欧美文化概论
西方文化概论总结
第一章绪论一.文化的定义: 为了应付自然的挑战, 发展出物质的或技术的文化; 为了找出在群体中与他人的相处之道, 乃有社群的文化和各种典章制度; 为了克服自己, 乃有精神的或表意的文化, 如音乐、文学、宗教等.二. 文化的特征:1. 文化是人类所独有的, 是区别人类和动物的主要标志。
遗传。
2.文化不是先天所有，而是通过后天习得。
文化是社会传承，而不是生理遗传。
3.文化中的大部分是不自觉的.4.文化是人们行动的指南。
5.文化是动态的,与一定的历史时期相联系.三. 西方文化:是西方人为适应自然与人文环境所创造出来的生活方式的总和,其功能在于确保人类的生存和发展.四、文化与文明五、精英文化和大众文化六、对待文化的态度: 文化相对主义七、世界八大文化体系1、亚洲太平洋文化体系2、南亚文化体系3、地中海大西洋文化体系4、中东阿拉伯文化体系5、北美大洋洲文化体系6、拉丁美洲文化体系7、非洲文化体系8、犹太文化体系八、西方文化的组成（23-24)第二章希腊文明第一节. 希腊文明的曙光---爱琴文明一) 克里特文明1.克里特岛的先民(公元前4500---公元前3000)来自北非(埃及)和西亚半岛(两河流域)2. 米诺斯时代(公元前2500---公元前1500)1)克诺索斯迷宫二)克里特文明的覆灭(公元前1500)三)迈锡尼文明(阿卡亚人) 由迈锡尼人创造的文明通常被视为青铜文化。
1. 狮子门2. 黄金面具3. 特洛伊战争四) 线形文字A 和B西方文化的起源和古典时期1. 新石器时代(公元前两万年) →农业文明开始→青铜器时代(公元前6000-3000) →众多的民族来到爱琴还地区(亚细亚民族和印欧语系民族)2. 欧洲文明(文化的欧洲和地理的欧洲)的出发点: 埃及的尼罗河; 亚洲的两河流域; 上古的第三大文明是爱琴文明.3. 古代希腊罗马文明的(古典时期)发展阶段:1)爱琴文明:克里特文明(最早的文明) →迈锡尼文明(早期的城邦文明,公元前13世纪特洛伊战争)2)荷马时代(多利亚人公元前11-9世纪)3)古希腊城邦时期(公元前8世纪)→马其顿兴起(公元前4世纪)4)罗马帝国征服马其顿(公元前2世纪)→475年西罗马帝国灭亡2、米诺斯时代从历史渊源上来看，西方文明最初的发源地可以追溯到位于爱琴海南端入口处的克里特岛。
欧美现代派文学概论
欧美现代派文学概论
欧美现代派文学是20世纪以来在欧美文坛产生的一种新的文学流派，这也是
文学发展史上最有争议性、最新奇、最有推广性的文学流派之一。
欧美现代派文学是由20世纪中期以来的欧洲和北美文学家们创作的一大波新
文学英雄教材，它的潮流在我们的文学史上有种激情的动力、新颖的主题和富有创意的表现手法等特点。
欧美现代派文学强调“追求”而非“认同”，意在推翻传统的封建和落后的思想，重新审视本国社会的关系和价值观，以极端观点挑战社会稳定，乃至性别概念等。
欧美现代派文学是一种尝试去实现自由、追求公正和平等的艺术流派，它反对
一切不平等的社会关系，它强调从内心去审视现实与虚构之间的关系，它表现出一种本质的积极主义，强调自由，敢于挑战社会的坚固习惯，旨在促进人类的进步。
在欧美这一文艺浪潮的鼓励下，在西方文化的熏陶下，越来越多的文艺作品和文艺理论意见被广为采纳，文艺家们横渡海洋，在文艺发展史上留下了深远的影响。
高校和高等教育机构是推动欧美现代派文学发展的重要组成部分，它们招收优
秀学子，开设更多的文学专业，推动学生们开拓思维，运用文学理论发掘自身潜能；同时，老师和学者们也积极地传递欧美现代派文学思想及其文本，以期激励学生树立正确的价值观。
通过引入欧美现代派文学以及推广它的思想，高校可以培育学生独立思考的能力、社会责任感以及对实践性问题的关注，从而达到更好地培养一流人才，迎合社会发展所需。
由此可见，欧美现代派文学活跃在文艺史的重要时期，它的思想深深的影响了
欧美近代文艺圈，高等教育高校也积极引进和推广这种文学思潮，为文化的进步做出了重大贡献。
西方文化概论
西方文化概论西方文化指的是在欧洲和北美洲传统上流行的文化和价值观体系。
它是由古希腊罗马文明、基督教文化和启蒙运动等多个历史时期和地域背景相互交织而成的。
以下是关于西方文化的一些概括性介绍：1. 古希腊罗马文明：古希腊罗马文明奠定了西方文化的许多基础。
古希腊是西方文学、哲学、政治和艺术的发源地，其民主政治和理性思维对后世产生了深远影响。
古罗马则建立了法律和行政制度，推动了技术和基础设施的发展。
2. 基督教文化：基督教是西方文化的核心元素之一。
基督教教义、道德观念和礼仪习俗贯穿了西方文化的各个方面。
基督教对西方社会的组织、法律和伦理价值产生了深远影响。
3. 启蒙运动：启蒙运动是17世纪和18世纪期间在欧洲兴起的一场思想运动。
它强调理性、科学和个人自由，对西方文化产生了巨大影响。
启蒙思想家提出了许多具有重要意义的概念和原则，例如人权、民主、平等和自由主义等。
4. 科学和技术：西方文化对科学和技术的发展有着显著贡献。
西方科学方法的发展推动了现代科学的兴起，从而改变了人类对世界的认知和理解。
西方的技术创新也极大地改变了人类的生活方式和社会结构。
5. 艺术和文学：西方文化以其丰富多样的艺术和文学作品而闻名。
从古代希腊和罗马的史诗和戏剧，到文艺复兴时期的绘画和雕塑，再到现代的文学和电影，西方艺术和文学一直是世界范围内的重要创作领域。
总的来说，西方文化是一个复杂而多样的概念，其中包含着多个历史时期和地域的文化遗产。
它对世界的发展产生了深远影响，并成为全球化时代的重要文化力量。
英美文化概论
英美文化概论37. the Truman Doctrine:On March 12, 1949, President Truman杜鲁门put forward the Truman Doctrine in a speech to the joint session of Congress. The Truman Doctrine meant to say that the U.S. government would support any country which said it was fighting against Communism.38. the Marshall PlanOn June 5, 1947, the Secretary of State George Marshall announced the Marshall Plan, which meant that in order to protect Western Europe from possible Soviet expansion, the United States decided to offer Western European countries economic aid.2.The Puritans----The Puritans were wealthy, well-educated gentlemen. They wanted to purify the Church of England and threatened with religious persecution, the Puritans leaders saw the New world as the a refuge provided by God for those He meant to save.10. What do you know about the Chartist Movement and the People’s Charter? What’s your comment on them?——The Chartist Movement was an industrial working class movement that happened in England from 1836 to 1848. In 1836a group of skilled workers and small shopkeepers formed the London Working Men’s Association. They drew up a charter of political demands (known as the People’s Charter) in 1838, which ha d six points: (1) the vote for all adult males, (2) voting by secret ballot, (3) equal electoral districts, (4) abolition of property qualifications for members of Parliament, (5) payment of members of Parliament, and (6) annual Parliament, with a General Election every June.Support for these six demands was loudly voiced all over the country. Other working men formed Chartist groups throughout the country to press Parliament to accept the 6 points. But Parliament rejected them for three times. In the end, the Chartist Movement failed. It failed because of its weak and divided leadership, and its lack of coordination with trade-unionism. The working class was still immature. The Chartist Movement, however, the first nation wide working class movement and drew attention to serious problems. The 6 points were achieved very gradually over the period of 1858-1918, although the sixth has never been practical.20.Say something about the three immigration waves.