. Organizations are considering FDI as a way to be globalised. It ensures that companies are closer to their demanded consumer market. It assists in economic development of that nation where the investment is applied and has rescued several countries facing economic down turn. Inward FDI has good effect for job creation-employment for host countries with resource transfer. If a province has huge natural resources, it makes investors invest in that country. Its population plays a vital role for pulling FDI. Major determinants of FDI are size of the host country, future growth prospects of the economy, infrastructural facility, cheap labour force etc. Again if there is high per capita income of that nation or if the people have sound spending capabilities then it will pull high FDI. In 2010 and 2009, FDI was $1,122 billion and $1,114 billion respectively. World's largest receiver of FDI is US whose total figure of FDI has been $194 billion in 2010.25% of FDI in U.Scame in 2010 from France, Japan, UK, Canada, Switzerland, Netherlands etc. China is next largest recipient of FDI. It has reached $185 billion in 2010. India is destination for FDI after China. Telecomm, electronics, construction, automobile, and computer attract most inflows. Significant sources of FDI are Mauritius, Singapore, US and UK. FDI in Europe increased in this decade. Extent of European FDI projects in 2010 topped with 14% increase reaching 3,757 FDI project announcements. UK and France remain leaders in Europe in FDI context. Promotional effort to bring FDI is the trend of every nation. Many countries liberalise their standards/economic policies to pull FDI.Credits go to the expansion in IT, communication technologies and logistics. These allow production to be close to markets utilising advantage of the particular features of several locations. Many nations offer financial benefits like cash grants, tax concessions, and emphasise on modifying the skill parameter, infrastructure and form a platform to meet the demands and expectations.Keywords: FDI, investment, inflow, US, trend, growthIntroductionForeign Direct Investment or FDI indicates the net inward flows of investment to achieve a long lasting management interest operating in a nation other than the nation of the investor. It may be in the form of equity capital, long-term capital, and short-term capital etc. It consists participation in management, sharing of man power, joint-venture, transfer of technology and skills/expertise. FDI may be of two types as inward foreign direct investment and outward foreign direct investment. These two FDIs result in a net FDI inflow which may be positive or negative. These also determine "stock of foreigndirect investment", that is the cumulative number of FDIs for a given period. Foreign direct investment does not include investment through purchase of shares. FDI is considered as an example of international factor movements.Materials and MethodsFor the purpose of in depth study the contents have been taken from relevant books, articles, journals and websites. The method used is analytical and descriptive. Both primary as well as secondary sources of information have been taken.Results