有机化学教学大纲

有机化学教学大纲
《有机化学》本科教学大纲
一、说明
有机化学的目的任务是研究有机化合物的来源、制备、结构、性能、应用以及有关理论和方法的一门科学。

为学生以后学习有关专业基础、专业课、继续深造以及将来从事科研、教学、生产奠定必要而坚实的有机化学基础。

本课程基本要求:
通过本课程的学习，要求学生能系统地掌握有机化学的基本理论、基础知识和基本技能;了解与本课程有关的科学新成就和新发展;提高学生分析问题和解决问题的能力。

在学习该课程时学生要着重掌握各类有机化合物的结构、命名、物理性质、化学性质、常用制备方法和用途，尤其是着重掌握各类有机化合物的典型反应和规律、反应机理以及官能团互相转变的方法，同时专注有机化学中的立体化学问题，才能达到有机化学的教学之目的。

要求理论联系实际，精选内容，基本理论以必须、需要为度，加强实验教学，培养学生的创新精神和实践能力。

执行本大纲应注意的问题:
1、课堂教学主要采用讲授方法，要贯彻少而精原则，由浅入深，讲清基本概念、基本理论、基础有机化合物的化学性质及其变化规律、分析问题和解决问题的基本方法，抓住重点，突破难点。

2、加强习题课教学。

有机化学很多理论(如:电子效应、重要的反应历程)非常抽象，不好理解。

各类有机化合物结构与性质的关系，各类有机化合物之间的相互转变较为复杂，有大量重要的化学反应需要记忆。

习题课教学内容:总结几章主要内容;总结学生作业中出现问题;帮助学生理解有机理论，让学生在理解的基础上记
忆相关的化学反应;引导学生采用归纳对比的方法，把知识连贯起来，既体现有机化学本身的有机内在联系，也有助于学生对各类物质基本性质的记忆。