——The first immigration wave began in the mid 1810s, grew steadily during the 1830s and 40s and reached the highest point in 1845. The second wave covered the period between 1860 and 1890. The third wave was the largest of the three. It happeded between 1890 and 1914.21. Why did the early settlers come to America? Who were the Pilgrims? Who were the Puritans? What were the features in the colonial period which had influence on later American development?——The early settlers came to America either for theopportunity to realize their dreams and better their lives or for the freedom from religious and governmental persecution. The Pilgrims were persons who suffered religious persecution in England and went to Holland and later moved to America in 1620. The Puritans were the members of a Protestant group in England who wanted to purify the Church of England. Dissatisfied and threatened in England, they saw America as a refuge and migrated to America since 1630. There were a number of features in the colonial period which had influence on later American development. They were: representative form of government, rule of law, respect of individual rights, religious tolerance and a strong spirit of individual enterprise.22. What were the causes of the War of Independence?——The economy in the thirteen colonies developed very fast and people wanted more power to detemine their own business. But the policy of the British government was to bring the development under control and to collect more taxes from the colonies. On April 19, 1775, on their way to Concord to seize the military supplies of the militia there, the British soldiers met armed militiamen. The shots were fired, the War of Independence began.24. Why did the Civil War break out? How did the war end?——In the early 1800s, the Northern states turned from farming to manufacturing. Black slavery soon disappeared in the North. But things were different in the South. The South expanded both its agriculture and its slavery. The problem of slavery became a serous political issue. The abolitionists tried to abolish slavery while the South tried to keep it. When Abraham Lincoln was elected President, the Southern states broke away and formed a new nation. Then Lincoln was determined tomaintain the Union and the war broke out on April 12, 1861, Lincoln realized that he could win support for the Union at home and abroad by making the war a just war against slavery. So he issued Emancipation Proclamation. Thus England and France stood by the Union’s side. Many black slaves joined the Union Army. After a series of battles, Robert Lee could no longer hold Richmond. He surrendered on April 9, 1865. The Civil War ended.28. What is counterculture? What are some of the forms of counterculture反文化? ——Counterculture is a movement of revolt against the moral values, the aesthetic standards, the personal behavior and the social relations of conventional society. Revolutionaries became models for some people. Many young people experimented with drugs. Music, especially rock music, became the chief vehicle for the counterculture attack on the status quo.1. Why and how did the English Parliament come into being?