and DiscussionsTypes of FDI1. Horizontal FDI : It takes place when an organisation copies its home countrybased activities in a host country at the same value stage through Foreign direct investmenty.2. Vertical FDI: It happens when an organisation goes upstream or downstream in different value chains through FDI. It also takes place when companies execute valueadding activities gradually in a vertical fashion in a host country.Methods of FDI : The foreign direct investor might take place through the following methods:By creating a wholly owned subsidiary or companyEngaging in an equity joint venture with another investor organisation.Through merger or acquisition of an enterprise.Trends of FDI : Generally FDI is propagated at developing countries as companies from advanced economies invested in other markets. US captures most of the FDI inflows. While developed countries still are considered for the largest proportion of FDI inflows. According to data, the stock and flow of FDI has raised and it is going towards developing countries,especially in the emerging economies world wide.Also many companies and organizations are now considering FDI as a way to be globalised. FDIs permits corporations to avoid government pressure on local production and cope with measures by handling trade barriers. The move also ensures that companies are closer to their demanded consumer market, especially if companies establish locallybased sales offices.Benefits of FDI : The major advantage of foreign direct investment is that it assists in the economic development of that nation where the investment is applied. This logic is more applicable for developing countries. FDI has been one major external sources of finance for maximum nations that were developing economically. It is also true that foreign direct investment has rescued several countries when they encountered economic down turn. For example, during the 1997, Asia suffered from financial crisis. The foreign direct investment made in these countries during this duration was steady yet. But other forms of cash inflows suffered a lot. Same thing happened in Latin America in the 1980s and in Mexico in 1994-95.Inward FDI has the good effect for job creation and employment for host countries. It also results in higher wages. Other benefits of FDI are resource transfer, in terms of capital and technical knowledge. In this century, FDI is used as a strategy of new market entry for investors as well as an investment strategy. FDI growth has increased at a higher rate than the level of world trade. Globalization has made thehorizons extended and corporations now treat the whole world economy as their potential market. Also FDI renders reduced cost for investors, through the coordination advantagesand it is more true for integrated supply chains. The preference for a direct investment approach is a good means of strategic control, where the head authority keeps right for technological know-how and intellectual property to be kept in-house.Determinants of FDI : If a province has huge natural resources, then it always makes investors eager to invest their money in that country. For example, Saudi Arabia has attracted foreign