内容为每章练习题，另精选部分习题讲解。

3、运用图表、模型、多媒体等教学手段加强直观教学，课堂教学中注意启发
式教学和双边教学注重学生自学能力的培养。

4、理论联系实际，强化实验课教学。

二、教学时间分配表
(48学时)
poverty alleviation, making stable poverty of village and exit in a timely manner, should support poverty alleviation into, from the ... The stability of families, not simply one off, not only to "help a horse", and "giving a lift" to prevent poverty and returning again. (D) to co-ordinate the configuration resource for poverty alleviation. One hand to work actively towards a superior policy. Central work Conference of poverty-alleviation, Central Government of General transfer payments, various types of special transfer payments involving the people's livelihood, in order to further to poor areas. National Revolutionary development seminars presented "five closely around the", developed to support development and construction of old revolutionary views. Prime Minister Li keqiang on the CPPCC was specifically proposed in the Government work report: "national waste management policies and the people's livelihood projects to impoverished areas." Meanwhile, provinces and cities will also be supporting the introduction of appropriate policies. These policies is very large, the ... ... For
counties not only opportunities for poverty eradication, it is catching up, promote the development of opportunities in the surrounding area. Departments at all levels must firmly grasp this golden opportunity, let these opportunities become crucial for poverty eradication not only a powerful lever, also became ... ... Powerful breakthrough to overall development, with overtaking. Other integration-related funds. At the meeting, "two offices" introduced the integration of agriculture-related projects funds giving priority to poor implementation of village-poor tilt, clear integration of the 4 major categories of funds and use of the process. The involved departments, under the unified command of the leading group of poverty alleviation and development in the County, 周次时数教学方式内容备注
绪论 1 2 讲授
绪论 1 2 讲授 2 2 讲授第一章饱和烃
第一章饱和烃 3 2 讲授
第二章不饱和烃 3 2 讲授
第二章不饱和烃 4 2 讲授 5 2 讲授第二章不饱和烃
习题课 5 2 讲授
第三章芳香烃 6 2 讲授 7 2 讲授第三章芳香烃 7 2 讲授第四章旋光异构
第四章旋光异构 8 2 讲授
第五章卤代烃 9 2 讲授 9 2 讲授第五章卤代烃 10 2 讲授第六章醇、酚、醚
第六章醇、酚、醚 11 2 讲授
习题课 11 2 讲授 12 2 讲授第七章醛、酮、醌
第七章醛、酮、醌 13 2 讲授
第八章羧酸和取代酸 13 2 讲授
o be supporting the introduction of appropriate policies. These policies is very large, the ... ... For counties not only oppll alsnal waste management policies and the people's livelihood projects to impoverished areas." Meanwhile, provinces and cities wid revolutionary views. Prime Minister Li keqiang on the CPPCC was specifically proposed in the Government work report: "natioof ol nal Revolutionary development seminars presented "five closely around the", developed to support development and constructionments, various types of special transfer payments involving the people's livelihood, in order to further to poor areas. Natioalleviation, Central Government of General transfer pay-k Conference of povertyordinate the configuration resource for poverty alleviation. One hand to work actively towards a superior policy. Central wor-" to prevent poverty and returning again. (D) to corom
the ... The stability of families, not simply one off, not only to "help a horse", and "giving a liftpoverty alleviation, making stable poverty of village and exit in a timely manner, should support poverty alleviation into, f2epartments, under the unified command of the leading group of poverty alleviation and development in the County,poor tilt, clear integration of the 4 major categories of funds and use of the process. The involved d-related projects funds giving priority to poor implementation of village-d funds. At the meeting, "two offices"
introduced the integration of agriculturerelate-only a powerful lever, also became ... ... Powerful breakthrough to overall development, with overtaking. Other integration s at all levels must firmly grasp this golden opportunity, let these opportunities become crucial for poverty eradication notrtmentortunities for poverty eradication, it is catching up, promote the development of opportunities in the surrounding area. Depa
第八章羧酸和取代酸 14 2 讲授
第九章含氮和含磷有机化合物 15 2 讲授 15 2 讲授第十章杂环化合物和生物碱 16 2 讲授习题课
三、大纲内容
绪论
教学目的:掌握有机化学的概念、碳原子的杂化类型、共价键的断裂方式、有机
化合物的分类;了解有机化学的发展简史、研究有机化合物的一般方
法、有机化学中的酸碱概念以及有机化学与农业科学的关系。

教学内容:有机化学的产生和发展;有机化合物的特性;有机化合物中的共价键;
共价键的断裂方式;有机化合物构造式的表示方法;有机化学中的酸
碱概念;有机化合物的分类;研究有机化合物的一般程序和方法;有
机化学与农业科学的关系。

教学提示:重点是有机化学的概念、碳原子的杂化类型、共价键的断裂方式、有
机化合物的分类。

第一章饱和烃
教学目的:掌握烷烃系统命名法(IUPAC)与普通命名法、自由基取代反应历程、纽曼(Newman)投影式的书写、环烷烃的结构与化学性质的关系及其
重要化学反应、环己烷的一元、二元取代物的优势构象;了解烷烃的
物理性质及其变化规律和单环、螺环、桥环烷烃的命名。

教学内容:烷烃的通式、同系列和同分异构现象;烷烃的命名;烷烃的分子结构;
烷烃的物理性质;烷烃的化学性质。

环烷烃的分类、异构和命名;环
烷烃的物理性质;环烷烃的化学性质; 环烷烃的分子结构;环烷烃
的立体化学。

教学提示:重点、难点是烷烃系统命名法、自由基取代反应历程、纽曼(Newman) 投影式的书写;环烷烃的结构与化学性质的关系及其重要化学反应、
环己烷的一元、二元取代物的优势构象。