——After king John died in 1216, his son became Henry III. He filled the most important offices with foreigners, undertook an expensive war which ended in the loss of a large land and demanded more money to enable his son to be king of Sicily. So the barons rebelled. Under the leadership of Simon de Montfort, they defeated the king in 1264. In 1265, Simon de Montrort summoned the Great Council to meet at Westminster, together with two knights from each country and two citizens from each town. This meeting has been considered as the earliest parliament. The Great Council developed later into the Lords and the Commons known as a parliament. Both Houses were called to agree to taxation. The Commons could present petitions to the king which were the first parliamentary bills. But Parliament only met by royal invitation. Its role was to offer advice, not tomake decisions. The most important part of Parliament was the House of Lords.4. What were the causes and consequences of the War of 1812?——The causes leading to the war were the following:(1) A war between Britain and France was going on in Europe. First the American government adopted a policy of not allowing trading with both countries. Later the U.S. government changed its policy by stating that if any of the two countries gave up its blockade against American shipping, the U.S. world lift the prohibition. In 1811, the U.S., on the condition that France would drop its blockade against American shipping, lifted the ban. This angered the British.(2) The Americans resented the British practice of impressing or forcibly removing seamen from American ships on the grounds that they were British subjects.(3) The U.S. wanted to take advantage of the War in Europe, when Britain and France had no time to look after their interests in the New World, to expand into Canada or Spanish Florida. This harmed the interests of the British.——The war had great impact on the development of the Unite States. Firstly, the war made people realize the importance of a strong national government. Secondly, the war strengthened the feeling of national unity and patriotism. Thirdly, for almost 10 years after the war, the Americans turned their attention to the devlopment of the western part of the continent. Fourthly, it made both Britain and the United States realize their disputes should be slove through negotiation. A shaky peace in 1814 turned into lasing peace between the two countries.21.Thatcherism 撒切尔主义----The election of 1979 returnedthe Conservative Party to power and Margaret Thatcher became the first woman prime minister in Britain. Her policies are popularly referred to as state-owned industries, the use of monetarist policies to control inflation, the weaking of trade forces unions, the strengthening of the role of market forces in the economy, andan emphasis on law and order.。
欧美知识点总结
欧美知识点总结为了更好地了解并掌握欧美知识点，我们需要从不同方面进行总结。
在本文中，我们将从历史、文化、政治、经济、科技等方面介绍欧美知识点，以便读者全面了解欧美国家的重要知识点。
1. 欧美历史知识点欧美历史源远流长，可以追溯到古希腊和古罗马时期。
从古罗马帝国的崛起到文艺复兴和启蒙运动，欧洲历史可以说是世界历史的重要组成部分。
其中，文艺复兴和启蒙运动对欧洲的发展产生了深远的影响，推动了人文主义和科学思想的兴起，为现代文明的进步奠定了基础。
在美国历史方面，美国独立战争、南北战争、美国内战等事件都对美国历史产生了深远的影响。
而且，美国作为一个移民国家，移民潮的涌入也为美国的发展带来了新的动力和挑战。
2. 欧美文化知识点欧美文化是世界文化的重要组成部分。
欧美文化包括古典文化、宗教文化、现代文化等多个方面。
古希腊和罗马文化对欧洲文化有着深远的影响，古希腊的哲学思想和罗马的法律制度都为现代西方文化奠定了基础。
而美国文化则受到多种文化的影响，例如英国、法国、西班牙以及非洲和拉丁美洲的文化。
美国文化以多元化和包容性为特点，吸引着世界各地的人们前来体验美国文化。
3. 欧美政治知识点欧美政治系统以西方民主制度为基础，各国政治体系有着相似之处。
例如，法国、英国、德国等国家的政治体系都是以议会制度为基础，而美国则是以总统制为基础的联邦制度。
在欧美政治中，议会制度和总统制度的区别非常明显。
议会制度强调由议会选出政府首脑，政府首脑由议会的多数党组成。
而总统制度则强调由公民直接选出政府首脑，政府首脑和议会有着相对独立的权力。
4. 欧美经济知识点欧美国家的经济体系以市场经济为主导，但各国的经济模式有所不同。
欧洲国家的经济体系多以社会市场经济为主导，强调政府的干预与调节。
而美国经济则以自由市场经济为主导，主张政府尽可能地减少干预，以发挥市场的效率。
此外，欧美国家的国际贸易也占据着世界的重要地位。
欧美国家在世界贸易体系中扮演着举足轻重的角色，对国际贸易的规则制定和贸易体系的发展有着深远的影响。
欧洲文化概论课程提纲(中英文含参考书目)
欧洲文化概论课程大纲教材：王佐良等编：《欧洲文化入门》，北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1992年。
教师：任显楷E-mail: renxiankai@欢迎提问！课程描述和学习目的：“欧洲文化概论”以欧洲文化为学习对象，讨论欧洲自古希腊、罗马以来，直至20世纪的文化变迁和文化实绩，同时对20世纪美国文化亦予以一定的关注。
该课程以历史发展线索为纵轴，同时涉及文化领域中的多个门类，包括历史、政治、哲学、宗教、文学、音乐和美术等。
详细介绍欧洲各国在上述门类中的所取得的发展与成就。
本课程的教学目标分为三个层次。
首先，通过对欧洲文化史实的介绍，学生应当了解并识记欧洲文化史上具有重要意义的事件、线索、思潮、人物，并熟读、熟知相关的文学、艺术作品等。
其次，在认知史实的基础上，对欧洲文化史中的若干重要节点（如古希腊文化、圣经及其影响、文艺复兴、浪漫主义运动、现实主义以及现代主义诸流派）有更为深入的理解。
能够对这些节点问题做出一定的讨论和分析。
第三，通过对欧洲文化史的学习和讨论，初步了解学术研究的方法与模式，并能够尝试着进行浅显的学术研究实践。
课程要求：本课程为中英文双语授课，以英语为主、汉语为辅。
课程作业和考试均使用英语。
学生应当具备良好的英语听力和阅读能力，以及基本的英语口语和写作能力。
结合课程内容，教学中将开展小型讨论活动。
