吉首大学2009年硕士研究生复试听力A卷

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吉首大学2024年硕士研究生入学考试自命题考试大纲复试科目-环境生物学

吉首大学硕士研究生入学考试自命题考试大纲考试科目名称：环境生物学一、试卷结构1)试卷成绩及考试时间本试卷满分为100分，考试时间为120分钟。

2)答题方式：闭卷、笔试3)试卷内容结构（一）基础知识部分80%（二）研究进展、动态部分20%（三）考核内容涉及植物学、动物学、微生物学、环境生物学等多门课程内容。

4)题型结构名词解释：10小题，每小题3分，共30分简答题：4小题，每小题10分，共40分论述题和计算题：2小题，每小题15分，共30分二、考试内容与考试要求第1章绪论1、识记：环境生物学的定义、外源性化合物、污水生物系统、生态毒理学。

2、理解：环境污染的生物效应研究的内涵、生态毒理学与环境毒理学的区别。

3、运用或掌握：环境生物学的研究对象、目的、任务和内容。

重点和难点1、环境生物学的定义；2、环境生物学的研究对象、目的、任务和内容。

第2章环境污染物在生态系统中的行为1、识记：混合功能氧化酶、超量积累；富营养化、污染物的生物地球化学循环、生物浓缩系数、生物污染、藻毒素。

2、理解：环境生物效应、优先污染物、持久性有机污染物、生物转运、生物转化、环境污染公害事件、生物膜、体内屏障。

3、运用或掌握：污染物在环境中转化的方式和结果、污染物通过生物膜的转运方式、动物和植物吸收污染物的途径、影响污染物在体内分布的因素、污染物在动物体内的贮存库、污染物排泄的方式、污染物生物转化反应的主要酶类、污染物生物转化反应的主要类型及相互关系、结合反应的毒理学意义和主要类型、水体富营养化的成因、表现形式和可能的后果以及防治措施、POPs的特点、生物浓缩、生物积累和生物放大的区别。

重点和难点1、污染物在环境中的迁移与转化；2、污染物在生物体内的生物转运与生物转化。

第3章污染物对生物的影响1、识记：活性氧或自由基ROS、超氧化物歧化酶SOD、谷胱甘肽过氧化酶GPx、过氧化氢酶Cat、谷胱甘肽硫转移酶GST、乙酰胆碱酯酶、生物大分子、应激蛋白、金属硫蛋白、DNA加合物、脂质过氧化LPO、环境内分泌干扰物、耐污种、敏感种、耐污值、Imposex和Intersex。

2009年武汉大学二外英语考研真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)

2009年武汉大学二外英语考研真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. 2. 3. 4. 5.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)Statuses are marvelous human inventions that enable us to get along with one another and to determine where we fit in society. As we go about our everyday lives, we mentally attempt to place people in terms of their statuses. For example, we must judge whether the person in the library is a reader or a librarian, whether the telephone caller is a friend or a salesman, whether the unfamiliar person on our property is a thief or a “ meter reader, and so on. The statuses we assume often vary with the people we encounter, and change throughout life. Most of us can, at a very high speed, assume the statuses that various situations require. Much of social interaction consists of identifying and selecting among appropriate statuses and allowing other people to assume their statuses in relation to us. This means that we fit our actions to those of other people based on a constant mental process of appraisal and interpretation. Although some of us find the task more difficult than others, most of us perform it rather effortlessly. A status has been compared to ready-made clothes. Within certain limits, the buyer can choose style and fabric. But an American is not free to choose the costume of a Chinese peasant or that of a Hindu prince. We must choose from among the clothing presented by our society. Furthermore, our choice is limited to a size that will fit, as well as by our pocketbook. Having made a choice within these limits we can have certain alterations made, but apart from minor adjustments, we tend to be limited to what the stores have on their racks. Statuses, too, come ready made, and the range of choice among them is limited.1．In the first paragraph, the writer tells us that statuses can help us______.A．determine whether a person is fit for a certain jobB．behave appropriately in relation to other peopleC．protect ourselves in unfamiliar situationsD．make friends with other people正确答案：B解析：第一句Statuses…that enable us to get along with one another“身份能使我们和别人和睦相处”，也就是在人际交往中表现得体，固选B。

