2004年英语专八试卷真题及答案
2004年TEM8英译汉考题
For me the most interesting thing about a solitary life , and mine has been that for the last twenty years, is that it becomes increasingly rewarding. When I can wake up and watch the sun rise over the ocean, as I do most days, and know that I have an entire day ahead, uninterrupted, in which to write a few pages, take a walk with my dog, read and listen to music, I am flooded with happine疲劳过度的时候，在我长时间 工作而没有休息的时候，或是在我感到 心头空虚而需要充实的时候，我才感到 孤独。有时，当外出讲学后回家，见过 许多人，讲过许多话，满脑子的感受需 要梳理的时候，我也会感到孤独。
屋子有一阵子显得既大又空，而我不知 自我潜藏何处。只有去浇浇花草，或许， 然后再注目每一株花草，将之视为活生 生的知己，我才能渐渐找回失去的自我。
I am lonely only when I am overtired, when I have worked too long without a break, when for the time being I feel empty and need filling up. And I am lonely sometimes when I come back home after a lecture trip, when I have seen a lot of people and talked a lot, and am full to the brim with experience that needs to be sorted out.
2004年专八口语试题答案
1.Britain has a lot to offer China. 42 of Europe’s top 100companiesare British. We are increasingly strong in the knowledge-based industries of the future.英国有很多产品要提供给中国。
在欧洲100强里有42个家公司是英国的。
我们未来的知识经济越来越强大。
2.One third of Europe’s biotechnology companies are located inBritain. We have the world’s fifth largest electronics sector.有三分之一的欧洲生物技术公司坐落于英国。
我们有世界上5个最大的大电子企业。
3.Upon these foundations I want to build a modern relationshipwith China. I want to consolidate a partnership which looks forward, not back. We can only tackle global problem if we work together.在这些基础上，我想与中国建立一个现代的关系。
我想巩固一个向前的而不是后退的伙伴关系。
只有我们一起努力才能解决全球问题。
4.With one of the great economics of the 21st century, China willincreasingly be called upon to share the responsibilities of international leadership. The need for cooperation has never been greater.作为21世纪经济大国之一，中国将日益被要求共同负担国际领导的责任。
2004年八级试卷及答案
PART II READING COMPREHENSION (30 MIN.) （Score: ）2004 TEXT AFarmers in the developing world hate price fluctuations. It makes it hard to plan ahead. But most of them have little choice: they sell at the price the market sets. Farmers in Europe, the U.S. and Japan are luckier: they receive massive government subsidies in the form of guaranteed prices or direct handouts. Last month U.S. President Bush signed a new farm bill that gives American farmers $190 billion over the next 10 years, or $83 billion more than they had been scheduled to get, and pushes U.S. agricultural support close to crazy European levels. Bush said the step was necessary to “promote farmer independence and preserve the farm way of life for generations”. It is also designed to help the Republican Party win control of the Senate in November’s mid-term elections.Agricultural production in most poor countries accounts for up to 50% of GDP, compared to only 3% in rich countries. But most farmers in poor countries grow just enough for themselves and their families. Those who try exporting to the West find their goods whacked with huge tariffs or competing against cheaper subsidized goods. In 1999 the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development concluded that for each dollar developing countries receive in aid they lose up to $14 just because of trade barriers imposed on the export of their manufactured goods. It’s not as if the developing world wants any favours, says Gerald Ssendwula, Uganda’s Minister of Finance. “What we want is for the rich countries to let us compete.”Agriculture is one of the few areas in which the Third World can compete. Land and labour are cheap, and as farming methods develop, new technologies should improve output. This is no pie-in-the-sky speculation. The biggest success in Kenya’s economy over the past decade has been the boom in exports of cut flowers and vegetables to Europe. But that may all change in 2008, when Kenya will be slightly too rich to qualify for the “least developed country” status that allows African producers to avoid paying stiff European import duties on selected agricultural products. With trade barriers in place, the horticulture industry in Kenya will shrivel as quickly as a discarded rose. And while agriculture exports remain the great hope for poor countries, reducing trade barriers in other sectors also works: Americas African Growth and Opportunity Act, which cuts duties on exports of everything from handicrafts to shoes, has proved a boon to Africa’s manufacturers. The lesson: the Third World can prosper if the rich world gives it a fair go.This is what makes Bush’s decision to increase farm subsidies last month all the more depressing. Poor countries have long suspected that the rich world urges trade liberalization only so it can wangle its way into new markets. Such suspicions caused the Seattle trade talks to break down three years ago. But last November members of the World Trade Organization, meeting in Doha, Qatar, finally agreed to a new round of talks designed to open up global trade in agriculture and textiles. Rich countries assured poor countries, that their concerns were finally being addressed. Bush’s handout last month makes a lie of America’s commitment to those talks and his personal devotion to free trade.16. By comparison, farmers ____ receive more government subsidies than others.A. in the developing worldB. in JapanC. in EuropeD. in America17. In addition to the economic considerations, there is a ____ motive behind Bush’s signing of thenew farm bill.A. partisanB. socialC. financialD. cultural18. The message the writer attempts to convey throughout the passage is that ____.A. poor countries should be given equal opportunities in tradeB. “the least developed country” status benefits agricultural countriesC. poor countries should remove their suspicions about trade liberalizationD. farmers in poor countries should also receive the benefit of subsidies19. The writer’s attitude towards new farm subsidies in the U.S. is ____.A. favourableB. ambiguousC. criticalD. reservedTEXT BOscar Wilde said that work is the refuge of people who have nothing better to do. If so, Americans are now among the world’s saddest refugees. Factory workers in the United States are working longer hours than at any time in the past half century. America once led the rich world in cutting the average working week—from 70 hours in 1850 to less than 40 hours by the 1950s. It seemed natural that as people grew richer they would trade extra earnings for more leisure. Since the 1970s, however, the hours clocked up by American workers have risen, to an average of 42 this year in manufacturing.Several studies suggest that something similar is happening outside manufacturing: Americans are spending more time at work than they did 20 years ago. Executives and lawyers boast of 80 hour weeks. On holiday, they seek out fax machines and phones as eagerly as Germans bag the best sun loungers. Yet working time in Europe and Japan continues to fall. In Germany’s engineering industry the working week is to be trimmed from 36 to 35 hours next year. Most Germans get six weeks’ paid annual holiday; even the Japanese now take three weeks. Americans still make do with just two.Germany responds to this contrast with its usual concern about whether people’s aversion to work is damaging its competitiveness. Yet German workers, like the Japanese, seem to be acting sensibly: as their incomes rise, they can achieve a better standard of living with fewer hours of work. The puzzle is why America, the world’s richest country, sees things differently. It is a puzzle with sinister social implications. Parents spend less time with their children, who may be left alone at home for longer. Is it just a coincidence that juvenile crime is on the rise?Some explanations for America’s time at work fail to stand up to scrutiny. One blames weak trade unions that leave workers open to exploitation. Are workers being forced by cost cutting firms to toil harder just to keep their jobs? A recent study by two American economists, Richard Freeman and Linda Bell, suggests not: when asked, Americans actually want to work longer hours. Most German workers, in contrast, would rather work less.Then, why do Americans want to work harder? One reason may be that the real earnings of many Americans have been stagnant or falling during the past two decades. People work longer merely to maintain their living standards. Yet many higher skilled workers, who have enjoyed big increases in their real pay, have been working harder too. Also, one reason for the slow growth of wages has been the rapid growth in employment—which is more or less where the argument began.Taxes may have something to do with it. People who work an extra hour in America are allowedto keep more of their money than those who do the same in Germany. Falls in marginal tax rates in America since the 1970s have made it all the more profitable to work longer.None of these answers really explains why the century long decline in working hours has gone into reverse in America but not elsewhere (though Britain shows signs of following America’s lead). Perhaps cultural differences—the last refuge of the defeated economist—are at play. Economists used to believe that once workers earned enough to provide for their basic needs and allow for a few luxuries, their incentive to work would be eroded, like lions relaxing after a kill. But humans are more susceptible to advertising than lions. Perhaps clever marketing has ensured that “basic needs”—for a shower with built in TV, for a rocket propelled car—expand continuously. Shopping is already one of America’s most popular pastimes. But it requires money—hence more work and less leisure.Or try this: the television is not very good, and baseball and hockey keep being wiped out by strikes. Perhaps Wilde was right. Maybe Americans have nothing better to do.20. In the United States, working longer hours is ____.A. confined to the manufacturing industryB. a traditional practice in some sectorsC. prevalent in all sectors of societyD. favoured by the economists21. According to the third paragraph, which might be one of the consequences of working longer hours?A. Rise in employees’ working efficiency.B. Rise in the number of young offenders.C. Rise in people’s living standards.D. Rise in competitiveness.22. Which of the following is the cause of working longer hours stated by the writer?A. Expansion of basic needsB. Cultural differencesC. Increase in real earningsD. Advertising TEXT CThe fox really exasperated them both. As soon as they had let the fowls out, in the early summer mornings, they had to take their guns and keep guard; and then again as soon as evening began to mellow, they must go once more. And he was so sly. He slid along in the deep grass; he was difficult as a serpent to see. And he seemed to circumvent the girls deliberately. Once or twice March had caught sight of the white tip of his brush, or the ruddy shadow of him in the deep grass, and she had let fire at him. But he made no account of this.The trees on the wood edge were a darkish, brownish green in the full light—for it was the end of August. Beyond, the naked, copper like shafts and limbs of the pine trees shone in the air. Nearer the rough grass, with its long, brownish stalks all agleam, was full of light. The fowls were round about—the ducks were still swimming on the pond under the pine trees. March looked at it all, saw it all, and did not see it. She heard Banford speaking to the fowls in the distance—and she did not hear. What was she thinking about? Heaven knows. Her consciousness was, as it were, held back.She lowered her eyes, and suddenly saw the fox. He was looking up at her. His chin was pressed down, and his eyes were looking up. They met her eyes. And he knew her. She was spellbound—she knew he knew her. So he looked into her eyes, and her soul failed her. He knew her, he has not daunted.She struggled, confusedly she came to herself, and saw him making off, with slow leaps oversome fallen boughs, slow, impudent jumps. Then he glanced over his shoulder, and ran smoothly away. She saw his brush held smooth like a feather, she saw his white buttocks twinkle. And he was gone, softly, soft as the wind.She put her gun to her shoulder, but even then pursed her mouth, knowing it was nonsense to pretend to fire. So she began to walk slowly after him, in the direction he had gone, slowly, pertinaciously. She expected to find him. In her heart she was determined to find him. What she would do when she saw him again she did not consider. But she was determined to find him. So she walked abstractedly about on the edge of the wood, with wide, vivid dark eyes, and a faint flush in her cheeks. She did not think. In strange mindlessness she walked hither and thither...As soon as supper was over, she rose again to go out, without saying why.She took her gun again and went to look for the fox. For he had lifted his eyes upon her, and his knowing look seemed to have entered her brain. She did not so much think of him: she was possessed by him. She saw his dark, shrewd, unabashed eye looking into her, knowing her. She felt him invisibly master her spirit. She knew the way he lowered his chin as he looked up, she knew his muzzle, the golden brown, and the greyish white. And again she saw him glance over his shoulder at her, half inviting, half contemptuous and cunning. So she went, with her great startled eyes glowing, her gun under her arm, along the wood edge. Meanwhile the night fell, and a great moon rose above the pine trees.23. At the beginning of the story, the fox seems to the all EXCEPT ____.A. cunningB. fierceC. defiantD. annoying24. As the story proceeds, March begins to feel under the spell of ____.A. the lightB. the treesC. the nightD. the fox25. Gradually March seems to be in a state of ____.A. blanknessB. imaginationC. sadnessD. excitement26. At the end of the story, there seems to be a sense of ____ between March and the fox.A. detachmentB. angerC. intimacyD. conflict27. The passage creates an overall impression of ____.A. mysteryB. horrorC. livelinessD. contemptTEXT DThe banners are packed, the tickets booked. The glitter and white overalls have been bought, the gas masks just fit and the mobile phones are ready. All that remains is to get to the parties.This week will see a feast of pan-European protests. It started on Bastille Day, last Saturday, with the French unions and immigrants on the streets and the first demonstrations in Britain and Germany about climate change. It will continue tomorrow and Thursday with environmental and peace rallies against President Bush. But the big one is in Genoa, on Friday and Saturday, where the G8 leaders will meet behind the lines of 18,000 heavily armed police.Unlike Prague, Gothenburg, Cologne or Nice, Genoa is expected to be Europe’s Seattle, the coming together of the disparate strands of resistance to corporate globalisation.Neither the protesters nor the authorities know what will happen, but some things are predictable. Yes, there will be violence and yes, the mass media will focus on it. What should seriously concernthe G8 is not so much the violence, the numbers in the streets or even that they themselves look like idiots hiding behind the barricades, but that the deep roots of a genuine new version of internationalism are growing.For the first time in a generation, the international political and economic condition is in the dock. Moreover, the protesters are unlikely to go away, their confidence is growing rather than waning, their agendas are merging, the protests are spreading and drawing in all ages and concerns.No single analysis has drawn all the strands of the debate together. In the meantime, the global protest “movement” is developing its own language, texts, agendas, myths, heroes and villains. Just as the G8 leaders, world bodies and businesses talk increasingly from the same script, so the protesters’once disparate political and social analyses are converging. The long term project of governments and world bodies to globalise capital and development is being mirrored by the globalisation of protest.But what happens next? Governments and world bodies are unsure which way to turn. However well they are policed, major protests reinforce the impression of indifferent elites, repression of debate, overreaction to dissent, injustice and unaccountable power.Their options—apart from actually embracing the broad agenda being put to them—are to retreat behind even higher barricades, repress dissent further, abandon global meetings altogether or, more likely, meet only in places able to physically resist the masses.Brussels is considering building a super fortress for international meetings. Genoa may be the last of the European super protests.28. According to the context, the word “parties” at the end of the first paragraph refers to ____.A. the meeting of the G8 leadersB. the protests on Bastille DayC. the coming pan-European protestsD. the big protest to be held in Genoa29. According to the passage, economic globalisation is paralleled by ____.A. the emerging differences in the global protest movementB. the disappearing differences in the global protest movementC. the growing European concern about globalisationD. the increase in the number of protesters30. According to the last paragraph, what is Brussels considering doing?A. Meeting in places difficult to reach.B. Further repressing dissent.C. Accepting the protesters’ agenda.D. Abandoning global meetings.Part III GENERAL KNOWLEDGE [ 10 MIN.] （Score: ）1. Britain is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the____.A. northB. southC. westD. east2. New Englanders were originally known as ____, which came to stand for all Americans.A. PilgrimsB. YankeeC. HaleensD. Sanders3. The first immigrants in American history name from England and ____.A. the NetherlandB. Philippine IslandsC. TasmaniaD. France4. In the 1970s Canada’s policy of multiculturalism recognized that cultural pluralism within a ____ FRAME WORK WAS THE ESSENCE OF THE Canadian identity.A. bipolarB. bilingualC. Judeo-ChristianD. immigration5. The epoch of Renaissance witnessed a particular development of English drama. It was ____ who made blank verse the principle vehicle of expression in drama.A. Chistopher MarloweB. Thomas LogeC. Edmund SpenserD. Thomas More6. Which play is not a comedy?A. A Midsummer Night’s DreamB. The Merchant of VeniceC. Twelfth NightD. Romeo and Juliet7. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn tells a story about the U.S before the Civil War and the story takes place along ____.A. the American RuhrB. the Imperial ValleyC. the Grand CanyonD. the Mississippi River8. In American literature, the 18th century was the age of the Enlightenment. ____ was the dominant spirit.A. HumanismB. RationalismC. RevolutionD. Evolution9. Which of the following sounds is a central vowel?A. /Λ/B. /i/C. /ou/D. /a:/10. There are ____ morphemes in the word “boyish”.A. oneB. twoC. threeD. fourPART IV PROOFREADING & ERROR CORRECTION (15 MIN.) （Score: ）One of the most important non-legislative functions of the U.S Congressis the power to investigate. This power is usually delegated to committees eitherstanding committees, special committees set for a specific 1.purpose, or joint committees consisted of members of both houses. 2.Investigations are held to gather information on the need forfuture legislation, to test the effectiveness of laws already passed,to inquire into the qualifications and performance of members andofficials of the other branches, and in rare occasions, to lay the 3.groundwork for impeachment proceedings. Frequently, committeesrely outside experts to assist in conducting investigative hearings 4.and to make out detailed studies of issues. 5.There are important corollaries to the investigative power. Oneis the power to publicize investigations and its results. Most 6.committee hearings are open to public and are reported 7.widely in the mass media. Congressional investigationsnevertheless represent one important tool available to lawmakers 8.to inform the citizenry and to arouse public interests in national issues. 9. Congressional committees also have the power to compeltestimony from unwilling witnesses, and to cite for contemptof Congress witnesses who refuse to testify and for perjurythese who give false testimony. 10.PART II READING COMPREHENSION (30 MIN.)TEXT A短文大意：美国总统布什签订了一份农业议案，旨在提高农业补贴。
0408真题
2004年8月TOEFL试题PART ONE LISTENING COMPREHENSION1. (A) She left the videos in her other bag.(B) She will return one of the videos today.(C) She returned the videos last week.(D) She forgot how many videos she had borrowed.2. (A) She is not sure if there is a reduced price for students.(B) She is not willing to help the man.(C) She knows that students do not get a discount.(D) She thinks the tickets are free.3. (A) His sister studied at many different schools.(B) His sister will attend the same school he does.(C) His brother will come to visit soon.(D) He is not sure what his brother's plans are.4. (A) It might not be open.(B) It might have what the man is looking for.(C) It has less expensive clothing than the stores in town.(D) It does not sell sweaters.5. (A) The library will be closed later this afternoon.(B) The computers in the library are not working.(C) The man needs his computer all afternoon.(D) The woman lent her computer to somebody.6. (A) She has already paid the bill.(B) The bill should have been paid yesterday.(C) She has extra time to pay the bill.(D) The man can pay the bill next month.7. (A) He lost his watch.(B) lie thought the meeting was for a different day.(C) His history class ended 20 minutes late.(D) He was not paying attention to the time.8. (A) The man and the woman use the same computer.(B) The man cannot help the woman.(C) The woman cannot turn off the computer.(D) The man has helped the woman with her computer before.9. (A) She also thinks the lecture was interesting.(B) She was too tired to learn much from the lecture.(C) She missed the lecture this morning.(D) She did not finish the reading before the lecture.10. (A) Do something easier(B) Think of an idea himself(C) Tell her about his friend(D) Try asking someone else11. (A) She does not like to carry her books around.(B) She prefers reading books to reading on a computer.(C) She did not know the colnputcr version was avadablc.(D) She uses the book when her computer is not working.12. (A) The woman should change her living arrangement.(B) The woman will have to call her roommate.(C) The woman should not spend so much time on the phone.(D) The woman does not clean her apartment often enough.13. (A) He is too busy to come to the picnic.(B) The weather on Sunday will not be good enough for a picnic.(C) The woman should not change the date of the picnic.(D) The woman should invite more people to the picnic.14. (A) Going to the opera is time-consuming.(B) There is no time left to order opera tickets.(C) She would like to go with the man to the opera.(D) She will help the man pay for the opera tickets.15. (A) Explain the article again(B) Compare one historical period to another(C) Tell the class what her opinion is(D) Assign the class only one article to read16. (A) The woman can call the owner from his house.(B) He wants the woman to give him the wallet.(C) He knows who the wallet belongs to.(D) The woman should leave the wallet at his house.17. (A) Read the articles right away(B) Finish typing the letters before 4 o'clock(C) Make the photocopies as soon as possible(D) Go to the meeting late18. (A) He will not be able to attend the class next Friday.(B) He thinks the class will meet as scheduled.(C) The woman should cancel her plans for the weekend.(D) The professor has canceled classes before.19. (A) Stay in bed until he feels better(B) Go see a doctor(C) Take less medicine(D) Take a walk to the drugstore20. (A) The woman needs more work experience.(B) The woman may need to work while attending graduate school.(C) The woman needs to finish writing her statement soon.(D) The woman's work experience is relevant to her career plans.21. (A) Tell her the man left without her(B) Ask her to call the man back later(C) Go to the newspaper office(D) Tell her the man will call her at 2 o'clock22. (A) The woman does not like to drink coffee in the afternoon(B) It was not the woman's coat that the man spilled coffee on.(C) The woman just had her coat cleaned.(D) The woman is not angry with the man.23. (A) The man will easily find a good job ill biochemistry.(B) The man should choose another field with more opportunities.(C) The man should try to get a job before he graduates.(D) The man needs to study harder to be a biochemist.24. (A) He will go to the art exhibition.(B) He did not get an invitation.(C) He already has other plans for Saturday.(D) He wants to join the publicity committee.25. (A) The toothpaste will soon be on sale.(B) She will lend the man seven dollars.(C) Toothpaste prices have risen sharply.(D) Many people are willing to buy the toothpaste.26. (A) She is worried about the midterm exam.(B) She heard the class is very difficult.(C) Professor Johnson is a new teacher.(D) Professor Johnson's leaching style will probably change.27. (A) Change his clothes before he goes hiking(B) Take a radio with him(C) Check the weather report in the local paper(D) Cancel his plans28. (A) She hopes to get into art school.(B) She is looking for a job as a commercial artist.(C) She has talents other than drawing.(D) She cannot decide upon a career.29. (A) He does not know how to get to the clinic.(B) He is going to the clinic for the first time.(C) The clinic will be closed by the time the woman gets there.(D) The woman is going the wrong way.30. (A) He will go to the film Saturday.(B) He will watch a basketball game on Saturday.(C) He will practice with the basketball team on Sunday.(D) He does not like to watch films.31. (A) What the man's plans are for tonight(B) Why the man does not want to play tennis(C) Why they do not have time to play tennis after class today(D) What time they can meet in the library32. (A) Yesterday before dinner(B) Two days ago(C) Last weekend(D) One week ago33. (A) He drank too much coffee last night.(B) He has the flu.(C) He is nervous about his anthropology project.(D) He missed dinner last night.34. (A) Let him win a tennis game(B) Help him finish his anthropology project(C) Give him some medicine for his stomach(D) Lend him her anthropology book35. (A) Safety in poorly lighted areas(B) A new type of outdoor lighting(C) Highway safety(D) Color blindness36. (A) The weather will be foggy later(B) The man will have to leave after dinner.(C) She no longer enjoys walking at night.(D) She wants to avoid rush hour traffic.37. (A) The sodium bulbs used there are stronger than in residential neighborhoods.(B) The spacing of the lights helps ensure true color.(C) The bulbs on highways are a different color.(D) The headlights on cars counter the fade-out effect.38. (A) They last much longer than regular bulbs.(B) They are easy to replace.(C) They conform to the new construction code.(D) They are safer to use than regular bulbs.39. (A) Eliminating the original vegetation from the building site(B) Making the houses in an area similar to one another(C) Deciding where on a site a house will be built(D) Surrounding a building with wildflowers and plants40. (A) They are changed to make the site more interesting.(B) They are expanded to limit the amount of construction.(C) They are integrated into the design of the building.(D) They are removed for construction.41. (A) Because many architects studied with Wright(B) Because Wright started the practice of "land-scraping"(C) Because Wright used elements of envelope building(D) Because most of the houses Wright built were made of stone42. (A) Protecting buyers of paintings(B) Why copies of famous paintings are made(C) How paintings are sold in the United States(D) Protecting artists from illegal use of their work43. (A) After the artwork is reviewed by lawyers(B) After all documents are filed(C) When the artist first gets an idea(D) moment the work of art The is finished44. (A) The buyer has the right to reprint it.(B) The buyer is allowed to change it.(C) The artist continues to hold the copyright for it.(D) The artist must report the sale to the United States Copyright Office.45. (A) The United States Copyright Office created it.(B) It does not protect artists' techniques and procedures.(C) It has not been changed since its creation.(D) It is applied only to copies of the original work.46. (A) The original work of art increases in value.(B) An artist has greater legal protection.(C) Artists can sell their work abroad.(D) Artists are allowed to make changes in their own works.47. (A) To explain how sense organs normally function(B) To point out errors in a recent study(C) To discuss an unusual condition of the brain(D) To present a creative approach to teaching language skills48. (A) Remembering word definitions(B) Recognizing repeated numbers(C) Distinguishing between similar colors(D) Tasting sounds49. (A) To explain the causes of synesthesia(B) To prove that sound and color can affect a person's mood(C) To determine whether or not synesthesia exists(D) To show how creativity can be stimulated50. (A) Consistently associate words with certain colors(B) Memorize long lists of words(C) Use colored printing to learn pronunciation(D) Use words creatively in art objectsPART TWO STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION1. In tile philosophical school of pragmatism, -----certainty and there are no absolutes.(A) there is no(B) is there not(C) neither(D) no2. The femur, or thighbone, is in the human body.(A) the bone is longest(B) the longest bone that(C) the longest bone(D) that of which the longest bone3.------- different kinds of beans are cultivated throughout the world.(A) Many(B) Of the many(C) There are many(D) Many are the4. A major source of rock salt is domes, ------of rock salt embedded in surrounding layers of earth.(A) are that vertical cylinders(B) that vertical cylinders(C) cylinders are vertical(D) vertical cylinders5. Hot springs are one of the most characteristic features of areas of recent volcanic activity, although----- in other areas less abundantly.(A) also to have occurred(B) their occurrence also(C) also occur(D) they do also occur6. Soap operas, a type of television drama series, are so called because at first they were such as soap manufacturers.(A) commercial companies by sponsored(B) companies commercial by sponsored(C) sponsored by commercial companies(D) companies commercial sponsored by7. In the early 1900's, Albert Einstein showed, under special circumstances, matter and energy can be converted into one another.(A) in which(B) that(C) what(D) there are8.------in the United States began in the eighteenth century, when individuals, merchants, and colonial governments loaned money to one another.(A) Banking(B) When banking(C) It was banking(D) Banking was9. By performing specific motions, forager honeybees are able to recruit to gather at a recently discovered food source.(A) while their nestmates(B) so that their nestmates(C) their nestmates(D) their nestmates are10. Although the chemical elements niobium and tantalum are not quite zirconium and hafnium, the differences between them are slight(A) as similar(B) as similar as(C) similar than(D) that similar11. ------both safety and reliability have always been primary goals of the railway mechanical engineer.staff at all, these editors wrote copy, set type, delivered papers, oversaw billing, andsold advertising. Their highly personal journals reflected their own tastes, politics, and known as the "Oregon style"--graphic, torrid, and potentially libelous.Early newspapers were thick with print, carrying no illustrations or cartoons.Advertising was generally confined to the back pages and simply listed commodities received by local stores. Toward the end of the century, newspapers in Washingtonbegan to carry national advertising, especially from patent medicine companies, which bought space from agencies that brokered ads in papers all over the country. By 1900, Washington boasted 19 daily and 176 weekly papers. Especially in the larger cities, they reflected less the personal opinions of the editor than the interests of the large businessesthey had become. They subscribed to the Associated Press and United Press news services, and new technology permitted illustrations. Concentrating on features, crime reporting, and sensationalism, they imitated the new mass-circulation papers that William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer were making popular throughout the United States.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) Ways in which various newspapers were advertised in Washington(B) The history of newspapers in Washington(C) Editors of the first Washington newspapers(D) The illustrations in early Washington newspapers2. What does the passage imply about early Washington newspapers?(A) People relied on them as their primary source of news.(B) They contained important historical articles.(C) They were not as informative as today's newspapers.(D) They rarely reflected the views of any particular religion.3. ln line 7. the word “'it” refers to(A) The Columbian(B) Olympia(C) religious group(D) political party4. In line 13, the word "oversaw" is closest in meaning to(A) estimated(B) supervised(C) collected(D) provided5. In line 15, the word "'delivered'" is closest in meaning to(A) confirmed(B) compared(C) questioned(D) presented6. According to the passage, which of the following was true of curly Washington newspapers?(A) Most were owned by part-time editors who worked at other jobs.(B) Most were run by editors who had little or no earlier newspaper experience.(C) Most received financial support from the town in which they were published.(D) Most stayed in business for only a short while.7. What does the author mention as typical of early newspaper editors from Washington?(A) Their capital grew rapidly.(B) Their political opinions changed with time.(C) They had many types of responsibilities.(D) They were generally members of the same political party.8. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about advertising in Washington newspapers of the mid-nineteenth century?(A) It contained information about patent medicines.(B) It focused on local rather than national products.(C) It was printed on entire pages distributed in local stores.(D) It was the only part of the paper containing cartoons.9. In line 22, the word "boasted" is closest in meaning to(A) planned(B) financed(C) was forced to close(D) took pride in havingEuropa is the smallest of planet Jupiter's four largest moons and the second moonout from Jupiter. Until 1979, it was just another astronomy textbook statistic. Thencame the close-up images obtained by the exploratory spacecraft Voyager 2, and within days, Europa was transformed--in our perception, at least--into one of the solar system's most intriguing worlds. The biggest initial surprise was the ahnost total lack of detail, especially from far away. Even at close range, the only visible features are thin, kinked brown lines resembling cracks in an eggshell. And this analogy is not far offthe mark.The surface of Europa is almost pure water ice, but a nearly complete absence ofcraters indicates that Europa's surface ice resembles Earth's Antarctic ice cap. The eggshell analogy may be quite accurate since the ice could be as little as a few kilometers thick--a tree shell around what is likely a subsurface liquid ocean that, in turn, encasesa rocky core. The interior of Europa has been kept warm over the cons by tidal forces generated by the varying gravitational tugs of the other big moons as they wheel around Jupiter. The tides on Europa pull and relax in an endless cycle. The resulting internal heat keeps what would otherwise be ice melted almost to the surface. The cracklike marks on Europa's icy face appear to be fractures where water or slush oozes from below.Soon after Voyager 2's encounter with Jupiter in 1979, when the best images ofEuropa were obtained, researchers advanced the startling idea that Europa's subsurface ocean might harbor life. Life processes could have begun when Jupiter was releasing a vast store of internal heat. Jupiter's early heat was produced by the compression of the material forming the giant planet. Just as the Sun is far less radiant today than the primal Sun, so the internal heat generated by Jupiter is minor compared to its former intensity. During this warm phase, some 4.6 billion years ago, Europa's ocean may have been liquid right to the surface, making it a crucible for life.10. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The effect of the tides on Europa's interior(B) Temperature variations on Jupiter's moons(C) Discoveries leading to a theory about one of Jupiter's moons(D) Techniques used by Voyager 2 to obtain close-up images11. The word "intriguing" in line 5 is closest in meaning to(A) changing(B) perfect(C) visible(D) fascinating12. In line 7, the author mentions "cracks in an eggshell" in order to help readers(A) visualize Europa as scientists saw it in the Voyager 2 images(B) appreciate the extensive and detailed informalion available by viewing Europa from far away(C) understand the relationship of Europa to the solar system(D) recognize the similarity of Europa to Jupiter's other moons13. It can be inferred from the passage that astronomy textbooks prior to 1979(A) provided many contradictory statistics about Europa(B) considered Europa the most important of Jupiter's moons(C) did not emphasize Europa because little information of interest was available(D) did not mention Europa because it had not yet been discovered14. What does the author mean by stating in line 7 that "this analogy is not far off the mark"?(A) The definition is not precise.(B) The discussion lacks necessary information.(C) The differences are probably significant.(D) The comparison is quite appropriate.15. It can be inferred from the passage that Europa and Antarctica have in common which of the following?(A) Both appear to have a surface with many craters.(B) Both may have water beneath a thin, hard surface.(C) Both have an ice cap that is melting rapidly.(D) Both have areas encased by a rocky exterior.16. The word "endless" in line 14 is closest in meaning to(A) new(B) final(C) temporary(D) continuous17. According to the passage, what is the effect of Jupiter's other large moons on Eurnpa?(A) They prevent Europa's subsurface waters from freezing.(B) They prevent tides that could damage Europa's surface.(C) They produce the very hard layer of ice that characterizes Europa.(D) They assure that the gravitational pull on Europa is maintained at a steady level.18. According to the passage, Voyager 2's images Ied rcsearchers to develop which of thefollowing theories'?(A) Jupiter may be hotter today than it once was.(B) Europa is far older than scientists originally thought(C) Europa's temperature is maintained by Jupiter's vast store of internal heat.(D) The ocean waters of Europa could contain some forms of life.19 The word "it" in line 24 refers to(A) internal heat(B) warm phase(C) Europa's ocean(D) surfaceThe term "print" has several meanings, so it is important to understand exactly what is meant by the artistic terminology. A print in the artistic sense is not a reproduction of a work of art done in some other medium, such as painting or drawing. That can in no sense be considered a work of art, since the artist had no involvement with it. A print is an original work of art created by an indirect method. Instead of making an image directly on a surface, as in drawing or painting, the artist works on a master surface, which may be a sheet of metal, a block of stone, wood, plastic, or linoleum. From this master surface, numerous impressions may be made by inking the surface, laying a sheet of paper on it, and then subjecting both surface and paper to pressure, generally by means of a printing press.A print may exist in several versions. Sometimes the printmaker alters the image between impressions, so that each print is slightly different from the others. Any series of such prints is referred to as multiples. The number of impressions (known as the edition) that are possible from a single original varies with the material. Prints made from linoleum, which wears readily, will be fewer than those made from a metal plate, which is capable of striking fine-quality prints in the thousands. It is customary to number prints as they come off the press, the earlier impressions being the finest and therefore the most desirable.Prints incorporate the same compositional principles, as paintings. Line, shape, or texture may be the predominant element according to the printing technique used. Some prints have obvious decorative qualities while others may be filled with emotional impact. Printmaking derives from two historical sources: early woodblocks into which animage was cut and used to illustrate a book or playing cards, and the medieval practice of decorating metal with incised designs, as in armor. Today most techniques fall into one of four categories: relief( intaglio, lithography, and serigraphy. However, there are many variations, combinations with photographic techniques, and considerable overlapping.20. In the artistic sense, a print is a work of art created by(A) making a painting from an original drawing(B) drawing or painting similar images many times(C) transferring an original image from one surface to another(D)copying an original image made on paper onto a hard surface21. The word "That" in line 3 refers to(A) terminology(B) sense(C) reproduction(D) medium22. Which of the following is mentioned as an example of a master surface?(A) a drawing or painting(B) a block of stone(C) a sheet of paper(D) a printing press23. The word "versions" in line 10 is closcst in meaning to(A) ideas(B) numbers(C) functions(D) forms24. Which of the following terms is NOT defined in the passage?(A) "print" (line I)(B) "impressions" (line 8)(C) "multiples" (line 12)(D) "edition" (line 12)25. A metal plate is compared favorably with linoleum as a meter surface because a metal plate(A)lasts longer(B) is less expensive(C) makes prints more quickly(D) produces a greater variety of prints26. The word "customary" in line 15 is closest in meaning to(A) necessary(B) attractive(C) legal(D) usual27. The phrase "according to" in line 18 is closest in meaning to(A) in addition to(B) in order to(C) regardless of(D) depending on28. It can be inferred that prints may differ from other works of art in terms of all of the following EXCEPT(A) compositional principles(B) use of line, shape, or texture(C) decorative qualities(D) emotional impactWater projects in the United States gained a new rationale in the 1930's as the nationsuffered its worst cconomic depression and the Great Plains region suffered its worst droughtin recorded history. As the economy sank into a deep depression and unemployment rates increased, the political climate for direct federal govermnent involvement in water projects improved. President Franklin Rooseveh's first 100 days in office brought a number of newlaws to deal with the severe economic depression that became known as the Great Depression. Two of these laws, the Tennessee Valley Authority Act of 1933 and theNational Recovery Act of I933 (NIRA), had particular significance for water resource development.The natural pattern of the Tennessee River was characterized by large spring flows that produced destructive floods and low summer flows that inhibited navigation. The intensilyand frequency of the events discouraged development and contributed to persistent povertyin the valley. To counter these natural obstacles, the Tennessee Valley Authority Act of 1933 created the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), a public agency with broad powers topromote development in the region, including the authority to build dams and reservoirsand to generate and sell hydroelectric power. The TVA is a unique institution in that itbrings all the water-related functions of the federal government under a single body. TheTVA used its authority to transform the Tennessee River into one of the most highlyregulated rivers in the world within about two decades. The TVA inherited the Wilson Dam,and by the beginning of the Second World War it had completed six additional multipurpose dams with power plants and locks for navigation. Investments in dams and hydropower facilities within the Tennessee Valley also received high priority during the war.The NIRA authorized the creation of the Public Works Administration to create jobswhile undertaking work of benefit to the community. The NIRA also gave the United States President unprecedented powers to initiate public works, including water projects. ThePublic Works Administration provided loans and grants to state and local governments andto federal agencies for municipal waterworks, sewage plants, irrigation, flood control, and waterpower projects.29. All of the following are mentioned as resulting from the Great Depression EXCEPT(A) an increase in unemployment(B) a change in political thinking(C) a different approach to water projects(D) a new study of the history of droughts30. It can be inferred from the passage that before the 1930's the role of the federal government in water projects was(A) restricted to the Great Plains region(B) more important than its role in other conservation projects(C) more limited than it was after 1930(D) designed to help with drought recovery31. The word "'significance'" in, lieu 8 is closest in meaning to(A) difference(B) disturbance(C) importance(D) excellence32. Which of the following discouraged development of the Tennessee Valley prior to 1933 ?(A) Laws imposed by the local government(B) The effects of seasonal flows of the river(C) The lack of suitable building materials(D) The geographical features of the valley33. The word "counter" in line 13 is closest in meaning to(A) explain(B) measure(C) exploit(D) overcome34. The passage mentions "the authority to build dams and reservoirs" in line 15 as an example of the(A) wide powers of the Tennessee Valley Authority(B) responsibilities of regional governments(C) federal government's interests in profit-making water projects(D) development needed to generate hydroelectric power35 The word "transform" in line 18 is closest in meaning to(A) clean(B) change(C) control(D) widen36. According to the passage, the Tennessee Valley Authority decided to(A) introduce rules to control the use of the Tennessee River(B) build the Wilson Dam(C) reduce investment in hydropower facilities in the Tennessee Valley(D) increase the price of electricity37. The word "it" in line 20 refers to(A) the Tennessee River(B) the TVA(C) the Wilson Dam(D) the Second World War38. The word "unprecedented" in line 25 is closest in meaning to(A) not extensive(B) not used often(C) not existing before(D) not needing money39. According to the passage, one of the functions of the Public Works Administration was to(A) replace the NIRA(B) regulate federal agencies(C) influence presidential policy(D) give financial support to state and local governmentsMany of the most flexible examples of tool use in animals come from primates (the order that includes humans, apes, and monkeys). For example, many wild primates use objects to threaten outsiders. But there are many examples of tool use by other mammals, as well as by birds and other types of animals.Tools are used by many species in the capture or preparation of food. Chimpanzeesuse sticks and poles to bring out ants and termites from their hiding places. Among the。
2004年英语专八试卷真题及答案
2004年英语专八试卷真题及答案PART Ⅰ LISTENING COMPREHENSIONSECTION A TALKLanguage is used for doing things. People use it in everyday conversation for transacting business, planning meals and vacations, debating politics, and gossiping. Teachers use it for instructing students, and comedians use it for amusing audiences. All these are instances of language use - that is activities in which people do things with language. As we can see, language use is really a form of joint action.What is joint action? I think it is an action that is carried out by a group of people doing things in coordination with each other. As simple examples, think of two people waltzing, or playing a piano duet. When two dancers waltz, they each move around the ballroom in a special way. But waltzing is different from the sum of their individual actions. Can you imagine these two dancers doing the same steps, but in separate rooms, or at separate times? So waltzing is, in fact, the joint action that emerges as the two dancers do their individual steps in coordination, as a couple.Similarly, doing things with language is also different from the sum of the speaker speaking and the listener listening. It is the joint action that emerges when speakers and listeners, or writers and readers, perform their individual actions in coordination, as ensembles. Therefore, we can say that language use incorporates both individual and social processes. Speakers and listeners, writers and readers, must carry out actions as individuals, if they are to succeed in their use of language. But they must also work together as participants in the social units I have called ensembles. In the example I mentioned just now, the two dancers perform both individual actions, moving their bodies, arms, and legs, and joint actions, coordinating these movements, as they create the waltz. In the past, language use has been studied as if it were entirely an individual process. And it has also been studied as if it were entirely a social process. For me, I suggest that it belongs to both. We cannot hope to understand language use without viewing it as joint actions built on individual actions. In order to explain how all these actions work, I'd like to review briefly settings of language use. By settings, I mean the scene in which language use takes place, plus the medium - which refers to whether language use is spoken or written. And in this talk, I'll focus on spoken settings.The spoken setting mentioned most often is conversation - either face to face, or on the telephone. Conversations may be devoted to gossip, business transactions or scientific matters, but they're all characterized by the free exchange of terms among the two participants. I'll call these personal settings. Then we have what I would call nonpersonal settings. A typical example is the monologue. In monologues, one person speaks with little or no opportunity for interruption, or turns by members of the audience. Monologues come in many varieties too, as a professor lectures to a class, or a student giving a presentation to a seminar. These people speak for themselves, uttering words they formulated themselves for the audience before them, and the audience isn't expected to interrupt. In another kind of setting which are called institutional settings, the participa nts engage in speech exchanges that look like ordinary conversation, but they are limited by institutional rules. As examples, we can think of a government official holding a news conference, a lawyercross questioning a witness in court, or a professor di r ecting a seminar discussion. In these settings, what is said is more or less spontaneous, even though turns at speaking are allocated by a leader, or are restricted in other ways.The person speaking isn't always the one whose intentions are being expressed. We have the clearest examples in fictional settings. Vivian Leigh plays Scarlett O'Hara in "Gone with the Wind", Frank Sinatra sings a love song in front of a live audience, the speakers are each vocalizing words composed by someone else - for instance a playwright or a composer - and are openly pretending to be expressing opinions that aren't necessarily their own. Finally there are private settings when people speak for themselves without actually addressing anyone else, for example, I might explain silently to myself, or talk to myself about solving a research problem, or rehearsing what I'm about to say in a seminar tomorrow. What I say isn't intended to be recognized by other people, it is only of use to myself. These are the features of private settings.SECTION B TALKW: Good evening, I'm Nancy Johnson. The guest on our radio talk this evening is Professor Wang Gongwu. Hello, Professor Wang.M: Hello.W: Professor Wang, you're now professor emeritus of Australia National University, and in yourlong academic career, you've worn many hats as tutor, lecturer, department head, dean, professor, and vice chancellor. However, as I know, you're still very fond of your university days as a student. M: That's right. That was in 1949. The university that I went to was a brand new university then, and the only one in the country at that time. When I look back, it was an amazingly small university, and we knew everybody.W: How did the students like you, for example, study then?M: We didn't study very hard, because we didn't have to. We didn't have all this fantastic competition that you have today. Mmm. We were always made to feel that getting a first degree in the Arts faculty was not preparation for a profession. It was a general education. We were not und er any pressure to decide on our careers, and we had such a good time. We were left very much on our own, and we were encouraged to make things happen.W: What do you see as the most striking difference in university education since then?M: University education has changed dramatically since those days. Things are very specialized today.W: Y es, definitely so. And, in your subsequent career experience as an educator and later administrator in various institutions of higher education in Asia and elsewhere, Professor Wang, you have repeatedly noted that one has to look at the development of education in one particular country in a broad context. What do you mean by that?M: Well, the whole world has moved away from elite education in universities to meet the needs of mass education, and entering universities is no longer a privilege for the few. And universities today are more concerned with providing jobs for their graduates in a way that universities in our time never had to be bothered about. Therefore, the emphasis of university programs today is now on the practical and the utilitarian, rather than on a general education or on personal development.W: Do you think that is a welcome development?M: Well, I personally regret this development. But the basic bachelor's education now has to cater to people who really need a piece of paper to find a decent job.W: So you're concerned about this development.M: Y es, I'm very concerned. With technical changes, many of the things that you learn are technical skills, which don't require you to become very well educated. Y et, if you can master those skills, you can get very good jobs. So the technical institutions are going to be increasingly popular at theW: Professor Wang, let's look at a different issue. How do you comment on the current phenomenon because of the fees they pay?M: Well, once you accept students on financial grounds, one wonders whether you have to pass them as well. But this is the development in education that we have to contend with. Y et, if we are concerned about maintaining standards, what we can do is to concentrate on improving the quality of education.W: Y es, you're right. A university is judged by the quality of education it offers. Professor Wang, let's turn to the future. What type of graduates, in your view, to universities of the future need to produce, if they are to remain relevant?M: I think their graduates must be able to shift from one profession to another, because they are trained in a very independent way. If you can do that, you raise the level of the flexibility of the mind. Today's rapid changes in technology demand this adaptability. And you see the best universities in the world are already trying to guarantee that their students will not only be technically trained, but will be the kind of people that can adapt to any changing situation.W: I guess many people would agree with you on that point. University education should focus on both personal and professional development of students. But still some might believe there is a definite place for education in a broader sense - that is, in personal intellectual development.M: No doubt about that. We need people who will think about the future, about the past, and also people who will think about society. If a society doesn't have philosophers, or people who think about the value of life, it's a very sad society indeed.W: Professor Wang, my last question: do you see any common ground in education between your generation and the young generation now?M: Adapting to new challenges is perhaps the true cornerstone of our generation's legacy to education. And the future of education in a country rests not so much on the construction of better buildings, labs, etc., but in the development of an ever adaptable mind.W: That's true. The essence of education is the education of the mind. Okay, thank you very much, Professor Wang, for talking to us on the show about the changing trends in education.M: Y ou're welcomeSECTION CA new data shows that the global AIDS pandemic will cause a sharp drop in life expectancy in dozens of countries, in some cases, declines of three decades. Several nations are losing a century's progress in extending the length of life. Nations in every part of the world, 51 in all, are suffering declining life expectancies because of an increasing prevalence of HIV infection. The increase is occurring in Asia, Latin America, and the Carribbean, but is greatest in sub Saharan Africa, a region with only 10% of the world's population but 70% of the world's HIV infections. Seven African countries have life expectancies of less than 40 years. For example, in Botswana, where 39% of the adult population is infected with HIV, life expectancy is 39 years. But by 2010, it will be less than 27 years. Without AIDS, it would have been 44 years. Life expectancy throughout the Carribbean and some Central American nations will drop into the 60's by 2010, when they would otherwise have been in the 70's without AIDS. In Cambodia and Burma, they are predicted to decline to around 60 years old, to what otherwise would have been in the mid 60's. Even in countries where the number of new infections is dropping, such as Thailand, Uganda, and Senegal, small life expectancy drop is forecast. Back in the early 1990's, we never would have suspected that population growth would have turned negative because of AIDS mortality. In less than 10 years, we expect that 5 countries will be experiencing negative population growth because of AIDS mortality, including South Africa, Mozambique, Lesotho, Botswana and Swaziland.Questions 14 and 15 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 30 seconds to answer the questions. Now listen to the news.The European Union has drafted a list of US products to be hit with import taxes in retaliation for tariffs the United States has imposed on European steel. EU member governments will review the list before the EU submits it to the World Trade Organization, which arbitrates international trade disputes. EU officials will not say which American products will be hit by the EU sanctions. But diplomats monitoring the most recent trans Atlantic trade dispute say they include textiles and steel products.Earlier this month, the Bush administration imposed tariffs of up to 30 percent on some steel imports, including European products.The EU has appealed to the World Trade Organization to get those duties overturned. But a WTO decision on the matter could take up to a year or more. EU officials say that, under WTO rules, the EU has the right to impose retaliatory measures in June. But they say the United States can avoid the EU's possible countermeasures if it pays more than two billion dollars in compensation to the EU for imposing the steel tariffs in the first place. The officials say Washington could also escape retaliation by lowering U.S. import duties on other EU products.The Bush administration says it will not pay compensation.SECTION D TALKGood morning. Today's lecture will focus on how to make people feel at ease in conversations. I guess all of you sitting here can recall certain people who just seem to make you feel comfortable when they are around. Y ou spend an hour with them and feel as if you've known them half your life. These people who have that certain something that makes us feel comfortable have something in common, and once we know what that is, we can go about getting some of that something for ourselves. How is it done? Here are some of the skills that good talkers have. If you follow the skills, they will help you put people at their ease, make them feel secure, and comfortable, and turn acquaintances into friends.First of all, good talkers ask questions. Almost anyone, no matter how shy, will answer a question. In fact, according to my observation, very shy persons are often more willing to answer questions than extroverts. They are more concerned that someone will think them impolite if they don't respond to the questions. So most skillful conversationalists recommend starting with a question that is personal, but not harmful. For example, once a famous American TV presenter got a long and fascinating interview from a notoriously private billionaire by asking him about his first job. Another example, one prominent woman executive confesses that at business lunches, "I always ask people what they did that morning. It's a dull question, but it gets things going." From there, you can move on to other matters, sometimes to really personal questions. Moreover, how your responder answers will let you know how far you can go. A few simple catchwords like "Really?" "Yes?" are clear invitations to continue talking.Second, once good talkers have asked questions, they listen for answers. This point seems obvious, but it isn't in fact. Making people feel comfortable isn't simply a matter of making idle conversation. Y our questions have a point. Y ou're really asking, "What sort of person are you?" and to find out, you have to really listen. There are at least three components of real listening. For one thing, real listening means not changing the subject. If someone sticks to one topic, you can assume that he or she is really interested in it. Another component of real listening is listening not just to words but to tones of voice. I once mentioned D.H. Lawrence to a friend. To my astonishment, she launched into an academic discussion of the imagery in Lawrence's works. Midway through, I listened to her voice. It was, to put it mildly, unanimated, and it seemed obvious that the imagery monologue was intended solely for my benefit, and I quickly changed the subject. At last, real listening means using your eyes as well as your ears. When your gaze wanders, it makes people think they're boring your, or what they are saying is not interesting. Of course, you don't have to stare, or glare at them. Simply looking attentive will make most people think that you think they're fascinating.Next, good talkers are not afraid to laugh. If you think of all the people you know who make you feel comfortable, you may notice that all of them laugh a lot. Laughter is not only warming and friendly, it's also a good way to ease other people's discomfort. I have a friend who might enjoy watching at gathering of other people who do not know each other well. The first few minutes of talk are a bit uneasy and hesitant, for the people involved do not yet have a sense of each other. Invariably, a light comment or joke is made, and my friend's easy laughter appears like sunshine in the conversation. There is always then a visible softening that takes place. Other people smile, and loosen in response to her laughter, and the conversation goes on with more warmth and ease.Finally, good talkers are onces who cement a parting. That is, they know how to make use of parting as a way to leave a deep impression on others. Last impressions are just as important as first impressions in determining how a new acquaintance will remember you. People who make others really feel comfortable take advantage of that parting moment to close the deal. Men have had it easier. They have done it with a smile, and a good firm handshake. What about women then? Over the last several years, women have started to take over that custom well between themselves or with men. If you're saying goodbye, you might want to give him or her a second extra hand squeeze. It'senjoyed being with someone, if you want to see that person again, don't keep it a secret. Let people know how you feel, and they may walk away feeling as if they've known you half their life.Okay, just to sum up. Today, we've talked about four ways to make people feel at ease in conversations. These skills are important in keeping conversations going, and in forming friendships later on. Of course, these skills are by no means the only ones we can use. the list is much longer. I hope you will use these four skills, and discover more on your own in your conversations with other people.Now you have two minutes to check your notes, and then please complete the 15 minute gap filling task on Answer Sheet One.This is the end of listening comprehension.试题Part Ⅰ Listening Comprehension (40 min)In Sections A,B and C you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the correct answer to each question on your colored answer sheet.SECTION A TALKQuestions 1 to 5 refer to the talk in this section. At the end of the talk you will be given 75 seconds to answer the questions. Now listen to the talk.1. The parallel between waltzing and language use lies in ____.A. the coordination based on individual actionsB. the number of individual participantsC. the necessity of individual actionsD. the requirements for participants2. In the talk the speaker thinks that language use is a(n) ____ process.A. individualB. combinedC. distinctD. social3. The main difference between personal and non-personal settings is in ____.A. the manner of language useB. the topic and content of speechC. the interactions between speaker and audienceD. the relationship between speaker and audience4. In fictional settings, speakers ____.A. hide their real intentionsB. voice others' intentionsC. play double roles on and off stageD. only imitate other people in life5. Compared with other types of settings, the main feature of private setting is ____.A. the absence of spontaneityB. the presence of individual actionsC. the lack of real intentionsD. the absence of audienceSECTION B INTERVIEWQuestions 6 to 10 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 75 seconds to answer the questions. Now listen to the interview.6. What was education like in Professor Wang's days?A. Students worked very hard.B. Students felt they needed a second degree.C. Education was not career－oriented.7. According to Professor Wang, what is the purpose of the present－day education?A. To turn out an adequate number of elite for the society.B. To prepare students for their future career.C. To offer practical and utilitarian courses in each programme.D. To set up as many technical institutions as possible.8. In Professor Wang's opinion, technical skills ____.A. require good educationB. are secondary to educationC. don't call for good educationD. don't conflict with education9. What does Professor Wang suggest to cope with the situation caused by increasing numbers of fee-paying studentsA.Shifting from one programme to another.B. Working out ways to reduce student number.C. Emphasizing better quality of education.D. Setting up stricter examination standards.10. Future education needs to produce graduates of all the following categories EXCEPT ____.A. those who can adapt to different professionsB. those who have a high flexibility of mindC. those who are thinkers, historians and philosophersD. those who possess only highly specialized skillsSECTION C NEWS BROADCASTQuestions 11 to 13 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 45 seconds to answer the questions. Now listen to the news.11. Which of the following regions in the world will witness the sharpest drop in life expectancy?A. Latin America.B. Sub Saharan Africa.C. Asia.D. The Caribbean.12. According to the news, which country will experience small life expectancy drop?A. Burma.B. Botswana.C. Cambodia.D. Thailand.13. The countries that are predicted to experience negative population growth are mainly in ____ .A. Asia.B. Africa.C. Latin America.D. The Caribbean.Questions 14 and 15 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 30 seconds to answer the questions. Now listen to the news.14. The trade dispute between the European Union and the US was caused by ____. refusal to accept arbitration by WTO imposing tariffs on European steel refusal to pay compensation to EU refusal to lower import duties on EU products15. Who will be consulted first before the EU list is submitted to WTO?A. EU member states.B. The United States.C. WTO.D. The steel corporations.SECTION D NOTE-TAKING AND GAP-FILLINGIn this section you will hear a mini-lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening to the lecture, take notes on the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete a15-minute gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE after the mini-lecture. Use the blank paper for note-taking. Fill in each of the gaps with one word. You may refer to your notes. Make sure the word you fill in is both grammatically and semantically acceptable.B.Conversation SkillsPeople who usually make us feel comfortable in conversations are good talkers. And they have something in common, i.e. skills to put people at ease.1. Skill to ask question1) be aware of the human nature: readiness to answer other's questions regardless of (1)____2) start a conversation with some personal but unharmful questions about one's (2)____ job. questions about one's activities in the (3)____3) be able to spot signals for further talk2. Skill to (4)____for answers1) don't shift from subject to subject-sticking to the same subject: signs of (5)____in conversation.2) listen to (6)____of voice - If people sound unenthusiastic, then change subject.3) use eyes and ears - steady your gaze while listening3. Skill to laughEffects of laughter:- ease people's (7)____- help start (8)____4. Skill to part1) importance: open up possibilities for future friendship or contact2) ways:- men: a smile, a (9)____- women: same as (10)____ now- how to express pleasure in meeting someone.(1) ______ (2) ______ (3) ______ (4) ______ ( 5 ) ______(6) ______ (7) ______ (8) ______ (9) ______ (10) ______PART II PROOFREADING AND ERROR CORRECTION (15 MIN)The following passage contains TEN errors. Each line contains a maximum of one error and three are free from error. In each case, only one word is involved. You should proofread the passage and correct it in the following way.For a wrong word, underline the wrong word and write the correct one in the blank provided at the end of the line.For a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a “∧” sign and write the word you believe to be missing in the blank provided at the end of the line.For an unnecessary word, cross out the unnecessary word with a slash “／” and put the word in the blank provided at the end of the line.If the line is correct, place a V in the blank provided at the end of the lineExampleWhen ^ art museum wants a new exhibit, (1) anIt never buys things in finished form and bangs (2) neverthem on the wall. When a natural history museum (3) vwants an exhibition, it must often build it. (4) exhibitProofread the given passage on ANSWER SHEET TWO as instructed.One of the most important non-legislative functions of the U.S Congressis the power to investigate. This power is usually delegated to committees - eitherstanding committees, special committees set for a specific (1)____purpose, or joint committees consisted of members of both houses. (2)____ Investigations are held to gather information on the need forfuture legislation, to test the effectiveness of laws already passed,to inquire into the qualifications and performance of members andofficials of the other branches, and in rare occasions, to lay the (3)____groundwork for impeachment proceedings. Frequently, committeesrely outside experts to assist in conducting investigative hearings (4)____and to make out detailed studies of issues. (5)____There are important corollaries to the investigative power. Oneis the power to publicize investigations and its results. Most (6)____committee hearings are open to public and are reported (7)____widely in the mass media. Congressional investigationsnevertheless represent one important tool available to lawmakers (8)____to inform the citizenry and to arouse public interests in national issues. (9)____ Congressional committees also have the power to compeltestimony from unwilling witnesses, and to cite for contemptof Congress witnesses who refuse to testify and for perjurythese who give false testimony. (10)____Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension (30 min)In this section there are four reading passages followed by a total of fifteen multiple-choice questions. Read the passages and then mark your answers on your colored answer sheet.TEXT AFarmers in the developing world hate price fluctuations. It makes it hard to plan ahead. But most of them have little choice: they sell at the price the market sets. Farmers in Europe, the U.S. and Japan are luckier: they receive massive government subsidies in the form of guaranteed prices or direct handouts. Last month U.S. President Bush signed a new farm bill that gives American farmers $190 billion over the next 10 years, or $83 billion more than they had been scheduled to get, and pushes U.S. agricultural support close to crazy European levels. Bush said the step was necessary to "promote farmer independence and preserve the farm way of life for generations". It is also designed to help the Republican Party win control of the Senate in November's mid term elections.Agricultural production in most poor countries accounts for up to 50% of GDP, compared to only 3% in rich countries. But most farmers in poor countries grow just enough for themselves and their families. Those who try exporting to the West find their goods whacked with huge tariffs or competing against cheaper subsidized goods. In 1999 the United Nations Conference on Trade and。