companies to invest in that nation to grasp the precious oil resources at their disposal. For export based FDIs, the dimensions of the host country are vital because there are scopes for bigger economies of scale. In this context, the population of corresponding nation plays a vital role for pulling foreign direct investors to that nation. In this situation, the investors are attracted by the prospects of a huge customer base. One major determinant of FDI is the size of the economy of the host country as well as the future growth prospects of the economy of that nation where the investment is to be made. It is generally presumed that if the host country own a massive market, it can develop fast from an economic context. The investors would make most of the investments in prospective country.Another factor is infrastructural facility. Examples are the status of telecommunications, road ways and railways. This factor plays a vital role for attracting the foreign direct investors into a particular country. If the infrastructural facilities are well in a country then there is a notable amount of foreign direct investment. If a nation invites overseas investors and has access to the international markets then it receives higher amounts of foreign direct investment. Some countries have reset their economic policies to cope with the needs of the overseas investors. In this case, the investor companies maintaintransparency according to the legal platforms in that place. Outsider companies should understand the implications of their investment in a particular country and adopt perfect decisions. Cheap labour force is also a vital factor for pulling foreign direct investment. The boom of BPO culture and the revolution of I.T companies in India show that availability of cheaplabor force plays vital part for attracting global direct investment.Again if there is high per capita income of citizens of that nation or if the people of that country have sound spending capabilities then it will result the excellent performances for foreign direct investors. Current status of the citizens in a province is also a determinant in pulling direct investment from global base. Countries like China etc have taken an steps in increasing the quality of their citizens. China has laid down compulsion for every Chinese citizen to have minimum nine years of education. This step has enhanced the standards of the citizens in that nation.According to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, there has not been significant growth of Global FDI in 2010. In 2010 and 2009, it was $1,122 billion and $1,114 billion respectively. The amount was below the average between 2005 & 2007. The following table shows US International Direct Investment Flows:FDI in the United States : World's largest receiver of FDI is United States. The total figure of FDI in this nation has been $194 billion in 2010. More than one fourth of FDI in U.S came in 2010 from eight countries named as France, Japan, Luxembourg, United Kingdom, Canada, Switzerland, Germany, and Netherlands. In United States, the stock of FDI in 2008 has beenthe equivalent of near 16 percent of U.S. gross domestic product (GDP). In