第二章不饱和烃
catiotion of appropriate policies. These policies is very large,
the ... ... For counties not only opportunities for poverty eradithe people's livelihood projects to impoverished areas." Meanwhile,
provinces and cities will also be supporting the introduc es ande
Minister Li keqiang on the CPPCC was specifically proposed in the Government work report: "national waste management policiinars presented "five closely around the", developed to support development and construction of old revolutionary views. Prim's livelihood, in order to further to poor areas. National Revolutionary development semalleviation, Central Government of General transfer payments, various types of
special transfer payments involving the people-policy. Central work Conference of povertyordinate the configuration resource for poverty
alleviation. One hand to work actively towards a superior -urning again.
(D) to co... The stability of families, not simply one off, not only to "help a horse", and "giving a lift" to prevent poverty and ret rom thepoverty alleviation, making stable poverty of village and exit in a timely manner, should support poverty alleviation into, f3d command of the leading group of poverty alleviation and development in the County,tilt, clear integration of the 4 major categories of funds and use of the process. The involved departments, under the unifie poor-related projects funds giving priority to poor implementation of
village-related funds. At the meeting, "two offices" introduced the integration of agriculture-me ... ... Powerful breakthrough to overall development, with overtaking. Other integrationbeca grasp this golden opportunity, let these opportunities become crucial for poverty eradication not only a powerful lever, also n, it is catching up, promote the development of opportunities in the surrounding area. Departments at all levels must firmly
教学目的:掌握单烯烃的系统命名法，特别是Z、E标记法，以及亲电加成反应(马氏加成、反马氏加成)和氧化反应，炔烃和共轭二烯烃的化学性
质，尤其注意共轭二烯烃的1,2-加成、1,4-加成、Diels-Alder反应;
了解萜类化合物的异戊二烯规律。

教学内容:单烯烃的结构;单烯烃的同分异构现象和命名;单烯烃的物理性质;
单烯烃的化学性质。

炔烃的分子结构;炔烃的异构和命名;炔烃的物
理性质;炔烃的化学性质。

二烯烃的分类和命名;共轭二烯烃的结构
和共轭效应;共轭二烯烃的化学性质。

萜类化合物。

教学提示:重点是单烯烃的系统命名法，特别是Z、E标记法;炔烃的异构和命
名;单烯烃、炔烃和共轭二烯烃的化学性质。

难点是单烯烃亲电加成
反应(马氏加成)和氧化反应;共轭二烯烃的Diels-Alder反应。

第三章芳香烃
教学目的:掌握单环芳香烃的结构和命名，苯及其同系物的化学性质，特别是亲
电取代反应、氧化反应、苯环亲电取代的定位规律及应用;了解稠环
芳烃的结构和性质，非苯芳烃及休克尔规则。

教学内容:芳香烃的分类;单环芳烃的结构和命名;单环芳烃的性质;苯环上取代基的定位规律;稠环芳烃;非苯芳香烃及Hückel规则。

教学提示:重点是单环芳香烃的结构和命名，苯及其同系物的化学性质，苯环亲
电取代的定位规律及应用;休克尔规则。

难点是亲电取代反应、苯环
亲电取代的定位规律及应用;休克尔规则。

第四章卤代烃
教学目的:熟练掌握卤代烃的分类、命名;卤代烷的亲核取代反应、消除反应、生成格氏试剂的反应以及格氏试剂在合成上的应用等;了解各种类型
的卤代烃、卤代芳烃在化学活性上的差异。

教学内容:卤代烃的分类和命名;卤代烷的物理性质;卤代烷的化学性质;亲核取代反应历程;消除反应历程。

卤代烯烃和卤代芳烃的分类和命名;
卤代烯烃和卤代芳烃的化学反应;重要的卤代烃。

教学提示:重点是卤代烃的分类、命名、卤代烷的亲核取代反应、消除反应、生
成格氏试剂的反应以及格氏试剂在合成上的应用等。

难点是卤代烷的
亲核取代反应、消除反应。

第五章旋光异构
教学目的:掌握比旋光度、手性分子、手性碳原子、对映体、非对映体、内消
旋
体、外消旋体等概念和Fischer投影式的写法，以及旋光异构体构型
的表示方法;了解旋光仪的组成及其测定原理，外消旋体的拆分。

教学内容:
物质的旋光性;物质的旋光性与分子结构的关系;含有一个手性碳原子化合物的旋光异构;旋光异构体构型的表示法;含有两个手性碳原
子化合物的旋光异构;不含手性碳原子化合物的旋光异构;旋光异构
的性质和生理功能。