学生应当积极参与这类活动，以获得相应的成绩。
本课程是对欧洲文化的初步介绍，因此并不要求学生对欧洲文化具有丰富的知识准备。
但如果学生对欧洲文化的相关内容具有一定的基础，则将能够更好地掌握课堂教学的内容，并获得更好的学习效果。
课时安排：第一讲：欧洲文化概述：课程概述及课程要求等，基本概念及历史，参考书目介绍第二讲：古希腊文化：概述，文学（戏剧为主），建筑和雕塑第三讲：罗马文化：概述，诗歌，建筑和雕塑第四讲：希伯来或犹太传统（一）：犹太民族和《圣经·旧约》第五讲：希伯来或犹太传统（二）：《圣经·新约》和基督教第六讲：中世纪：希伯来传统的影响第七讲：新世纪的开端：文艺复兴与宗教改革运动，莎士比亚第八讲：十七世纪：科学的进步与地理大发现，巴洛克艺术第九讲：另一个转折点：启蒙运动时期，哲学与文学第十讲：浪漫主义运动（一）：概述，文学成就第十一讲：浪漫主义运动（二）：音乐和绘画第十二将：对社会和人的新知识：马克思主义和达尔文主义第十三讲：现实主义（一）：概述，文学成就第十四讲：现实主义（二）：音乐和绘画第十五讲：20世纪西方文化（一）：现代主义思潮及文学成就第十六讲：20世纪西方文化（二）：现代主义艺术诸流派（第十七讲：总结及答疑）注：行课时间：2009年9月10日——2009年12月31日（因国庆放假所缺课程不补），共约17周/讲。
英美文化概论
美国人的民族特性那天美国政经概况的老师提到一个很老的问题：美国经济发展至今成为世界第一的原因有哪些？说实话这个问题的确很老了，被无数学者讨论了无数次。
那天思维没有打开，没想出什么有新意的答案，什么专利权，地理优势，世界大战.......也许是真的积累越来越匮乏了，思考了几天才想出这么一个比较牵强的来。
首先，美国的民族特性到底是什么？我不敢说我说的就是正确答案，但是在我看来有三：自由，自律，爱国。
自由这个我只有一句话解释：不自由，毋宁死——Patrick Henry。
好吧，也许你会说美国的的无政府主义，新自由主义等等，好吧，这是真的，但是无政府主义不算主流，新自由主义也不是完全的自由。
自律，这里的自律才是关键，这里的自律并不是字面意义上的自律，而是以契约的方式推下来的民族特性。
我不是道各位怎么想，反正在我眼里这完全就是卢梭的社会契约论举出自己认同的第三方来约束自己。
这是从“五月号公约”开始所继承的完全体现，事实证明，启蒙学者灿若星斗，最终胜利的只有卢梭。
现在说为什么这重要，以及为什么与美国经济有关。
首先，五月花公约阐述了国家的来源，国家是民众以契约的形式合意组建的，国家的公权力来自于民众所度让的部分权利的组合。
也就是说，国家的权力是人民做给予的，而人民根据契约的原则必须服从自己所推举出的这个公权力的约束，这就是关键。
我们先反观独立战争，为什么小小的印花税会惹来如此之大的风波？究其原因就在于这不是美国人民自己所推举出的公权力，美国人民没有义务服从你，这是一种无端的迫害。
美国建国近四百年，天赋人权，民赋国权这一理念已经融入了美国人的血液里，这已经成为了一种习惯，一种思维定势。
总的来说美国人有以下特性：1、移民国家形成的合众社会。
这个年青的国家之所以得以发展壮大,不因善于发现而因善于探索，它的繁荣兴旺不是因为其尽善尽美的治事之道,而是由于其机灵多变的精神。
2、移民生活形成的务实精神。
美国的早期历史确实发人深省，他们对全人类所作的启示，不是空洞的告诫而是实际的行动。
欧美文化和历史背景介绍
欧美文化和历史背景介绍欧美文化走过了漫长的历史，拥有着丰富多彩的社会、文化和政治背景。
本文将从文艺复兴时期开始，介绍欧美文化和历史背景的发展变迁。
文艺复兴文艺复兴时期是欧洲文化史上一个重要的历史时期，该时期从14世纪开始，一直持续到17世纪。
文艺复兴时期是一个文化运动的时代，是人们在艺术、文学、科学等领域追求新思想的时代。
文艺复兴时期的主要思想是人文主义，人文主义提倡人的自由、平等、尊严和自主意识。
文艺复兴时期的艺术家、作家、思想家以及政治家，发挥出了自己不同领域的专业技能，创造出了无数的艺术作品和文学作品，这些作品影响了整个世界上思想、宗教和美学方面的变革。
16世纪的基督新教改革16世纪初期，基督新教改革的兴起极大的影响了欧美文化和历史的发展变革。
基督新教的崛起是在天主教统治的欧洲地区，获得一定程度的权力，以及排斥天主教的改革信仰。
这场运动扩大了人们对宗教的认识和信仰，同时也引起了一系列的社会、政治和文化的变革，奠定了欧洲宗教体系的18世纪启蒙运动18世纪的启蒙运动是欧美文化史上一个重要的历史时期，该时期从18世纪初开始，一直持续到19世纪初。
此时期以推崇理性和科学，摒弃迷信和宗教的黑暗时期。
启蒙运动的主要思想是对自由、平等、人权等重要的现代价值的推崇和追求。
启蒙运动引领了欧美社会的进步与发展，促进了欧洲的科学、文化、社会、法律和哲学等领域的繁荣，也为现代大众文化打下了基础。
第一次世界大战第一次世界大战是欧洲的一个重要历史事件，影响了欧美文化和历史的发展变革。
第一次世界大战爆发于1914年，经历了激烈的战争，直到1918年才结束。
此时期的战争是现代史上最大规模的战争之一，在战争中，几乎所有的欧洲大国都参加了战争。
战争造成了大量的人员伤亡和财产损失，欧洲社会经济面临巨大的重重挑战。
第一次世界大战国际社会产生的普遍反战情绪和对战争的强烈谴责，引领文艺复兴运动，使其重新出现，并为未来的艺术家、文学家、思想家提供二战第二次世界大战是欧美文化和历史发展变革的又一个重要时期。
西方文化概论课的名词解释
西方文化概论课的名词解释引言：西方文化概论课是许多大学教授的一门重要课程，旨在帮助学生了解和理解西方文化的基本概念和核心价值观。
这门课程涉及了许多重要的名词和概念，本文将对其中一些关键词进行简要解释，以帮助读者对课程内容有更深入的理解。
一、文化（Culture）文化是一种包括信仰、价值观、行为模式、艺术表达和社会组织形式在内的综合性概念。
它是人类社会发展过程中所创造和积累的一系列思维方式、行为规范和艺术传统的总和。
文化是人们根据自己的生活经验和环境创造的一种模式，有助于交流、互动和理解。
二、多元文化主义（Multiculturalism）多元文化主义是一种社会和政治观念，强调不同文化之间的平等和相互尊重。
它主张在一个社会中接受和欢迎不同文化和民族的存在。
多元文化主义认为每个文化都有其独特的贡献，而且不同文化之间的相互影响和交流能够促进社会的进步和发展。
三、启蒙时代（Enlightenment）启蒙时代是17世纪末到18世纪末欧洲发生的一场思想变革运动。
这一时期的欧洲哲学家和思想家提倡理性、自由和人权，反对封建主义和迷信。
启蒙运动对于西方文化的发展产生了重要的影响，推动了科学和人文学科的发展，并为后来的法治社会和民主体制奠定了基础。
四、自由主义（Liberalism）自由主义是一种政治和哲学观点，强调个人自由、政治权利和私有产权的重要性。
自由主义认为个人在自己的兴趣和目标上应该具有自由选择的权利，政府的主要职责是保护人们的权利和自由。
自由主义对于西方社会和政治制度的形成和发展起到了重要的推动作用。
五、工业革命（Industrial Revolution）工业革命是发生在18世纪末到19世纪初的一场跨国范围的经济和技术变革。
它标志着从传统手工业到机械工业的转变，通过使用机器替代人力和利用化石燃料来推动生产力的发展。
工业革命对于现代工业社会和城市化的形成起到了决定性的作用，也对西方世界的经济、社会和环境产生了深远的影响。
英美文化概论
Considered perhaps the 20th century's best chronicler of English culture,[4] Orwell wrote literary criticism, poetry, fiction and polemical journalism. He is best known for the dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949) and the allegorical novella Animal Farm (1945), which together have sold more copies than any two books by any other 20th-century author.[5] His book Homage to Catalonia (1938), an account of his experiences in the Spanish Civil War, is widely acclaimed, as are his numerous essays on politics, literature, language and culture. In 2008, The Times ranked him second on a list of "The 50 greatest British writers since 1945".[6]
埃尔维斯·普莱斯利（Elvis Presley，1935～1977）是20世纪50年代美国最有影响的歌手，素有"摇滚乐之王"的称号，他为摇滚乐的推广和普及做出了巨大的贡献。
Elvis Aron Presley, also known as "The King of Rock 'n Roll" was an American singer and actor.