the same way, we can feel the benefits of FDI in America also. After 2005, more than 4000 new projects and 630,000 new jobs have been incorporated by overseas companies. This has resulted investment of about $314 billion. Overseas companies generally have a tradition of paying higher wages than local enterprises. Overseas companies give an average annual compensation of $68,000 per employee. Exports have increased through the use of multinational distribution networks in United states. Foreign direct investment has resulted 12% of all manufacturing jobs in the US. Affiliating bodies of foreign enterprises spent over $34 billion on research and development in 2006. They also support many national projects. Inward FDI has resulted in this nation higher productivity through increased capital. This has brought high living standards.FDI in China : FDI in China has raised notably in the last decade. It has reached$ 185 bill ion in 2010. After U.S, China is the next largest recipient of FDI world wide. FDI had slowed down and became one-third in 2009 because of Global Financial Crisis butd in 2010, it again got its form.FDI in India : At the beginning, the FDI has been less than $1 billion in India in year 1990. In the contrary, at present India is the most important destination for FDI after China. Telecommunication, electronics, construction activities, automobile, and computer software/ hardware are the sectors which attract most inflows. The significant sources of FDI are Mauritius, Singapore, the US and the UK. FDI in 2010 was significantly decreased from both 2008 and 2009. Foreign direct investment in 2010 reduced to approx $34 billion havingdecrease rate about 60%. Again in 2011, FDI inflow became high of $7.78 billion up from $4.4 billion having increase of 77% than previous year.WalMart, world's largest retailer has caused India to decide to allow 51% FDI in multi-brand retail as an important step. But this decision is under suspension at present due to opposition from several political levels.FDI in Europe : Foreign direct investment in Europe have been subjected an increase in foreign direct investment inflows between 2003 and 2008. In this duration, FDI increased from $30 billion to $155 billion. Russia attracted most of thiese additional investment as its inflows rose from less than $8 billion in 2003 to $70 billion in 2008. The recession collapsed FDI inflows to the Europe region. In the Europe, FDI inflows have been 50% lower in 2009 in comparison to 2008. The real estate sector, which has pulled a quarter of all FDI inflows in Europe since 2008, accounted for much of the aggregate investment fall in the region during recession. The number of European FDI projects in 2010 topped, with a 14% increase, reaching 3,757 FDI project announcements. UK and France remain leaders in Europe in FDI context. But they are losing market share in comparison to countries such as Germany, Poland, Hungary etc. FDI in Europe have been centered on services, software industry and automotive sector. These sectors have been the top most sectors having maximum numbers of FDI projects and job creation. 