历年专业英语八级考试真题及答案 (5)
2004年专业英语八级考试真题及答案Part Ⅰ Listening Comprehension (40 min)In Sections A,B and C you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the correct answer to each question on your coloured answer sheet.SECTION A TALKQuestions 1 to 5 refer to the talk in this section. At the end of the talk you will be given 75 seconds to answer the questions.Now listen to the talk.1.The parallel between waltzing and language use lies in ____.A.the coordination based on individual actionsB.the number of individual participantsC.the necessity of individual actionsD.the requirements for participants2.In the talk the speaker thinks that language use is a(n) ____ process.A.individualbinedC.distinctD.social3.The main difference between personal and nonpersonal settings is in ____.A.the manner of language useB.the topic and content of speechC.the interactions between speaker and audienceD.the relationship between speaker and audience4.In fictional settings, speakers ____.A.hide their real intentionsB.voice others’ intentionsC.play double roles on and off stageD.only imitate other people in lifepared with other types of settings, the main feature of private setting is ____.A.the absence of spontaneityB.the presence of individual actionsC.the lack of real intentionsD.the absence of audienceSECTION B INTERVIEWQuestions 6 to 10 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 75 seconds to answer the questions.Now listen to the interview.6.What was education like in Professor Wang’s days?A.Students worked very hard.B.Students felt they needed a second degree.cation was not career oriented.D.There were many specialized subjects.7.According to Professor Wang, what is the purpose of the present day education?A.To turn out an adequate number of elite for the society.B.To prepare students for their future career.C.To offer practical and utilitarian courses in each programme.D.To set up as many technical institutions as possible.8.In Professor Wang’s opinion, technical skills ____.A.require good educationB.are secondary to educationC.don’t call for good educationD.don’t conflict with education9.What does Professor Wang suggest to cope with the situation caused by increasing numbers of fee paying students?A.Shifting from one programme to another.B.Working out ways to reduce student number.C.Emphasizing better quality of education.D.Setting up stricter examination standards.10.Future education needs to produce graduates of all the following categories EXCEPT ____.A.those who can adapt to different professionsB.those who have a high flexibility of mindC.those who are thinkers, historians and philosophersD.those who possess only highly specialized skillsSECTION C NEWS BROADCASTQuestions 11 to 13 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 45 seconds to answer the questions.Now listen to the news.11.Which of the following regions in the world will witness the sharpest drop in life expectancy?tin America.B.Sub Saharan Africa..D.The Caribbean.12.According to the news, which country will experience small life expectancy drop?A.Burma.B.Botswana.C.Cambodia.D.Thailand.13.The countries that are predicted to experience negative population growth are mainly in ____.B.Africa.tin America.D.The Caribbean.Questions 14 and 15 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item,you will be given 30 seconds to answer the questions.Now listen to the news.14.The trade dispute between the European Union and the US was caused by ____. refusal to accept arbitration by WTO imposing tariffs on European steel refusal to pay compensation to EU refusal to lower import duties on EU products15.Who will be consulted first before the EU list is submitted to WTO?A.EU member states.B.The United States.C.WTO.D.The steel corporations.SECTION D NOTE-TAKING AND GAP-FILLINGIn this section you will hear a mini lecture. You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY.While listening to the lecture, take notes on the important points. Your notes willnot be marked, but you will need them to complete a 15 minute gap filling taskon ANSWER SHEET ONE after the mini lecture. Use the blank sheet for note taking.Conversation SkillsPeople who usually make us feel comfortable in conversations are good talkers. Andthey have something in common, i.e. skills to put people at ease.1. Skill to ask question1) be aware of the human nature: readiness to answer other’s questions regardlessof (1)____ 2) start a conversation with some personal but unharmfullquestions about one’s (2)____ jobquestions about one’s activities in the (3)____3) be able to spot signals for further talk2. Skill to (4)____for answers1) don’t shift from subject to subject— sticking to the same subject: signs of (5)____in conversation2) listen to (6)____of voice— If people sound unenthusiastic, then change subject.3) use eyes and ears— steady your gaze while listening3. Skill to laughEffects of laughter:— ease people’s (7)____— help start (8)____4. Skill to part1) importance: open up possibilities for future friendship orcontact2) ways:— men: a smile, a (9)____— women: same as (10)____now— how to express pleasure in meeting someone.Part Ⅱ Proofreading and Error Correction (15 min)The passage contains TEN errors. Each indicated line contains a maximum of ONE error. In each case, only ONE word is involved. You should proofread the passage and correct it in the following way:For a wrong word, underline the wrong word and write the correct one in the blank provided at the end of the line.For a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a “∧” sign and write the word you believe to be missing in the blank provided at the end of the line.For an unnecessary word, cross the unnecessary word with a slash “/”and put the word in the blank provided at the end of the line.ExampleWhen ∧ art museum wants a new exhibit, (1) anit never buys things in finished form and hangs (2) neverthem on the wall. When a natural history museumwants an [ZZ(Z]exhibition[ZZ)], it must often build it. (3)exhibitProofread the given passage on ANSWER SHEET TWO as instructed.One of the most important non-legislative functions of the U.S Congressis the power to investigate. This power is usually delegated to committees - either standing committees, special committees set for a specific (1)____ purpose, or joint committees consisted of members of both houses. (2)____Investigations are held to gather information on the need forfuture legislation, to test the effectiveness of laws already passed,to inquire into the qualifications and performance of members andofficials of the other branches, and in rare occasions, to lay the (3)____groundwork for impeachment proceedings. Frequently, committeesrely outside experts to assist in conducting investigative hearings (4)____ and to make out detailed studies of issues. (5)____There are important corollaries to the investigative power. Oneis the power to publicize investigations and its results. Most (6)____committee hearings are open to public and are reported (7)____widely in the mass media. Congressional investigationsnevertheless represent one important tool available to lawmakers (8)____to inform the citizenry and to arouse public interests in national issues.(9)____Congressional committees also have the power to compeltestimony from unwilling witnesses, and to cite for contemptof Congress witnesses who refuse to testify and for perjurythese who give false testimony. (10)____Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension (30 min)In this section there are four reading passages followed by a total of fifteen multiple choice questions. Read the passages and then mark your answers on your coloured answer sheet.TEXT AFarmers in the developing world hate price fluctuations. It makes it hard to plan ahead. But most of them have little choice: they sell at the price the market sets. Farmers in Europe, the U.S. and Japan are luckier: they receive massive government subsidies in the form of guaranteed prices or direct handouts. Last month U.S. President Bush signed a new farm bill that gives American farmers $190 billion over the next 10 years, or $83 billion more than they had been scheduled to get, and pushes U.S. agricultural support close to crazy European levels. Bush said the step was necessary to “promote farmer independence and preserve the farm way of life for generations”. It is also designed to help the Republican Party win control of the Senate in November’s mid term elections.Agricultural production in most poor countries accounts for up to 50% of GDP, compared to only 3% in rich countries. But most farmers in poor countries grow just enough for themselves and their families. Those who try exporting to the West find their goods whacked with huge tariffs or competing against cheaper subsidized goods. In 1999 the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development concluded that for each dollar developing countries receive in aid they lose up to $14 just because of trade barriers imposed on the export of their manufactured goods. It’s not as if the developing world wants any favours, says Gerald Ssendwula, Uganda’s Minister of Finance. “What we want is for the rich countries to let us compete.”Agriculture is one of the few areas in which the Third World can compete. Land and labour are cheap, and as farming methods develop, new technologies should improve output. This is no pie in the sky speculation. The biggest success in Kenya’s economy over the past decade has been the boom in exports of cut flowers and vegetables to Europe. But that may all change in 2008, when Kenya will be slightly too rich to qualify for the “least developed country” status that allows African producers to avoid paying stiff European import duties on selected agricultural products. With trade barriers in place, the horticulture industry in Kenya willshrivel as quickly as a discarded rose. And while agriculture exports remain the great hope for poor countries, reducing trade barriers in other sectors also works: Americas African Growth and Opportunity Act, which cuts duties on exports of everything from handicrafts to shoes, has proved a boon to Africa’s manufacturers. The lesson: the Third World can prosper if the rich world gives it a fair go. This is what makes Bush’s decision to increase farm subsidies last month all the more depressing. Poor countries have long suspected that the rich world urges rade liberalization only so it can wangle its way into new markets. Such suspicions caused the Seattle trade talks to break down three years ago. But last November members of the World Trade Organization, meeting in Doha, Qatar, finally agreed to a new round of talks designed to open up global trade in agriculture and textiles. Rich countries assured poor countries, that their concerns were finally being addressed. Bush’s handout last month makes a lie of America’s commitment to those talks and his personal devotion to free trade.16.By comparison, farmers ____ receive more government subsidies than others.A.in the developing worldB.in JapanC.in EuropeD.in America17.In addition to the economic considerations, there is a ____ motive behind Bush’s signing of the new farm bill.A.partisanB.socialC.financialD.cultural18.The message the writer attempts to convey throughout the passage is that ____.A.poor countries should be given equal opportunities in tradeB.“the least developed country” status benefits agricultural countriesC.poor countries should remove their suspicions about trade liberalizationD.farmers in poor countries should also receive the benefit of subsidies19.The writer’s attitude towards new farm subsidies in the U.S. is ____.A.favourableB.ambiguousC.criticalD.reservedTEXT BOscar Wilde said that work is the refuge of people who have nothing better to do. If so, Americans are now among the world’s saddest refugees. Factory workers in the United States are working longer hours than at any time in the past half century. America once led the rich world in cutting the average working week—from 70 hours in 1850 to less than 40 hours by the 1950s. It seemed natural that as people grew richer they would trade extra earnings for more leisure. Since the 1970s,however, the hours clocked up by American workers have risen, to an average of 42 this year in manufacturing.Several studies suggest that something similar is happening outside manufacturing: Americans are spending more time at work than they did 20 years ago. Executives and lawyers boast of 80hour weeks. On holiday, they seek out fax machines and phones as eagerly as Germans bag the best sun loungers. Yet working time in Europe and Japan continues to fall. In Germany’s engineering industry the working week is to be trimmed from 36 to 35 hours next year. Most Germans get six weeks’ paid annual holiday; even the Japanese now take three weeks. Americans still make do with just two.Germany responds to this contrast with its usual concern about whether people’s aversion to work is damaging its competitiveness. Yet German workers, like the Japanese, seem to be acting sensibly: as their incomes rise, they can achieve a better standard of living with fewer hours of work. The puzzle is why America, the world’s richest country, sees things differently. It is a puzzle with sinister social implications. Parents spend less time with their children, who may be left alone at home for longer. Is it just a coincidence that juvenile crime is on the rise?Some explanations for America’s time at work fail to stand up to scrutiny. One blames weak trade unions that leave workers open to exploitation. Are workers being forced by cost cutting firms to toil harder just to keep their jobs? A recent study by two American economists, Richard Freeman and Linda Bell, suggests not: when asked, Americans actually want to work longer hours. Most German workers, in contrast, would rather work less.Then, why do Americans want to work harder? One reason may be that the real earnings of many Americans have been stagnant or falling during the past two decades. People work longer merely to maintain their living standards. Yet many higher skilled workers, who have enjoyed big increases in their real pay, have been working harder too. Also, one reason for the slow growth of wages has been the rapid growth in employment—which is more or less where the argument began. Taxes may have something to do with it. People who work an extra hour in America are allowed to keep more of their money than those who do the same in Germany. Falls in marginal tax rates in America since the 1970s have made it all the more profitable to work longer.None of these answers really explains why the century long decline in working hours has gone into reverse in America but not elsewhere (though Britain shows signs of following America’s lead). Perhaps cultural differences—the last refuge of the defeated economist—are at play. Economists used to believe that once workers earned enough to provide for their basic needs and allow for a few luxuries, their incentive to work would be eroded, like lions relaxing after a kill. But humans are more susceptible to advertising than lions. Perhaps clever marketing has ensured that “basic needs”—for a shower with built in TV, for a rocket propelled car —expand continuously. Shopping is already one of America’s most popular pastimes. But it requires money—hence more work and less leisure.Or try this: the television is not very good, and baseball and hockey keep being wiped out by strikes. Perhaps Wilde was right. Maybe Americans have nothing better to do.20.In the United States, working longer hours is ____.A.confined to the manufacturing industryB.a traditional practice in some sectorsC.prevalent in all sectors of societyD.favoured by the economists21.According to the third paragraph, which might be one of the consequences of working longer hours?A.Rise in employees’ working efficiency.B.Rise in the number of young offenders.C.Rise in people’s living standards.D.Rise in competitiveness.22.Which of the following is the cause of working longer hours stated bythe writer?A.Expansion of basic needs.B.Cultural differences.C.Increase in real earnings.D.Advertising.TEXT CThe fox really exasperated them both. As soon as they had let the fowls out, in the early summer mornings, they had to take their guns and keep guard; and then again as soon as evening began to mellow, they must go once more. And he was so sly. He slid along in the deep grass; he was difficult as a serpent to see. And he seemed to circumvent the girls deliberately. Once or twice March had caught sight of the white tip of his brush, or the ruddy shadow of him in the deep grass, and she had let fire at him. But he made no account of this.The trees on the wood edge were a darkish, brownish green in the full light—for it was the end of August. Beyond, the naked, copper like shafts and limbs of the pine trees shone in the air. Nearer the rough grass, with its long, brownish stalks all agleam, was full of light. The fowls were round about—the ducks were still swimming on the pond under the pine trees. March looked at it all, saw it all, and did not see it. She heard Banford speaking to the fowls in the distance—and she did not hear. What was she thinking about? Heaven knows. Her consciousness was, as it were, held back.She lowered her eyes, and suddenly saw the fox. He was looking up at her. His chin was pressed down, and his eyes were looking up. They met her eyes. And he knew her. She was spellbound—she knew he knew her. So he looked into her eyes, and her soul failed her. He knew her, he has not daunted.She struggled, confusedly she came to herself, and saw him making off, with slow leaps over some fallen boughs, slow, impudent jumps. Then he glanced over his shoulder, and ran smoothly away. She saw his brush held smooth like a feather, she saw his white buttocks twinkle. And he was gone, softly, soft as the wind.She put her gun to her shoulder, but even then pursed her mouth, knowing it was nonsense to pretend to fire. So she began to walk slowly after him, in the direction he had gone, slowly, pertinaciously. She expected to find him. In her heart she was determined to find him. What she would do when she saw him again she did not consider.But she was determined to find him. So she walked abstractedly about on the edge of the wood, with wide, vivid dark eyes, and a faint flush in her cheeks. She did not think. In strange mindlessness she walked hither and thither...As soon as supper was over, she rose again to go out, without saying why.She took her gun again and went to look for the fox. For he had lifted his eyes upon her, and his knowing look seemed to have entered her brain. She did not so much think of him: she was possessed by him. She saw his dark, shrewd, unabashed eye looking into her, knowing her. She felt him invisibly master her spirit. She knew the way he lowered his chin as he looked up, she knew his muzzle, the golden brown, and the greyish white. And again she saw him glance over his shoulder at her, half inviting, half contemptuous and cunning. So she went, with her great startled eyes glowing, her gun under her arm, along the wood edge. Meanwhile the night fell, and a great moon rose above the pine trees.23.At the beginning of the story, the fox seems to the all EXCEPT ____.A.cunningB.fierceC.defiantD.annoying24.As the story proceeds, March begins to feel under the spell of ____.A.the lightB.the treesC.the nightD.the fox25.Gradually March seems to be in a state of ____.A.blanknessB.imaginationC.sadnessD.excitement26.At the end of the story, there seems to be a sense of ____ between March and the fox.A.detachmentB.angerC.intimacyD.conflict27.The passage creates an overall impression of ____.A.mysteryB.horrorC.livelinessD.contemptTEXT DThe banners are packed, the tickets booked. The glitter and white overalls have been bought, the gas masks just fit and the mobile phones are ready. All that remains is to get to the parties.This week will see a feast of pan European protests. It started on Bastille Day, last Saturday, with the French unions and immigrantson the streets and the first demonstrations in Britain and Germany about climate change. It will continue tomorrow and Thursday with environmental and peace rallies against President Bush. But the big one is in Genoa, on Friday and Saturday, where the G8 leaders will meet behind the lines of 18,000 heavily armed police.Unlike Prague, Gothenburg, Cologne or Nice, Genoa is expected to be Europe’s Seattle, the coming together of the disparate strands of resistance to corporate globalisation.Neither the protesters nor the authorities know what will happen, but some things are predictable. Yes, there will be violence and yes, the mass media will focus on it. What should seriously concern the G8 is not so much the violence, the numbers in the streets or even that they themselves look like idiots hiding behind the barricades, but that the deep roots of a genuine new version of internationalism are growing.For the first time in a generation, the international political and economic condition is in the dock. Moreover, the protesters are unlikely to go away, their confidence is growing rather than waning, their agendas are merging, the protests are spreading and drawing in all ages and concerns.No single analysis has drawn all the strands of the debate together. In the meantime, the global protest “movement”is developing its own language, texts, agendas, myths, heroes and villains. Just as the G8 leaders, world bodies and businesses talk increasingly from the same script, so the protesters’ once disparate political and social analyses are converging. The long term project of governments and world bodies to globalise capital and development is being mirrored by the globalisation of protest.But what happens next? Governments and world bodies are unsure which way to turn. However well they are policed, major protests reinforce the impression of indifferent elites, repression of debate, overreaction to dissent, injustice and unaccountable power.Their options—apart from actually embracing the broad agenda being put to them —are to retreat behind even higher barricades, repress dissent further, abandon global meetings altogether or, more likely, meet only in places able to physically resist the masses.Brussels is considering building a super fortress for international meetings. Genoa may be the last of the European super protests.28.According to the context, the word “parties” at the end of the first paragraph refers to ____.A.the meeting of the G8 leadersB.the protests on Bastille DayC.the coming pan European protestsD.the big protest to be held in Genoa29.According to the passage, economic globalisation is paralleled by ____.A.the emerging differences in the global protest movementB.the disappearing differences in the global protest movementC.the growing European concern about globalisationD.the increase in the number of protesters30.According to the last paragraph, what is Brussels considering doing?A.Meeting in places difficult to reach.B.Further repressing dissent.C.Accepting the protesters’ agenda.D.Abandoning global meetings.SECTION B SKIMMING AND SCANNING (10 MIN)In this section there are seven passages with ten multiple choice questions. Skim or scan them as required and then mark your answers on your coloured answer sheet.First read the question.31.The main purpose of the passage is to ____.A.demonstrate how to prevent crimeB.show the seriousness of crimeC.look into the causes of crimeD.call for more government effortsNow go through TEXT E quickly to answer question 31.For three weeks, every night at 11 p.m., correspondents, officers and judges from justice courts, police departments and prisons, psychiatrists, criminologists, victims and even criminals in prisons made their appearance on TV to debate on a topic “Crime in the United States”.Indeed, crime has been disturbing the American people and has become a serious social problem just next to the unemployment problem. Some figures are terrifying: 1 of 4 Americans has been a victim of some kind of crimes; nearly 22 million crimecases occurred last year throughout the country. A simple arithmetic calculation indicates that on average, a crime is being committed in every 2 seconds. Now the Americans are living in a horrible environment. Their safety and property are threatened by various crimes: robbery, theft, rape, kidnapping, murder, arson, vandalism and violence.The most worrisome problem comes from the fact that about one third of crime cases were committed by the juvenile and 53% of criminals in jails are youngsters below 25. A poll indicates that about 73% of citizens said they avoided teenagers in streets, especially at night.To protect themselves from crime, according to a released figure, 52% of Americans keep guns at home. But some gun owners turn out to be potential criminals. Some people demand that strict law for gun control be enforced; but others oppose the ban of gun. No decision is in sight.Some experts said poverty, unemployment and racial discrimination are the cause of crime. They cited figures to show that 47% of crime cases were committed by the black, though they account for only about 12% of the population of the nation. Others argued that about 54% of convicted criminals came from families associated with these evils.The American state government and federal government spend billions of dollars each year in maintaining the police departments and jails. But police authorities complain that they have not sufficient well trained hands and advanced equipment to detect and stop crimes. Several cases of criminal insurgence were reported asa result of resentment at overcrowded prisons. Taxpayers complain that they pay more and more tax but receive less and less protection from crime for their lives and property.Though the host of the live TV programme made great efforts to search for a solution, so far no participant could put forward a measure that was approved by most of the attendants.TEXT FFirst read the question.32.What is the main topic of the following passage?A.Differences between modes of learning.B.Deficiencies of formal learning.C.Advantages of informal learning.D.Social context and learning systems.Now go through TEXT F quickly to answer question 32.The term “formal learning” is used in this paper to refer to all learning that takes place in the classroom, irrespective of whether such learning is informed by conservative or progressive ideologies. “Informal learning”, on the other hand, is used to refer to learning which takes place outside the classroom.These definitions provide the essential, though by no means sole, difference bet ween formal and informal learning. Formal learning is decontextualised from daily life and, indeed, as Scribner and Cole (1973:553) have observed, may actually “promote ways of learning and thinking which often run counter to those nurtured in practical daily life”. A characteristic feature of formal learning is the centrality of activities that are not closely paralleled by activities outside the classroom. The classroom can prepare for, draw on, and imitate the challenges of adult life outside the classroom, but it cannot, by its nature, consist of these challenges.In doing this, language plays a critical role as the major channel for information exchange. “Success” in the classroom requires a student to master this abstract code. As Bernstein (1969:152) noted, the language of the classroom is more similar to the language used by middle class families than that used by working class families. Middle class children thus find it easier to acquire the language of the classroom than their working class peers. Informal learning, in contrast, occurs in the setting to which it relates, making learning immediately relevant. In this context, language does not occupy such an important role: the child’s experience of learning is more holistic, involving sight, touch, taste, and smell—senses that are under utilised in the classroom.While formal learning is transmitted by teachers selected to perform this role, informal learning is acquired as a natural part of a child’s development. Adults or older children who are proficient in the skill or activity provide - sometimes unintentionally - target models of behaviour in the course of everyday activity. Informal learning, therefore, can take place at any time and is not subject to the limitations imposed by institutional timetabling.The motivation of the learner provides another critical difference between the two modes of learning. The formal learner is generally motivated by some kind of external。
2004年职称英语等级考试真题+答案-综合C
2004年职称英语等级考试真题+答案-综合C环球职业教育在线整理转载请注明出处2004年职称英语等级考试试题、答案及题解综合类(C级)试题第1部分：词汇选项 (第1～15题，每题1分，共15分)下面共有15个句子，每个句子中均有1个词或短语画有底横线，请从每个句子后面所给的4个选项中选择1个与画线部分意义最相近的词或短语。
请将答案涂在答题卡相应的位置上。
1 We are sure that he will get over his illness．A certainB awareC happyD determined2 The policemen acted quickly because lives were at stake.A in despairB in dangerC in miseryD in pain3 If headaches only occur at night，lack of fresh air is often the cause．A startB beginC happenD visit4 The ice is not thick enough to bear the weight of a tank．A sufferB acceptC receiveD support5 A small number of firms have ceased tradingA completedB finishedC fulfilledD stopped6 She was sent a box of chocolates along with a letter saying she was fired．A killedB shotC dismissedD murdered7 The mountains look glorious at sunrise．A invitingB magnificentC appealingD pleasing8 It seems highly unlikely that she will pass the exam．A veryB completelyC usuallyD mostly9 Their parents once lived under very severe conditions、A soundB hardC strictD tightwith parties，music，dancing，big meals and，of course，lots of wine．F rench wine-making began more than 2,500 years ago．The world’s oldest type of vine grows in France and always produces a good quality wine．Today France produces one-fifth of the world’s wine，and some of the most famous varieties．The top wine-producing areas are Bordeaux，Burgundy and the Loire Valley．Champagne，a drink used in celebrations，is named after the place where sparkling(有汽泡的)wine was first produced in 1700．W ine is made from the juice of freshly picked grapes．It is the sugars that turn into alcohol．Traditionally, people used to take off their shoes and crush the grapes with their bare feet to bring out the juice．Nowadays，this practice is usually carried out by machines．Each wine producing region has its own character，based on its type of grapes and soil． The taste of wine changes with time．Until1 850, a11 French champagne was sweet．Now, both wine and champagne taste slightly bitter．The drink has always been 1inked with riches，romance and nobleness．Yet the French think of it in more ordinary terms．They believe it makes daily living easier,1ess hurried and with fewer problems．“A11 its links are with times when people are at their best；with relaxation，happiness，longslow meals and the free flow of ideas，”wrote wine expert Hugh Johnson．16 All French people celebrate the grape harvest every September．A RightB WrongC Not mentioned17 In the yearly wine festival，people always enjoy themselves．A RightB WrongC Not mentioned18 Wine—making in France has a history of over 2，500 years．A RightB WrongC Not mentioned19 Many varieties of wine produced in France are named after places．A RightB WrongC Not mentioned20 Different regions in France produce different types of wine．A RightB WrongC Not mentioned21 French wine will taste sour(酸的)in the future．A RightB WrongC Not mentioned22 The French people believe that drinking wine is a good way to relax．A RightB WrongC Not mentioned第3部分：概括大意与完成句子 (第23~30题，每题1分，共8分)阅读下面这篇短文，短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23~26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第1—4段每段选择1个正确的小标题；(2)第27~30题要求从所给的6个选项中选择4个正确选项，分别完成每个句子。
2004年英语专业八级考试翻译试卷及参考译文
2004年英语专业八级考试翻译试卷及参考译文Part ⅣTranslation (60 min)SECTION A CHINESE TO ENGLISHTranslate the underlined part of the following text into English. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET THREE.在人际关系问题上我们不要太浪漫主义。
人是很有趣的，往往在接触一个人时首先看到的都是他或她的优点。
这一点颇像是在餐馆里用餐的经验。
开始吃头盘或冷碟的时候，印象很好。
吃头两个主菜时，也是赞不绝口。
愈吃愈趋于冷静，吃完了这顿宴席，缺点就都找出来了。
于是转喜为怒，转赞美为责备挑剔，转首肯为摇头。
这是因为，第一，开始吃的时候你正处于饥饿状态，而饿了吃糠甜如蜜，饱了吃蜜也不甜。
第二，你初到一个餐馆，开始举筷时有新鲜感，新盖的茅房三天香，这也可以叫做“陌生化效应”吧。