欧美文化资料
欧美文化欧美文化，是指涵盖欧洲和美洲地区的文化，包括但不限于艺术、音乐、时尚、食物等各个方面。
欧美文化由于其悠久历史和独特发展轨迹，成为世界上最具影响力的文化之一。
文化历史欧美文化源远流长，可以追溯至古埃及、古罗马及古希腊时期。
在中世纪，欧洲经历了文艺复兴运动，这一时期的作品仍然被广泛传颂。
美洲文化则自原住民文化开始，随着殖民地时代的到来，各种文化相互融合，使得美洲文化更加多元。
艺术欧美文化在艺术领域有着丰富多样的表现形式。
古典艺术、现代艺术、印象派、抽象派等流派在欧美文化中皆有出色表现。
许多著名的画家、雕塑家和建筑师都出自欧美地区，他们的作品极大地推动了世界艺术的发展。
音乐欧美文化的音乐发展历史悠久，从古典音乐到摇滚乐、流行音乐，欧美文化一直引领着全球音乐的潮流。
著名的作曲家如贝多芬、巴赫，以及著名的乐队如披头士乐队、皇后乐队也均为欧美文化的瑰宝。
时尚欧美文化对全球时尚产业的影响力不可忽视。
从巴黎时装周到纽约时装周，欧美文化一直在定义着时尚的潮流。
知名设计师如威廉·凯特勒、范·诺顿等通过其作品传递着欧美文化的精髓。
食物欧美文化的食物以其多样性和口味独特而著称。
意大利披萨、法国面包、美国汉堡等美食成为了世界各地人们口中的美味。
欧美地区的美食文化也在全球范围内引领着潮流。
总结欧美文化作为世界上最具影响力的文化之一，不仅在艺术、音乐、时尚、食物等方面展现出独特魅力，更在全球范围内影响着人们的生活方式和价值观。
欧美文化的发展历程充满着辉煌和传奇，它将继续在世界文化交流中扮演重要角色。
西方文化概论复习汇总知识点汇总
西方文化概论复习汇总知识点汇总西方文化概论复习汇总：知识点梳理与解析引言西方文化概论是人文社科领域的一门重要课程，它旨在帮助学生了解西方文化的起源、演变和发展。
在全球化日益深入的今天，了解西方文化对于培养具有国际视野的人才具有重要意义。
本文将结合课程内容，对西方文化概论的知识点进行梳理和解析。
主题词汇总在西方文化概论课程中，涉及众多主题词，以下是对部分关键词的汇总：1、古希腊文明：包括神话、哲学、艺术、政治制度等方面。
2、古罗马文明：包括建筑、法律、文学、宗教等方面。
3、中世纪文明：包括基督教文化、封建制度、骑士精神等方面。
4、文艺复兴：包括人文主义、艺术风格、科学进步等方面。
5、启蒙运动：包括理性主义、自由主义、科学思想等方面。
6、现代主义：包括文化、艺术、文学、建筑等方面。
7、后现代主义：包括解构主义、消费文化、多元文化等方面。
核心思想分析每个主题词都代表着特定的历史时期和社会背景，它们的核心思想也是理解课程内容的重点。
以下是对部分关键词核心思想的解析：1、古希腊文明：强调人类智慧和自由，倡导民主和人的尊严。
2、古罗马文明：注重秩序和法律，强调国家意识和公共利益。
3、中世纪文明：强调信仰和神秘主义，重视教会和封建等级制度。
4、文艺复兴：推崇人文主义和古典文化，倡导自由和创新。
5、启蒙运动：强调理性和自由主义，推动科学和进步。
6、现代主义：追求创新和个性化，关注科技和工业发展。
7、后现代主义：批判现代主义的局限性，倡导多元文化和反讽。
历史渊源了解每个主题词的历史渊源和演变过程是理解西方文化的重要环节。
以下是对部分关键词历史渊源的梳理：1、古希腊文明：起源于公元前8世纪，繁荣于公元前5世纪到公元前4世纪之间，对西方文化产生了深远影响。
2、古罗马文明：继承和发展了古希腊文明，从公元前753年罗马建城开始，经历了共和国和帝国时期，形成了独特的罗马文化。
3、中世纪文明：从公元476年罗马帝国灭亡开始，经历了黑暗时期、封建时期和文艺复兴时期，形成了独特的基督教文化。
英美文化概论
英美文化概论导言：在全球化的今天，英美文化已成为世界范围内广泛接受和影响深远的文化形式。
英美文化的独特性和多样性使其融入了各个层面的社会生活。
本文将对英美文化进行概述，包括英美文化的起源、主要特征和影响力等方面。
一、起源1. 英美文化的历史背景英美文化源于英国和美国两个国家，两国在历史发展中形成了独特的文化基因。
英国作为美国的殖民地，英国文化是美国文化的重要来源之一。
17世纪至18世纪期间，随着大量移民的涌入，欧洲文化也对美国文化的形成产生了影响。
2. 英美文化的多样性英美文化是一个多元且充满活力的文化体系。
它包括了英国各个地区的本土文化以及美国不同地区和种族背景的文化。
这种多样性使英美文化具备了包容性和创造性。
二、主要特征1. 语言英语是英美文化的基本媒介和表达方式。
英美英语具有许多共同点，但也有一些差异，如发音、词汇和语法等方面。
同时，英语在英美文化中的地位也是相当重要的。
2. 文学英美文学以其独特的风格和世界知名的作家而闻名。
从莎士比亚到丽兹·堤勒，英美文学不仅包括古典作品和传统文学，还涵盖了现代文学和儿童文学等多个领域。
3. 音乐英美文化中的音乐具有广泛的影响力。
从古典音乐到流行音乐，英美的音乐创作和表演都具有独特的风格和特点。
如披头士乐队、迈克尔·杰克逊等，这些音乐人和乐队都成为了英美音乐文化的重要代表。
4. 电影英美电影是全球最具影响力的电影产业之一。
从好莱坞到英国电影，这些电影以其独特的剧情和制作质量广受欢迎。
同时，英美文化对于电影风格、故事情节以及电影产业的发展都起到了重要推动作用。
5. 社交礼仪英美文化中的社交礼仪和行为规范也是其特征之一。
英美人民注重礼节和谦和，在社交场合中会注重礼貌的表达和行为举止。
例如，握手、微笑、道谢等行为是英美社交礼仪中的常见做法。
三、影响力1. 全球影响力由于英美文化的广泛传播和深入影响，其对全球的影响力不言而喻。
无论是英语的普及、英美文学的翻译与传播，还是英美电影和音乐在全球范围内的流行，都体现了英美文化的全球影响力。
西方文化概论 第一章
西方文化是从地中海地区的古代罗马起源，但是在中世纪，西方 文化中心转移到西欧，范围也加以扩大。西欧不是纯粹地理上的 概念，地理学的西欧只包括英国等7国，我们所说的西欧是文化 意义上的西欧，除了英法等地理学的西欧国家外，还包括北欧的 斯堪的纳维亚半岛、中欧与南欧以及伊比利亚半岛的西班牙、葡 萄牙等国，这是一个大的西欧文化概念，也就是所谓的大西洋文 化圈。
第四，由于欧洲特殊的自然与人文环境，各国之间历史交往频 繁。所以欧洲历史上就有相当多共同的社会组织，使欧洲各国之 间的经济、政治与社会生活产生了密切的联系。从罗马帝国开始， 欧洲大多数地区就处于大一统的制度之下。以后虽然历经沧桑， 欧洲建立了多种经济、政治的共同组织，研究这些组织是了解西 方文化的重要途径。其中最重要的有北大西洋公约组织和欧洲联 盟。北大西洋公约组织，简称北约，成立于1949年4月4日，成立 大会在华盛顿召开，总部设在布鲁塞尔。成立时有美国与西欧、 北欧的16个国家，宗旨是“促进北大西洋地区的稳定和福利”
第一节 欧洲的自然与人文环境
一、欧洲的自然环境与社会组织
欧洲是古代文明的起源地之一，西方文明发源于欧洲并且在 欧洲完成了各个历史阶段的进化，所以通常人们以欧洲来作为西 方文明的原生地。
欧洲在西语中名为欧罗巴(Europe)，是与亚洲连为一体的大陆。 大约在中新世，由于地壳的运动，使得欧洲大陆与美洲之间断裂， 纽芬兰与爱尔兰以北的地区，原本是与欧洲大陆和格陵兰联结在 一起的，从这时开始分离，大西洋的出现隔断了旧大陆，形成了 新大陆。
瑙河到斯维瓦河，再到斯堪的纳维亚半岛的南北方向，其范围包 括了整个大西洋地区，这一地区有比较相近的人文社会与生活习 俗。大约从12世纪到16世纪前后，西方文明中心从地中海地区转 移到了西欧地区，以西欧国家为中心，取代了地中海地区国家的 领先地位，建立起大西洋文化，原地中海国家也逐渐融入大西洋 文化。西欧地区气候相对温暖，交通便利，工业化之后与北美洲 一起成为世界经济发达地区。
英美文化概论第2讲
• 我们本人都直接代表美国以及美国作为自由、平等和机会之土地的希 望。
1.2Value Orientation
Value Frankness Individualism Collectivism Respect for the Old Youthfulness Efficiency and practicality Peace Patriotism Feminism Being grateful Primary Western Western Eastern Eastern Western Western Eastern Eastern Western Eastern Western Eastern Western Eastern Eastern Western Secondary Eastern Tertiary Eastern Western Western Negligible
Classification of Culture
• Material cultures（物质文化）: dress, architecture, language, food, sports and so on. • Social cultures ( 社会文化） : gestures, greetings, behaviors, customs. • Ideological cultures (意识形态文化） : value, idea, thinking.
