语言学_5Con_Implicature_I

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Annie had a baby and Peter married Annie.
自然意义vs.非自然意义
Meaning
Natural Meaning
If someone says X, he means X.
Non-natural Meaning
If someone says X, he means something by saying X.
7. —— What’s Tom like? —— Well, he is a man of machine.
8. —— Can he survive the cancer, Doctor? —— Possibly not, it’s the late sphere anyway.
关系准则
Be relevant. 要相关。 (说话要有关联,不说与话题无关的话。)
合作原则
The Co-operative Principle: Make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged. 根据你的交谈目的或方向进展状况的要求对会话 作出贡献。
——科技在进步,新的药物在研制,希望总是有的。
(quality) 13. —— Where is Mary?
—— She’s not well. (relation) 14. —— Is he brave?
—— He’s a lion. (manner)
特殊会话含意
人们应该遵守合作原则——他现在蔑视或违反合 作原则——他是在故意蔑视或违反合作原则—— 他其实是在另一个层次上参与合作——更高的合 作层次产生“含意”。
会话含意理论(1) Conversational Implicature I
合作原则的提出及会话含意的概念 合作原则的准则 / 次则 特殊会话含意与一般会话含意 会话含意的特征 格赖斯会话含意理论的意义
合作原则的提出及其会话含意概念
美国伯克利大学哲学教授格赖斯(H. P. Grice) 于1967年在哈佛大学的系列讲演(William James Lectures)中,论述了自然语言与逻辑 语义之意义的差异,从语言哲学层面发现问 题: 1)自然意义 vs. 非自然意义 2)逻辑语义 vs. 自然语义
合作Biblioteka Baidu则的提出及其会话含意概念
1)自然意义 vs. 非自然意义: 1. 天阴打雷意思是天要下雨。meaning-n 2. 你说‘我这人有意思’是什么意思?meaning-
nn 2)逻辑项连接与自然语言连接不尽相同:
A&B B&A 3. 2x2=4 and it is impossible to analyze further the concept of intention. (absurd) 4. Peter married Annie and Annie had a baby.
合作原则的准则/次则(内容)
合作原则
Co-operative Principle
量准则
质准则
关系准则
方式准则
The Maxim of Quantity The Maxim of Quality The Maxim of Relation The Maxim of Manner
量准则
Make your contribution as informative as is required (for the current purposes of the exchange). 说话要足量。 Do not make your contribution more informative than is required. 但也别多说。
简练(避免罗嗦)。 (iv) Be orderly.要有条理。
12. He is brave. He is brave like a lion. He is as brave as a lion. He is a lion.
会话含意:特殊与一般
Grice’s interest: 人们为什么蔑视(flouting)或违背合作原则? 6. —— Do you have relatives in Jinan? —— Yeah, I have an aunt who raises two dogs, four cats and twelve hens. (quantity) 8’. ——大夫,您看他这癌症还有救吗?
9. —— You look pleased. —— I’ve managed to pass the exam.
10.—— 今晚五频道的电视节目精彩吧! —— 我刚从公园回来。
11.—— 白老师的中西语言学史课讲得怎么样? —— 天气闷热闷热的,象是要下雨。
方式准则
Be perspicuous. 说话方式要清楚。 (i) Avoid obscurity of expression.避免晦涩的表达。 (ii) Avoid ambiguity.避免歧义。 (iii) Be brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity).
5. 我有三个孩子。老大20岁,去年考了大 学。老二16岁,却有了当兵的念头。
(老三呢?)
6. —— Do you have relatives in Jinan?
—— Yeah, I have an aunt who raises two
dogs, four cats and twelve hens.
质准则
Try to make your contribution one that is true.
说真话。
(i) Do not say what you believe to be false.
别说假话。 (ii) Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence. 别说证据不充分的话 。(说话要有证据。)
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