Version 1：We should not be too romantic in interpersonal relations. Human beings are very interesting. Often when you meet a person for the first time, you only notice his or her merits first. This is quite like your dining experience in a restaurant. When you are having the first course / starter or the cold dishes you are full of praise. The more courses you have, the calmer you will become. When the feast/dinner is over, you will have found all its demerits/ defects. Then, delight turns into anger, praise into complaint, and a nodding head into a shaking one. This is because: first, when you begin to eat you are hungry, and when you are hungry even husk/chaff tastes sweeter than honey; whereas when you are full, even honey does not taste sweet at all. Second, when you arrive at the restaurant, and when you pick up the chopsticks, everything there is new to you. A newly built latrine smells fragrant for the first three days. This may be called the defamiliarization effect.Version 2：It is advisable not to be too romantic on interpersonal matters. Humans are peculiarly interesting so that in their contact with a person, they tend to notice noting but his or her merits. This is rather analogous to our experience of dining in a restaurant. At the beginning, when we take the starter or cold dishes, we are very much impressed. For the first two main courses, we are also profuse in praise. However, we calm down as we eat on. After we finish the feast, all sorts of faults are found. Then we are no longer pleased but angry; no longer complimentary but complaining and fastidious; no longer nod our satisfaction but keep shaking our heads. All this happens because, first, we were in a state of hunger at the time we began to eat. When hungry, one may feel even the taste of chaff especially delicious, but may not feel the sweetness of honey after eating his or her fill.Version 3：We should not be too romantic in terms of interpersonal relations. We are such interesting beings that when we meet someone for the first time we notice only his/her merits. This is quite like having dinner in a restaurant. Usually the first course or the cold dishes leave us a good impression. And we also praise the first two main courses. The more we have, the calmer webecome. By the end of the feast/dinner, all the demerits/shortcomings of the dishes are found out. And delight turns into anger, praise into complaint, and approval into disapproval. The reasons for the change are: first, when we begin to eat, even husk/chaff seems sweeter than honey as we are hungry; whereas when we are full, honey does not taste sweet at all. Second, when we begin to eat upon arrival, everything in the restaurant appears new, even a new latrine smells fragrant. The defamiliarization effect, isn’t it?Hunger is the best sauce.SECTION B ENGLISH TO CHINESETranslate the underlined part of the following text into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET THREE.For me the most interesting thing about a solitary life, and mine has been that for the last twenty years, is that it becomes increasingly rewarding. When I can wake up and watch the sun rise over the ocean, as I do most days, and know that I have an entire day ahead, uninterrupted, in which to write a few pages, take a walk with my dog, read and listen to music, I am flooded with happiness.I’m lonely only when I am overtired, when I have worked too long without a bre ak, when for the time being I feel empty and need filling up. And I am lonely sometimes when I come back home after a lecture trip, when I have seen a lot of people and talked a lot, and am full to the brim with experience that needs to be sorted out.Then for a little while the house feels huge and empty, and I wonder where my self is hiding. It has to be recaptured slowly by watering the plants and perhaps, by looking again at each one as though it were a person.It takes a while, as I watch the surf blowing up in fountains, but the moment comes when the world falls away, and the self emerges again from the deep unconscious, bringing back all I have recently experienced to be explored and slowly understood.我在过去的二十年间一直单独生活。
2004年考研英语真题及答案详解(含答案译文词汇讲解)
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unemployment 11 make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting
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people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. Theories
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04考研英语真题答案
04考研英语真题答案Part I Reading ComprehensionSection A1. D. They serve to highlight the contrasting nature of comets.2. B. A Long-Period Comet's Elliptical Orbit.3. C. Unusual for their frequency.4. A. They found the source of the radio transmissions from the comets.Section B5. D. Dietary advice affects consumers' food choices and overall health.6. C. Different factors that influence individual dietary choices.7. A. They call for a comprehensive approach to promoting healthy eating.8. B. The importance of individual responsibility in making healthy food choices.Section C9. D. It is increasingly difficult for elephants to coexist with humans due to habitat loss.10. C. They pose a threat to human communities and agricultural land.11. A. Establishing conservation areas for elephants.12. B. The potential negative consequences of inaction on elephant conservation.Part II Vocabulary and Grammar13. A. fundamentally14. C. variety15. B. unexpectedly16. D. significant17. A. destinations18. C. preference19. B. emphasize20. D. ensure21. C. accessible22. A. Conduction23. D. despite24. B. which25. C. properly26. A. Communication27. D. collaborated28. B. encounter29. A. wealthier30. D. is said toPart III Translation31. It is essential for our education system to strike a balance between theory and practice in order to cultivate versatile talents who can adapt to different situations.32. The rapid development of artificial intelligence has brought about both opportunities and challenges for the job market.33. When it comes to choosing a career, it is important to take into account personal interests, skills, and market demand.34. A good leader should be able to inspire and motivate team members to achieve their full potential.35. The increasing popularity of online shopping has greatly impacted traditional retail businesses.Part IV WritingTitle: The Impact of Social Media on Interpersonal RelationshipsIntroduction:In recent years, the rapid development of social media platforms has revolutionized the way people communicate and interact with each other. While social media offers numerous benefits in terms of connection and information sharing, it also has a profound impact on interpersonal relationships. This essay explores the effects of social media on relationships,both positive and negative, and provides suggestions on maintaining healthy connections in the digital age.Body:1. Enhanced Communication:- The convenience of instant messaging and video calls allows people to stay connected regardless of distance.- Social media provides a platform for sharing life updates, photos, and celebrations, strengthening relationships.2. Expanding Social Circles:- Social media enables individuals to connect with like-minded people, expanding their social circles and fostering new relationships.- Online communities and interest groups provide opportunities for individuals to engage with people who share similar hobbies and interests.3. Negative Impact on Communication:- Excessive reliance on social media can lead to a decline in face-to-face communication and hinder the development of interpersonal skills.- Misinterpretation of messages and lack of non-verbal cues can cause misunderstandings and conflicts.4. Influence on Intimate Relationships:- Social media can contribute to jealousy and insecurity within romantic relationships due to extensive exposure to others' seemingly perfect lives.- Privacy concerns and the temptation of online interactions with others may strain trust and intimacy.5. Maintaining Healthy Relationships:- Setting boundaries and time limits for social media usage can prevent it from becoming a hindrance to real-life connections.- Regular offline interactions and quality time with loved ones are essential for nurturing meaningful relationships.Conclusion:While social media has undeniably transformed the way we communicate, it is crucial to be mindful of its potential impact on interpersonal relationships. By understanding the positive and negative effects, individuals can make conscious efforts to maintain healthy connections and strike a balance between the virtual and real world.。
专业英语八级考试真题(1)_0
专业英语八级考试真题(1)2004年英语专业八级考试全真试卷Part Ⅰ Listening Comprehension (40 min)In Sections A,B and C you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the correct answer to each question on your coloured answer sheet.SECTION A TALKQuestions 1 to 5 refer to the talk in this section. At the end of the talk you will be given 75 seconds to answer the questions.Now listen to the talk.1.A) the coordination based on individual actionsB) the number of individual participantsC) the necessity of individual actionsD) the requirements for participants2.A) individual B) combined C) distinct D) social3.A) the manner of language useB) the topic and content of speechC) the interactions between speaker and audienceD) the relationship between speaker and audience4.A) hide their real intentionsB) voice others’intentionsC) play double roles on and off stageD) only imitate other people in life5.A) the absence of spontaneityB) the presence of individual actionsC) the lack of real intentionsD) the absence of audienceSECTION B INTERVIEWQuestions 6 to 10 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 75 seconds to answer the questions.Now listen to the interview.6.A) Students worked very hard.B) Students felt they needed a second degree.C) Education was not career oriented.D) There were many specialized subjects.7.A) To turn out an adequate number of elite for the society.B) To prepare students for their future career.C) To offer practical and utilitarian courses in each programme.D) To set up as many technical institutions as possible.8.A) require good educationB) are secondary to educationC) don’t call for good educationD) don’t conflict with education9.A) Shifting from one programme to another.B) Working out ways to reduce student number.C) Emphasizing better quality of education.D) Setting up stricter examination standards.10.A) those who can adapt to different professionsB) those who have a high flexibility of mindC) those who are thinkers, historians and philosophersD) those who possess only highly specialized skillsSECTION C NEWS BROADCASTQuestions 11 to 13 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 45 seconds to answer the questions.Now listen to the news.11. Which of the following regions in the world will witness thesharpestdrop in life expectancy?A) Latin America.B) Sub Saharan Africa.C) Asia.D) The Caribbean.12. According to the news, which country will experience small life expectancy drop?A) Burma.B) Botswana.C) Cambodia.D) Thailand.13. The countries that are predicted to experience negative population growth are mainly in ____A) Asia.B) Africa.C) Latin America.D) The Caribbean.14. The trade dispute between the European Union and the US was caused by ____.A) US refusal to accept arbitration by WTOB) US imposing tariffs on European steelC) US refusal to pay compensation to EUD) US refusal to lower import duties on EU products15. Who will be consulted first before the EU list is submitted to WTO?A) EU member states.B) The United States.C) WTO.D) The steel corporations.SECTION D NOTE-TAKING AND GAP-FILLINGIn this section you will hear a mini lecture. You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening to the lecture, take notes on the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete a 15minute gap filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE after the mini lecture. Use the blank sheet for note taking.Part Ⅱ Proofreading and Error Correction (15 min)The passage contains TEN errors. Each indicated line contains a maximum of ONE error. In each case, only ONE word is involved. You should proofread the passage and correct it in the following way: For a wrong word, underline the wrong word and write the correct one in the blank provided at the end of the line.For a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a “∧” sign and write the word you believe to be missing in the blankprovided at the end of the line.For an unnecessary word, cross the unnecessary word with a slash “/”and put the word in the blank provided at the end of the line.ExampleWhen ∧art museum wants a new exhibit, (1) anit never buys things in finished form and hangs (2) neverthem on the wall. When a natural history museumwants an [ZZ(Z]exhibition[ZZ)], it must often build it. (3)exhibitProofread the given passage on ANSWER SHEET TWO as instructed.One of the most important non-legislative functions of the U.S Congressis the power to investigate. This power is usually delegated to committees - eitherstanding committees, special committees set for a specific (1)____purpose, or joint committees consisted of members of both houses.(2)____Investigations are held to gather information on the need forfuture legislation, to test the effectiveness of laws already passed,to inquire into the qualifications and performance of members andofficials of the other branches, and in rare occasions, to lay the (3)____groundwork for impeachment proceedings. Frequently, committeesrely outside experts to assist in conducting investigative hearings (4)____and to make out detailed studies of issues. (5)____There are important corollaries to the investigative power. Oneis the power to publicize investigations and its results. Most (6)____committee hearings are open to public and are reported (7)____widely in the mass media. Congressional investigationsnevertheless represent one important tool available to lawmakers (8)____to inform the citizenry and to arouse public interests in national issues.(9)____Congressional committees also have the power to compeltestimony from unwilling witnesses, and to cite for contemptof Congress witnesses who refuse to testify and for perjurythese who give false testimony. (10)____Part ⅢReading Comprehension (30 min) (开始Part ⅢReadingComprehension (30 min)计时)In this section there are four reading passages followed by a total of fifteen multiple choice questions. Read the passages and then mark your answers on your coloured answer sheet.TEXT AFarmers in the developing world hate price fluctuations. It makes it hard to plan ahead. But most of them have little choice: they sell at the price the market sets. Farmers in Europe, the U.S. and Japan are luckier: they receive massive government subsidies in the form of guaranteed prices or direct handouts. Last month U.S. President Bush signed a new farm bill that gives American farmers $190 billion over the next 10 years, or $83 billion more than they had been scheduled to get, and pushes U.S. agricultural support close to crazy European levels. Bush said the step was necessary to “promote farmer indep endence and preserve the farm way of life for generations”. It is also designed to help the Republican Party win control of the Senate in November’s mid term elections.Agricultural production in most poor countries accounts for up to 50% of GDP, compared to only 3% in rich countries. But most farmers in poor countries grow just enough for themselves and their families. Those who try exporting to the West find their goods whacked with huge tariffs or competing against cheaper subsidized goods. In 1999 the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development concluded that for eachdollar developing countries receive in aid they lose up to $14 just because of trade barriers imposed on the export of their manufactured goods. It’s not as if the developing world wants any favours, says Gerald Ssendwula, Uganda’s Minister of Finance. “What w e want is for the rich countries to let us compete.”Agriculture is one of the few areas in which the Third World can compete. Land and labour are cheap, and as farming methods develop, new technologies should improve output. This is no pie in the sky speculation. The biggest success in Kenya’s economy over the past decade has been the boom in exports of cut flowers and vegetables to Europe. But that may all change in 2008, when Kenya will be slightly too rich to qualify for the “least developed count ry” status that allows African producers to avoid paying stiff European import duties on selected agricultural products. With trade barriers in place, the horticulture industry in Kenya will shrivel as quickly as a discarded rose. And while agriculture exports remain the great hope for poor countries, reducing trade barriers in other sectors also works: Americas African Growth and Opportunity Act, which cuts duties on exports of everything from handicrafts to shoes, has proved a boon to Africa’s manufacturers. The lesson: the Third World can prosper if the rich world gives it a fair go.This is what makes Bush’s decision to increase farm subsidies lastmonth all the more depressing. Poor countries have long suspected that the rich world urges rade liberalization only so it can wangle its way into new markets. Such suspicions caused the Seattle trade talks to break down three years ago. But last November members of the World Trade Organization, meeting in Doha, Qatar, finally agreed to a new round of talks designed to open up global trade in agriculture and textiles. Rich countries assured poor countries, that their concerns were finally being addressed. Bush’s handout last month makes a lie of America’s commitment to those talks and his personal devotion to free trade.16. By comparison, farmers ____ receive more government subsidies than others.A) in the developing worldB) in JapanC) in EuropeD) in America17. In addition to the economic considerations, there is a ____ motive behind Bush’s signing of the new farm bill.A) partisanB) socialC) financialD) cultural18. The message the writer attempts to convey throughout thepassage is that ____.A) poor countries should be given equal opportunities in tradeB) “the least developed country” status benefits agricultural countriesC) poor countries should remove their suspicions about trade liberalizationD) farmers in poor countries should also receive the benefit of subsidies19. The writer’s attitude towards new farm subsidies in the U.S. is ____.A) favourableB) ambiguousC) criticalD) reservedTEXT BOscar Wilde said that work is the refuge of people who have nothing better to do. If so, Americans are now among the world’s saddest refugees. Factory workers in the United States are working longer hours than at any time in the past half century. America once led the rich world in cutting the average working week—from 70 hours in 1850 to less than 40 hours by the 1950s. It seemed natural that as people grew richer they would trade extra earnings for more leisure. Since the 1970s,however, the hours clocked up by American workers have risen, to an average of 42 this year in manufacturing.Several studies suggest that something similar is happening outside manufacturing: Americans are spending more time at work than they did 20 years ago. Executives and lawyers boast of 80 hour weeks. On holiday, they seek out fax machines and phones as eagerly as Germans bag the best sun loungers. Yet working time in Europe and Japan continues to fall. In Germany’s engineering industry the working week is to be trimmed from 36 to 35 hours next year. Most Germans get six weeks’paid annual holiday; even the Japanese now take three weeks. Americans still make do with just two. Germany responds to this contrast with its usual concern about whether people’s aversion to work is damaging its competitiveness. Yet German workers, like the Japanese, seem to be acting sensibly: as their incomes rise, they can achieve a better standard of living with fewer hours of work. The puzzle is why America, the world’s richest country, sees things differently. It is a puzzle with sinistersocial implications. Parents spend less time with their children, who may be left alone at home for longer. Is it just a coincidence that juvenile crime is on the rise?Some explanations for America’s time at work fail to stand up to scrutiny. One blames weak trade unions that leave workers open to exploitation. Are workers being forced by cost cutting firms to toilharder just to keep their jobs? A recent study by two American economists, Richard Freeman and Linda Bell, suggests not: when asked, Americans actually want to work longer hours. Most German workers, in contrast, would rather work less. Then, why do Americans want to work harder? One reason may be that the real earnings of many Americans have been stagnant or falling during the past two decades. People work longer merely to maintain their living standards. Yet many higher skilled workers, who have enjoyed big increases in their real pay, have been working harder too. Also, one reason for the slow growth of wages has been the rapid growth in employment—which is more or less where the argument began. Taxes may have something to do with it. People who work an extra hour in America are allowed to keep more of their money than those who do the same in Germany. Falls in marginal tax rates in America since the 1970s have made it all the more profitable to work longer.None of these answers really explains why the century long decline in working hours has gone into reverse in America but not elsewhere (though Britain shows signs of following America’s lead). Perhaps cultural differences—the last refuge of the defeated economist—are at play. Economists used to believe that once workers earned enough to provide for their basic needs and allow for a few luxuries, their incentive to work would be eroded, like lions relaxing aftera kill. But humans are more susceptible to advertising than lions. Perhaps clever marketing has ensured that “basic needs”—for a shower with built in TV, for a rocket propelled car—expand continuously. Shopping is already one of America’s most popular pastimes. But it requires money—hence more work and less leisure.Or try this: the television is not very good, and baseball and hockey keep being wiped out by strikes. Perhaps Wilde was right. Maybe Americans have nothing better to do.20. In the United States, working longer hours is ____.A) confined to the manufacturing industryB) a traditional practice in some sectorsC) prevalent in all sectors of societyD) favoured by the economists21. According to the third paragraph, which might be one of the consequences of working longer hours?A) Rise in employees’working efficiency.B) Rise in the number of young offenders.C) Rise in people’s living standards.D) Rise in competitiveness.22. Which of the following is the cause of working longer hours stated bythe writer?A) Expansion of basic needs.B) Cultural differences.C) Increase in real earnings.D) Advertising.。
04年八级听力真题原稿答案
MINI-LECTUREConversation SkillsPeople who usually make us feel comfortable in conversations are good talkers. And they have something in common, i.e. skills to put people at ease.1. Skill to ask question1) be aware of the human nature: readiness to answer other's questions regardless of(1)__shyness _2) start a conversation with some personal but unharmful questions about one's(2)_first___ job, or questions about one's activities in the (3)__morning __3) be able to spot signals for further talk2. Skill to (4)_listen___for answers1) don't shift from subject to subject; sticking to the same subject represents signs of (5)__interest__in conversation.2) listen to (6)__tone__of voice - If people sound unenthusiastic, then change subject.3) use eyes and ears - steady your gaze while listening3. Skill to laughEffects of laughter:- ease people's (7)__discomfort_- help (8)__conversations_ to go on easily4. Skill to part1) importance: open up possibilities for future friendship or contact2) ways:- men: a smile, a (9)__ handshake__- women: same as (10)_ _men__ now- how to express pleasure in meeting someone.SECTION B INTERVIEW 08:00Questions 6 to 10 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 75 seconds to answer the questions. Now listen to the interview.6. What was education like in Professor Wang's days? CA. Students worked very hard.B. Students felt they needed a second degree.C. Education was not career－oriented定向的.D. There were many specialized subjects.7. According to Professor Wang, what is the purpose of the present－day education?BA. To turn out an adequate number of elite for the society.B. To prepare students for their future career. Job when they graduateC. To offer practical and utilitarian courses in each programme.D. To set up as many technical institutions as possible.8. In Professor Wang's opinion, technical skills ____.C don’t require you…A. require good educationB. are secondary to educationC. don't call for提倡good educationD. don't conflict with education9. What does Professor Wang suggest to cope with the situation caused by increasing numbers of fee-paying students CA. Shifting from one programme to another.B. Working out ways to reduce student number.C. Emphasizing better quality of education.D. Setting up stricter examination standards.10. Future education needs to produce graduates of all the following categories分类EXCEPT ____.DA. those who can adapt to different professionsB. those who have a high flexibility of mindC. those who are thinkers, historians and philosophersD. those who possess only highly specialized skillsSECTION C NEWS BROADCAST 14:10Questions 11 to 13 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 45 seconds to answer the questions. Now listen to the news.11. Which of the following regions in the world will witness the sharpest drop in life expectancy期待? BA. Latin America.B. Sub Saharan Africa.C. Asia.D. The Caribbean.12. According to the news, which country will experience small life expectancy drop? DA. Burma.B. Botswana.C. Cambodia.D. Thailand.13. The countries that are predicted to experience negative population growth are mainly in ____ .BA. Asia.B. Africa.C. Latin America.D. The Caribbean.Questions 14 and 15 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 30 seconds to answer the questions. Now listen to the news.14. The trade dispute between the European Union and the US was caused by D____. refusal to accept arbitration仲裁by WTO imposing tariffs on European steel refusal to pay compensation to EU refusal to lower import duties on EU products15. Who will be consulted first before the EU list is submitted to WTO? AA. EU member states.B. The United States.C. WTO.D. The steel corporations.MINI-LECTUREGood morning. Today's lecture will focus on how to make people feel at ease in conversations. I guess all of you sitting here can recall certain people who just seem to make you feel comfortable when they are around. You spend an hour with them and feel as if you've known them half your life. These people who have that certain something that makes us feel comfortable have something in common, and once we know what that is, we can go about getting some of that something for ourselves. How is it done? Here are some of the skills that good talkers have. If you follow the skills, they will help you put people at their ease, make them feel secure, and comfortable, and turn acquaintances into friends.First of all, good talkers ask questions. Almost anyone, no matter how shy, will answer a question. In fact, according to my observation, very shy persons are often more willing to answer questions than extroverts. They are more concerned that someone will think them impolite if they don't respond to the questions. So most skillful conversationalists recommend starting with a question that is personal, but not harmful. For example, once a famous American TV presenter got a long and fascinating interview from a notoriously private billionaire by asking him about his first job. Another example, one prominent woman executive confesses that at business lunches, "I always ask people what they did that morning. It's a dull question, but it gets things going." From there, you can move on to other matters, sometimes to really personal questions. Moreover, how your responder answers will let you know how far you can go. A few simple catchwords like "Really?" "Yes?" are clear invitations to continue talking.Second, once good talkers have asked questions, they listen for answers. This point seems obvious, but it isn't in fact. Making people feel comfortable isn't simply a matter of making idle conversation. Your questions have a point. You're really asking, "What sort of person are you?" and to find out, you have to really listen. There are at least three components of real listening. For one thing, real listening means not changing the subject. If someone sticks to one topic, you can assume that he or she is really interested in it. Another component of real listening is listening not just to words but to tones of voice. I once mentioned D.H. Lawrence to a friend. To my astonishment, she launched into an academic discussion of the imagery in Lawrence's works. Midway through, I listened to her voice. It was, to put it mildly, unanimated, and it seemed obvious that the imagery monologue was intended solely for my benefit, and I quickly changed the subject. At last, real listening means using your eyes as well as your ears. When your gaze wanders, it makes people think they're boring your, or what they are saying is not interesting. Of course, you don't have to stare, or glare at them. Simply looking attentive will make most people think that you think they're fascinating.Next, good talkers are not afraid to laugh. If you think of all the people you know who make you feel comfortable, you may notice that all of them laugh a lot. Laughteris not only warming and friendly, it's also a good way to ease other people's discomfort. I have a friend who might enjoy watching at gathering of other people who do not know each other well. The first few minutes of talk are a bit uneasy and hesitant, for the people involved do not yet have a sense of each other. Invariably, a light comment or joke is made, and my friend's easy laughter appears like sunshine in the conversation. There is always then a visible softening that takes place. Other people smile, and loosen in response to her laughter, and the conversation goes on with more warmth and ease.Finally, good talkers are ones who cement a parting. That is, they know how to make use of parting as a way to leave a deep impression on others. Last impressions are just as important as first impressions in determining how a new acquaintance will remember you. People who make others really feel comfortable take advantage of that parting moment to close the deal. Men have had it easier. They have done it with a smile, and a good firm handshake. What about women then? Over the last several years, women have started to take over that custom well between themselves or with men. If you're saying goodbye, you might want to give him or her a second extra hand squeeze. It's a way to say, I really enjoyed meeting you. But it's not all done with body language. If you've enjoyed being with someone, if you want to see that person again, don't keep it a secret. Let people know how you feel, and they may walk away feeling as if they've known you half their life.Okay, just to sum up. Today, we've talked about four ways to make people feel at ease in conversations. These skills are important in keeping conversations going, and in forming friendships later on. Of course, these skills are by no means the only ones we can use. The list is much longer. I hope you will use these four skills, and discover more on your own in your conversations with other people.SECTION B TALKW: Good evening, I'm Nancy Johnson. The guest on our radio talk this evening is Professor Wang Gongwu. Hello, Professor Wang.M: Hello.W: Professor Wang, you're now professor emeritus of Australia National University, and in your long academic career, you've worn many hats as tutor, lecturer, department head, dean, professor, and vice chancellor. However, as I know, you're still very fond of your university days as a student.M: That's right. That was in 1949. The university that I went to was a brand new university then, and the only one in the country at that time. When I look back, it was an amazingly small university, and we knew everybody.W: How did the students like you, for example, study then?M: We didn't study very hard, because we didn't have to. We didn't have all this fantastic competition that you have today. Mmm. We were always made to feel that getting a first degree in the Arts faculty was not preparation for a profession. It was a general education. We were not under any pressure to decide on our careers, and we had such a good time. We were left very much on our own, and we were encouraged to make things happen.W: What do you see as the most striking difference in university education since then?M: University education has changed dramatically since those days. Things are very specialized today.W: Yes, definitely so. And, in your subsequent career experience as an educator and later administrator in various institutions of higher education in Asia and elsewhere, Professor Wang, you have repeatedly noted that one has to look at the development of education in one particular country in a broad context. What do you mean by that?M: Well, the whole world has moved away from elite education in universities to meet the needs of mass education, and entering universities is no longer a privilege for the few. And universities today are more concerned with providing jobs for their graduates in a way that universities in our time never had to be bothered about. Therefore, the emphasis of university programs today is now on the practical and the utilitarian, rather than on a general education or on personal development.W: Do you think that is a welcome development?M: Well, I personally regret this development. But the basic bachelor's education now has to cater to people who really need a piece of paper to find a decent job.W: So you're concerned about this development.M: Yes, I'm very concerned. With technical changes, many of the things that you learn are technical skills, which don't require you to become very well educated. Yet, if you can master those skills, you can get very good jobs. So the technical institutions are going to be increasingly popular at the expense of traditional universitites.W: Professor Wang, let's look at a different issue. How do you comment on the current phenomenon because of the fees they pay?M: Well, once you accept students on financial grounds, one wonders whether you have to pass them as well. But this is the development in education that we have to contend with. Yet, if we are concerned about maintaining standards, what we can do is to concentrate on improving the quality of education.W: Yes, you're right. A university is judged by the quality of education it offers. Professor Wang, let's turn to the future. What type of graduates, in your view, to universities of the future need to produce, if they are to remain relevant?M: I think their graduates must be able to shift from one profession to another, because they are trained in a very independent way. If you can do that, you raise the level of the flexibility of the mind. Today's rapid changes in technology demand this adaptability. And you see the best universities in the world are already trying to guarantee that their students will not only be technically trained, but will be the kind of people that can adapt to any changing situation.W: I guess many people would agree with you on that point. University education should focus on both personal and professional development of students. But still some might believe there is a definite place for education in a broader sense - that is, in personal intellectual development.M: No doubt about that. We need people who will think about the future, about the past, and also people who will think about society. If a society doesn't have philosophers, or people who think about the value of life, it's a very sad society indeed.W: Professor Wang, my last question: do you see any common ground in education between your generation and the young generation now?M: Adapting to new challenges is perhaps the true cornerstone of our generation's legacy to education. And the future of education in a country rests not so much on the construction of better buildings, labs, etc., but in the development of an ever adaptablemind.W: That's true. The essence of education is the education of the mind. Okay, thank you very much, Professor Wang, for talking to us on the show about the changing trends in education.M: You're welcomeSECTION CA new data shows that the global AIDS pandemic will cause a sharp drop in life expectancy in dozens of countries, in some cases, declines of three decades. Several nations are losing a century's progress in extending the length of life. Nations in every part of the world, 51 in all, are suffering declining life expectancies because of an increasing prevalence of HIV infection. The increase is occurring in Asia, Latin America, and the Carribbean, but is greatest in sub Saharan Africa, a region with only 10% of the world's population but 70% of the world's HIV infections. Seven African countries have life expectancies of less than 40 years. For example, in Botswana, where 39% of the adult population is infected with HIV, life expectancy is 39 years. But by 2010, it will be less than 27 years. Without AIDS, it would have been 44 years. Life expectancy throughout the Carribbean and some Central American nations will drop into the 60's by 2010, when they would otherwise have been in the 70's without AIDS. In Cambodia and Burma, they are predicted to decline to around 60 years old, to what otherwise would have been in the mid 60's. Even in countries where the number of new infections is dropping, such as Thailand, Uganda, and Senegal, small life expectancy drop is forecast. Back in the early 1990's, we never would have suspected that population growth would have turned negative because of AIDS mortality. In less than 10 years, we expect that 5 countries will be experiencing negative population growth because of AIDS mortality, including South Africa, Mozambique, Lesotho, Botswana and Swaziland.Questions 14 and 15 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 30 seconds to answer the questions. Now listen to the news.The European Union has drafted a list of US products to be hit with import taxes in retaliation for tariffs the United States has imposed on European steel. EU member governments will review the list before the EU submits it to the World Trade Organization, which arbitrates international trade disputes. EU officials will not say which American products will be hit by the EU sanctions. But diplomats monitoring the most recent trans Atlantic trade dispute say they include textiles and steel products.Earlier this month, the Bush administration imposed tariffs of up to 30 percent on some steel imports, including European products.The EU has appealed to the World Trade Organization to get those duties overturned. But a WTO decision on the matter could take up to a year or more. EU officials say that, under WTO rules, the EU has the right to impose retaliatory measures in June. But they say the United States can avoid the EU's possible countermeasures if it pays more than two billion dollars in compensation to the EU for imposing the steel tariffs in the first place. The officials say Washington could also escape retaliation by lowering U.S. import duties on other EU products.The Bush administration says it will not pay compensation.PART ⅠLISTENING COMPREHENSIONSECTION B INTERVIEW6．C 7．B 8．C 9．C 10．DSECTION C NEWS BROADCAST11．B 12．D 13．B 14．B 15．ASECTION D NOTE-TAKING & GAP-FILLING 1．shyness2．first3．morning4．listen5．interest6．tones7．discomfort8．conversations9．handshake10．men。