2009年同等学力英语真题

2009年同等学力人员申请硕士学位英语水平全国统一考试试题Paper One 试卷一(90 minutes)PartⅠDialogue Communication (10 minutes，10 points，1 for each)（略）PartⅡVocabulary (20 minutes，10 points，0. 5 for each)Section ADirections: In this section there are 10 sentences，each with one word or phrase underlined. Choose the one from the 4 choices marked A, B, C and D that best keeps the meaning of the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.11. The applications of genetic engineering are abundant and choosing one appropriate for thiscase can be rather difficult.A. plentifulB. sufficientC. adequateD. countable12. The newly elected president has pledged $ 13 million to the automobile industry for itssurvival.A. preparedB. promisedC. disposedD. delivered13. The Americans recognize that the UN can be the channel for greater diplomatic activity.A. mediumB. placeC. resortD. tunnel14. The growth of part-time and flexible working pattern allows more women to take advantageof job opportunities.A. catch up withB. make use ofC. cast light onD. get rid of15. Nobody can help but be fascinated by the world into which he is taken by the science fiction.A. impressedB. amusedC. puzzledD. attracted16. Senator James Meeks has called off a boycott of Chicago Public Schools, organized to protestIllinois education funding system.A. reclaimedB. proposedC. canceledD. indulged17. The new book focuses on the concept that to achieve and maintain total health, people needphysical, social and emotional well-being.A. attainB. gainC. acquireD. gather18. The 16 percent fare increase would bring Chicago fares in line with those of other big cities.A. in agreement withB. in cooperation withC. in connection withD. in association with19. It is true that London is often sunless, damp and raw, though the occasional sunny days seemall the more attractive by contrast.A. mildB. chillyC. cloudyD. moist20. Like flowers that have been waiting all winter to blossom, tourists are eager to burst forthwith their cameras.A. surviveB. breezeC. bloomD. reviveSection BDirections: In this section, there are 10 incomplete sentences. For each sentence there 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine- scoring ANSWER SHEET.21. A large______ of the sunlight never reaches the earth while infra-red heat given off by theearth is allowed to escape freely.A. rationB. proportionC. rateD. fraction22. It is amusing that she______ her father's bad temper as well as her mother's good looks.A. inheritedB. retainedC. preservedD. maintained23. ______ the few who have failed in their examination, all the other students in the hall are invery high spirits.A. In spite thatB. But forC. Apart fromD. For the sake of24. The decline in moral standards, which has long concerned social analysts, has at last______the attention of average Americans.A. clarifiedB. cultivatedC. characterizedD. captured25. Our neighbor Uncle Johnson is a stubborn man. Needless to say，we tried______ to make himchange his mind.A. in shortB. in secretC. in vainD. in danger26. The western media was astonished to see that China’s GDP______ by almost 40% just in twoyears’ time.A. flourishedB. floatedC. soaredD. roared27. Unemployment seems to be the______ social problem in this area and may undermine socialstability.A. prevalentB. primitiveC. previousD. premature28. Many people, when ill, see their doctors and ask them to______ something that will makethem fell better.A. describeB. prescribeC. reviseD. devise29. Facing growing costs and shrinking tax______, the government is now threatening to cutfunding for environmental protection programs.A. budgetB. collectionC. profitD. revenue30. Research shows heavy coffee drinking is______ a small increase in blood pressure, but notenough to increase the risk for high blood pressure.A. compared withB. associated withC. attributed toD. referred toPart ⅢReading Comprehension (45 minutes，30 points，1 for each)Directions:There are 5 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by 6 questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneThe other day my son asked me if he could ride up to his elementary school on his bike and meet his friend. He wanted the both of them to ride back to our house so they could play video games and jump on trampoline (蹦床）.I have to admit, part of me wanted to say no. We can go pick him up or his parents can bring him over here，I thought. But my son is eleven years old now. And after all，I do let him ride his bike to school. But I also drive my daughter to school and I can see him on the way, making sure he is getting there safely.My husband thinks I am too overprotective. I don’t dare to let my children walk anywhere without one of us going along. As you pull out of our neighborhood, there is a shopping center across the street. My son always asks if he can ride his bike or walk over to the drugstore by himself. But crossing that street is just too dangerous. The cars fly around the corner like they’re driving in a car race. What if he gets