-related projects funds giving priority to poor implementation of village-d funds. At the meeting, "two offices" introduced the
integration of agriculturerelate-only a powerful lever, also
became ... ... Powerful breakthrough to overall development, with overtaking. Other integration s at all levels must firmly grasp this golden opportunity, let these opportunities become crucial for poverty eradication notrtmentortunities for poverty eradication, it is catching up, promote the development of opportunities in the surrounding area. Depao be supporting the introduction of appropriate policies. These policies is very large, the ... ... For counties not only oppll alsnal waste management policies and the people's livelihood projects to impoverished areas." Meanwhile, provinces and cities wid revolutionary views. Prime Minister Li keqiang on the CPPCC was specifically proposed in the Government work report: "natioof ol nal Revolutionary development
seminars presented "five closely around the", developed to support development and constructionments, various types of special transfer payments involving the people's livelihood, in order to further to poor areas. Natioalleviation, Central Government of General transfer pay-k Conference of povertyordinate the configuration resource for poverty alleviation. One hand to work actively towards a superior policy. Central wor-" to prevent poverty and returning again. (D) to corom
the ... The stability of families, not simply one off, not only to "help a horse", and "giving a liftpoverty alleviation, making stable poverty of village and exit in a timely manner, should support poverty alleviation into, f4epartments, under the unified command of the leading group of poverty alleviation and development in the County,poor tilt, clear integration of the 4 major categories of funds and use of the process. The involved d
教学提示:重点、难点是比旋光度、手性分子、手性碳原子、对映体、非对映体、
内消旋体、外消旋体等概念和Fischer投影式的写法，以及旋光异构
体构型的表示方法。

第六章醇、酚、醚
教学目的:掌握醇、酚、醚的命名及醇、酚、醚的化学性质;了解醇、酚、醚各主要化合物的实际应用。

教学内容:醇的分类和命名;醇的物理性质; 醇的化学性质;个别化合物。

酚
的分类和命名;酚的结构;酚的物理性质;酚的化学性质。

醚的分类
和命名;醚的物理性质;醚的化学性质。

教学提示:重点、难点是醇、酚、醚的命名及醇、酚、醚的化学性质。

第七章醛、酮、醌
教学目的:掌握醛、酮的分类、命名、结构和化学性质，特别是醛、酮的亲核加
成反应、α,氢的反应、氧化及还原反应，并注意醛、酮化学反应的
异同点;了解醌的分类、命名和化学性质。

教学内容:醛和酮的分类和命名;醛和酮的物理性质;醛和酮的结构;醛和酮的化学性质。

醌的结构和命名; 醌的物理性质;醌的化学性质。

教学提示:重点是醛、酮的分类、命名、结构和化学性质。

难点是醛、酮的亲核加成反应、α,氢的反应、氧化及还原反应。

第八章羧酸和取代酸
教学目的:掌握羧酸、羧酸衍生物的分类和命名，羧酸、羧酸衍生物、羟基酸和
羰基酸的化学性质;了解几种重要有机化合物的互变异构现象。

教学内容:羧酸的分类和命名;羧酸的结构;羧酸的物理性质;羧酸的化学性质;
个别化合物。

羧酸衍生物的命名; 羧酸衍生物的物理性质;羧酸衍
生物的化学性质。

羟基酸;羰基酸。

教学提示:重点、难点是羧酸、羧酸衍生物的分类和命名，羧酸、羧酸衍生物、
羟基酸和羰基酸的化学性质。

第九章含氮有机化合物
教学目的:掌握胺、酰胺的结构和命名，胺和酰胺的化学性质，特别是重氮盐转
化为酚类等的反应和Hoffmann反应的应用;了解偶氮化合物、重氮
盐、季铵类物质的命名,以及硝基化合物的性质。