33% of foreign investors plan to establish their business operations in Europe in 2011 and 2012.FDI and the developing world : FDI renders import of foreign investment. Additionally it offers transfer of skills, technology, adoption of better strategy and job opportunities. All the hostcountries are benefited from foreign investment. There are significant effects of foreign direct investment on local firms in development. Foreign investment increases local productivity growth rigorously. FDI is one of the major contributors of economic development fordeveloping countries.FDI Investment : Promotional effort to bring more and more FDI is the trend of every nation. Pulling foreign direct investment has become vital for surviving in race among developed and developing countries. This race is carried on too when these countries adopt economic integration in different levels. Many countries liberalise their standards to pull FDI in a competitive manner. Home countries appreciate FDI for raising standards and welfare in their nations.So many factors are there which reinforce foreign direct investment which is access to natural resources, markets, and low-cost labor, technology transfer, good market etc. Advancement of technology permits for the variety of production into more discrete stages and break national barriers due to emergence of globalisation. The significant credits go to the expansion in information technology, advancement in communication technologies and development in logistics. These allow production to be close to markets as well as utilising advantage of the particular features of several production locations. Different nations have laid down their respective policies for inviting more foreign investment. Many nations offer financial benefits like cash grants, tax concessions, and specific subsidies. Many countries at the same time emphasise on modifying the skill parameter, infrastructure and form a platform to meet the demands and expectations of overseas investors. Also some nations target to improve the business climate ofthose lands by altering the administrative hindrances. Some governments organise state agencies in order to assist investors. Simultaneously a lot of countries have come into international governing arrangements to raise the attraction of investors for more investment.ConclusionThere should exist a sound investment climate in a country because this willbring further economic growth. Reforms that will improve labor market flexibility, strengthen property rights, simplify business regulations, and increase firms' access to finance are vital. These can increase living standards of that country and reduce poverty in that country. Economic reform is required for creating an investment-oriented climate. Reform would be fruitful because investment climate depends on that. Thus long term benefits can be brought. In this context, cost is main criterian. In this aspect, political environment is a vital determiner. Through out the world, every nation is striving to mould the climate which is suitable for more investment. So the ultimate concept is that "Proper Investment Climate is the need of the Hour".二、文献综述外商直接投资与经济增长关系综述摘要近年来,外商直接投资和经济增长之间的关系已成为学者关注的研究焦点,国内外众多学者对两者之间的关系分别从理论和实证方面进行了论证和分析。