hit? What if some teenage bullies are hanging out in the parking lot?I want so much to give my children the freedom that I enjoyed having when I was growing up but I hesitate to do so because there are dangers around every corner. Too many kidnaps，too many sex offenders. I went online and discovered there are 41 sex offenders in my area alone.I honestly don’t think my mom worried about such things when her children were young.Growing up in the 1970s was indeed a different time. I never wore a helmet (头盗）when I rode a bike. We were all over the neighborhood, on our bikes and on foot, coming home for dinner and then back out again until dark. We rode in the back of the truck, didn’t wear seatbelts. I walked to and from school every day....31. What did the author fell reluctant to let her son do?A. Meet his friend.B. Play video games.C. Jump on the trampoline.D. Ride his bike on streets.32. What does the author mean when she says “But my son is eleven years old now”？A. He is old enough to be given some freedom now.B. He is a bit too young to go out alone.C. He has reached the legal age for riding a bike.D. He can’t protect himself from road hazards.33. Given her husband's attitude towards bringing up kids, he would most probably_____.A. drive his son to school to ensure safetyB. follow his son all the way to school and backC. give his son more freedom in deciding what to doD. ask the other boy’s parents to bring him over here34. Which of the following is NOT considered by the author as a potential threat to kids?A. Teenage bullies.B. The drugstore.C. Child abusers.D. Cars racing by.35. What can we infer from the last paragraph?A. The social security back in the 1970s was no better than it is today.B. Today’s children enjoy more freedom than those in the 1970s.C. Children today are more obedient to their parents.D. Children in the 1970s enjoyed more freedom than those today.36. What is the author’s main purpose in writing this passage?A. To compare today's social environment with that of the 1970s.B. To show her concern over the increasing crime rate in her neighborhood.C. To describe her hesitation as to how much freedom she should give her son.D. To express her worries about both safety and security in her area.Passage TwoAbout a century ago more people would not have appreciated the study of a foreign language as they do today. Gone are those days when patriotism towards one’s own language was major obstacle to learning foreign languages, a time when most nations were trying to throw their alien rulers out of their countries in their freedom struggles. Gone are those days when people were proud of their mother or father tongues and considered that their native languages alone will suffice the need to survive. Language skills today have become as important as other business and career skills like IT，vocational or professional skills. Thus learning a foreign language today has become essential for an individual whether it is for careers, growing a business, or even to make an impression.All that one needs to possess these days is a drive to learn a foreign language and there are all kinds of institutes and courses that teach various foreign languages like French, German, Spanish, and Japanese. Today’s world economy has bridged the barriers of race, sex, color and religion and the world has become a smaller place. Today’s businesses also demand language skills to expand and grow in other countries. Tens and hundreds of businesses world wide are expanding and growing their businesses by promoting them in countries other than their countries of origin. The tremendous growth of the Internet has further increased the demand for language skills. In Canada an official rule also says that all commercial establishments must have their websites created both in English and French, the official languages of the country.Language can also ease race and border barriers. You are more welcome in an alien nation if you know the language of the people there and can converse in their tongue. People in these countries immediately respect you and think you care about their culture as much as they do because in any culture language is the key identity.37. One of the reasons for not studying a foreign language in the past is______ .A. it was too difficultB. it was not allowedC. it was seen as disloyaltyD. it was taught by foreign rulers38. According to the article, which of the following is true?A. People’s language skills are better than in the past.B. Foreign language skills are of vital importance.C. It’s easier nowadays to learn a foreign language.D. People today are not proud of their native language.39. What does “to make an impression” (Paragraph 1) probably mean?A. To remember things.B. To express ideas.C. To show respect.D. To be liked by others.40. The world has become smaller because of______.A. business expansionB. the growth of the InternetC. a globalized economyD. the learning of foreign languages41. According to the article, the