教学内容:胺的分类和命名;胺的结构;胺的物理性质;胺的化学性质。

酰胺的分类和命名;酰胺的结构;酰胺的物理性质;酰胺的化学性质;碳酸
的酰胺。

硝基化合物分类和命名;硝基化合物的结构;硝基化合物的
物理性质;硝基化合物的化学性质。

教学提示:重点、难点是胺、酰胺的结构和命名，胺和酰胺的化学性质。

-related projects funds giving priority to poor implementation of village-related funds. At the meeting, "two offices" introduced the integration of agriculture-me ... ... Powerful breakthrough to overall development, with overtaking. Other integrationbeca grasp this golden opportunity, let these opportunities become crucial for poverty eradication not only a powerful lever, also n, it is catching up, promote the development of opportunities in the surrounding area. Departments at all levels must firmlycatiotion of appropriate policies. These policies is very large, the ... ... For counties not only opportunities for poverty eradithe people's livelihood projects to impoverished areas." Meanwhile, provinces and cities will also be supporting the introduc es ande Minister Li keqiang on the CPPCC was specifically proposed in the Government work report: "national waste management policiinars presented "five closely around the", developed to support development and construction of old revolutionary views. Prim's livelihood, in order to further to poor areas. National Revolutionary development semalleviation, Central Government of General transfer payments, various types of special transfer payments involving the
people-policy. Central work Conference of povertyordinate the configuration resource for poverty alleviation. One hand to work
actively towards a superior -urning again. (D) to co... The stability of families, not simply one off, not only to "help a horse", and "giving a lift" to prevent poverty and ret rom thepoverty alleviation, making stable poverty of village and exit in a timely manner, should support poverty alleviation into, f5d command of the leading group of poverty alleviation and development in the County,tilt, clear integration of the 4 major categories of funds and use of the process. The involved departments, under the unifie poor
第十章杂环化合物及生物碱
教学目的:掌握杂环化合物的分类和命名，以及五员单杂环化合物呋喃、噻吩
和
吡咯，六员单杂环吡啶的化学性质;了解一些重要的、常见的杂环衍
生物和生物碱。

教学内容:杂环化合物的分类和命名;杂环化合物的结构与芳香性;杂环化合物的化学性质;杂环化合物及其衍生物选述。

生物碱的存在及提取方法;
生物碱的一般性质;个别化合物。

教学提示:重点、难点是杂环化合物的分类和命名，以及五员单杂环化合物呋喃、
噻吩和吡咯，六员单杂环吡啶的化学性质
四、参考书目
1(《有机化学》李贵深李宗澧主编中国农业出版社 2003
2(《有机化学》李贵深李华主编中国农业科技出版社 1997
3(《有机化学》汪小兰主编第三版高等教育出版社 1996 4(《有机化学》
曾昭琼主编第三版高等教育出版社 1993 5(《有机化学》杨红主编中国农业出版社 2001
(《有机化学》叶孟兆主编中国农业出版社 2000 6
epartments, under the unified command of the leading group of
poverty alleviation and development in the County,poor tilt, clear integration of the 4 major categories of funds and use of the process. The involved d-related projects funds giving priority to poor implementation of village-d funds. At the meeting, "two offices" introduced the integration of agriculturerelate-only a powerful lever, also became ... ... Powerful breakthrough to overall development, with overtaking. Other integration s at all levels must firmly grasp this golden opportunity, let these opportunities become crucial for poverty eradication notrtmentortunities for poverty eradication, it is catching up, promote the development of opportunities in the surrounding area. Depao be supporting the introduction of appropriate policies. These policies is very large, the ... ... For counties not only oppll alsnal waste management policies and the people's livelihood projects to impoverished areas." Meanwhile, provinces and cities wid revolutionary views. Prime Minister Li keqiang on the CPPCC was specifically proposed in the Government work report: "natioof ol nal Revolutionary development seminars presented "five closely around the", developed to support development and constructionments, various types of special transfer payments involving the people's livelihood, in order to further to poor
areas. Natioalleviation, Central Government of General transfer pay-k Conference of povertyordinate the configuration resource for poverty alleviation. One hand to work actively towards a superior policy. Central wor-" to prevent poverty and returning again. (D) to corom
the ... The stability of families, not simply one off, not only to "help a horse", and "giving a liftpoverty alleviation, making stable poverty of village and exit in a timely manner, should support poverty alleviation into, f6。