• 2.2 Analytical thinking
• 2.3 linear thinking 直 线型 • 2.4 Cognitive thinking
Circutuitous thinking 绕 圈子 Moral thinking
2.1 Western: Abstract thinking China: imaginary thinking
美国文化概论第9单元
美国文化概论第9单元Unit 9SocialMovementsof the 1960sSocial Movements Definition & Features●They are large informal groupings of individuals or organizations focused on specific political or social issues.●Modern Western social movements became possible through education, and increased mobility of labor due to the industrialization and urbanization of 19th century societies.Social Movements Definition & Features●The freedom of expression, education and relative economic independence prevalent in the modern Western culture is responsible for the contemporary social movements.●social movements have been closely connected with democractic political systems.Social Movements Types of Social Movements (scope)●R eform move ment -movements advocating changing some norms or laws.*Trade reunion with a goal of increasing workers’rights; (Britain, US, France, Germany) * a green movement advocating a set of ecological laws (Green Peace Org.)●Radic al movement-movements dedicated to changing value systems in a fundamental way. *the American Civil Rights movementThree ImportantSocial Movementsin US1.The Civil Rights Movement2.The Youth Anti-War Movement3.The Women’s LiberationMovementHistorical Background●The end of WWII,1960sWhite Men:veterans/ survivors; well education; home ownership; plentiful welfareMiddle-class white women:well-educated; less money and few opportunities in jobs; housewives and mothers with several children American blacks:●Living outside of Southern states: good life●Living in the Southern states: suffered from the segregation lawsThey Are Dissatisfied!●Afro-Americans●Young people●Middle-class WomenThey Want:●Justice●Equality●Antisegregation●Individu alism●Rights to choose own lifestyleThe Civil RightsMovement Definition●The civil rights movement in the United States includes noted legislation and organized efforts to abolish public and private acts of racial discrimiantion on Afican Americans and other disadvantaged groups between 1954 to 1968, particularlyin the southern United States.●It is one of the most important of all social movements in the 1960s in AmericaImportant EventsRosa Park, Montgomery1955“Sit-in”at Greensboro,1960Organizations ●CORE, James Farmer●The Congress of Racial Equality●SCLC, Martin Luther King●The Southern Christian Leadership Conference●SNCC, Ella Baker●The Student Nonviolent Coordinating CommitteeTacticsPage 136●“sit-in”●“freedom rides”●Voter r egistration●Peaceful demonstration●1963, Washington D.C., Martin Luther King,“I have a dream”speechResults:The Civil Rights Act, 1964,signed by President JohnsonRelated Political IssuesPresident KennedyAssassination,Texas●Democrat●Roman CatholicThe Youth MovementStage I After “Freedom Summer”1964●Lost respect for government authority●Had seen Southern mayors or governors refusing to obey federal laws●They gave speeches on the civil rights movement and nonviolence●Oct., 1964, Univers ity of California at Berkeley,a CORE organizer, collecting money, arrested●“Free Speech Movement”began with successThe Youth MovementStage II Counterculture●Express their disagreements with themainstream culture in a non-violent way●Became “Hippies”●Drugs, rocks, weird and exotic fashion, living inlarge groups●“Beat Generation”in literature●Drop out of school and even societyThe Youth MovementStage III The Anti-War Movement●Mobilization Committees to End the War in Vietnam●Including church gr oups, SNCC, SDSDirect Action Strategies:●Teach-in on college campuses, protest marches and rallies, attacks on federal offices●Results: a peace treaty with Vietnam, 1973The Women’s MovementThree Groups of Women:1.Professionals assigned to a Commission on theStatus of Women, President Kennedy, 19612.Housewives and mothers who read The FeminineMystique by Betty Friedan3.Young women activists in the civil rights movement andAnti-war movement●1966, NOW (National Organization for Women)●1975, The United Nations’World Conference onWomenThe Women’s MovementChanges that American women claim:●Equal pay for equal work; equal opportunity forjobs, esp. in fields of science, technology,management and politics●Changes in social practices and a ttitudestoward women: women were not inferior tomen in intelligence or ability●Feminine, stereotype。
西方文化概论
洛克是英国的哲学家，是“自然法学派”的代表之一，在社会契约理论上做出重要贡献。
其代表作是《论宗教宽容》。
他主张政府只有在取得被统治者的同意，并且保障人民拥有生命、自由和财产的自然权利时，其统治才有正当性。
洛克相信只有在取得被统治者的同意时，社会契约才会成立，如果缺乏了这种同意，那么人民便有推翻政府的权利。
洛克的思想对于后代政治哲学的发展产生巨大影响，并且被广泛视为是启蒙时代最具影响力的思想家和自由主义者。
洛克是第一个以连续的“意识”来定义自我概念的哲学家，他也提出了心灵是一块“白板”的假设。
卢梭法国十八世纪伟大的启蒙思想家、哲学家、教育家、文学家，是18世纪启蒙运动最卓越的代表人物之一。
主要著作《社会契约论》、《爱弥儿》、《忏悔录》等。
在哲学上，卢梭主张感觉是认识的来源，坚持“自然神论”的观点；强调人性本善，信仰高于理性。
在社会观上，卢梭坚持社会契约论，主张建立资产阶级的“理性王国”；主张自由平等，反对大私有制及其压迫；在教育上，他主张教育目的在培养自然人，顺应儿童的本性，让他们的身心自由发展。
在政治上主张人民主权，强调用法治代替君主专制政治。
笛卡尔海德格尔20世纪存在主义哲学的创始人和主要代表之一。
其代表著作《存在与时间》，《林中路》，《路标》等。
P378文艺复兴的历史意义文艺复兴是一场发生在14世纪至17世纪的文化运动，在中世纪晚期发源于佛罗伦萨，后扩展至欧洲各国，于16世纪在欧洲盛行的一场思想文化运动，带来一段科学与艺术革命时期，揭开了近代欧洲历史的序幕，被认为是中古时代和近代的分界，也被认为是封建主义时代和资本主义时代的分界。
这场运动也是一场资产阶级在思想文化领域领导的反封建文化运动，其主要核心是人文主义，而人文主义精神的核心是提倡人性，反对神性，主张人生的目的是追求现实生活中的幸福，倡导个性解放，反对愚昧迷信的神学思想。
产生的根本原因是欧洲的生产力的发展，随着工场手工业和商品经济的发展，资本主义萌芽而资本主义的萌芽是商品经济发展到一定阶段的产物，商品经济是通过市场来运转的，而市场上择优选购、讨价还价、成交签约，都是斟酌思量之后的自愿行为，这就是自由的体现，当然要想有这些自由还要有生产资料所有制的自由，而所有这些自由的共同前提就是人的自由。
欧美文化概论PPT课件
2021/3/12
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• Orthodox Judaism: places a high importance on 13 principles as a definition of Jewish faith
• Conservative Judaism: teaches that Jewish law is not static, but has always developed in response to changing conditions.