growth of the Internet requires______.A. more foreign language skillsB. more bilingual websitesC. better command of EnglishD. more commercial establishments42. People in a foreign country will treat you with more respect if you speak their language because______.A. they think you love their countryB. they think you understand their cultureC. it’s easier for them to communicate with youD. they believe you are a good language learnerPassage ThreeYou may have wondered why the supermarkets are all the same. It is not because the companies that operate them lack imagination. It is because they all aim at persuading people to buy things.In the supermarket，it takes a while for the mind to get into a shopping mode. This is why the area immediately inside the entrance is known as the “decompression zone”. People need to slow down and look around, even if they are regulars. In sales terms this area is a bit of a loss, so it tends to be used more for promotion.Immediately inside the first thing shoppers may come to is the fresh fruit and vegetables section. For shoppers, this makes no sense. Fruit and vegetables can be easily damaged, so they should be bought at the end, not the beginning, of a shopping trip. But what is at work here? It turns out that selecting good fresh food is a way to start shopping, and it makes people fell less guilty about reaching for the unhealthy stuff later on.Shoppers already know that everyday items, like milk, are invariable placed towards the back of a store to provide more opportunities to tempt customers. But supermarkets know shoppers know this, so they use other tricks, like placing popular items halfway along a section so that people have to walk all along the aisle looking for them. The idea is to boost “dwell time”: the length of time people spend in a store.Traditionally retailers measure “footfall” as the number of people entering a store is known, but those numbers say nothing about where people go and how long they spend there. But nowadays，a piece of technology can fill the gap : the mobile phone. Path Intelligence, a British company tracked people’s phones at Gun wharf Quays, a large retail centre in Portsmouth not by monitoring calls, but by plotting the positions of handsets as they transmit automatically to cellular networks. It found that when dwell time rose 1 % sales rose 1. 3%.Such techniques are increasingly popular because of a deepening understanding about how shoppers make choices. People tell market researchers that they make rational decisions about what to buy, considering things like price, selection or convenience. But subconscious forces，involving emotion and memories，are clearly also at work.43. In Paragraph 2，”decompression zone” is the area meant to______ .A. offer shoppers a place to have a restB. prepare shoppers for the mood of buyingC. encourage shoppers to try new productsD. provide shoppers with discount information44. Putting fruit-and-vegetable section near the entrance takes advantage of shoppers______.A. common senseB. shopping habitsC. concerns with timeD. shopping psychology45. Path Intelligence uses a technology to______.A. count how many people enter a storeB. measure how long people stay at a storeC. find out what people buy in a storeD. monitor what people say and do in a store46. What happened at Gun wharf Quays showed that sales ______.A. was in direct proportion to dwell timeB. was reversely linked to dwell timeC. was affected more by footfall than by dwell timeD. was affected more by dwell time than by footfall47. The author argues that shoppers_______.A. exert more influence on stores than they imagineB. are more likely to make rational choices than they knowC. tend to make more emotional decisions than they thinkD. have more control over what they buy than they assume48. The best title for the passage is______.A. New Technology Boosts Stores’ SalesB. How Shoppers Make Choices in StoresC. Rational and Irrational Ways of ShoppingD. The Science behind Stores，ArrangementsPassage FourA very important world problem is the increasing number of people who actually inhabit this planet. The limited amount of land and land resources will soon be unable to support the huge population if it continues to grow at its present rate.So why is this huge increase in population taking place? It is really due to the spread of the knowledge and practice of what is becoming known as “Death Control”. You have no doubt heard of the term “Birth Control”. “Death Control” is something rather different. It recognizes the work of the doctors and scientists who now keep alive people who，not very long ago，would have died of a variety of then incurable diseases. Through a wide variety of technological innovations that include farming methods and the control of deadly diseases, we have found ways to reduce therate at which we die. However, this success is the very cause of the greatest threat to mankind.If we examine the amount of land available for this ever-increasing