2004年英语专业八级真题及答案
Part ⅠListening Comprehension (40 min)In Sections A, B and C you will hear everything ONCE ONL Y. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the correct answer to each question on your coloured answer sheet.SECTION A TALKQuestions 1 to 5 refer to the talk in this section. At the end of the talk you will be given 75 seconds to answer the questions.Now listen to the talk.1. A) the coordination based on individual actionsB) the number of individual participantsC) the necessity of individual actionsD) the requirements for participants2. A) individual B) combined C) distinct D) social3. A) the manner of language useB) the topic and content of speechC) the interactions between speaker and audienceD) the relationship between speaker and audience4. A) hide their real intentionsB) voice others' intentionsC) play double roles on and off stageD) only imitate other people in life5. A) the absence of spontaneityB) the presence of individual actionsC) the lack of real intentionsD) the absence of audienceSECTION B INTERVIEWQuestions 6 to 10 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 75 seconds to answer the questions.Now listen to the interview.6. A) Students worked very hard.B) Students felt they needed a second degree.C) Education was not career oriented.D) There were many specialized subjects.7. A) To turn out an adequate number of elite for the society.B) To prepare students for their future career.C) To offer practical and utilitarian courses in each programme.D) To set up as many technical institutions as possible.8. A) require good educationB) are secondary to educationC) don't call for good educationD) don't conflict with education9. A) Shifting from one programme to another.B) Working out ways to reduce student number.C) Emphasizing better quality of education.D) Setting up stricter examination standards.10. A) those who can adapt to different professionsB) those who have a high flexibility of mindC) those who are thinkers, historians and philosophersD) those who possess only highly specialized skillsSECTION C NEWS BROADCASTQuestions 11 to 13 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 45 seconds to answer the questions.Now listen to the news.11. Which of the following regions in the world will witness the sharpest drop in life expectancy?A) Latin America.B) Sub Saharan Africa.C) Asia.D) The Caribbean.12. According to the news, which country will experience small life expectancy drop?A) Burma. B) Botswana. C) Cambodia. D) Thailand.13. The countries that are predicted to experience negative population growth are mainly in ____A) Asia. B) Africa. C) Latin America. D) The Caribbean.14. The trade dispute between the European Union and the US was caused by ____.A) US refusal to accept arbitration by WTOB) US imposing tariffs on European steelC) US refusal to pay compensation to EUD) US refusal to lower import duties on EU products15. Who will be consulted first before the EU list is submitted to WTO?A) EU member states.B) The United States.C) WTO.D) The steel corporations.SECTION D NOTE-TAKING AND GAP-FILLINGIn this section you will hear a mini lecture. You will hear the lecture ONCE ONL Y. While listening to the lecture, take notes on the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete a 15 minute gap filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE after the mini lecture. Use the blank sheet for note taking.Part ⅡProofreading and Error Correction (15 min)The passage contains TEN errors. Each indicated line contains a maximum of ONE error. In each case, only ONE word is involved. You should proofread the passage and correct it in the following way:For a wrong word, underline the wrong word and write the correct one in the blank provided at the end of the line.For a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a "∧" sign and write the word you believe to be missing in the blank provided at the end of the line.For an unnecessary word, cross the unnecessary word with a slash "/"and put the word in the blank provided at the end of the line.ExampleWhen ∧art museum wants a new exhibit, (1) anit never buys things in finished form and hangs (2) neverthem on the wall. When a natural history museumwants an exhibition, it must often build it. (3)exhibitProofread the given passage on ANSWER SHEET TWO as instructed.One of the most important non-legislative functions of the U.S Congressis the power to investigate. This power is usually delegated to committees - eitherstanding committees, special committees set for a specific (1)____ purpose, or joint committees consisted of members of both houses. (2)____ Investigations are held to gather information on the need forfuture legislation, to test the effectiveness of laws already passed,to inquire into the qualifications and performance of members andofficials of the other branches, and in rare occasions, to lay the (3)____ groundwork for impeachment proceedings. Frequently, committeesrely outside experts to assist in conducting investigative hearings (4)____and to make out detailed studies of issues. (5)____There are important corollaries to the investigative power. Oneis the power to publicize investigations and its results. Most (6)____ committee hearings are open to public and are reported (7)____widely in the mass media. Congressional investigationsnevertheless represent one important tool available to lawmakers (8)____to inform the citizenry and to arouse public interests in national issues.(9)____ Congressional committees also have the power to compeltestimony from unwilling witnesses, and to cite for contemptof Congress witnesses who refuse to testify and for perjurythese who give false testimony. (10)____Part ⅢReading Comprehension (30 min) (开始Part ⅢReading Comprehension (30 min)计时)In this section there are four reading passages followed by a total of fifteen multiple choice questions. Read the passages and then mark your answers on your coloured answer sheet.TEXT AFarmers in the developing world hate price fluctuations. It makes it hard to plan ahead. But most of them have little choice: they sell at the price the market sets. Farmers in Europe, the U.S. and Japan are luckier: they receive massive government subsidies in the form of guaranteed prices or direct handouts. Last month U.S. President Bush signed a new farm bill that gives American farmers $190 billion over the next 10 years, or $83 billion more than they had been scheduled to get, and pushes U.S. agricultural support close to crazy European levels. Bush said the step was necessary to "promote farmer independence and preserve the farm way of life for generations". It is also designed to help the Republican Party win control of the Senate in November's mid-term elections.Agricultural production in most poor countries accounts for up to 50% of GDP, compared to only 3% in rich countries. But most farmers in poor countries grow just enough for themselves and their families. Those who try exporting to the West find their goods whacked with huge tariffs or competing against cheaper subsidized goods. In 1999 the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development concluded that for each dollar developing countries receive in aid they lose up to $14 just because of trade barriers imposed on the export of their manufactured goods. It's not as if the developing world wants any favours, says Gerald Ssendwula, Uganda's Minister of Finance. "What we want is for the rich countries to let us compete."Agriculture is one of the few areas in which the Third World can compete. Land and labour are cheap, and as farming methods develop, new technologies should improve output. This is no-pie-in-the-sky speculation. The biggest success in Kenya's economy over the past decade has been the boom in exports of cut flowers and vegetables to Europe. But that may all change in 2008, when Kenya will be slightly too rich to qualify for the "least developed country" status that allowsAfrican producers to avoid paying stiff European import duties on selected agricultural products. With trade barriers in place, the horticulture industry in Kenya will shrivel as quickly as a discarded rose. And while agriculture exports remain the great hope for poor countries, reducing trade barriers in other sectors also works: Americas African Growth and Opportunity Act, which cuts duties on exports of everything from handicrafts to shoes, has proved a boon to Africa's manufacturers. The lesson: the Third World can prosper if the rich world gives it a fair go.This is what makes Bush's decision to increase farm subsidies last month all themore depressing. Poor countries have long suspected that the rich world urges rade liberalization only so it can wangle its way into new markets. Such suspicions caused the Seattle trade talks to break down three years ago. But last November members of the World Trade Organization, meeting in Doha, Qatar, finally agreed to a new round of talks designed to open up global trade in agriculture andtextiles. Rich countries assured poor countries, that their concerns were finally being addressed. Bush's handout last month makes a lie of America's commitment to those talks and his personal devotion to free trade.16. By comparison, farmers ____ receive more government subsidies than others.A) in the developing worldB) in JapanC) in EuropeD) in America17. In addition to the economic considerations, there is a ____ motive behind Bush's signing of the new farm bill.A) partisanB) socialC) financialD) cultural18. The message the writer attempts to convey throughout the passage is that ____.A) poor countries should be given equal opportunities in tradeB) "the least developed country" status benefits agricultural countriesC) poor countries should remove their suspicions about trade liberalizationD) farmers in poor countries should also receive the benefit of subsidies19. The writer's attitude towards new farm subsidies in the U.S. is ____.A) favourableB) ambiguousC) criticalD) reservedTEXT BOscar Wilde said that work is the refuge of people who have nothing better to do. If so, Americans are now among the world's saddest refugees. Factory workers in the United States are working longer hours than at any time in the past half century. America once led the rich world in cutting the average working week-from 70 hours in 1850 to less than 40 hours by the 1950s. It seemed natural that as people grew richer they would trade extra earnings for more leisure. Since the 1970s, however, the hours clocked up by American workers have risen, to an average of 42 this year in manufacturing.Several studies suggest that something similar is happening outside manufacturing: Americans are spending more time at work than they did 20 years ago. Executives and lawyers boast of 80 hour weeks. On holiday, they seek out fax machines and phones as eagerly as Germans bag the best sun loungers. Yet working time in Europe and Japan continues to fall. In Germany's engineering industry the working week is to be trimmed from 36 to 35 hours next year. Most Germans get six weeks' paid annual holiday; even the Japanese now take three weeks. Americans still make do with just two.Germany responds to this contrast with its usual concern about whether people's aversion to work is damaging its competitiveness. Yet German workers, like the Japanese, seem to be acting sensibly: as their incomes rise, they can achieve a better standard of living with fewer hours of work. The puzzle is why America, the world's richest country, sees things differently. It is a puzzle with sinistersocial implications. Parents spend less time with their children, who may be left alone at home for longer. Is it just a coincidence that juvenile crime is on the rise?Some explanations for America's time at work fail to stand up to scrutiny. One blames weak trade unions that leave workers open to exploitation. Are workers being forced by cost cutting firms to toil harder just to keep their jobs? A recent study by two American economists, Richard Freeman and Linda Bell, suggests not: when asked, Americans actually want to work longer hours. Most German workers, in contrast, would rather work less.Then, why do Americans want to work harder? One reason may be that the real earnings of many Americans have been stagnant or falling during the past two decades. People work longer merely to maintain their living standards. Yet many higher skilled workers, who have enjoyed big increases in their real pay, have been working harder too. Also, one reason for the slow growth of wages has been the rapid growth in employment-which is more or less where the argument began.Taxes may have something to do with it. People who work an extra hour in America areallowed to keep more of their money than those who do the same in Germany. Falls in marginal tax rates in America since the 1970s have made it all the more profitable to work longer.None of these answers really explains why the century long decline in working hours has gone into reverse in America but not elsewhere (though Britain shows signs of following America's lead). Perhaps cultural differences-the last refuge of the defeated economist-are at play. Economists used to believe that once workers earned enough to provide for their basic needs and allow for a few luxuries, their incentive to work would be eroded, like lions relaxing after a kill. But humans are more susceptible to advertising than lions. Perhaps clever marketing has ensured that "basic needs"-for a shower with built in TV, for a rocket propelled car-expand continuously. Shopping is already one of America's most popular pastimes. But it requires money-hence more work and less leisure.Or try this: the television is not very good, and baseball and hockey keep being wiped out by strikes. Perhaps Wilde was right. Maybe Americans have nothing better to do.20. In the United States, working longer hours is ____.A) confined to the manufacturing industryB) a traditional practice in some sectorsC) prevalent in all sectors of societyD) favoured by the economists21. According to the third paragraph, which might be one of the consequences of working longer hours?A) Rise in employees' working efficiency.B) Rise in the number of young offenders.C) Rise in people's living standards.D) Rise in competitiveness.22. Which of the following is the cause of working longer hours stated bythe writer?A) Expansion of basic needs.B) Cultural differences.C) Increase in real earnings.D) Advertising.TEXT CThe fox really exasperated them both. As soon as they had let the fowls out, inthe early summer mornings, they had to take their guns and keep guard; and thenagain as soon as eveningbegan to mellow, they must go once more. And he was so sly. He slid along in the deep grass; he was difficult as a serpent to see. And he seemed to circumvent the girls deliberately. Once or twice March had caught sight of the white tip of his brush, or the ruddy shadow of him in the deep grass, and she had let fire at him. But he made no account of this.The trees on the wood edge were a darkish, brownish green in the full light-for it was the end of August. Beyond, the naked, copper like shafts and limbs of the pine trees shone in the air. Nearer the rough grass, with its long, brownish stalks all agleam, was full of light. The fowls were round about-the ducks were still swimming on the pond under the pine trees. March looked at it all, saw it all, and did not see it. She heard Banford speaking to the fowls in the distance-and she did not hear. What was she thinking about? Heaven knows. Her consciousness was, as it were, held back.She lowered her eyes, and suddenly saw the fox. He was looking up at her. His chin was pressed down, and his eyes were looking up. They met her eyes. And he knew her. She was spellbound-she knew he knew her. So he looked into her eyes, and her soul failed her. He knew her, he has not daunted.She struggled, confusedly she came to herself, and saw him making off, with slow leaps over some fallen boughs, slow, impudent jumps. Then he glanced over his shoulder, and ran smoothly away. She saw his brush held smooth like a feather, she saw his white buttocks twinkle. And he was gone, softly, soft as the wind.She put her gun to her shoulder, but even then pursed her mouth, knowing it was nonsense to pretend to fire. So she began to walk slowly after him, in the direction he had gone, slowly, pertinaciously. She expected to find him. In her heart she was determined to find him. What she would do when she saw him again she did not consider. But she was determined to find him. So she walked abstractedly about on the edge of the wood, with wide, vivid dark eyes, and a faint flush in her cheeks. She did not think. In strange mindlessness she walked hither and thither……As soon as supper was over, she rose again to go out, without saying why.She took her gun again and went to look for the fox. For he had lifted his eyesupon her, and his knowing look seemed to have entered her brain. She did not somuch think of him: she was possessed by him. She saw his dark, shrewd, unabashedeye looking into her, knowing her. She felthim invisibly master her spirit. She knew the way he lowered his chin as he looked up, she knew his muzzle, the golden brown, and the greyish white. And again she saw him glance over his shoulder at her, half inviting, half contemptuous and cunning. So she went, with her great startled eyes glowing, her gun under her arm, along the wood edge. Meanwhilethe night fell, and a great moon rose above the pine trees.23. At the beginning of the story, the fox seems to the all EXCEPT ____.A) cunningB) fierceC) defiantD) annoying24. As the story proceeds, March begins to feel under the spell of ____.A) the lightB) the treesC) the nightD) the fox25. Gradually March seems to be in a state of ____.A) blanknessB) imaginationC) sadnessD) excitement26. At the end of the story, there seems to be a sense of ____ between March and the fox.A) detachmentB) angerC) intimacyD) conflict27. The passage creates an overall impression of ____.A) mysteryB) horrorC) livelinessD) contemptTEXT DThe banners are packed, the tickets booked. The glitter and white overalls have been bought,the gas masks just fit and the mobile phones are ready. All that remains is to get to the parties.This week will see a feast of pan European protests. It started on Bastille Day, last Saturday, with the French unions and immigrants on the streets and the first demonstrations in Britain and Germany about climate change. It will continue tomorrow and Thursday with environmental and peace rallies against President Bush. But the big one is in Genoa, on Friday and Saturday, where the G8 leaders will meet behind the lines of 18, 000 heavily armed police.Unlike Prague, Gothenburg, Cologne or Nice, Genoa is expected to be Europe's Seattle, the coming together of the disparate strands of resistance to corporate globalisation.Neither the protesters nor the authorities know what will happen, but some things are predictable. Yes, there will be violence and yes, the mass media will focus on it. What should seriously concern the G8 is not so much the violence, the numbers in the streets or even that they themselves look like idiots hiding behind the barricades, but that the deep roots of a genuine new version of internationalism are growing.For the first time in a generation, the international political and economic condition is in the dock. Moreover, the protesters are unlikely to go away, their confidence is growing rather than waning, their agendas are merging, the protests are spreading and drawing in all ages and concerns.No single analysis has drawn all the strands of the debate together. In the meantime, the global protest "movement" is developing its own language, texts, agendas, myths, heroes and villains. Just as the G8 leaders, world bodies and businesses talk increasingly from the same script, so the protesters' once disparatepolitical and social analyses are converging. The long term project of governments and world bodies to globalise capital and development is being mirrored by the globalisation of protest.But what happens next? Governments and world bodies are unsure which way to turn. However well they are policed, major protests reinforce the impression of indifferent elites, repression of debate, overreaction to dissent, injustice and unaccountable power.Their options-apart from actually embracing the broad agenda being put to them-are to retreat behind even higher barricades, repress dissent further, abandon global meetings altogether or, more likely, meet only in places able to physically resist the masses.Brussels is considering building a super fortress for international meetings. Genoa may be the last of the European super protests.28. According to the context, the word "parties" at the end of the first paragraph refers to ____.A) the meeting of the G8 leadersB) the protests on Bastille DayC) the coming pan European protestsD) the big protest to be held in Genoa29. According to the passage, economic globalisation is paralleled by ____.A) the emerging differences in the global protest movementB) the disappearing differences in the global protest movementC) the growing European concern about globalisationD) the increase in the number of protesters30. According to the last paragraph, what is Brussels considering doing?A) Meeting in places difficult to reach.B) Further repressing dissent.C) Accepting the protesters' agenda.D) Abandoning global meetings.Part ⅢReading Comprehension (30 min)SECTION B SKIMMING AND SCANNING (10 MIN) SECTION B SKIMMING AND SCANNING (10 MIN)In this section there are seven passages with ten multiple choice questions. Skim or scan them as required and then mark your answers on your coloured answer sheet.TEXT EFirst read the question. 31.The main purpose of the passage is to ____.A. demonstrate how to prevent crimeB.show the seriousness of crimeC.look into the causes of crimeD.call for more government efforts.Now go through TEXT E quickly to answer question 31.For three weeks, every night at 11 p.m., correspondents, officers and judges from justice courts, police departments and prisons, psychiatrists, criminologists, victims and even criminals in prisons made their appearance on TV to debate on a topic "Crime in the United States".Indeed, crime has been disturbing the American people and has become a serious socialproblem just next to the unemployment problem. Some figures are terrifying : 1 of 4 Americans has been a victim of some kind of crimes; nearly 22 million crime cases occurred last year throughout the country. A simple arithmetic calculation indicates that on average, a crime is being committed in every 2 seconds. Now the Americans are living in a horrible environment. Their safety and property are threatened by various crimes: robbery, theft, rape, kidnapping, murder, arson, vandalism and violence.The most worrisome problem comes from the fact that about one third of crime cases were committed by the juvenile and 53% of criminals in jails are youngsters below 25. A poll indicates that about 73% of citizens said they avoided teenagers in streets, especially at night.To protect themselves from crime, according to a released figure, 52% of Americans keep guns at home. But some gun owners turn out to be potential criminals. Some people demand that strict law for gun control be enforced; but others oppose the ban of gun. No decision is in sight.Some experts said poverty, unemployment and racial discrimination are the cause of crime. They cited figures to show that 47% of crime cases were committed by t he black, though they account for only about 12% of the population of the nation . Others argued that about 54% of convicted criminals came from families associated with these evils.The American state government and federal government spend billions of dollars each year in maintaining the police departments and jails. But police authorities complain that they have not sufficient well trained hands and advanced equipment to detect and stop crimes. Several cases of criminal insurgence were reported as a result of resentment at overcrowded prisons. Taxpayers complain that they pay more and more tax but receive less and less protection from crime for their lives and property.Though the host of the live TV programme made great efforts to search for a solution, so far no participant could put forward a measure that was approved by most of the attendants.31. The main purpose of the passage is to ____.A) demonstrate how to prevent crimeB) show the seriousness of crimeC) look into the causes of crimeD) call for more government effortsTEXT FFirst read the question.32.What is the main topic of the following passage?A. Differences between modes of learning.B.Deficiencies of formal learning.C.Advantages of informal learning.D.Social context and learning systems.Now go through TEXT F quickly to answer question 32.The term "formal learning" is used in this paper to refer to all learning that takes place in the classroom, irrespective of whether such learning is informed by conservative or progressive ideologies. "Informal learning", on the other hand, is used to refer to learning which takes place outside the classroom.These definitions provide the essential, though by no means sole, difference between formal and informal learning. Formal learning is decontextualised from daily life and, indeed, as Scribner and Cole (1973:553) have observed, may actually "promote ways of learning and thinking which often run counter to those nurtured in practical daily life". A characteristic feature of formal learning is the centrality of activities that are not closely paralleled by activities outside the classroom. The classroom can prepare for, draw on, and imitate the challenges of adult life outside the classroom, but it cannot, by its nature, consist of these challenges.In doing this, language plays a critical role as the major channel for information exchange. "Success" in the classroom requires a student to master this abstract code. As Bernstein (1969:152) noted, the language of the classroom is more similar to the language used by middle class families than that used by working class families. Middle class children thus find it easier to acquire the language of the classroom than their working class peers.Informal learning, in contrast, occurs in the setting to which it relates, making learningimmediately relevant. In this context, language does not occupy such an important role: the child's experience of learning is more holistic, involving sight, touch, taste, and smell-senses that are under utilised in the classroom.While formal learning is transmitted by teachers selected to perform this role, informal learning is acquired as a natural part of a child's development. Adults or older children who are proficient in the skill or activity provide - sometime s unintentionally - target models of behaviour in the course of everyday activity. Informal learning, therefore, can take place at any time and is not subject to the limitations imposed by institutional timetabling.The motivation of the learner provides another critical difference between the two modes of learning. The formal learner is generally motivated by some kind of external goal such as parental approval, social status, and potential financial reward. The informal learner, however, tends to be motivated by successful completion of the task itself and the partial acquisition of adult status.32. What is the main topic of the following passage?A) Differences between modes of learning.B) Deficiencies of formal learning.C) Advantages of informal learning.D) Social context and learning systems.TEXT G First read the question.33.The three approaches mentioned in the passage aim at ____.A. restructuring economyB.improving the tax systemC.improving the living conditionsD.reducing povertyNow go through TEXT G quickly to answer question 33.As a rule, it is essential that the poor's productive capabilities be mobilized and the conditions for developing these human resources be improved. In this connection, German development policy has developed the following three approaches:- Structural reform: Structural reform is the preferred approach for reducing poverty because it eliminates the causes of poverty rather than just its symptoms. It is vital that economic, political and social conditions which can alleviate poverty be established at national and international。
2004年英语专八真题
TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS (2004)GRADE EIGHTTIME LIMIT: 195 MINSECTION A MINI-LECTUREIn this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening, take notes on the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete a gap-filling task after the mini-lecture. When the lecture is over, you will be given two minutes to check your notes, and another ten minutes to complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE. Use the blank sheet for note- taking.SECTION B INTERVIEWIn this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the correct answer to each question on your coloured answer sheet.Questions 1 to 5 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions.Now listen to the interview.1. What was education like in Professor Wang's days ?[A] Students worked very hard. [B] Students felt they needed a second degree.[C] Education was not career-oriented. [D] There were many specialized subjects .2. According to Professor Wang, what is the purpose of the present-day education?[A] To turn out an adequate number of elite for the society.[B] To prepare students for their future career.[C] To offer practical and utilitarian courses in each programme.[D] To set up as many technical institutions as possible.3. In Professor Wang's opinion, technical skills .[A] require good education [B] are secondary to education[C] don't call for good education [D] don't conflict with education4. What does Professor Wang suggest to cope with the situation caused by increasing numbers of fee-payingstudents ?[A] Shifting from one programme to another.[B] Working out ways to reduce student number.[C] Emphasizing better quality of education.[D] Setting up stricter examination standards.5. Future education needs to produce graduates of all the following categories EXCEPT .[A] those who can adapt to different professions[B] those who have a high flexibility of mind[C] those who are thinkers, historians and philosophers[D] those who possess only highly specialized skillsSECTION C NEWS BROADCASTIn this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the correct answer to each question on your coloured answer sheet.Questions 6 to 8 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 30 seconds to answer the questions.Now listen to the news.6. Which of the following regions in the world will witness the sharpest drop in life expectancy?[A] Latin America. [B] Sub-Saharan Africa.[C] Asia. [D] The Caribbean.7. According to the news , which country will experience s mall life expectancy drop?[A] Burma. [B] Botswana. [C] Cambodia. [D] Thailand.8. The countries that are predicted to experience negative population growth are mainly in .[A] Asia [B] Africa [C] Latin America [D] The CaribbeanQuestions 9 and 10 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions.Now listen to the news.9. The trade dispute between the European Union and the US was caused by .[A] US refusal to accept arbitration by WTO[B] US imposing tariffs on European steel[C] US refusal to pay compensation to EU[D] US refusal to lower import duties on EU products10. Who will be consulted first before the EU list is submitted to WTO?[A] EU member states. [B] The United States.[C] WTO. [D] The steel corporations.In this section there are four reading passages followed by a total of 20 multiple-choice questions. Read the passages and then mark your answers on your coloured answer sheet.TEXT AFarmers in the developing world hate price fluctuations. It makes it hard to plan ahead. But most of them have little choice; they sell at the price the market sets. Farmers in Europe, the U.S. and Japan are luckier; they receive massive government subsidies in the form of guaranteed prices or direct handouts. Last month U.S. President Bush signed a new farm bill that gives American farmers $190 billion over the next 10 years, or $ 83 billion more than they had been scheduled to get, and pushes U.S. agricultural support close to crazy European levels . Bush said the step was necessary to "promote farmer independence and preserve the farm way of life for generation." It is also designed to help the Republican Party win control of the Senate in November's mid- term elections .Agricultural production in most poor countries accounts for up to 50% of GDP, compared to only 3% in rich countries. But most farmers in poor countries grow just enough for themselves and their families. Those who try exporting to the West find their goods whacked with huge tariffs or competing against cheapersubsidized goods. In 1999 the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development concluded that for each dollar developing countries receive in aid they lose up to $14 just because of trade barriers imposed on the export of their manufactured goods. It's not as if the developing world wants any favours, says Gerald Sendawula, Uganda's Minister of Finance. "What we want is for the rich countries to let us compete."Agriculture is one of the few areas in which the Third World can compete. Land and labour are cheap, and as farming methods develop, new technologies should improve output. This is no pie-in-the-sky speculation. The biggest success in Kenya's economy over the past decade has been the boom in exports of cut flowers and vegetables to Europe. But that may all change in 2008, when Kenya will be slightly too rich to qualify for the "least-developed country" status that allows African producers to avoid paying stiff European import duties on selected agricultural products. With trade barriers in place, the horticulture industry in Kenya will shrivel as quickly as a discarded rose. And while agriculture exports remain the great hope for poor countries, reducing trade barriers in other sectors also works: America's African Growth and Opportunity Act, which cuts duties on exports of everything from handicrafts to shoes, has proved a boon to Africa's manufacturers. The lesson: the Third World can prosper if the rich world gives it a fair go.This is what makes Bush's decision to increase farm subsidies last month all the more depressing. Poor countries have long suspected that the rich world urges trade liberalization only so it can wangle its way into new markets. Such suspicions caused the Seattle trade talks to break down three years ago. But last November members of the World Trade Organization, meeting in Doha, Qatar, finally agreed to a new round of talks designed to open up global trade in agriculture and textiles. Rich countries assured poor countries, that their concerns were finally being addressed. Bush's handout last month makes a lie of America's commitment to those talks and his personal devotion to free trade.11. By comparison, farmers receive more government subsidies than others.[A] in the developing world [B] in Japan[C] in Europe [D] in America12. In addition to the economic considerations, there is a motive behind Bush's signing of the new farmbill.[A] partisan [B] social [C] financial [D] cultural13. From the passage, what is the reason for Kenya's success in exports for the past decade?[A] The farms in Kenya have received a lot of government subsidies.[B] The agricultural products from Kenya are very popular in Europe.[C] Kenya producers avoid paying European import duties as a least-developed country.[D] Kenya has been keeping a good relationship with Europe.14. The message the writer attempts to convey throughout the passages is that .[A] poor countries should be given equal opportunities in trade[B] "the least-developed country" status benefits agricultural countries[C] poor countries should remove their suspicions about trade liberalization[D] farmers in poor countries should also receive the benefit of subsidies15. The writer's attitude towards new farm subsidies in the U.S. is .[A] favorable [B] ambiguous [C] critical [D] reservedTEXT BOscar Wilde said that work is the refuge of people who have nothing better to do. If so, Americans are now among the world's saddest refugees. Factory workers in the United States are working longer hours than at any time in the past half-century. America once led the rich world in cutting the average working week — from 70 hours in 1850 to less than 40 hours by the 1950s. It seemed natural that as people grew richer they would tradeextra earnings for more leisure. Since the 1970s, however, the hours clocked up by American workers have risen, to an average of 42 this year in manufacturing.Several studies suggest that something similar is happening outside manufacturing: Americans are spending more time at work than they did 20 year ago. Executives and lawyers boast of 80-hour weeks. On holiday, they seek out fax machines and phones as eagerly as Germans bag the best sun-loungers. Yet working time in Europe and Japan continues to fall. In Germany's engineering industry the working week is to be trimmed from 36 to 35 hours next year. Most Germans get six weeks paid annual holiday; even the Japanese now take three weeks. Americans still make do with just two.Germany responds to this contrast with its usual concern about whether people's aversion to work is damaging its competitiveness. Yet German workers, like the Japanese, seem to be acting sensibly: as their incomes rise, they can achieve a better standard of living with fewer hours of work. The puzzle is why America, the world's richest country, sees things differently. It is a puzzle with sinister social implications. Parents spend less time with their children, who may be left alone at home for longer. Is it just a coincidence that juvenile crime is on the rise?Some explanations for America's time at work fail to stand up to scrutiny. One blames weak trade unions that leave workers open to exploitation. Are workers being forced by cost-cutting firms to toil harder just to keep their jobs? A recent study by two American economists, Richard Freeman and Linda Bell, suggests not: when asked, Americans actually want to work longer hours. Most German workers, in contrast, would rather work less.Then, why do Americans want to work harder? One reason may be that the real earnings of many Americans have been stagnant or falling during the past two decades. People work longer merely to maintain their living standards. Yet many higher-skilled workers, who have enjoyed big increases in their real pay, have been working harder too. Also, one reason for the slow growth of wages has been the rapid growth in employment — which is more or less where the argument began.Taxes may have something to do with it. People who work an extra hour in America are allowed to keep more of their money than those who do the same in Germany. Falls in marginal tax rates in America since the 1970s have made it all the more profitable to work longer.None of these answers really explains why the century-long decline in working hours has gone into reverse in America but not elsewhere (though Britain shows signs of following America's lead). Perhaps cultural differences — the last refuge of the defeated economist — are at play. Economists used to believe that once workers earned enough to provide for their basic needs and allow for a few luxuries, their incentive to work would be eroded, like lions relaxing after a kill. But humans are more susceptible to advertising than lions. Perhaps clever marketing has ensured that "basic needs" — for a shower with built-in TV, for a rocket- propelled car —expand continuously. Shopping is already one of America's most popular pastimes. But it requires money — hence more work and less leisure.Or try this: the television is not very good, and baseball and hockey keep being wiped out by strikes. Perhaps Wilde was right. Maybe Americans have nothing better to do.16. In the United States, working longer hours is .[A] confined to the manufacturing industry[B] a traditional practice in some sectors[C] prevalent in all sectors of society[D] favoured by the economist17. According to the third paragraph, which might be one of the consequences of working longer hours?[A] Rise in employees working efficiency.[B] Rise in the number of young offenders.[C] Rise in people's living standards.[D] Rise in competitiveness.18. Which of the following is the cause of working longer hours stated by the writer?[A] Expansion of basic needs. [B] Cultural differences.[C] Increase in real earnings. [D] Advertising.19. From the passage, we can infer that the author some explanations for America's longer working hours.[A] quite agrees with [B] disapproves [C] shows no opinion to [D] approves20. According to the passage, which of the following statement about American workers is true?[A] Compared with other developed countries, they earn more.[B] Compared with the workers from other developed countries, they are more diligent.[C] Tax policies make it profitable for American workers to work extra time.[D] They want to have more time with their children, but are forced to work long hours.TEXT CThe fox really exasperated them both. As soon as they had let the fowls out, in the early summer mornings, they had to take their guns and keep guard; and then again as soon as evening began to mellow, they must go once more. And he was so sly. He slid along in the deep grass; he was difficult as a serpent to see. And he seemed to circumvent the girls deliberately. Once or twice March had caught sight of the white tip of his brush, or the ruddy shadow of him in the deep grass, and she had let fire at him. But the made no account of this.The trees on the wood-edge were a darkish, brownish green in the full light — for it was the end of August. Beyond, the naked, copper-like shafts and limbs of the pine trees shone in the air. Nearer the rough grass, with its long, brownishs talks all agleam, was full of light. The fowls were round about—the ducks were still swimming on the pond under the pine trees. March looked at it all, saw it all, and did not see it. She heard Banford speaking to the fowls in the distance—and she did not hear. What was she thinking about? Heaven knows. Her consciousness was, as it were, held back.She lowered her eyes, and suddenly saw the fox. He was looking up at her. His chin was pressed down, and his eyes were looking up. They met her eyes . And he knew her. She was spellbound—she knew he knew her. So he looked into her eyes, and her soul failed her. He knew her, he was not daunted.She struggled, confusedly she came to herself, and saw him making off, with slow leaps over some fallen boughs, slow, impudent jumps. Then he glanced over his shoulder, and ran smoothly away. She saw his brush held smooth like a feather, she saw his white buttocks twinkle. And he was gone, softly, soft as the wind.She put her gun to her shoulder, but even then pursed her mouth, knowing it was nonsense to pretend to fire. So she began to walk slowly after him, in the direction he had gone, slowly, pertinaciously. She expected to find him. In her heart she was determined to find him. What she would do when she saw him again she did not consider. But she was determined to find him. So she walked abstractedly about on the edge of the wood, with wide, vivid dark eyes, and a faint flush in her cheeks. She did not think. In strange mindlessness she walked hither and thither ...As soon as supper was over, she rose again to go out, without saying why.She took her gun again and went to look for the fox. For he had lifted his eyes upon her, and his knowing look seemed to have entered her brain. She did not so much think of him: she was possessed by him. She saw his dark, shrewd, unabashed eye looking into her, knowing her. She felt him invisibly master her spirit. She knew the way he lowered his chin as he looked up, she knew his muzzle, the golden brown, and the grayish white. And again she saw him glance over his shoulder at her, half inviting, half contemptuous and cunning. So she went, with her great startled eyes glowing, her gun under her arm, along the wood edge. Meanwhile the night fell, and a great moon rose above the pine trees.21. At the beginning of the story, the fox seems to be all EXCEPT .[A] cunning [B] fierce [C] defiant [D] annoying22. As the story proceeds, March begins to feel under the spell of .[A] the light [B] the trees [C] the night [D] the fox23. Gradually March seems to be in a state of .[A] blankness [B] imagination [C] sadness [D] excitement24. At the end of the story, there seems to be a sense of between March and the fox.[A] detachment [B] anger [C] intimacy [D] conflict25. The passage creates an overall impress ion of .[A] mystery [B] horror [C] liveliness [D] contemptTEXT DThe banners are packed, the tickets booked. The glitter and white overalls have been bought, the gas masks just fit and the mobile phones are ready. All that remains is to get to the parties.This week will see a feast of pan-European protests. It started on Bastille Day, last Saturday, with the French unions and immigrants on the streets and the first demonstrations in Britain and Germany about climate change. It will continue tomorrow and Thursday with environmental and peace rallies against President Bush. But the big one is in Genoa, on Friday and Saturday, where the G8 leaders will meet behind the lines of 18, 000 heavily armed police.Unlike Prague, Gothenburg, Cologne or Nice, Genoa is expected to be Europe's Seattle, the coming together of the disparate strands of resistance to corporate globalization.Neither the protesters nor the authorities know what will happen, but somethings are predictable. Yes, there will be violence and yes, the mass media will focus on it. What should seriously concern the G8 is not so much the violence, the numbers in the streets or even that they themselves look like idiots hiding behind the barricades, but that the deep roots of a genuine new version of internationalism are growing.For the first time in a generation, the international political and economic condition is in the dock. Moreover, the protesters are unlikely to go away, their confidence is growing rather than waning, their agendas are merging, the protests are spreading and drawing in all ages and concerns.No single analysis has drawn all the strands of the debate together. In the meantime, the global protest "movement" is developing its own language, texts, agendas, myths, heroes and villains. Just as the G8 leaders, world bodies and businesses talk increasingly from the same script, so the protesters once disparate political and social analyses are converging. The long-term project of governments and world bodies to globalize capital and development is being mirrored by the globalization of protest.But what happens next? Governments and world bodies are unsure which way to turn. However well they are policed, major protests reinforce the impression of indifferent elites, repression of debate, overreaction to dissent, injustice and unaccountable power.Their options—apart from actually embracing the broad agenda being put to them—are to retreat behind even higher barricades, repress dissent further, abandon global meetings altogether or, more likely, meet only in places able to physically resist the masses .Brussels is considering building a super fortress for international meetings. Genoa may be the last of the European super-protests .26. According to the context, the word "parties" at the end of the first paragraph refers to .[A] the meeting of the G8 leaders [B] the protests on Bastille Day[C] the coming pan-European protests [D] the big protest to be held in Genoa27. By saying "Genoa is expected to be Europe's Seattle", the author means that the two cities .[A] are both the meeting places of G8 leaders[B] are both the famous tourist places[C] both suffered from massive protests[D] both saw demonstrations against climate change28. What's the attitude of the author by saying "international political and economic condition is in the dock"?[A] The author criticizes international political and economic condition.[B] International political and economic condition has been improved.[C] International political and economic condition has never been assessed[D] International political and economic condition has been ignored.29. According to the passage, economic globalisation is paralleled by .[A] the emerging differences in the global protest movement[B] the disappearing differences in the global protest movement[C] the growing European concern about globalisation[D] the increase in the number of protesters30. According to the last paragraph, what is Brussels considering doing?[A] Meeting in places difficult to reach.[B] Further repressing dissent.[C] Accepting the protesters agenda.[D] Abandoning global meetings.There are ten multiple-choice questions in this section. Choose the best answer to each question. Mark your answers on your coloured answer sheet.31. The following are products imported by Australia from China EXCEPT .[A] food [B] textiles [C] steel products [D] electronics32. Scots regard as the most important festival in a year.[A] Near Year's Day [B] Christmas Day [C] New Year's Eve [D] Easter33. The republican movement has been gathering momentum in Australia since became Prime Ministerin 1992.[A] John Howard [B] Bob Hawke [C] Malcolm Fraser [D] Paul Keating34. was known for his famous speech "I have a dream".[A] John F. Kennedy [B] Martin Luther King, Jr[C] Abraham Lincoln [D] Thomas Jefferson35. Of all the 18th century novelists, ______ was the first to set out, both in theory and practice, to writespecifically a "comic epic in prose", and the first to give the modern novel its structure and style.[A] Daniel Defoe [B] Samuel Johnson[C] Oliver Goldsmith [D] Henry Feilding36. Mark Twain, one of the greatest 19th century American writers, is well known for his .[A] international theme [B] waste-land imagery[C] local color [D] symbolism37. Hemingway's writing style, together with his theme and the hero, is greatly and permanently influenced byhis experiences .[A] in his childhood [B] in the war [C] in America [D] in Africa38. English consonants can be classified into stops, fricatives, nasals, etc. in terms of .[A] manner of articulation [B] openness of mouth[C] place of articulation [D] voicing39. Which of the following words can correct two clauses in a coordinate sentence?[A] Through. [B] When. [C] But. [D] If.40. is the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content.[A] Word [B] Morpheme [C] Allomorph [D] RootProofread the given passage on ANSWER SHEET TWO as instructed.SECTION A CHINESE TO ENGLISHTranslate the underlined part of the following text into English. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET THREE.在人际关系问题上我们不要太浪漫主义。
2004_专八真题_附带答案解析
2004年英语专八试卷及答案PartⅡProofreading and Error Correction(15min)The passage contains TEN errors.Each indicated line contains a maximumof ONE error.In each case,only ONE word is involved.You should proofread the passage and correct it in the following way:For a wrong word,underline the wrong word and write the correct one in the blank provided at the end of the line.For a missing word,mark the positionof the missing word with a"∧"sign and write the word you believeto be missing in the blank provided at the end of the line.For an unnecessary word,cross the unnecessary word with a slash"/"and putthe word in the blank provided at the end of the line.ExampleWhen∧art museum wants a new exhibit, (1)anit never buys things in finished form and hangs(2)neverthem on the wall.When a natural history museumwants an exhibition,it must often build it.(3)exhibitProofread the given passage on ANSWER SHEET TWO as instructed.power is usually delegated to committees-eitherstanding committees,special committees set for a specific(1)____purpose,or joint committees consisted of members of both houses.(2)____Investigations are held to gather information on the need forfuture legislation,to test the effectiveness of laws already passed, to inquire into the qualifications and performance of members and officials of the other branches,and in rare occasions,to lay the(3)____groundwork for impeachment proceedings.Frequently,committees rely outside experts to assist in conducting investigative hearings (4)____291and to make out detailed studies of issues.(5)____There are important corollaries to the investigative power.Oneis the power to publicize investigations and its results.Most (6)____committee hearings are open to public and are reported(7)____widely in the mass media. Congressional investigations nevertheless represent one important tool available to lawmakers(8)____to inform the citizenry and to arousethe power to compeltestimony from unwilling witnesses, and to cite for contemptof Congress witnesses who refuse to testify and for perjurythese who give false testimony. (10)____PartⅢReading Comprehension(30min) (开始PartⅢReadingComprehension(30min)计时)In this section there are four reading passages followed by a totalof fifteen multiplechoice questions. Read the passages and then markyour answers on your coloured answer sheet.TEXT AFarmers in the developing world hate price fluctuations.It makes ithard to plan ahead.But most of them have little choice:they sell atthe price the market sets.Farmers in Europe,the U.S.and Japan are luckier:they receive massive government subsidies in the form of guaranteed prices or direct handouts. Last month U.S.President Bush signed a new farm bill that gives American farmers$190billion over the next10years,or$83billion more than they had been scheduledto get,and pushes U.S.agricultural support close to crazy European levels.Bush said the step was necessary to"promote farmer independence and preserve the farm way of life for generations".Itin November’s midterm elections. Agricultural production in most poor countries accounts for up to50%of GDP,compared to only3%in rich countries.But most farmers in poor countries grow just enough for themselves and their families.Those who try exportingto the West find their goods whacked with huge tariffs or competing against cheaper subsidized goods.In 1999the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development concluded that for each dollar developing countries receive in aid they lose up to$14just because of tradebarriers imposed on the export of their manufactured goods.It’s not as if the developing world wants any favours,says Gerald Ssendwula, Uganda’s Minister of Finance."What we want is for the rich countriesto let us compete."Agriculture is one of the few areas in which the Third World can compete. Land and labour are cheap,and as farming methods develop,new technologies should improve output. This is no pieintheskyspeculation.The biggest success in Kenya’s economy over the pastdecade has been the boom in exports of cut flowers and vegetables to Europe.But that may all change in2008, when Kenya will be slightlytoo rich to qualify for the "leastdeveloped country"status that allowsAfrican producers to avoid paying stiff European import duties onrose.And while agriculture exports remain the great hope for poor countries,reducing trade barriers in other sectors also works:Americas African Growth and Opportunity Act,which cuts duties on exports of everything from handicrafts to shoes,has proved a boon toAfrica’s manufacturers.The lesson: the Third World can prosper ifthe rich world gives it a fair go. This is what makes Bush’s decision to increase farm subsidies lastmonth all themore depressing.Poor countries have long suspected that the rich world urges rade liberalization only so it can wangle its way into new markets.Such suspicions caused the Seattle trade talks to break down three years ago.But last November members of the World Trade Organization,meeting in Doha,Qatar, finally agreed to a new roundof talks designed to open up global trade in agriculture andtextiles.Rich countries assured poor countries,that their concerns293were finally being addressed.Bush’s handout last month makes a lieof America’s commitment to those talks and his personal devotion to free trade.16.By comparison,farmers____ receive more government subsidies thanothers.A)in the developing worldconsiderations,there is a____ motivebehind Bush’s signing of the new farm bill.A)partisanB)socialC)financialD)cultural18.The message the writer attempts to convey throughout the passageis that____.A)poor countries should be given equal opportunities in trade B)"the leastdeveloped country" status benefits agricultural countriesC)poor countries should remove their suspicions about tradeliberalizationD)farmers in poor countries should also receive the benefit of subsidies19.The writer’s attitude towards new farm subsidies in the U.S.is____.A)favourableB)ambiguousC)criticalD)reserved294TEXT BOscar Wilde said that work is the refuge of people who have nothing better to do.If so,Americans are now among the world’s saddestrefugees.Factory workers in the United States are working longer hoursthan at any time in the past halfcentury.America once led thenatural that as people grew richer they would trade extra earnings for more leisure.Since the1970s, however,the hours clocked up by American workers have risen,to an average of42this year in manufacturing.Several studiessuggest thatsomething similar is happening outside manufacturing:Americans are spending more time at work than they did20years ago.Executives and lawyers boast of80hour weeks.On holiday,they seek out fax machines and phones as eagerly as Germans bag the best sunloungers.Yet working time in Europe and Japan continues to fall.In Germany’s engineering industry the working week is to be trimmed from36to35hours next year.Most Germans get six weeks’paid annual holiday;even theJapanese now take three weeks. Americans still make do with just two.Germany responds to this contrast with its usual concern aboutwhether people’s aversion to work is damaging its competitiveness.Yet German workers,like the Japanese, seem to be acting sensibly:astheir incomes rise,they can achieve a better standard of living with fewer hours of work.The puzzle is why America,the world’s richest country,sees things differently.It is a puzzle with sinistersocial implications.Parents spend less time with their children,who may beleft alone at home for longer.Is it just a coincidence that juvenileweak trade unions that leave workers open to exploitation.Are workers being forced by costcutting firmsto toil harder just to keep their jobs?A recent study by two American economists,Richard Freeman and Linda Bell,suggests not:when asked, Americans actually want to work longer hours.Most German workers,in contrast,would rather work less.Then, why do Americans want to work harder?One reason may be that the real earnings of many Americans havebeen stagnant or falling during the past two decades.People work longer merely to maintain their living standards.Yet many higherskilled workers,who have enjoyed big increases in their real pay,have been working harder too.Also,one reason for the slow growth of wages has been the rapid growth inemployment-which is more or less where the295argument began.Taxes may have something to do with it.People who workan extra hour in America are allowed to keep more of their money than those who do the same in Germany.Falls in marginal tax rates in America since the1970s have made it all the more profitable to work longer.None of these answers really explains why the centurylong decline in working hours has gone into reverse in America but not elsewhere(though Britain shows signs of following America’s lead).Perhaps culturalfor their basic needs and allow for a few luxuries,their incentiveto work would be eroded,like lions relaxing after a kill.But humans are more susceptible to advertising than lions.Perhaps clevermarketing has ensured that"basic needs"-for a shower with builtin TV, for a rocketpropelled car-expand continuously.Shopping is already one of America’s most popular pastimes. But it requires money-hence more work and less leisure.Or try this:the television is not very good,and baseball and hockey keep being wiped out by strikes.Perhaps Wilde was right.Maybe Americans have nothing better to do.20.In the United States,working longer hours is____.A)confined to the manufacturing industryB)a traditional practice in some sectorsC)prevalent in all sectors of societyD)favoured by the economists21.According to the third paragraph, which might be one of the consequences of working longer hours?A)Rise in employees’working efficiency.B)Rise in the number of young offenders.C)Rise in people’s living standards.D)Rise in competitiveness.22.Which of the following is the cause of working longer hours statedbythe writer?A)Expansion of basic needs.TEXT CThe fox really exasperated them both. As soon as they had let the fowls out,inthe early summer mornings, they had to take their guns and keep guard;and thenagain as soon as evening began to mellow,they must go once more.And he was so sly.He slid along in the deep grass;he was difficult as a serpent to see.And he seemed to circumvent the girls deliberately.Once or twice March had caught sight of the white tipof his brush,or the ruddy shadow of him in the deep grass,and shehad let fire at him.But he made no account of this.The trees on the woodedge were a darkish,brownish green in the full light-for it was the end of August.Beyond,the naked, copperlike shafts and limbs ofthe pine trees shone in the air.Nearer the rough grass,with its long, brownish stalks all agleam,was full of light.The fowls were round about-the ducks were still swimming on the pond under the pine trees. March looked at it all,saw it all,and did not see it.She heard Banford speaking to the fowls in the distance-and she did not hear.What wasshe thinking about?Heaven knows.Her consciousness was,as it were,held back.She lowered her eyes,and suddenly saw the fox.He was looking up at her.His chin was pressed down, and his eyes were looking up.They met her eyes.And he knew her.She was spellbound-she knew he knewsaw him making off,with slow leaps over some fallen boughs,slow, impudent jumps.Then he glanced over his shoulder,and ran smoothly away.She saw his brush held smooth like a feather,she saw his white buttocks twinkle.And he was gone, softly,soft as the wind.She puther gun to her shoulder,but even then pursed her mouth,knowing itwas nonsense to pretend to fire.So she began to walk slowly after him,in the direction he had gone,slowly, pertinaciously.She expected tofind him.In her heart she was determined to find him.What she would do when she saw him again she did not consider.But she was determinedto find him.So she walked abstractedly about on the edge of the wood,with wide,vivid dark eyes,and a faint flush in her cheeks.She didnot think.In strange mindlessness she walked hither and thither...As 297soon as supper was over,she rose again to go out,without saying why.She took her gun again and went to look for the fox.For he had lifted his eyesupon her,and his knowing look seemed to have entered her brain. She did not somuch think of him:she was possessed by him.She saw his dark,shrewd,unabashedeye looking into her,knowing her.She felt him invisibly master her spirit.She knew the way he lowered his chin ashe looked up,she knew his muzzle,the golden brown,and the greyishstartled eyes glowing,her gun under her arm,along the wood edge. Meanwhilethe night fell,and a great moon rose above the pine trees. 23.At the beginning of the story,the fox seems to the all EXCEPT____.A)cunningB)fierceC)defiantD)annoying24.As the story proceeds,March begins to feel under the spell of____.A)the lightB)the treesC)the nightD)the fox25.Gradually March seems to be in a state of____.A)blanknessB)imaginationC)sadnessD)excitement26.At the end of the story,there seems to be a sense of____between March and the fox.A)detachmentB)angerC)intimacyD)conflict29827.The passage creates an overall impression of____.A)mysteryB)horrorC)livelinessD)contemptTEXT DThe banners are packed,the tickets booked.The glitter and white overalls havebeen bought,the gasIt started on Bastille Day,last Saturday,with the French unions and immigrants on the streets and the first demonstrations in Britain and Germany about climate change.Itwill continue tomorrow and Thursday with environmental and peacerallies against President Bush.But the big one is in Genoa,on Friday and Saturday,where the G8leaders will meet behind the lines of18,000 heavily armed police.Unlike Prague, Gothenburg,Cologne or Nice,Genoa is expected to be Europe’s Seattle, the coming together of thedisparate strands of resistance to corporate globalisation.Neither the protesters nor the authorities know what will happen,but some things are predictable.Yes,there will be violence and yes,the mass mediawill focus on it.What should seriously concern the G8is not so much the violence,the numbers in the streets or even that they themselves look like idiots hiding behind the barricades,but that the deep roots of a genuine new version of internationalism are growing.For the firsttime in a generation,the international political and economic condition is in the dock.Moreover, the protesters are unlikely to go away,their confidence is growing rather than waning,their agendas are merging,the protests are spreading and drawing in all ages and concerns.No single analysis has drawn all the strands of the debatethe G8leaders,world bodies and businesses talk increasingly from the same script,so the protesters’once disparatepolitical and social analyses are converging.The longterm project of governments and world bodies to globalise capital and development is being mirrored by the 299globalisation of protest.But what happens next?Governments and world bodies are unsure which way to turn. However well they are policed, major protests reinforce the impression of indifferent elites, repression of debate,overreaction to dissent,injustice andunaccountable power.Theiroptions-apart from actually embracing thebroad agenda being put to them-are to retreat behind even higher barricades,repress dissent further, abandon global meetingsaltogether or,more likely,meet only in places able to physicallyresist the masses.Brussels is considering building a super fortress for international meetings.Genoa may be the last of the European superprotests.28.According to the context,the word "parties"at the end of the first paragraph refers to____.A)the meeting of the G8leadersB)the protests on Bastille DayC)the coming panEuropean protestsD)the big protest to be held in Genoa29.According to the passage, economic globalisation is paralleledB)the disappearing differences in the global protest movementC)the growing European concern about globalisationD)the increase in the number of protesters30.According to the last paragraph, what is Brussels consideringdoing?A)Meeting in places difficult to reach.B)Further repressing dissent.C)Accepting the protesters’agenda.D)Abandoning global meetings.