浙江外商直接投资的现状与对策分析【文献综述】
毕业论文文献综述经济学浙江外商直接投资的现状与对策分析(一)国内外研究的现状:改革开放以来,我国经济建设、政治建设、文化建设和社会建设都取得了举世瞩目的成就,这些成就的取得与我国改革开放之初制定的利用外资政策密不可分。
因此出现了很多研究这个方面的专家和学者,随之也就出现了很多有关外资的研究课题,而我们也看到这些分析研究大都针对改革开放后的中国。
据联合国贸发会议2008 年9 月24 日出版的《2008 年世界投资报告》显示,2007 年,中国连续16年成为发展中国家吸收外国直接投资最多的国家,共吸收外资840 亿美元,创历史新高。
换言之,中国自改革开放以来一直是外国资本竞争的一片热土。
然随着美国次贷危机发展为国际金融危机,我国吸收外商直接投资也随着全球大趋势出现了下降趋势。
此后如何摆脱经济危机下,中国外资直接投资少的问题成了各位学者和经济学家研究的主要对象。
大部分对外资投资在我国的研究,主要分成了两部分,一是对现状的阐述,二是对我国利用外资的政策进行分析。
很多学者的分析都用的是纯文科的角度去论述和阐明的你,再引用上一些外资直接投资的数据或者某些投资报告中的数据,通过对比等方式加以阐述说明,对于理科思维下的外长直接投资着墨较少。
在我所搜集的文献资料中,毛其淋和吕品的《外商直接投资对中国内资企业出口的影响效应研究》和佘雪锋的《浙江外商直接投资技术外溢效应实证研究》是挺特别的存在。
它们两者都是通过假设模型,并应用数学的计算方法和思维方式对各种模型加以检验分析,随之得出他们自己的结论和政策建议。
比如佘雪锋的论文,论证了FDI的技术外溢效应与浙江省经济增长之间的关系,并得到了如下结果:首先,行业数据与城市数据的回归分析都证实了外资企业对内资工业部门的总体正向技术外溢效应是现实存在的。
其次,对浙江省行业数据的计量结果显示,浙江省FD I技术外溢的主要渠道是示范- 模仿效应和联系效应,并且竞争效应和集聚效应对技术外溢也有较大的促进作用。
中国外商直接投资政策研究综述
道国投资环境成正 比,与东道国的政策优惠水平成反 比,是一种 “ 环境偏好型”投资。这一结论也印证了 杨建龙 的假设是基本正确 的。 ( )外资优惠政策与东道 国之间的引资博弈 三 东道国之间的引资博弈也与外资优惠政策有着密 切关系 。东道 国的博弈手段就是对投资商实行各种优 惠政策 ,降低投资商的生产 和交易费用 ,提高外商投 资的收益率 。朱延福 (03 20 )在其文章 中假设有东道 国 A和东道国 B ,两国均有两种战略可供选择 :优惠 或不优惠,因而两者 之问可形成 四种 战略组合关 系。
收稿 日期 :2Q 一 4 0 05 o — 4
在引进外资初步发展的时代, 数量扩张型外商直 接投资政策的制定和实施是与我国当时的经济发展阶 段相适应的。但随着经济发展 ,中国的经济发展 阶段 出现了质的飞跃 ,由短缺经济时代逐渐向饱和甚 至过
维普资讯
外资政策是东道国影响外商投 资的主要手段之一。所 以研 究外资政 策对我 国利 用外资是有重要意义 的。但 国内对于外商投资政策的研 究还较为有 限,主要集中在外资政策的建议探讨及 关于外资政策有
效性的研 究。利用外资政策 中的博弈研 究。 关键词 :外资政策 ;外商直接投资;研 究综述
中圉分类号 :F 3号:1 1 4 X I06 7 16 0 0 —18 20 )0 —09 — 3 0
中 国外 商 直接 投 资政 策 研 究综 述
谢 光 亚 .濮 蕊
( . 北京工业大学 经济管理学院,北京 102 ) 0(2 Y 摘要:我国现在 已经成为最大的投资输入 国家,如何更好的利用外资 已经成 为我 国经济发展 的一个重 要方面。外资政策是 东道 国政府干预外资活动的 目标及其工具的统称。从 外资政策的定义就可以看出
国内外关于对外直接投资研究综述
40 国内外关于对外直接投资研究综述樊瑞莉(郑州大学旅游管理学院,河南郑州450001)摘 要:产能过剩问题已经影响到中国经济转型升级和可持续发展,目前国内外关于利用国际市场化解过剩产能方面的研究尚不够深入,能否通过对外直接投资化解过剩产能成为学界关注和研究的热点。
通过对现有研究文献的梳理,对国内外关于对外直接投资比较优势、制度和贸易因素的研究进行了总结和分析,以期为化解我国过剩产能,推动企业“走出去”,扩大行业对外直接投资提供借鉴。
关键词:产能过剩;对外直接投资;制度中图分类号:F125.4 文献标识码:A 文章编号:2095-3283(2016)03-0040-02 [作者简介]樊瑞莉(1978-),女,汉族,河南新乡人,博士,讲师,研究方向:产业经济与公共政策。
[基金项目]河南省哲学社会科学规划项目(项目编号:2013BJJ014)。
作为最大的新兴市场国家,我国的钢铁、水泥、平板玻璃、煤化工和多晶硅等多个制造业行业都出现了不同程度的产能过剩问题。
出于缓解产能过剩、能源安全和产业升级的考虑,国家开始鼓励有条件的企业走出国门,开展海外投资,利用国际市场化解过剩产能。
2013年,习近平总书记提出建设“一带一路”的战略构想,为我国企业走出去创造了机遇。
国内外关于对外直接投资及化解过剩产能的研究成果较为丰富,我国企业可在对外直接投资实践中予以借鉴。
一、国外关于对外直接投资的研究国外对外直接投资研究中被奉为经典理论的有垄断优势理论、产品生命周期理论、内部化理论、国际生产折衷理论和边际产业扩张理论五大学派。
对发展中国家对外直接投资的关注和理论探讨是从20世纪70年代中期开始的,具有代表性的理论有威尔斯的小规模技术理论、拉奥的技术地方化理论、坎特威尔和托兰惕诺的技术创新产业升级理论等。
(一)比较优势对外直接投资中比较优势的来源主要基于要素禀赋、需求偏好相似和产品生命周期三个理论。
赫克歇尔(Heckscher,1919)和俄林(Ohlin,1933)提出了要素禀赋论,认为生产要素的禀赋差异决定了劳动生产率的差异、成本差异和比较优势,这些有利于参与全球分工,实施国际化经营。
外商直接投资与经济增长文献综述
外商直接投资与经济增长文献综述提要FDI是促进经济增长诸多要素的重要获取方式;反过来,经济增长也同样刺激着FDI的发展。
本文通过对国内外众多相关研究成果的分析,认为二者相互影响,互为彼此的增长起着重要的贡献作用。
关键词:FDI;经济增长;相互影响近年来,中国经济一直保持高速增长的势头。
经济增长需要资本、技术等要素的大量投入,外商直接投资(FDI)作为获取这些要素的重要方式,发挥着日益重大的作用。
一、国外学者的相关理论基础传统的关于FDI与经济发展关系的理论是基于Chenery和Adelman提出的通过外国资本弥补国内资金短缺的双缺口模型。
该模型为发展中国家利用外国直接投资弥补资金短缺来发展经济奠定了理论基础。
如果东道国存在储蓄不足和外汇短缺,则FDI的流入就可以刺激经济增长。
FDI作为经济增长的动力之一,在经济学界虽然有多种思考方法,但归结起来无非沿袭两种理论:一是Solow倡导的新古典经济增长理论;二是Harrod、Kaldor、Thirlwall等人所代表的后凯恩斯学派的理论。
新古典经济增长模型在完全竞争均衡条件下强调,经济的长期均衡增长率来源于劳动增长率和技术进步。
外国直接投资增加经济增长的途径只有通过外生的技术冲击。
后凯恩斯学派的理论以凯恩斯“有效需求”理论为基础,考察一个国家的收入在长期内保持稳定增长的经济增长问题。
哈罗德经济增长模型指出投资的增长将导致经济的增长。