population, we begin to see the problem. If everyone on the planet had an equal share of land，we would each have about 50,000 square meters. This figure seems to be quite encouraging until we examine the amount of usable land we actually have. More than three-fifths of the world’s land cannot produce food.Obviously, with so little land to support us, we should be taking great care not to reduce it further. But we are not! Instead, we are consuming its “capital”一its nonrenewable fossil fuels and other mineral deposits that took millions of years to form but which are now being destroyed in decades. We are also doing the same with other vital resources not usually thought of as being nonrenewable such as fertile soils, groundwater and the millions of other species that share the earth with us.It is a very common belief that the problems of the population explosion are caused mainly by poor people living in poor countries who do not know enough to limit their reproduction. This is not true. The actual number of people in an area is not as important as the effect they have on nature. Developing countries do have an effect on their environment, but it is the populations of richer countries that have a far greater impact on the earth as a whole.49. According to the article, what contributes to the population increase?A. Birth explosion.B. Birth Control.C. Death Control.D. Technological innovations.50. The word “incurable” in Paragraph 2 means______.A. commonB. epidemicC. untreatableD. unknown51. There isn’t enough land to support human beings because______.A. there are more seas than land in the worldB. most of the world’s land is unusableC. the world’s land has already been taken upD. the world’s land is not distributed equally52. In Paragraph 4 the writer implies that fertile soils are______.A. limitedB. renewableC. productiveD. nonrenewable53. What does “to limit their reproduction” in the last paragraph mean?A. To control death.B. To produce less goods.C. To increase production.D. To practice birth control.54. What do you think the writer is really concerned about?A. Long life spans.B. Population increase.C. Overuse of resources.D. The success of “Death Control”Passage FiveAll day long, you are affected by large forces. Genes influence your intelligence and willingness to take risks. Social dynamics unconsciously shape your choices. Instantaneous perceptions set off neutral reactions in your head without you even being aware of them.Over the past few years, scientists have made a series of exciting discoveries about how these deep patterns influence daily life. Nobody has done more to bring these discoveries to publicattention than Malcolm Gladwell.Gladwell’s new book Outliers seems at first glance to be a description of exceptionally talented individuals. But in fact, it’s another book about deep patterns. Exceptionally successful people are not lone pioneers who created their own success, he argues. They are the lucky beneficiaries of social arrangements.Gladwell’s noncontroversial claim is that some people have more opportunities than others. Bill Gates was lucky to go to a great private school with its own computer at the dawn of the information revolution.Gladwell’s book is being received by reviewers as a call to action for the Obama Age. It could lead policy makers to finally reject policies built on the assumption that people are coldly rational profit-maximizing individuals. It could cause them to focus more on policies that foster relationships, social bonds and cultures of achievement.Yet, I can’t help but feel that Gladwell and others who share his emphasis are preoccupied with the coolness of the discoveries. They’ve lost sight of the point at which the influence of social forces ends and the influence of the self-initiating individual begins.Most successful people begin with two beliefs : the future can be better than the present ，and I have the power to make it so. They were often showered by good fortunes，but relied at crucial moments upon achievements of individual will. These people also have an extraordinary ability to consciously focus their attention. Control of attention is the ultimate individual power. People who can do that are not prisoners of the stimuli around them. They can choose from the patterns in the world and lengthen their time horizons.GladwelT’s social determinism overlooks the importance of individual character and individual creativity. And it doesn’t fully explain the genuine greatness of humanity’s talents. As the classical philosophers understood, examples of individual greatness inspire achievement more reliably than any other form of education.55. In Paragraph 2, “these deep patterns” refers to all of the following EXCEPT______.A. genesB. social dynamicsC. instantaneous perceptionsD. neutral reactions56. According to the author, GladwelT’s new book Outliers is mainly______.A. a descriptive study of exceptionally talented individualsB. about the importance of social arrangements