(结束PartⅢReading Comprehension(30min)计时)SECTION B SKIMMING AND SCANNING(10 MIN)(开始SECTION B SKIMMING AND SCANNING(10MIN)计时)300In this section there are seven passages with ten multiplechoice questions.Skim or scan them as required and then mark your answers on your coloured answer sheet. TEXT EFirst read the question.31.The main purpose of the passage is to____. A.demonstrate how to prevent crime B.show the seriousness of crime C.look into the causes of crime D.call for more government efforts Now go through TEXT E quickly to answer question31.For three weeks,every night at11p.m., correspondents,officers and judgescriminals in prisons made their appearance on TV to debate on a topic "Crime in the United States". Indeed,crime has been disturbing the American people and has becomea serious social problem just next to the unemployment problem.Somefigures are terrifying:1of4 Americans has been a victim of some kind of crimes;nearly22million crimecases occurred last year throughout the country.A simple arithmetic calculation indicatesthaton average,a crime is being committed in every2seconds.Now the Americans are living in a horrible environment.Their safety and property are threatened by various crimes:robbery,theft,rape, kidnapping,murder,arson,vandalism and violence.The most worrisome problem comes from the fact that about onethird of crime cases were committed by the juvenile and53%of criminals in jails are youngsters below25.A poll indicates that about 73%of citizens said they avoided teenagers in streets,especially at night.To protect themselves from crime,according to a released figure, 52%of Americans keep guns athome.But some gun owners turn out to be potential criminals.Somepeople demand that strict law for gun control be enforced;but others oppose the ban of gun.No decision is in sight.Some experts saidpoverty,unemployment and racial discrimination are the cause ofonly about12%of the populationof the nation.Others argued that about54%of convicted criminals came from families associated with these evils.The American state government and federal government spend billions of dollars each year in maintaining the police departments and jails.But police authorities 301complain that they have notsufficient welltrained hands and advancedequipment to detect and stop crimes. Several cases of criminalinsurgence were reported as a result of resentment at overcrowded prisons.Taxpayers complain that they pay more and more tax but receive less and less protection from crime for their lives and property.Though the host of the live TV programme made great efforts to search for a solution,so far no participant could put forward a measure that was approved by most of the attendants.31.The main purpose of the passage is to____.A)demonstrate how to prevent crimeB)show the seriousness of crimeC)look into the causes of crimeD)call for more government efforts TEXT FFirst read the question.32.What is the main topic of the following passage?A.Differences between modes of learning. B.Deficiencies of formal learning. C.Advantages of informal learning. D.Social context and learning systems.Now go throughclassroom,irrespective of whether such learning is informed by conservative or progressive ideologies."Informal learning",on the other hand,is used to refer to learning which takes place outside the classroom.These definitions provide theessential,though by no means sole, difference bet ween formal and informal learning.Formal learning is decontextualised from daily life and,indeed,as Scribner and Cole (1973:553)have observed,may actually"promote ways of learning and thinking which often run counter to those nurtured in practical daily life".A characteristic featureof formal learning is the centrality of activities that are not closely paralleled by activities outside the classroom.The classroom canprepare for,draw on,and imitate the challenges of adult life outsidethe classroom,but it cannot,by its nature,consist of thesechallenges.In doing this,language plays a critical role as the major channel for information exchange. "Success"in the classroom requires a student to master this abstract code. As Bernstein(1969:152)noted,the language of the classroom is more similar to the language used by302middleclass families than that used by workingclass families.Middleclass children thus find it easier to acquire the language ofimmediately relevant.In this context, language does not occupy suchan important role:the child’s experience of learning is more holistic,involving sight,touch, taste,and smell-senses that are underutilised in the classroom.While formal learning is transmittedby teachers selected to perform this role,informal learning isacquired as a natural part of a child’s development.Adults or olderchildren who are proficient in the skill or activity provide-sometime s unintentionally-target models of behaviour in the course of everyday rmal learning, therefore,can take place at any time andis not subject to the limitations imposed by institutionaltimetabling.The motivation of the learner provides another critical difference between the two modes of learning.The formal learner is generallymotivated by some kind of external goal such as parental approval, social status,and potentialfinancial reward.The informal learner,however,tends to be motivated by successful completion of the task itself and the partial acquisition of adult status.32.What is the main topic of the following passage?A)Differences between modes of learning.B)Deficiencies of formal learning.First read the question.33.The three approaches mentioned in thepassage aim at____.A.restructuring economy B.improving the tax systemC.improving the living conditionsD.reducing poverty Now go through TEXT G quickly to answer question33. As a rule,it is essential thatthe poor’s productive capabilities be mobilized and the conditionsfor developing these human resources be improved.In this con nection, German development policy has developed the following three approaches:-Structural reform: Structural reform is the preferred approach for reducing poverty because it eliminates the causes ofpoverty rather than just its symptoms. It is vital that economic,303political and social conditions which can alleviate poverty beestablished at national and international levels.Efforts at international level focus on fair conditions for international trade and competition.At national level, the poor must be helped through structural reform such as the introduction of democratic government,options for independent private enterprise,decentralization and agricultural reform.Development policy tools for realizing such reforms include political dialogue, political advisory services, structural adjustment measures and personnel and material support fordirectly helping the poor and improving their living conditions or increasing their job options and earning potential.Of special importance are those projects which provide help for selfhelp in reducing poverty.The material support and advisory services offered by these projects reinforce the poor’s will to help themselves and help eable them to leadselfsufficient lives.Typical direct aidprojects include the construction of simple housing by selfhelp groups, the creation of a savings and loan system for the poorer segments of society and support for women’s selfhelp organizations.-Indirect measures:A project’s beneficiaries-its target group-are not only often difficult to identify clearly, they are also not necessarily all poor people.In these cases,the project in question must be integratedinto one of the partner nation’s overall or sectorspecific policies that aim at reducing poverty.A good illustration of this type ofproject is the use of advisory services to improve the tax system. Advising and upgrading the qualifications of personnel working in thefiscal system can lead to increased tax revenues which could beallocated for antipoverty measures. In keeping with this focus,German development assistance concentratesand technical assistance went to selfhelp projects aimed at reducing poverty.Basic needs projects comprised48percent of all projects and almost30percent of the commitments made for financial and technical assistance were allocated for the world’s least developed countries(LDCs).33.The three approaches mentioned in the passage aim at____.A)restructuring economy304B)improving the tax systemC)improving the living conditionsD)reducing povertyTEXT HFirst read the question.34.What is the following passage mainly concerned with? cational facilities in Africa. B.Founding a university for women.C.Agricultural production in Zimbabwe.D.Women’s role in agricultural production.Now go through TEXT H quickly to answer question34.Access to education facilities is inadequate in subSaharan Africa.And women and girls there face greater disadvantages.They are often denied education as customs dictate they marry early and have children.Two Zimbabwean academics plan to opena university to help African women whose education was interrupted by either family commitments or financial constraints.Theuniversitywill initially be in Harare,but will be relocated to Marondera,80Ministerof Education,are to open the university this month.It will initiallyhave400students.Students will be split into groups of100and placed in one of four faculties:social science,agriculture,environmental studies or science and technology. The university is for women aged25or older.The need for a university for women is more acute in Africa, where women are the poorest and most disadvantaged.When they do have access to education they often must endure sexual harassment.Most women drop out because they lack educational materials or the schools are inaccessible."In Africa,women till the land and produce the bulk of the food,yet they have no understanding about marketing," Sadzasiad."Agriculture is another area w here we can empower women."The university will have a285hectare farm and courses will include agricultural production and marketing.Women account for80per centof Africa’s agricultural production, but have no control over eitherthe resources or policies.The university since August has raised aboutZ$32.5million(US$591,000)in donations and pledges.The university will be open to students from across Africa.It will be the second women’s university-after Sudan’sA)Educational facilities in Africa.B)Founding a university for women.C)Agricultural production in Zimbabwe.D)Women’s role in agricultural production.TEXT I First read the questions. 35.Which president advocated the lifting of the ban on women teachers?A.Xu Yangqiu.B.Wu Yifang.C.Tao Xingzhi.D.Chen Heqin.36.What is Guo Juefu? A.A painter. B.A poet.C.A biologist.D.A psychologist.Now go through TEXT I quickly to answer questions35and36.Many presidents of the centuryold Nanjing Normal University(NJNU)have put forward insightful and inspiring education theories and practices,which have had a farreaching impact on China’s education history.Jiang Qian and Guo Bingwen proposed a schoolrunning principle that advocated the balance between versatility and specialization,liberal arts and sciences.Tao Xingzhi,a wellknown educator,carried out many important reforms in the university.Forthe first time in China,he advocated the lifting of the ban on women teachers and opened adult training classes in summer vacations.Wu Yifang,China’s first woman university president,emphasized normaleducation,regarding it as the parent engine and heavy industry of education.Chen Heqin established a Chinesestyle and scientific theory for modern educati on for children.。
2004年英语专八试卷真题含答案
2004年英语专八试卷真题及答案PART ⅠLISTENING COMPREHENSIONSECTION A TALKLanguage is used for doing things. People use it in everyday conversation for transacting business, planning meals and vacations, debating politics, and gossiping. Teachers use it for instructing students, and comedians use it for amusing audiences. All these are instances of language use - that is activities in which people do things with language. As we can see, language use is really a form of joint action.What is joint action? I think it is an action that is carried out by a group of people doing things in coordination with each other. As simple examples, think of two people waltzing, or playing a piano duet. When two dancers waltz, they each move around the ballroom in a special way. But waltzing is different from the sum of their individual actions. Can you imagine these two dancers doing the same steps, but in separate rooms, or at separate times? So waltzing is, in fact, the joint action that emerges as the two dancers do their individual steps in coordination, as a couple.Similarly, doing things with language is also different from the sum of the speaker speaking and the listener listening. It is the joint action that emerges when speakers and listeners, or writers and readers, perform their individual actions in coordination, as ensembles. Therefore, we can say that language use incorporates both individual and social processes. Speakers and listeners, writers and readers, must carry out actions as individuals, if they are to succeed in theiruse of language. But they must also work together as participants in the social units I have called ensembles. In the example I mentioned just now, the two dancers perform both individual actions, moving their bodies, arms, and legs, and joint actions, coordinating these movements, as they create the waltz. In the past, language use has been studied as if it were entirely an individual process. And it has also been studied as if it were entirely a social process. For me, I suggest that it belongs to both. We cannot hope to understand language use without viewing it as joint actions built on individual actions. In order to explain how all these actions work, I'd like to review briefly settings of language use. By settings, I mean the scene in which language use takes place, plus the medium - which refers to whether language use is spoken or written. And in this talk, I'll focus on spoken settings.The spoken setting mentioned most often is conversation - either face to face, or on the telephone. Conversations may be devoted to gossip, business transactions or scientific matters, but they're all characterized by the free exchange of terms among the two participants. I'll call these personal settings. Then we have what I would call nonpersonal settings. A typical example is the monologue. In monologues, one person speaks with little or no opportunity for interruption, or turns by members of the audience. Monologues come in many varieties too, as a professor lectures to a class, or a student giving a presentation to a seminar. These people speak for themselves, uttering words they formulated themselves for the audience before them, and the audience isn't expected to interrupt. In another kind of setting which are called institutional settings, the participants engage in speech exchanges that look like ordinary conversation, but they are limited by institutional rules. As examples, we can think of a government official holding a news conference, alawyer cross questioning a witness in court, or a professor directing a seminar discussion. In these settings, what is said is more or less spontaneous, even though turns at speaking are allocated by a leader, or are restricted in other ways.The person speaking isn't always the one whose intentions are being expressed. We have the clearest examples in fictional settings. Vivian Leigh plays Scarlett O'Hara in "Gone with the Wind", Frank Sinatra sings a love song in front of a live audience, the speakers are each vocalizing words composed by someone else - for instance a playwright or a composer - and are openly pretending to be expressing opinions that aren't necessarily their own. Finally there are private settings when people speak for themselves without actually addressing anyone else, for example, I might explain silently to myself, or talk to myself about solving a research problem, or rehearsing what I'm about to say in a seminar tomorrow. What I say isn't intended to be recognized by other people, it is only of use to myself. These are the features of private settings.SECTION B TALKW: Good evening, I'm Nancy Johnson. The guest on our radio talk this evening is Professor Wang Gongwu. Hello, Professor Wang.M: Hello.W: Professor Wang, you're now professor emeritus of Australia National University, and in your long academic career, you've worn many hats as tutor, lecturer, department head, dean, professor, and vice chancellor. However, as I know, you're still very fond of youruniversity days as a student.M: That's right. That was in 1949. The university that I went to was a brand new university then, and the only one in the country at that time. When I look back, it was an amazingly small university, and we knew everybody.W: How did the students like you, for example, study then?M: We didn't study very hard, because we didn't have to. We didn't have all this fantastic competition that you have today. Mmm. We were always made to feel that getting a first degree in the Arts faculty was not preparation for a profession. It was a general education. We were not under any pressure to decide on our careers, and we had such a good time. We were left very much on our own, and we were encouraged to make things happen.W: What do you see as the most striking difference in university education since then?M: University education has changed dramatically since those days. Things are very specialized today.W: Yes, definitely so. And, in your subsequent career experience as an educator and later administrator in various institutions of higher education in Asia and elsewhere, Professor Wang, you have repeatedly noted that one has to look at the development of education in one particular country in a broad context. What do you mean by that?M: Well, the whole world has moved away from elite education in universities to meet the needs of mass education, and entering universities is no longer a privilege for the few. And universities today are more concerned with providing jobs for their graduates in a way that universities in our time never had to be bothered about. Therefore, the emphasis of university programs today is now on the practical and the utilitarian, rather than on a general education or on personal development.W: Do you think that is a welcome development?M: Well, I personally regret this development. But the basic bachelor's education now has to cater to people who really need a piece of paper to find a decent job.W: So you're concerned about this development.M: Yes, I'm very concerned. With technical changes, many of the things that you learn are technical skills, which don't require you to become very well educated. Yet, if you can master those skills, you can get very good jobs. So the technical institutions are going to be increasingly popular at the expense of traditional universitites.W: Professor Wang, let's look at a different issue. How do you comment on the current phenomenon because of the fees they pay?M: Well, once you accept students on financial grounds, one wonders whether you have to pass them as well. But this is the development in education that we have to contend with. Yet, if we are concerned about maintaining standards, what we can do is to concentrate onimproving the quality of education.W: Yes, you're right. A university is judged by the quality of education it offers. Professor Wang, let's turn to the future. What type of graduates, in your view, to universities of the future need to produce, if they are to remain relevant?M: I think their graduates must be able to shift from one profession to another, because they are trained in a very independent way. If you can do that, you raise the level of the flexibility of the mind. Today's rapid changes in technology demand this adaptability. And you see the best universities in the world are already trying to guarantee that their students will not only be technically trained, but will be the kind of people that can adapt to any changing situation.W: I guess many people would agree with you on that point. University education should focus on both personal and professional development of students. But still some might believe there is a definite place for education in a broader sense - that is, in personal intellectual development.M: No doubt about that. We need people who will think about the future, about the past, and also people who will think about society. If a society doesn't have philosophers, or people who think about the value of life, it's a very sad society indeed.W: Professor Wang, my last question: do you see any common ground in education between your generation and the young generation now?M: Adapting to new challenges is perhaps the true cornerstone of our generation's legacy to education. And the future of education in a country rests not so much on the construction of better buildings, labs, etc., but in the development of an ever adaptable mind.W: That's true. The essence of education is the education of the mind. Okay, thank you very much, Professor Wang, for talking to us on the show about the changing trends in education.M: You're welcomeSECTION CA new data shows that the global AIDS pandemic will cause a sharp drop in life expectancy in dozens of countries, in some cases, declines of three decades. Several nations are losing a century's progress in extending the length of life. Nations in every part of the world, 51 in all, are suffering declining life expectancies because of an increasing prevalence of HIV infection. The increase is occurring in Asia, Latin America, and the Carribbean, but is greatest in sub Saharan Africa, a region with only 10% of the world's population but 70% of the world's HIV infections. Seven African countries have life expectancies of less than 40 years. For example, in Botswana, where 39% of the adult population is infected with HIV, life expectancy is 39 years. But by 2010, it will be less than 27 years. Without AIDS, it would have been 44 years. Life expectancy throughout the Carribbean and some Central American nations will drop into the 60's by 2010, when they would otherwise have been in the 70's without AIDS. In Cambodia and Burma, they are predicted to decline to around 60 years old, to what otherwise would have been in the mid 60's. Even in countrieswhere the number of new infections is dropping, such as Thailand, Uganda, and Senegal, small life expectancy drop is forecast. Back in the early 1990's, we never would have suspected that population growth would have turned negative because of AIDS mortality. In less than 10 years, we expect that 5 countries will be experiencing negative population growth because of AIDS mortality, including South Africa, Mozambique, Lesotho, Botswana and Swaziland.Questions 14 and 15 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 30 seconds to answer the questions. Now listen to the news.The European Union has drafted a list of US products to be hit with import taxes in retaliation for tariffs the United States has imposed on European steel. EU member governments will review the list before the EU submits it to the World Trade Organization, which arbitrates international trade disputes. EU officials will not say which American products will be hit by the EU sanctions. But diplomats monitoring the most recent trans Atlantic trade dispute say they include textiles and steel products.Earlier this month, the Bush administration imposed tariffs of up to 30 percent on some steel imports, including European products.The EU has appealed to the World Trade Organization to get those duties overturned. But a WTO decision on the matter could take up to a year or more. EU officials say that, under WTO rules, the EU has the right to impose retaliatory measures in June. But they say the United States can avoid the EU's possible countermeasures if it pays more than two billion dollars in compensation to the EU for imposing thesteel tariffs in the first place. The officials say Washington could also escape retaliation by lowering U.S. import duties on other EU products.The Bush administration says it will not pay compensation.SECTION D TALKGood morning. Today's lecture will focus on how to make people feel at ease in conversations. I guess all of you sitting here can recall certain people who just seem to make you feel comfortable when they are around. You spend an hour with them and feel as if you've known them half your life. These people who have that certain something that makes us feel comfortable have something in common, and once we know what that is, we can go about getting some of that something for ourselves. How is it done? Here are some of the skills that good talkers have. If you follow the skills, they will help you put people at their ease, make them feel secure, and comfortable, and turn acquaintances into friends.First of all, good talkers ask questions. Almost anyone, no matter how shy, will answer a question. In fact, according to my observation, very shy persons are often more willing to answer questions than extroverts. They are more concerned that someone will think them impolite if they don't respond to the questions. So most skillful conversationalists recommend starting with a question that is personal, but not harmful. For example, once a famous American TV presenter got a long and fascinating interview from a notoriously private billionaire by asking him about his first job. Another example, one prominent woman executive confesses that at business lunches, "I always ask people what they did that morning. It's a dull question,but it gets things going." From there, you can move on to other matters, sometimes to really personal questions. Moreover, how your responder answers will let you know how far you can go. A few simple catchwords like "Really?" "Yes?" are clear invitations to continue talking.Second, once good talkers have asked questions, they listen for answers. This point seems obvious, but it isn't in fact. Making people feel comfortable isn't simply a matter of making idle conversation. Your questions have a point. You're really asking, "What sort of person are you?" and to find out, you have to really listen. There are at least three components of real listening. For one thing, real listening means not changing the subject. If someone sticks to one topic, you can assume that he or she is really interested in it. Another component of real listening is listening not just to words but to tones of voice. I once mentioned D.H. Lawrence to a friend. To my astonishment, she launched into an academic discussion of the imagery in Lawrence's works. Midway through, I listened to her voice. It was, to put it mildly, unanimated, and it seemed obvious that the imagery monologue was intended solely for my benefit, and I quickly changed the subject. At last, real listening means using your eyes as well as your ears. When your gaze wanders, it makes people think they're boring your, or what they are saying is not interesting. Of course, you don't have to stare, or glare at them. Simply looking attentive will make most people think that you think they're fascinating.Next, good talkers are not afraid to laugh. If you think of all the people you know who make you feel comfortable, you may notice that all of them laugh a lot. Laughter is not only warming and friendly, it's alsoa good way to ease other people's discomfort. I have a friend who might enjoy watching at gathering of other people who do not know each other well. The first few minutes of talk are a bit uneasy and hesitant, for the people involved do not yet have a sense of each other. Invariably, a light comment or joke is made, and my friend's easy laughter appears like sunshine in the conversation. There is always then a visible softening that takes place. Other people smile, and loosen in response to her laughter, and the conversation goes on with more warmth and ease.Finally, good talkers are onces who cement a parting. That is, they know how to make use of parting as a way to leave a deep impression on others. Last impressions are just as important as first impressions in determining how a new acquaintance will remember you. People who make others really feel comfortable take advantage of that parting moment to close the deal. Men have had it easier. They have done it with a smile, and a good firm handshake. What about women then? Over the last several years, women have started to take over that custom well between themselves or with men. If you're saying goodbye, you might want to give him or her a second extra hand squeeze. It's a way to say, I really enjoyed meeting you. But it's not all done with body language. If you've enjoyed being with someone, if you want to see that person again, don't keep it a secret. Let people know how you feel, and they may walk away feeling as if they've known you half their life.Okay, just to sum up. Today, we've talked about four ways to make people feel at ease in conversations. These skills are important in keeping conversations going, and in forming friendships later on. Of course, these skills are by no means the only ones we can use. the listis much longer. I hope you will use these four skills, and discover more on your own in your conversations with other people.Now you have two minutes to check your notes, and then please complete the 15 minute gap filling task on Answer Sheet One.This is the end of listening comprehension.试题Part ⅠListening Comprehension (40 min)In Sections A,B and C you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the correct answer to each question on your colored answer sheet.SECTION A TALKQuestions 1 to 5 refer to the talk in this section. At the end of the talk you will be given 75 seconds to answer the questions. Now listen to the talk.1. The parallel between waltzing and language use lies in ____.A. the coordination based on individual actionsB. the number of individual participantsC. the necessity of individual actionsD. the requirements for participants2. In the talk the speaker thinks that language use is a(n) ____ process.A. individualB. combinedC. distinctD. social3. The main difference between personal and non-personal settings is in ____.A. the manner of language useB. the topic and content of speechC. the interactions between speaker and audienceD. the relationship between speaker and audience4. In fictional settings, speakers ____.A. hide their real intentionsB. voice others' intentionsC. play double roles on and off stageD. only imitate other people in life5. Compared with other types of settings, the main feature of private setting is ____.A. the absence of spontaneityB. the presence of individual actionsC. the lack of real intentionsD. the absence of audienceSECTION B INTERVIEWQuestions 6 to 10 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 75 seconds to answer the questions. Now listen to the interview.6. What was education like in Professor Wang's days?A. Students worked very hard.B. Students felt they needed a second degree.C. Education was not career－oriented.D. There were many specialized subjects.7. According to Professor Wang, what is the purpose of the present－day education?A. To turn out an adequate number of elite for the society.B. To prepare students for their future career.C. To offer practical and utilitarian courses in each programme.D. To set up as many technical institutions as possible.8. In Professor Wang's opinion, technical skills ____.A. require good educationB. are secondary to educationC. don't call for good educationD. don't conflict with education9. What does Professor Wang suggest to cope with the situation caused by increasing numbers of fee-paying studentsA. Shifting from one programme to another.B. Working out ways to reduce student number.C. Emphasizing better quality of education.D. Setting up stricter examination standards.10. Future education needs to produce graduates of all the following categories EXCEPT ____.A. those who can adapt to different professionsB. those who have a high flexibility of mindC. those who are thinkers, historians and philosophersD. those who possess only highly specialized skillsSECTION C NEWS BROADCASTQuestions 11 to 13 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 45 seconds to answer the questions. Now listen to the news.11. Which of the following regions in the world will witness the sharpest drop in life expectancy?A. Latin America.B. Sub Saharan Africa.C. Asia.D. The Caribbean.12. According to the news, which country will experience small life expectancy drop?A. Burma.B. Botswana.C. Cambodia.D. Thailand.13. The countries that are predicted to experience negative population growth are mainly in ____ .A. Asia.B. Africa.C. Latin America.D. The Caribbean.Questions 14 and 15 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 30 seconds to answer the questions. Now listen to the news.14. The trade dispute between the European Union and the US was caused by ____. refusal to accept arbitration by WTO imposing tariffs on European steel refusal to pay compensation to EU refusal to lower import duties on EU products15. Who will be consulted first before the EU list is submitted to WTO?A. EU member states.B. The United States.C. WTO.D. The steel corporations.SECTION D NOTE-TAKING AND GAP-FILLINGIn this section you will hear a mini-lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening to the lecture, take notes on the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete a 15-minutegap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE after the mini-lecture. Use the blank paper for note-taking. Fill in each of the gaps with one word. You may refer to your notes. Make sure the word you fill in is both grammatically and semantically acceptable.Conversation SkillsPeople who usually make us feel comfortable in conversations aregood talkers. And they have something in common, i.e. skills to put people at ease.1. Skill to ask question1) be aware of the human nature: readiness to answer other's questions regardless of (1)____2) start a conversation with some personal but unharmful questions about one's (2)____ job.questions about one's activities in the (3)____3) be able to spot signals for further talk2. Skill to (4)____for answers1) don't shift from subject to subject-sticking to the same subject: signs of (5)____in conversation.2) listen to (6)____of voice - If people sound unenthusiastic, then change subject.3) use eyes and ears - steady your gaze while listening3. Skill to laughEffects of laughter:- ease people's (7)____- help start (8)____4. Skill to part1) importance: open up possibilities for future friendship or contact2) ways:- men: a smile, a (9)____- women: same as (10)____ now- how to express pleasure in meeting someone.(1) ______ (2) ______ (3) ______ (4) ______ ( 5 ) ______(6) ______ (7) ______ (8) ______ (9) ______ (10) ______PART II PROOFREADING AND ERROR CORRECTION (15 MIN)The following passage contains TEN errors. Each line contains a maximum of one error and three are free from error. In each case, only one word is involved. You should proofread the passage and correct it in the following way.For a wrong word, underline the wrong word and write the correct one in the blank provided at the end of the line.For a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a “∧” sign and write the word you believe to be missing in the blank provided at the end of the line.For an unnecessary word, cross out the unnecessary word with a slash “／” and put the word in the blank provided at the end of the line.If the line is correct, place a V in the blank provided at the end of the lineExampleWhen ^ art museum wants a new exhibit, (1) anIt never buys things in finished form and bangs (2) never them on the wall. When a natural history museum (3) vwants an exhibition, it must often build it. (4) exhibit Proofread the given passage on ANSWER SHEET TWO as instructed. One of the most important non-legislative functions of the U.SCongressis the power to investigate. This power is usually delegated to committees - eitherstanding committees, special committees set for aspecific (1)____purpose, or joint committees consisted of members of both houses. (2)____Investigations are held to gather information on the need for future legislation, to test the effectiveness of laws already passed, to inquire into the qualifications and performance of members and officials of the other branches, and in rare occasions, to laythe (3)____groundwork for impeachment proceedings. Frequently, committees rely outside experts to assist in conducting investigative hearings (4)____and to make out detailed studies ofissues. (5)____There are important corollaries to the investigative power. Oneis the power to publicize investigations and its results.Most (6)____committee hearings are open to public and arereported (7)____widely in the mass media. Congressional investigations nevertheless represent one important tool available to lawmakers (8)____to inform the citizenry and to arouse public interests in national issues. (9)____Congressional committees also have the power to compel testimony from unwilling witnesses, and to cite for contemptof Congress witnesses who refuse to testify and for perjurythese who give false testimony. (10)____Part ⅢReading Comprehension (30 min)In this section there are four reading passages followed by a total of fifteen multiple-choice questions. Read the passages and then mark your answers on your colored answer sheet.TEXT AFarmers in the developing world hate price fluctuations. It makes it hard to plan ahead. But most of them have little choice: they sell at the price the market sets. Farmers in Europe, the U.S. and Japan are luckier: they receive massive government subsidies in the form of guaranteed prices or direct handouts. Last month U.S. President Bush signed a new farm bill that gives American farmers $190 billion over the next 10 years, or $83 billion more than they had been scheduled to get, and pushes U.S. agricultural support close to crazy European levels. Bush said the step was necessary to "promote farmer independence and preserve the farm way of life for generations". It is also designed to help the Republican Party win control of the Senate in November's mid term elections.Agricultural production in most poor countries accounts for up to 50% of GDP, compared to only 3% in rich countries. But most farmers in poor countries grow just enough for themselves and their families. Those who try exporting to the West find their goods whacked with huge tariffs or competing against cheaper subsidized goods. In 1999 the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development concluded that for each dollar developing countries receive in aid they lose up to。