也就是说,经济的增长需要投资品,这种投资品既可以出自国内又可以来自国外,其中FDI就是实现经济增长的有效途径,通过进口外国的投资品,实现经济增长,加速本国资本的形成。
Pwrris和Schmitz提出,FDI可以提高东道国出口产品的效率,带动本国出口,刺激本国进口,对国际贸易有促进作用。
一方面它作为私人投资的一部分,将推动社会总投资需求的增长;另一方面虽然其与贸易有着显著的替代效应,但是它同样也具有贸易创造和市场扩张效应,影响东道国的出口绩效。
外商直接投资对我国产业结构影响的研究【文献综述】
毕业论文文献综述国际经济与贸易外商直接投资对我国产业结构影响的研究一、前言改革开放以来,随着外商直接投资的不断进入,我国三次产业结构也不断的变化。
外商直接投资从整体上促进了我国产业结构的调整与升级、产业技术的进步和产业组织结构的优化。
但外商直接投资对三次产业的贡献度不同,使得产业间的发展水平差距扩大,不利于经济的长远发展。
特别是外商直接投资在我国投资中所占比重很大,对我国产业结构的改善有着很大的影响。
二、正文外商直接投资的理论回顾哈佛大学教授Vernon在1966年提出“国际产品周期理论”。
Vernon认为国际直接投资的产生是产品生命周期三个阶段(创新、成熟、标准化)更迭的必然结果,外资公司顺应产品生命周期的变化,在成熟产业向低成本国家转移的同时引起各自所在国的产业结构升级。
伴随着国际投资所产生的一个重要现象就是国际产业转移。
赤松要(Kaname Akamatsu)在20世纪30年代提出了“雁行模式”(Flying-Geee Paradigm)。
按照该模式,一国产业成长经历了引进产品、进口替代、出口增长、成熟、返进口五个阶段,而产业结构升级依次分为劳动和资源密集、技术密集和资本密集三个阶梯。
随着外资的进入及一国工业化的发展,某一产业坐逐渐衰落,并将转移到低一个梯级的国家和地区,通过产业替代,推动产业升级。
我国外商直接投资与产业结构的情况改革开放以来,中国吸引外商直接投资的规模不断的扩大,质量也不断提高。
尤其是中国加入WTO以后,我国吸引外商直接投资的规模呈现出进一步扩大的趋势。
我国利用外商直接投资大体上可以分为四个阶段,第一阶段:1979~1986年即萌芽起步阶段;第二阶段:1987~1991年即稳步发展阶段;第三阶段:1992~ 1995年即高速发展阶段;第四阶段:1996年至今即平稳发展阶段(李义福,2009)。
外商直接投资在我国产业结构分布的现状是,主要集中在第二产业,对第三产业投资比重偏低,对第一产业投资比重很低。
宁波市外商直接投资现状与对策研究【文献综述】
文献综述宁波市外商直接投资现状与对策研究改革开放以来,中国经济迅速增长,中国与世界的经济一体化迅速加快,并成为世界经济增长的一个重要组成部分。
对于中国整体而言政府采取一系列优惠政策吸引大力引进外资,外商直接投资以前所未有的速度和规模在迅速壮大,取得了引以为傲的成绩。
从1979-2008年,中国累计引进外资10469.6亿美元,其中FDI为8526.19亿美元,占整个外资引进的81.44%。
宁波是我国最早对外开放的港口城市之一。
改革开放以来,宁波利用外商直接投资一直处于上升趋势,尤其是2000年以来,受中国加入WTO的惠顾及世界经济对外资的积极影响,加之宁波市活跃的经济发展对外资的需求大大增强,引资规模出现强劲的增长态势。
1988-2008年,外商直接投资由1758万美元增加到253789万美元。
1 国外研究现状Wilfried Lütkenhorst(1988)分析了1970-1986年发展中国家外商直接投资资金的流动结果在1976年达到顶峰值总体呈现低高低态势,资金正在逐渐撤离发展中国家,同时全球化进程的外商直接投资工业向发展中国家流动的减少,他认为发展中国家已经到了危机的边缘,而资金则多数转向发展国家。
最后他认为未来外商直接投资资金将会变为发展中国家的科技园区建设和新的出口加工区,发展中国家应谨慎建立计划。
Deepak Sethi&William Q.Judge&Qian Sun(1998)分析了外商直接投资在中国31个省份的趋势并运用其框架方法得出外商直接投资在中国不同行业变化不同,最为突出的就是房地产业并认为外商直接投资地方的吸引力有可能最终成为早期缺乏吸引力。
STèPHANE DEES(2001)从外商直接投资对东道国经济增长出发,中国之所以能够成为最大受益者。
运用过去概括和实证分析方式得出其劳动成本低,实际汇率外资进入的主要参考点。
同时指出外商直接投资影响中国的技术变化和生产率的变化。
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外商直接投资质量研究综述摘要:文章梳理了FDI质量的文献,归纳并评述了国内外学者关于FDI质量的评价体系及FDI在东道国利用质量的“门槛”效应问题,以期对进一步研究FDI质量的学者提供参考。
关键词:FDI 质量综述外商直接投资在开放型经济体的发展进程中发挥着重要作用,利用外资是开放型经济体制的重要组成部分。
当前,国际产业转移和跨国投资均呈现出新的趋势,对于深度融入全球经济一体化的中国而言,如何在新常态下应对利用外资的新形势、以提升利用外资的质量,将是我国在国际经济领域合作中亟待解决的重大课题。
在新的历史发展时期,研究如何提升FDI质量势必要先梳理国内外学者关于FDI质量问题的研究视角、方法、质量评价体系及相关研究结论,以期得到更有价值的参考与借鉴。
FDI质量是引进和利用FDI时对用资方要求的满足程度(朱晓菁、韩福荣,2007),FDI质量应包含FDI的本身质量和东道国FDI的利用质量两个方面,两个方面存在一定的内在逻辑关联,且有相应的评价体系和“门槛”效应。
文章即以FDI质量的评价体系和“门槛”效应为主线进行梳理和述评。
一、FDI质量评价体系(一)国外学者对FDI质量评价体系的研究Kumar(2002,2005)较为系统地构建了FDI质量评价体系与评价指标的具体测度方法,Kumar认为FDI项目本身的新知识、新技术、更优的管理水平及其在东道国经济中扩散范围影响着东道国的经济发展,FDI的应用质量也因东道国的影响因素不同而差别较大。
Buckley(2004)从FDI的项目规模、产业结构及关联和区域分布等方面考察了中国FDI 利用质量,认为中国利用FDI的质量不高。
Kumar和Buckley 对FDI质量评价体系中忽略或简化了FDI本身的引进质量因素,而更测重于对FDI在东道国的利用质量评价,这种评价FDI质量的结果必会有一定的偏差,对东道国进行招商引资时的可借鉴性较低。
(二)国内学者对FDI质量评价体系的研究国内学者对FDI质量评价体系的研究可分为三类,对FDI本身质量评价体系的研究、FDI应用质量评价体系的研究及对FDI本身质量和应用质量两方面的综合评价体系研究。
1 国内学者关于FDI本身质量评价主要围绕FDI的规模、结构、区域分布及安全四项指标构建FDI的宏观评价体系和引进FDI的技术进步、企业经营效益两项指标构建FDI的微观优化指标体系与评价标准来评价FDI本身的质量(王巾英,2001)。
有学者不赞同王巾英的观点,该学者认为,如果所引进的FDI不符合国家产业政策、不能?w现技术先进性与适用性统一、不能为企业带来先进的管理经验以提高企业的管理水平、不能给企业发展带来活力及可持续的发展后劲,那么,这样的FDI就不能认定为高质量的外资(甘宏业,1996)。
当然,产业政策也会反过来影响所引进的FDI 的质量,东道国长期对FDI的税收优惠政策会导致FDI项目平均规模下降,从而导致FDI质量下降,要想确保吸引FDI 的质量就必须要加强投资软环境的改善(傅元海,2007)。