• Hebrew bible: God
Abraham offspring
great nationerous formulations—criticism • Most popular—13 principles of faith—
Maimonides • In Maimonides’ time—criticized • In modern—lack of centralized authority
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Prayers
• 3 times daily + a declaration of faith • recited in solitary prayer—Jewish service • Daily: morning; before and after a meal • The approach to prayer—different: text;
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Judaism
2021/3/12
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• Character • Tenet • Identity • Movement • Observance
2021/3/12
西方文化概论第四讲
西方文化概论第四讲
西方文化的起源 西方现代文化的发展 西方文化的全球化影响 西方文化的未来展望
contents
目 录
01
西方文化的起源
古希腊文明是西方文化的源头之一，其哲学、艺术和政治思想对后世产生了深远影响。
古希腊文明
古罗马文明
古代科技与学术
古罗马文明在法律、建筑和政治制度方面取得了巨大成就，为西方文明的发展奠定了基础。
环境问题与可持续发展
全球公民意识的培养
全球公民意识的培养有助于促进不同文化之间的交流和理解，推动全球文化的和谐发展。
跨文化交流与合作的重要性
跨文化交流与合作对于推动全球文化的繁荣和发展具有重要意义，有助于消除文化隔阂和误解。
多元文化主义的发展趋势
随着全球化的加速和移民潮的涌现，多元文化主义在全球范围内得到了越来越多的关注和支持。
环保意识与文化活动密切相关，许多文化活动都在积极倡导环保理念，推动可持续发展。
01
气候变化对文化的影响
气候变化对自然环境和人类社会产生了深远的影响，这也对文化产生了影响，如传统文化的消失和新兴文化的兴起。
02
可持续发展理念在文化领域的应用
可持续发展理念在文化领域的应用，有助于推动文化产业的绿色发展，保护文化遗产，促进文化的传承和创新。
宗教改革运动
文艺复兴与宗教改革
02
西方现代文化的发展
总结词
启蒙运动是一场以理性主义为核心的思想运动，旨在通过科学的方法和理性的思考来推动社会进步。科学革命则是在这一时期，科学知识、科学方法和科学思维得到了广泛的应用和推广。
详细描述
在17-18世纪，欧洲经历了一场以理性主义为核心的思想运动，被称为启蒙运动。启蒙思想家们倡导科学的方法和理性的思考，反对封建迷信和愚昧无知。他们相信人类可以通过科学知识的进步和理性的思考来推动社会进步。同时，这一时期也发生了科学革命，科学知识、科学方法和科学思维得到了广泛的应用和推广。这些思想和科学方法的普及，为现代西方文化的发展奠定了基础。
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A chastity belt is a locking item of clothing designed to prevent sexual intercourse and possibly masturbation. The purpose may also be to protect the wearer from rape or temptation1. This tool is usually formed by a metal belt and a connected vertical metal strip. The vertical metal strip goes through the crotch and covers the genitals. There is a lock in the junction, or, the connection in front of the two metal strips is fixed, the lock is designed on one side or both sides of the belt. Once locked, the vertical metal strip bends toward crotch, so the whole chastity belt can not be moved, then occurrence of sexual behavior is prevented.Though the history of the chastity belt, which is fashionable in a limited sense in the West (some eastern countries partly included), can be traced back to the 14th century Europe, its guiding concept and functional character have changed completely.Today, chastity belts are sometimes used in BDSM play and in consensual relationships. They are a means for the wearer to surrender control over their sexual behavior either for sexual play, or as a long-term method of preventing infidelity or masturbation. They range from simple leather or plastic toys commonly sold by adult stores to expensive high-security stainless steel devices made by a handful of specialist firms2. The male chastity belt didn’t exist until the 19th century, that is to say, before that all the chastity belts were created for women only.Chastity belts are surrounded by myths and folklore. According to modern myth the chastity belt was used as an anti-temptation device during the Crusades. When the knight left for the Holy Lands on the Crusades, he would force his Lady to wear a chastity belt to preserve her faithfulness to him. But there is no credible evidence to prove it. The first known mention of what could be interpreted as chastity belts in the West is in Konrad Kyeser von Eichstätt's Bellifortis describing the military technology of the era dates 1405. The book includes a drawing that is accompanied b y the Latin text: “Est florentinarum hoc bracile dominarum ferreum et durum ab antea sic reseratum.” (These are hard iron breeches of Florentine women which are closed at the front.) The belt in this drawing is described by Dingwall as “both clumsy and heavy”, having “little in common with the later models which served the same use”3.Italy seems to have been, both in the Middle Ages and later, the principal seat of their usein Europe; a phenomenon commonly ascribed to the notorious jealousy of the Italians4. In Italy, Husbands always had an eye on their wives and the laws against rape were very severe. So the so-called chastity belt can be concluded that this is the product of the social background. It is the product of the religious asceticism and men’s s elfish cravings. We can know this from a poem:Invisible catches & secret hooks, boneWithin bone & trick locks.If a man needs this to holdLove in place, master of keysWill always bite his nailsTo the quick. Tooled leather,Laced mail & jeweled bronze.Before his departure over a bodyOf themulant water, he turnsThe key in the lock as they kiss.5The chastity belt is considered as a torture device. The reason they are torture devices is because that they are humiliating and a lot of women were forced to wear one against their will6. And according to the materials and processes at the time, even if there were chastity belt, it can not be a long-term wear. It’s very uncomfort able and will hurt the skin (especially the iron rust), even do further damage to the entire body. The women’s genitals, waists and hips got ulcerated when they were locked for a long time. It’s very cruel.It’s somewhat incredible that such a cruel device has be popular for a very long time. The chastity belt has been popular in Europe for several centuries, and the Spanish were still using them in the 19th century. In the early 20th century, some archaeologists occasionally excavated a skeleton of a young woman in the cemetery near Linz, a northern city of Austria. The skeleton was wearing a chastity belt. And the woman was proved to be living in the early 16th century. Besides, two belts are exhibited at the Musée de Cluny in Paris. The first, a simple velvet-covered hoop and plate of iron, was supposedly worn by Catherine de' Medici (wife of Henry II of France). The other—said to have been worn by Anna of Austria (wife of Louis XIII of France)—is a hinged pair of plates held about thewaist by metal straps, featuring intricately etched figures of Adam and Eve7.All these materials suggest that in Modern Europe women were considered as private possessions. They had to do anything their husbands asked. As a role of wife, a member of the family, they were treated more like a slave. Their social status is just like that of Chinese women in ancient times. But this is incredible. Because in ancient China, women can't study in schools or have a job in the government (Wu Zetian is an exception, she disobeyed the traditional rules). But in Europe, women can be queen, knight, military leader and many other roles. Many people will assume that European women have the same social status with man.And there are so-called knights and gentlemen in Europe. They do have their own faith and codes. The