to personal successC. to discuss why some people have more opportunities than othersD. to explain why Bill Gates is much luckier than others57. It can be seen from Paragraph 5 that Gladwell’s book______.A. has become quite influentialB. is beginning to influence Obama’s policiesC. has received severe criticismsD. assumes that people just pursue maximum profits58. According to the author, the most fundamental individual power is______.A. individual willB. control of attentionC. a good characterD. exceptional creativity59. The author believes that individual greatness is more closely related to______.A. social forces and genesB. good luck and educationC. individual character and creativityD. individual genes and good education60. This passage is probably a______.A. book reviewB. book reportC. political essayD. news reportPart ⅣCloze (15 minutes，15 points，1 for each)Directions:In this part, there is a passage with 15 blanks. For each blank there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer for each blank and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.Nuclear energy is an efficient and convenient substitute for conventional forms of energy which were found in special geographical locations. Large amounts of 61 and effort are required to 62 these locations. Once the sites are found, men and equipment must be brought to tap and use these sources of energy. However，a large proportion of such sites are found only in far and 63 places. This increases the difficulties of 64 these forms of energy. With nuclear energy, such difficulties are not present. Nuclear reactors can easily be built anywhere，and man does not have to compete with the 65 of nature in order to obtain the energy. For equal amounts of energy, nuclear energy is much more convenient and inexpensive to obtain than conventional sources of energy.With nuclear energy, the amount of pollution is greatly reduced. 66 the production of nuclear energy is based on the fission (裂变）of atoms, pollution is kept to a very low level. The energy produced in the reactors is converted into heat and electricity, and these have 67 or no pollution at all. Conventional forms of fuel，68 ，produce large amounts of pollution.Production of nuclear energy uses the 69 of the fission of atoms；thus, 70 amounts of energy can be obtained from it. The world’s reserves of oil, coal and natural gas are running 71 at a tremendous rate and current estimates predict that 72 of the 21st century, most of these conventional fuels will be used up. Nuclear energy is the exception 73 this gloomy prediction. Through splitting and fusing atoms, large amounts of energy can be produced, and 74 this process can go on and on until all our energy needs are satisfied. The 75 of nuclear energy as a boundless source of energy is indeed great and we must harness it whenever possible as conventional fuels will not be around much longer.61. A. incentive B. capital C. interest D. currency62. A. point B. recognize C. identify D. label63. A. isolated B. single C. sole D. solitary64. A. detecting B. selecting C. harnessing D. concentrating65. A. potentials B. powers C. strengths D. forces66. A. If B. While C. Though D. Since67. A. little B. much C. more D. less68. A. as a result B. in general C. on the other hand D. in effect69. A. process B. rule C. principle D. function70. A. incomplete B. definite C. infinite D. defined71. A. out B. up C. away D. down72. A. at the end B. by the end C. in the end D. to the end73. A. in B. for C. of D. to74. A. substantially B. additionally C. effectively D. theoretically75. A. use B. potential C. popularity D. transformationPaper Two 试卷二(60 minutes)PartⅠTranslation (30 minutes, 20 points，10 for each section)Section ADirections: T ranslate the following passage into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.Third-hand smoke is tobacco smoke contamination that lingers in carpets, clothes and other materials hours or even days after a cigarette is put out. According to a study, a large number of people，particularly smokers have no idea that third-hand smoke is a health hazard for people. Of the 1,500 smokers and nonsmokers surveyed, the vast majority agreed that second-hand smoke is dangerous. But when asked whether they agreed with the statement, “Breathing air in a room today where people smoked yesterday can harm your health,” only 65% of nonsmokers and 43% of smokers answered “yes”.Section B(略）PartⅡWriting (30 minutes，15 points)Directions:In this part，you are to write -within 30 minutes a composition of no less than 150 words under the title of “My Opinion about Blog”. Your composition should be based on the clues given below. Please remember to write it clearly on the COMPOSITION SHEET.Blog is an on-line diary that one keeps on his frequently updated personal web page. Blog often reflects the personality and experiences of the author.1. Introductory remarks.2. My opinion about blog:For or against, and reasons, ORWhat I think blog can do.3. Conclusion.。