2国内学者就我国FDI的应用质量研究较多。
张琦(2003)认为评价FDI利用质量的体系应包括FDI对经济的可持续贡献率、就业及出口贡献等9大指标,张宏(2004)则以FDI项目规模、技术含量、产业分布、区域分布等指标来评价中国利用FDI的质量,陈自芳(2005)则基于技术外溢的角度分析了外资质量参考评价标准,并给予评价指标一定的权重,然后进行实证测算,韩刚(2007)构建了非线性加权评价模型以对中国利用FDI质量进行评价和检验,并运用博弈模型论证了东道国外资政策对提高FDI质量的有效性,龚晓莺(2017)则在已有研究成果的基础上,以经济发展效益、技术管理效益、社会效益和生态环境效益四个一阶指标构建FDI利用质量的综合评价体系。
以上学者均是从正面研究FDI的质量评价体系,而朱晓菁和韩福荣(2007)则从FDI在技术引进溢出效应不显著、加剧了产业分布不平衡、加大了区域经济的差异及引发环境污染等方面评价了我国FDI利用质量的负面效用。
无论是从正面推演还是从负面反向实证检验,因为不同学者研究的视角和所选的评价指标存在一定的差异,研究成果没有统一的结论,但已具备一定的近似共识,即以龚晓莺的综合评价体系予以呈现。
3国内学者对FDI质量的综合评价研究。
对FDI质量的评价应从FDI的本身质量水平和东道国利用FDI的效应两个主要方面进行(傅元海(2007),闫曦和康灿华(2009),张振华(2012)),FDI本身质量考察指标应包括FDI的规模、资金来源多元化程度、投资领域与方式及其区域分布等要素,FDI利用质量考察体系包含经济增长、产业调整、技术转移、人力资源开发及环境安全等指标。
但他们的研究视角和所选择的指标参数有所不同,在FDI的引进质量方面,傅元海补充了技术和管理知识含量、研发能力、出口倾向及FDI 的到位率,在FDI的利用质量方面,傅元海在前人研究的基础上更多地考虑了FDI的研发效应、外溢效应和开放效应;张振华则是以FDI的规模、结构、技术、管理水平、科研活动、利用方式及实际到位率考察FDI的引进质量,以资本效应、经济效应、技术进步效应、环境效应等八个方面考察FDI的利用质量,并论证了在信息不对称的前提下,对外资的优惠政策会降低FDI的引进质量。
二、FDI利用质量的“门槛”效应FDI的“门槛”效应与东道国经济发展水平、基础设施、人力资本水平、金融发展水平、经济结构、市场竞争度、对外开放度及对知识产权的保护程度等的不同而存在较大差异,不同影响因素通常不可替代,所以FDI在东道国就存在多方面的“门槛”效应。
文献中,关于FDI“门槛”效应的研究主要集中在技术溢出、经济增长和环境规制三个领域。
(一)FDI技术溢出“门槛”效应FDI的技术溢出是企业技术创新来源途径之一。
然而,本土企业吸收FDI 的技术溢出存在哪些“前提条件”及这些“前提条件”可否定量测度等问题是学术界应该重点关注的问题。
张宇,蒋殿春(2007)对不同地区FDI的技术外溢效应进行检验,认为不同地区FDI的技术外溢存在较大差异,证实了FDI技术外溢“门槛”的存在。
薄文广(2007)定量评估了我国FDI技术创新溢出效应,认为FDI对我国发明专利申请量的促进作用存在“人力资本门槛”,我国西部和中部一部分地区没有跨越此“门槛”。
张宇(2008)进一步验证了我国不同地区的FDI技术溢出效应的差异性,并分别测度出经济发展水平、基础设施、人力资本和对外开放度四个方面的FDI技术溢出效应的具体“门槛”值。
李梅,谭力文(2009)从经济发展水平、人力资源水平、金融发展程度和经济结构四个方面对不同地区FDI技术创新溢出效应进行检验及具体测度,认为四个方面均存在“门槛”效应。
章琴,刘家树,沈国俊(2015)从经济发展水平、经济结构和人力资本三个方面检验FDI技术创新溢出的“门槛”效应,认为经济发展水平对FDI技术创新具有“正向溢出”效应,即不具有“门槛”,但经济发展结构和人力资本对FDI技术创新溢出具有“单门槛”效应。
李燕,韩伯棠,张庆普(2011)认为FDI在我国技术溢出上存在显著的技术差距“双门槛”效应,技术水平落后的地区对FDI的技术溢出吸收能力非常有限,当技术水平越过“低门槛”值时对FDI的技术溢出有较强的吸收,同时FDI 溢出边际随技术水平的提高而递减,当技术水平越过“高门槛”值后,FDI的技术溢出效用又不太明显(表明技术水平较高地区的自主创新能力较强),从而论证了FDI在东道国的技术溢出效应与地区技术差异间存在着显著的非线性关系,进而纠正了“单门槛”效应而产生的“线性技术溢出效应”的错觉。
黄凌云,吴维琼(2013)验证了FDI技术溢出与技术差距的“门槛”效应,认为FDI技术溢出在我国工业企业中存在较显著的技术差距“三门槛”效应。
徐德英,韩伯棠(2016)以信息化发展指数为“门槛”变量构建模型,实证检验了我国FDI溢出对技术进步的作用,认为地区差异对FDI技术溢出的“门槛”效应表现不同,西部地区存在“三门槛”效应――呈现U型趋势,中部地区也存在“三门槛”效应,但呈现出抑制作用。
余泳泽(2012)检验了FDI技术溢出在外资规模、技术势能与潜在市场规模三个方面存在“门槛”效应,并呈现倒“U”型曲线关系。
不同于以上学者的是,余所选择的指标为外部条件,而非是我国的内部条件。
(二)FDI经济增长“门槛”效应何洁(2000)认为FDI外溢效应存在经济发展“门槛”效应,单纯提高一个地区的经济开放度对提高FDI的溢出效应不会有显著影响,甚至有负面作用。
韩文龙,王莉,李梦凡(2015)实证研究发现东部地区受FDI外溢效应对经济增长动力的正向影?虽然正在衰减,但总体上仍大于中、西部地区,FDI对西部地区的外溢效应较低,对中部地区的经济增长有一定的抑制效应,这类表现与地区经济发展水平及自然禀赋有较大关系。
(三)FDI环境“门槛”效应李子豪,刘辉煌(2012)认为FDI对我国环境的影响存在显著的收入“门槛”和人力资本“门槛”。
胡剑锋,朱明,黄海蓉(2014)检验了FDI对环境影响的工资水平和环境规制两个方面的“门槛”效应,认为FDI对制造业环境绩效存在显著的“门槛”效应。
杨军,贺苎瑶,丛建辉(2016)实证检验了环境规制与制造业FDI之间门槛效应的存在性问题,认为环境规制强度和制造业FDI流入呈负相关,两者之间存在明显的异质性和门槛效应。
三、对FDI质量文献的评述(一)关于FDI质量评价体系的评述国内外学者关于FDI质量评价体系的研究有四个方面的相近,一是研究方法多以理论阐述或论证,实证分析较少。
二是学者们在研究FDI质量评价体系时所选择的评价指标因不同视角而有一定的差异,早先的文献大多只考察FDI本身质量或其在东道国的利用质量中的某一方面,2010年前后的文献大多是对FDI两个方面的综合性评价,且所选择的考察指标也较早先文献中的更全面、合理。
三是在对FDI质量评价的实证分析时均采用对评价体系的各指标进行主观赋予权重,这种做法一直是影响准确测度FDI质量的缺陷。
四是多是从国家范围的宏观层面构建模型以测度FDI质量,缺少从具体的区域范围构建模型,不同区域的经济发展水平及自然禀赋条件差异性较大,以国家层面的宏观模型不一定适合具体地区。
所以,如何应用大数据技术归纳出FDI质量评价体系中不同指标的权重值,以更准确地具体测度区域FDI质量将是学者们需要重点关注的问题。
(二)关于FDI质量“门槛”效应的评述随着经济的发展,东道国对FDI的利用从量的追求上升到质的追求,学者们对FDI的研究也从最初的对经济拉动作用上升到技术创新的拉动作用和环境影响的研究,并进一步研究FDI在各方面的“门槛”效应。