most famous code is the eight Knight Spirit: humility, honor, courage, sacrifice, compassion, spirituality, honesty and fair. And a gentleman should have gentle manners, respect women and human dignity, highlight man's fortitude, tenacity and magnanimous personality. All of these seem to have no connection with the chastity belt. But they do exist in the same period. Those gentlemen’s respect for women is limited to ceremonial. These gentlemen are the same with those educated men in Ancient China.So the chastity belt is like a bolt from the blue, breaking everybody’s fantastic fancy. Europe has no exception; it also conforms to the developing law of women’s social status. In the Renaissance, the humanists advocate the secular enjoyment, oppose the abstinence of asceticism. The hard work of women in the family can provide secular enjoyment for man. Since the functions of women’s labors have been approved, then the male would have to admit that there is a certain position for women in the family. However, the advancement of women in the family doesn’t mean that the social value of women increased. In the 16th century in Western Europe, with the relaxation of religious control for the secular marriage and the family, authority of the husband and paternity fill the space left behind by the religious authority in time. It can be seen that, compare to the control of Middle Ages, the oppression of women in the Renaissance is greater.Analyzing from the women's marital and family conditions, women have two roles in marriage in the Renaissance. When she is young, she could only act as a gentle bride, married passively to the man who complies with the interests of her own family. Then inlater life, she also must be careful and prudent. After all, the man of the family has the final say. Such situation is almost the same with that in ancient China.Then look at the level of women’s education. In the Renaissance, the women from rich families have been trained from childhood. How to be a wife and mother in the future are the main curriculum subjects of her education. The women from poor families rarely receive good education; because they have to participate in productive labor, in order to make ends meet. It can be seen that the education is still closed to the majority of women in the Renaissance; even aristocratic women's education is also given to serve the purpose of male power.Renaissance, known as the "discovery of man" is a great era, emphasizing on human value and dignity and promoting individual emancipation and freedom. However, from a feminist point of view, the "discovery of man" of Renaissance is not based on the awakening of both sexes, but ignoring the development needs of women as human beings, just focusing on men’s liberation from God’s repression. At the same time, women are still treated as men's accessories, objects to enslave and dally.All in all, during this Renaissance the status of women still clings to the medieval tradition- based on male-centered theory and women's inf eriority of the Christ’s traditional concept. And women are confined to private and family realm. This phenomenon is commonly accepted as the notion that the women were uniquely fashioned for the private realm is at least as old as Aristotle8.And many phi losophers ascribe women’ inferiority to their own nature. The confinement of woman to the private sphere is justified by reference to woman’s particularistic, emotional, non-universal nature. Since she knows only the bonds of love and friendship, she will be a dangerous person in political life, prepared, perhaps, to sacrifice the wide public interest to satisfy person tie or private preference. By contrast, men will recognize the wider interest and will not be guided mere emotion and sentimentality9.Kant believes that the obedience of wife to husband is a requirement of natural law10. And woman’s nature is used to justify her social status, and then her actual social is used as a disqualification for any other status11. So according to the woman’s nature s aid above, women’s confinement to the private realm and subsidiary status is natural.Because women’s education level is very low and they always stay at home or in the convents, have little contact with the actual social life, their knowledge is both ideal and rigid compared with men’s knowledge; it is impossible to make much contribution to society. So they have no idea to fight for their own right; they just suffer and say no word. What might Kant say if he could see the current world? The women are playing their in various field; they have the same social status with the man. In the Renaissance, the chastity belt was made for women; now there are chastity belts for both sexes, certainly, their usage has changed completely. It’s a truth that women’s socia l status was consistent with the ideological level at that time.Women's liberation is a long process. With the social development and progress, women will have more opportunities to participate in social and public affairs. But the stereotypical view of women accumulated over history can not be changed overnight, nor disappear automatically. The world is changing every minute now; women should seize every opportunity, struggle with the social prejudices, change their low status and control their own destiny.Women should also attach importance to cooperation and coordination with men while stressing that their own liberation. Women and men shall work together to create a free, equal and harmonious gender relation in order to promote the human civilization development. The environment and education the modern women get are better than those in the Renaissance, therefore, the modern women should more accurately position themselves, and more fully exploit their own potential and make greater contributions to society.BibliographyBooks:9.Women, Culture & Politics (The Randomhouseinc Press) p.810.Anthropology from a Pragmatic Point of View, trans. M. Gregor (Martinus Nijhoff, TheHuge, 1974) p.16711.Women, Culture & Politics (The Randomhouseinc Press) p.21Journals:3.Dingwall, Eric J (1931), The Girdle of Chastity: A Medico-Historical StudyMan,V ol.31(Nov,1931) p257-2584.Dingwall, Eric J (1931), The Girdle of Chastity: A Medico-Historical StudyMan,V ol.31(Nov,1931) p257-2585.Yusef Komunyakaa, Chastity Belt. The Keyon Review, New Series, V ol.20, No. 3/4(summer-autumn, 1998) p.17.Dingwall, Eric J (1931), The Girdle of Chastity: A Medico-Historical StudyMan,V ol.31(Nov,1931) p257-2588.The Historical Journal, V ol. 36, No. 2 (Jun., 1993), pp. 383-414 Published by:Cambridge University PressInternet Resources:1.Chastity Belt. < http://www.chastitybelt.eu/>2.Chastity Belt. /wiki/Chastity_belt6.Torture device-Chastity belt</article/1212-ancient-torture-devices>。