2004年英语专业八级考试真题及答案-中大网校
2004年英语专业八级考试真题及答案总分：100分及格：60分考试时间：190分PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION (35 MIN) SECTION A MINI-LECTURE(1)<Ahref="javascript:;"></A><Ahref="javascript:;"></A><Ahref="javascript:;"></A>(2)根据材料，请在（2）处填上最佳答案。
(3)根据材料，请在（3）处填上最佳答案。
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(5)根据材料，请在（5）处填上最佳答案。
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(8)根据材料，请在（8）处填上最佳答案。
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SECTION B INTERVIEW & SECTION C NEWS BROADCAST(1)<Ahref="javascript:;"></A>(2)According to Professor Wang，what is the purpose of the present-day education?A. To turn out an adequate number of elite for the societB. To prepare students for their future careeC. To offer practical and utilitarian courses in each programmD. To set up as many technical institutions as possibl(3)In Professor Wang's opinion，technical skillsA. require good educatioB. are secondary to educatioC. don't call for good education,D. don't conflict with educatio(4)What does Professor Wang suggest to cope with the situation caused by increasing numbers of fee-paying students?A. Shifting from one programme to anotheB. Working out ways to reduce student numbeC. Emphasizing better quality of educatioD. Setting up stricter examination standard(5)Future education needs to produce graduates of all the following categories EXCEPTA. those who can adapt to different professionB. those who have a high flexibility of minC. those who are thinkers，historians and philosopherD. those who possess only highly specialized skill(6)<Ahref="javascript:;"></A>(7)According to the news，which country will experience small life expectancy drop?A. BurmB. BotswanC. CambodiD. Thailan(8)The countries that are predicted to experience negative population growth are mainly inA. AsiB. AfricC. Latin AmericD. The Caribbea(9)<Ahref="javascript:;"></A>(10)Who will be consulted first before the EU list is submitted to WTO?A. EU member stateB. The United StateC. WTD. The steel corporationPART ⅡREADING COMPREHENSION (30 MIN)(1)<Ahref="javascript:;"></A>(2)In addition to the economic considerations，there is a＿＿motive behind Bush’s signing of the new farm bill．A. partisanB. socialC. financialD. cultural(3)The phrase “whacked with” in the second paragraph probably meansA. hit hard bB. complied witC. amounted tD. abided b(4)The message the writer attempts to convey throughout the passage is thatA. poor countries should be given equal opportunities in tradB. “the least－developed country”status benefits agricultural countrieC. poor countries should remove their suspicions about trade liberalizatioD. farmers in poor countries should also receive the benefit of subsidie(5)The writer’s attitude towards new farm subsidies in the US isA. favourablB. ambiguouC. criticaD. reserve(6)<Ahref="javascript:;"></A><Ahref="javascript:;"></A>(7)According to the third paragraph，which might be one of the consequences of working longer hours?A. Rise in employees’ working efficiencB. Rise in the number of young offenderC. Rise in people’s living standardD. Rise in competitivenes(8)The author’s attitude towards some explanations for America’s longer working hours isA. slight approvaB. slight ambiguitC. slight disapprovaD. strong disapprova(9)Which of the following is the cause of working longer hours stated by the writer?A. Expansion of basic needB. Cultural differenceC. Increase in real earningD. Advertisin(10)The purpose of the passage is toA. make a comparison of Americans’working hours with those of Europeans’B. make an analysis of the factors behind Americans’ longer working hourC. criticize the economists’explanations for Americans’longer working hourD. prove what Oscar Wilde said is especially true about American worker(11)<Ahref="javascript:;"></A><Ahref="javascript:;"></A>(12)As the story proceeds．March begins to feel under the spell ofA. the lighB. the treeC. the nighD. the fo(13)Gradually March seems to be in a state ofA. blanknesB. imaginatioC. sadnesD. excitemen(14)At the end of the story，there seems to be a sense of between March and the fox．A. detachmentB. angerC. intimacyD. conflict(15)The passage creates an overall impression ofA. mysterB. horroC. livelinesD. contemp(16)<Ahref="javascript:;"></A>(17)According to the passage，Genoa is comparable to Seattle in thatA. they are both the meeting places of G8 leaderB. they are both worlfamous for the scenerC. they both suffered from massive protestD. they both saw demonstrations against climate chang(18)Which of the following is the G8 leaders’major concern?A. Their ridiculous images in GenoB. The number of protestors on the streetC. The real causes of international cooperatioD. The violent conflicts on the street(19)According to the passage，economic globalisation is paralleled byA. the emerging differences in the global protest movemenB. the disappearing differences in the global protest movemenC. the growing European concern about globalisatioD. the increase in the number of protester(20)According to the last paragraph，what is Brussels considering doing?A. Meeting in places difficult to reacB. Further repressing dissenC. Accepting the protesters’ agendD. Abandoning global meetingPART ⅢGENERAL KNOWLEDGE (10 MIN)(1)<Ahref="javascript:;"></A>The 1920s in the United States has been described as a period ofA. culture revivaB. loss of purposC. development in science and technologD. material success and spiritual frustratio(2)The largest river in America isA. the Ohio RiveB. the ColumbiC. the Mississippi RiveD. the Colorad(3)In the year of that Columbus discovered the New World．A. 1492B. 1592C. 1591D. 1491(4)The first English permanent settlement in America was founded in 1607 inA. New MexicB. HawaiC. CaliforniD. Virgini(5)Mark Twain’s works are characterized by all the following EXCEPTA. sense of humoB. egotisC. jokeD. tall tale(6)Which of the following is a tragedy written by Shakespeare?A. HamleB. DFaustuC. FrankensteiD. Sense and Sensibilit(7)Sons and Lovers was written byA. George Bernard ShaB. LawrencC. Virginia WoolD. James Joyc(8)In semantic studies，refers to the inherent meaning of the linguistic form．A. senseB. synonymC. homonymD. reference(9)The duality of the language isA. letters and soundB. sounds and symbolC. symbols and meaninD. sounds and meanin(10)Of all the speech organs，theis/are the most flexible．A. lipsB. mouthC. tongueD. vocal cordsPART ⅣPROOFREADING & ERROR CORRECTION (15MIN)(1)<Ahref="javascript:;"></A>(2)根据材料，请在（2）处填上最佳答案。
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2004年英语专八试卷真题及答案PART ⅠLISTENING COMPREHENSIONSECTION A TALKLanguage is used for doing things. People use it in everyday conversation for transacting business, planning meals and vacations, debating politics, and gossiping. Teachers use it for instructing students, and comedians use it for amusing audiences. All these are instances of language use - that is activities in which people do things with language. As we can see, language use is really a form of joint action.What is joint action? I think it is an action that is carried out by a group of people doing things in coordination with each other. As simple examples, think of two people waltzing, or playing a piano duet. When two dancers waltz, they each move around the ballroom in a special way. But waltzing is different from the sum of their individual actions. Can you imagine these two dancers doing the same steps, but in separate rooms, or at separate times? So waltzing is, in fact, the joint action that emerges as the two dancers do their individual steps in coordination, as a couple.Similarly, doing things with language is also different from the sum of the speaker speaking and the listener listening. It is the joint action that emerges when speakers and listeners, or writers and readers, perform their individual actions in coordination, as ensembles. Therefore, we can say that language use incorporates both individual and social processes. Speakers and listeners, writers and readers, must carry out actions as individuals, if they are to succeed in theiruse of language. But they must also work together as participants in the social units I have called ensembles. In the example I mentioned just now, the two dancers perform both individual actions, moving their bodies, arms, and legs, and joint actions, coordinating these movements, as they create the waltz. In the past, language use has been studied as if it were entirely an individual process. And it has also been studied as if it were entirely a social process. For me, I suggest that it belongs to both. We cannot hope to understand language use without viewing it as joint actions built on individual actions. In order to explain how all these actions work, I'd like to review briefly settings of language use. By settings, I mean the scene in which language use takes place, plus the medium - which refers to whether language use is spoken or written. And in this talk, I'll focus on spoken settings.The spoken setting mentioned most often is conversation - either face to face, or on the telephone. Conversations may be devoted to gossip, business transactions or scientific matters, but they're all characterized by the free exchange of terms among the two participants. I'll call these personal settings. Then we have what I would call nonpersonal settings. A typical example is the monologue. In monologues, one person speaks with little or no opportunity for interruption, or turns by members of the audience. Monologues come in many varieties too, as a professor lectures to a class, or a student giving a presentation to a seminar. These people speak for themselves, uttering words they formulated themselves for the audience before them, and the audience isn't expected to interrupt. In another kind of setting which are called institutional settings, the participants engage in speech exchanges that look like ordinary conversation, but they are limited by institutional rules. As examples, we can think of a government official holding a news conference, alawyer cross question ing a witness in court, or a professor directing a seminar discussion. In these settings, what is said is more or less spontaneous, even though turns at speaking are allocated by a leader, or are restricted in other ways.The person speaking isn't always the one whose intentions are being expressed. We have the clearest examples in fictional settings. Vivian Leigh plays Scarlett O'Hara in "Gone with the Wind", Frank Sinatra sings a love song in front of a live audience, the speakers are each vocalizing words composed by someone else - for instance a playwright or a composer - and are openly pretending to be expressing opinions that aren't necessarily their own. Finally there are private settings when people speak for themselves without actually addressing anyone else, for example, I might explain silently to myself, or talk to myself about solving a research problem, or rehearsing what I'm about to say in a seminar tomorrow. What I say isn't intended to be recognized by other people, it is only of use to myself. These are the features of private settings.SECTION B TALKW: Good evening, I'm Nancy Johnson. The guest on our radio talk this evening is Professor Wang Gongwu. Hello, Professor Wang.M: Hello.W: Professor Wang, you're now professor emeritus of Australia National University, and in your long academic career, you've worn many hats as tutor, lecturer, department head, dean, professor, and vice chancellor. However, as I know, you're still very fond of youruniversity days as a student.M: That's right. That was in 1949. The university that I went to was a brand new university then, and the only one in the country at that time. When I look back, it was an amazingly small university, and we knew everybody.W: How did the students like you, for example, study then?M: We didn't study very hard, because we didn't have to. We didn't have all this fantastic competition that you have today. Mmm. We were always made to feel that getting a first degree in the Arts faculty was not preparation for a profession. It was a general education. We were not under any pressure to decide on our careers, and we had such a good time. We were left very much on our own, and we were encouraged to make things happen.W: What do you see as the most striking difference in university education since then?M: University education has changed dramatically since those days. Things are very specialized today.W: Yes, definitely so. And, in your subsequent career experience as an educator and later administrator in various institutions of higher education in Asia and elsewhere, Professor Wang, you have repeatedly noted that one has to look at the development of education in one particular country in a broad context. What do you mean by that?M: Well, the whole world has moved away from elite education in universities to meet the needs of mass education, and entering universities is no longer a privilege for the few. And universities today are more concerned with providing jobs for their graduates in a way that universities in our time never had to be bothered about. Therefore, the emphasis of university programs today is now on the practical and the utilitarian, rather than on a general education or on personal development.W: Do you think that is a welcome development?M: Well, I personally regret this development. But the basic bachelor's education now has to cater to people who really need a piece of paper to find a decent job.W: So you're concerned about this development.M: Yes, I'm very concerned. With technical changes, many of the things that you learn are technical skills, which don't require you to become very well educated. Yet, if you can master those skills, you can get very good jobs. So the technical institutions are going to be increasingly popular at the expense of traditional universitites.W: Professor Wang, let's look at a different issue. How do you comment on the current phenomenon because of the fees they pay?M: Well, once you accept students on financial grounds, one wonders whether you have to pass them as well. But this is the development in education that we have to contend with. Yet, if we are concerned about maintaining standards, what we can do is to concentrate onimproving the quality of education.W: Yes, you're right. A university is judged by the quality of education it offers. Professor Wang, let's turn to the future. What type of graduates, in your view, to universities of the future need to produce, if they are to remain relevant?M: I think their graduates must be able to shift from one profession to another, because they are trained in a very independent way. If you can do that, you raise the level of the flexibility of the mind. Today's rapid changes in technology demand this adaptability. And you see the best universities in the world are already trying to guarantee that their students will not only be technically trained, but will be the kind of people that can adapt to any changing situation.W: I guess many people would agree with you on that point. University education should focus on both personal and professional development of students. But still some might believe there is a definite place for education in a broader sense - that is, in personal intellectual development.M: No doubt about that. We need people who will think about the future, about the past, and also people who will think about society. If a society doesn't have philosophers, or people who think about the value of life, it's a very sad society indeed.W: Professor Wang, my last question: do you see any common ground in education between your generation and the young generation now?M: Adapting to new challenges is perhaps the true cornerstone of ourgeneration's legacy to education. And the future of education in a country rests not so much on the construction of better buildings, labs, etc., but in the development of an ever adaptable mind.W: That's true. The essence of education is the education of the mind. Okay, thank you very much, Professor Wang, for talking to us on the show about the changing trends in education.M: You're welcomeSECTION CA new data shows that the global AIDS pandemic will cause a sharp drop in life expectancy in dozens of countries, in some cases, declines of three decades. Several nations are losing a century's progress in extending the length of life. Nations in every part of the world, 51 in all, are suffering declining life expectancies because of an increasing prevalence of HIV infection. The increase is occurring in Asia, Latin America, and the Carribbean, but is greatest in sub Saharan Africa, a region with only 10% of the world's population but 70% of the world's HIV infections. Seven African countries have life expectancies of less than 40 years. For example, in Botswana, where 39% of the adult population is infected with HIV, life expectancy is 39 years. But by 2010, it will be less than 27 years. Without AIDS, it would have been 44 years. Life expectancy throughout the Carribbean and some Central American nations will drop into the 60's by 2010, when they would otherwise have been in the 70's without AIDS. In Cambodia and Burma, they are predicted to decline to around 60 years old, to what otherwise would have been in the mid 60's. Even in countries where the number of new infections is dropping, such as Thailand, Uganda,and Senegal, small life expectancy drop is forecast. Back in the early 1990's, we never would have suspected that population growth would have turned negative because of AIDS mortality. In less than 10 years, we expect that 5 countries will be experiencing negative population growth because of AIDS mortality, including South Africa, Mozambique, Lesotho, Botswana and Swaziland.Questions 14 and 15 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 30 seconds to answer the questions. Now listen to the news.The European Union has drafted a list of US products to be hit with import taxes in retaliation for tariffs the United States has imposed on European steel. EU member governments will review the list before the EU submits it to the World Trade Organization, which arbitrates international trade disputes. EU officials will not say which American products will be hit by the EU sanctions. But diplomats monitoring the most recent trans Atlantic trade dispute say they include textiles and steel products.Earlier this month, the Bush administration imposed tariffs of up to 30 percent on some steel imports, including European products.The EU has appealed to the World Trade Organization to get those duties overturned. But a WTO decision on the matter could take up to a year or more. EU officials say that, under WTO rules, the EU has the right to impose retaliatory measures in June. But they say the United States can avoid the EU's possible countermeasures if it pays more than two billion dollars in compensation to the EU for imposing the steel tariffs in the first place. The officials say Washington could alsoescape retaliation by lowering U.S. import duties on other EU products.The Bush administration says it will not pay compensation.SECTION D TALKGood morning. Today's lecture will focus on how to make people feel at ease in conversations. I guess all of you sitting here can recall certain people who just seem to make you feel comfortable when they are around. You spend an hour with them and feel as if you've known them half your life. These people who have that certain something that makes us feel comfortable have something in common, and once we know what that is, we can go about getting some of that something for ourselves. How is it done? Here are some of the skills that good talkers have. If you follow the skills, they will help you put people at their ease, make them feel secure, and comfortable, and turn acquaintances into friends.First of all, good talkers ask questions. Almost anyone, no matter how shy, will answer a question. In fact, according to my observation, very shy persons are often more willing to answer questions than extroverts. They are more concerned that someone will think them impolite if they don't respond to the questions. So most skillful conversationalists recommend starting with a question that is personal, but not harmful. For example, once a famous American TV presenter got a long and fascinating interview from a notoriously private billionaire by asking him about his first job. Another example, one prominent woman executive confesses that at business lunches, "I always ask people what they did that morning. It's a dull question, but it gets things going." From there, you can move on to othermatters, sometimes to really personal questions. Moreover, how your responder answers will let you know how far you can go. A few simple catchwords like "Really?" "Yes?" are clear invitations to continue talking.Second, once good talkers have asked questions, they listen for answers. This point seems obvious, but it isn't in fact. Making people feel comfortable isn't simply a matter of making idle conversation. Your questions have a point. You're really asking, "What sort of person are you?" and to find out, you have to really listen. There are at least three components of real listening. For one thing, real listening means not changing the subject. If someone sticks to one topic, you can assume that he or she is really interested in it. Another component of real listening is listening not just to words but to tones of voice. I once mentioned D.H. Lawrence to a friend. To my astonishment, she launched into an academic discussion of the imagery in Lawrence's works. Midway through, I listened to her voice. It was, to put it mildly, unanimated, and it seemed obvious that the imagery monologue was intended solely for my benefit, and I quickly changed the subject. At last, real listening means using your eyes as well as your ears. When your gaze wanders, it makes people think they're boring your, or what they are saying is not interesting. Of course, you don't have to stare, or glare at them. Simply looking attentive will make most people think that you think they're fascinating.Next, good talkers are not afraid to laugh. If you think of all the people you know who make you feel comfortable, you may notice that all of them laugh a lot. Laughter is not only warming and friendly, it's also a good way to ease other people's discomfort. I have a friend who might enjoy watching at gathering of other people who do not know eachother well. The first few minutes of talk are a bit uneasy and hesitant, for the people involved do not yet have a sense of each other. Invariably, a light comment or joke is made, and my friend's easy laughter appears like sunshine in the conversation. There is always then a visible softening that takes place. Other people smile, and loosen in response to her laughter, and the conversation goes on with more warmth and ease.Finally, good talkers are onces who cement a parting. That is, they know how to make use of parting as a way to leave a deep impression on others. Last impressions are just as important as first impressions in determining how a new acquaintance will remember you. People who make others really feel comfortable take advantage of that parting moment to close the deal. Men have had it easier. They have done it with a smile, and a good firm handshake. What about women then? Over the last several years, women have started to take over that custom well between themselves or with men. If you're saying goodbye, you might want to give him or her a second extra hand squeeze. It's a way to say, I really enjoyed meeting you. But it's not all done with body language. If you've enjoyed being with someone, if you want to see that person again, don't keep it a secret. Let people know how you feel, and they may walk away feeling as if they've known you half their life.Okay, just to sum up. Today, we've talked about four ways to make people feel at ease in conversations. These skills are important in keeping conversations going, and in forming friendships later on. Of course, these skills are by no means the only ones we can use. the list is much longer. I hope you will use these four skills, and discover more on your own in your conversations with other people.Now you have two minutes to check your notes, and then please complete the 15 minute gap filling task on Answer Sheet One.This is the end of listening comprehension.试题Part ⅠListening Comprehension (40 min)In Sections A,B and C you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the correct answer to each question on your colored answer sheet.SECTION A TALKQuestions 1 to 5 refer to the talk in this section. At the end of the talk you will be given 75 seconds to answer the questions. Now listen to the talk.1. The parallel between waltzing and language use lies in ____.A. the coordination based on individual actionsB. the number of individual participantsC. the necessity of individual actionsD. the requirements for participants2. In the talk the speaker thinks that language use is a(n) ____ process.A. individualB. combinedC. distinctD. social3. The main difference between personal and non-personal settings is in ____.A. the manner of language useB. the topic and content of speechC. the interactions between speaker and audienceD. the relationship between speaker and audience4. In fictional settings, speakers ____.A. hide their real intentionsB. voice others' intentionsC. play double roles on and off stageD. only imitate other people in life5. Compared with other types of settings, the main feature of private setting is ____.A. the absence of spontaneityB. the presence of individual actionsC. the lack of real intentionsD. the absence of audienceSECTION B INTERVIEWQuestions 6 to 10 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 75 seconds to answer the questions. Now listen to the interview.6. What was education like in Professor Wang's days?A. Students worked very hard.B. Students felt they needed a second degree.C. Education was not career－oriented.D. There were many specialized subjects.7. According to Professor Wang, what is the purpose of the present －day education?A. To turn out an adequate number of elite for the society.B. To prepare students for their future career.C. To offer practical and utilitarian courses in each programme.D. To set up as many technical institutions as possible.8. In Professor Wang's opinion, technical skills ____.A. require good educationB. are secondary to educationC. don't call for good educationD. don't conflict with education9. What does Professor Wang suggest to cope with the situation caused by increasing numbers of fee-paying studentsA. Shifting from one programme to another.B. Working out ways to reduce student number.C. Emphasizing better quality of education.D. Setting up stricter examination standards.10. Future education needs to produce graduates of all the following categories EXCEPT ____.A. those who can adapt to different professionsB. those who have a high flexibility of mindC. those who are thinkers, historians and philosophersD. those who possess only highly specialized skillsSECTION C NEWS BROADCASTQuestions 11 to 13 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 45 seconds to answer the questions. Now listen to the news.11. Which of the following regions in the world will witness the sharpest drop in life expectancy?A. Latin America.B. Sub Saharan Africa.C. Asia.D. The Caribbean.12. According to the news, which country will experience small life expectancy drop?A. Burma.B. Botswana.C. Cambodia.D. Thailand.13. The countries that are predicted to experience negative population growth are mainly in ____ .A. Asia.B. Africa.C. Latin America.D. The Caribbean.Questions 14 and 15 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 30 seconds to answer the questions. Now listen to the news.14. The trade dispute between the European Union and the US was caused by ____. refusal to accept arbitration by WTO imposing tariffs on European steel refusal to pay compensation to EU refusal to lower import duties on EU products15. Who will be consulted first before the EU list is submitted to WTO?A. EU member states.B. The United States.C. WTO.D. The steel corporations.SECTION D NOTE-TAKING AND GAP-FILLINGIn this section you will hear a mini-lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening to the lecture, take notes on the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete a 15-minutegap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE after the mini-lecture. Use the blank paper for note-taking. Fill in each of the gaps with one word. You may refer to your notes. Make sure the word you fill in is both grammatically and semantically acceptable.Conversation SkillsPeople who usually make us feel comfortable in conversations are good talkers. And they have something in common, i.e. skills to put people at ease.1. Skill to ask question1) be aware of the human nature: readiness to answer other's questions regardless of (1)____2) start a conversation with some personal but unharmful questions about one's (2)____ job.questions about one's activities in the (3)____3) be able to spot signals for further talk2. Skill to (4)____for answers1) don't shift from subject to subject-sticking to the same subject: signs of (5)____in conversation.2) listen to (6)____of voice - If people sound unenthusiastic, then change subject.3) use eyes and ears - steady your gaze while listening3. Skill to laughEffects of laughter:- ease people's (7)____- help start (8)____4. Skill to part1) importance: open up possibilities for future friendship or contact2) ways:- men: a smile, a (9)____- women: same as (10)____ now- how to express pleasure in meeting someone.(1) ______ (2) ______ (3) ______ (4) ______ ( 5 ) ______(6) ______ (7) ______ (8) ______ (9) ______ (10) ______PART II PROOFREADING AND ERROR CORRECTION (15 MIN)The following passage contains TEN errors. Each line contains a maximum of one error and three are free from error. In each case, only one word is involved. You should proofread the passage and correct it in the following way.For a wrong word, underline the wrong word and write the correct one in the blank provided at the end of the line.For a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a “∧” sign and write the word you believe to be missing in the blank provided at the end of the line.For an unnecessary word, cross out the unnecessary word with a slash “／” and put the word in the blank provided at the end of the line.If the line is correct, place a V in the blank provided at the end of the lineExampleWhen ^ art museum wants a new exhibit, (1) anIt never buys things in finished form and bangs (2) never them on the wall. When a natural history museum (3) vwants an exhibition, it must often build it. (4) exhibit Proofread the given passage on ANSWER SHEET TWO as instructed.One of the most important non-legislative functions of the U.S Congressis the power to investigate. This power is usually delegated tocommittees - eitherstanding committees, special committees set for aspecific (1)____purpose, or joint committees consisted of members of both houses. (2)____Investigations are held to gather information on the need forfuture legislation, to test the effectiveness of laws already passed, to inquire into the qualifications and performance of members and officials of the other branches, and in rare occasions, to laythe (3)____groundwork for impeachment proceedings. Frequently, committees rely outside experts to assist in conducting investigativehearings (4)____and to make out detailed studies ofissues. (5)____There are important corollaries to the investigative power. Oneis the power to publicize investigations and its results.Most (6)____committee hearings are open to public and arereported (7)____widely in the mass media. Congressional investigations nevertheless represent one important tool available tolawmakers (8)____to inform the citizenry and to arouse public interests in national issues. (9)____Congressional committees also have the power to compel testimony from unwilling witnesses, and to cite for contemptof Congress witnesses who refuse to testify and for perjurythese who give false testimony. (10)____Part ⅢReading Comprehension (30 min)In this section there are four reading passages followed by a total of fifteen multiple-choice questions. Read the passages and then mark your answers on your colored answer sheet.TEXT AFarmers in the developing world hate price fluctuations. It makes it hard to plan ahead. But most of them have little choice: they sell at the price the market sets. Farmers in Europe, the U.S. and Japan are luckier: they receive massive government subsidies in the form of guaranteed prices or direct handouts. Last month U.S. President Bush signed a new farm bill that gives American farmers $190 billion over the next 10 years, or $83 billion more than they had been scheduled to get, and pushes U.S. agricultural support close to crazy European levels. Bush said the step was necessary to "promote farmer independence and preserve the farm way of life for generations". It is also designed to help the Republican Party win control of the Senate in November's mid term elections.Agricultural production in most poor countries accounts for up to 50% of GDP, compared to only 3% in rich countries. But most farmers in poor countries grow just enough for themselves and their families. Those who try exporting to the West find their goods whacked with huge tariffs or competing against cheaper subsidized goods. In 1999 the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development concluded that for each dollar developing countries receive in aid they lose up to $14 just because of trade barriers imposed on the export of their manufactured goods. It's not as if the developing world wants any。