Chapter 2 Phonology(音韵学)

short vowels (短元音)
lax vowels (松元音)
• So far we have been classifying the individual vowels, also known as • Monophthongs • Diphthongs 单元音
双元音
2.3 Phonology 音系学；音韵学
2.2.4.2 Classification of English vowels • front vowels （前元音） • central vowels（中元音） • back vowels. （后元音）
close vowels (闭元音) semi-close vowels （半闭元音）
How wide the mouth
Chapter 2 Phonology(音韵学)
Speakers:麦柔星/禤俊宜 PPT makers:曾瑜琳/李晓曼
2.1 The phoniห้องสมุดไป่ตู้ medium of language (语言的声音媒介)
• Linguists are concerned only with those sounds that are produced by humans through their speech organs. • These sounds are limited in number. • This limited range of sounds which are meaningful in human communication constitute the phonic medium of language, and the individual sounds within this range are the speech sounds.
2.2.4 Classification of English speech sounds
• vowels(元音) • consonants（辅音）
2.2.4.1 Classification of English consonants
• Manner of articulation（发音方式） • stops(爆破音), fricatives(擦音), affricates(塞擦音), liquids(流音), nasals(鼻音)and glides(滑音). • Place of articulation(发音部位) • bilabial（双唇音）, labiodental（唇齿音）, dental （齿音）, alveolar（齿痕音）, palatal（腭音）, velar（软腭音）and glottal（喉音）.
semi-open vowels （半开元音）
open vowels （开元音）
rounded vowels （圆唇元音）
the shape of the lips
unrounded vowels
（不圆唇元音）
long vowels (长元音)
all tense vowels (紧元音)
The length of the sound vowels
2.3.5 Suprasegmental features(超音段部分– stress（重音）, tone（语气）, intonation
（音调）
• 2.3.5.1 Stress • `import n. ---- im`port v. • 2.3.5.2 Tone • The first tone is level（阴平），the second rise （阳平），the third fall rise （上声），and the fourth fall （去声） • 2.3.5.3 Intonationa （语调）
2.3.2 Phone, phoneme (音位), and allophone(音体变位)
• A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. • A phoneme is a phonological unit. • The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of the phoneme.
(语音的正字标音法---宽式标音法和 严式标音法 )
• There are two ways to transcribe(转录) speech sounds.
• One is the transcription（标音法） with lettersymbols only. This is called broad transcription. (it is normally used in dictionaries and teaching textbooks.) • The other is the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics（变音符号）. This is called narrow transcription. (it is really the transcription required and used by the phoneticians in their study of speech sounds.)
Thank you !
2.3.3 Phonemic contrast(音位对立）, complementary distribution（互补分配）, and minimal pair（最小对立体）
2.3.4 Some rules in phonology
• 2.3.4.1 Sequential rules （序列规则） • 2.3.4.2 Assimilation rule （同化规则） • 2.3.4.3 Deletion rule （省略规则）
2.2 Phonetics(语音学)
• 2.2.1 What is phonetics? • Phonetics is defined as the of the phonic medium of language.It is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages. • Three branches of phonetics are labeled articulatory phonetics(发音语音学), auditory phonetics （听觉语音学）and acoustic phonetics （声学语音学）respectively.
2.3.1 Phonology and phonetics(发音学，语音学）
• Both phonology and phonetics are concerned with the same aspect of language—the speech sounds. • Phonology, on the other hand, aims to discover how speech sounds in a language from patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.
2.2.2 Organs of speech
• The pharyngeal cavity (咽腔)--- the throat • The oral cavity （口腔）--- the mouth • The nasal cavity（鼻腔） --- the nose
2.2.3 Orthographic representation of speech sounds---broad and narrow transcriptions