09年4月广外听力0593考试试卷

09年4月广外听力0593考试试卷Part one Statement (15%)1. A. I used to live in the United States.B . My family lived in the United States.C.I lived in Canada much longer than in the United States.D.I came to the United States when I was a small child.2.A. One hundred sixty people came to the rally.B. Eighty people came to the rally.C. Forty people came to the rally.D. One hundred people came to the rally.3.A. Mr. Brown is a bad driver.B. Mr. Brown likes Mrs. Brown.C. Mrs. Brown likes Mr. Brown.D. Mrs. Brown is a good driver.4.A. Mary can play the piano.B.I can play the piano.C. Mary can’t play the piano.D. Mary can play the piano well but I can’t.5.A. My mother probably finished her dinner.B. My mother probably wants me to finish my dinner.C. My mother probably didn’t finish her dinner.D. My mother probably didn’t want me to finish my dinner.6.A. Mrs Brown and her husband went to the store.B. Her husband worked before he went to the store.C. .Her husband didn’t go to t he store.D. .Her husband walked to the store.7.A. Lunch will be served at 12:15 p.m.B. There is going to be a movie after lunch.C. The movie will begin at 1:00 p.m.D. There is going to be a movie before lunch.8.A. Nobody explained the story.B. Mary and Jack explained the story yesterday.C. Somebody explained the story yesterday.D. Jack explained the story to Mary.9. A. She bought the dress when she had enough money.B. She didn’t want to buy the dress.C. she didn’t buy the dress.D. She bought the dress after she had borrowed the money.10.A. John is taller than Peter.B. They are of the same height.C. Peter is taller than John.D. They are of the same weight.11.A. The coat is the right size for Susan.B. The coat is the right size for Judy.C. The coat is the right size for Judy and Susan.D. The coat is not the right size for Judy and Susan.12.A. The teacher sings the songs.B. The students sing the songs.C. No one sings the songs.D. All of us will sing the songs.13.A. Bob practices every day even though he is a good swimmer.B. In order to become a better swimmer Bob practices every day.C. Bob is a good swimmer.D. ob does not like to become a good swimmer.14.A. My parents are going to London before they fly to Paris .B. My parents are going to Montreal after they go to London.C. My parents are going to Pairs before they go to Montreal.D. My parents are not going to London before they fly to Paris.15.A.He didn’t look for the book.B.he found the book.C. he saw the book this morning.D. He could find the book.Part Two Shour Conversations (15%)16.A. February B. October C. April D. July.17.A.﹩40 B.﹩90 C.﹩108 D.﹩12018.A.In the supermarket.B. In the restaurant.C. In the man’s home.D. In the woman’s home19.A. Editor. B. Journalist C. Teather D. Student.20.A. They don’t have to arrive for the Brown’s lunch.B. It’s impolite to be late for the Brown’s lunch.C. They don’t have to have the manners in France.D. They still have much time.21.A. Teacher and student.B. Employer and employee.C. Colleagues.D. Doctor and patient.22.A. The ideas of the paper are not convincing.B. Some parts of the paper are not well written.C. The handwriting of the paper is not good.D. The paper is not complete.23.A. The assignment looks easy, but actually it’s quite difficult.B. The assignment is too difficult for them to complete on time.C. They can’t finish the assignment until Thursday.D. They have plenty of time to work on the assignment.24.A. Having a break. B. Continuting the meeting.C. Moving on to the next item.D. Waiting a little longer.25.A. The man wants to attend tomorrow’s show.B. There aren’t any tickets left for today’s show.C. There aren’t any tickets left for tomorrow’s show.D. The man doesn’t want to attend tomorrow’s show.Part Three Mini-talks（30%）26.A. The wood of trees.B. The hair-like parts of certain plants.C. The grass-like plants which grows nearwater.D. The skin of certain animals.27.A. About the year 1400. B. About the year 1500.C. About the year 1100.D. About the year 1900.28.A. Sweden. B. Canada. C.Amreica D.Finland.29.A. Vietnam. B. Iraq. C. Mexico D. Britain.30.A. A Swedish B.A German C. A ChineseD. an American31.A. They often fight each other.B. they don’t like each other.C. they don’t agree to each other.D. they live together in peace.32.A. 7 days. B. 15 days. C 50 days. D. 56 days.33.A. To keep people work.B. To keep people busy.C. To find meaning and enjoyment in work.D. To find peace in the woods.34.A. The person will have to work in the woods.B. The person will have to work in the farm.C.The whole group will discuss the problem.D. The whole group will get the person out of the program.35.A. By stopping thinking only about themselves.B. By working on the farm.C. By making furniture.D. By taking part in lots of activities.36.A. He lived in the countryside.B. He lived in a small town.C. He lived in the same town were the speaker lived.D. He lived in the neighborhood of the speaker.37.A.The long distance between his home town and New York.B. His unpopular character.C. The high unemployment rate in New York.D. His criminal record.38.A. He wanted to be put in prison again.B. He needed the money to support his family.C. He hated the barber there.D. He wanted to make himself well known.39.A. He went directly to the police station.B. He drove out of the town and tried to escape.C. He waited for the police to arrest him.D. He argued with the police angrily.40.A. Mr. Spears enjoyed living in prison.B. Mr. Spears was known as a greedy man in his community.C. The police in New York were not very dfficient.D. The only way for Mr. Spears to support his family was by going to prison again. Part Four News (20%)41.A. It can solve the drinking problem in Africa.B. It can help prevent some health problems in developing countries.C. It can help curb the spread of disease in South America.D. It is a substitute of orange.42.A. In America.B. In South America.C. In Europe.D. In Africa.43.A. 20%B. HalfC. 12%D. 8%44.A. The death rates and birth rates have been reduced.B.The number of older people has increased.C. The oldest of the old people are living longer.D. Woman live longer than men.45.A. A conflict between Africa and international aid agencies.B. A serious famine.C. the killing famine.D. The widespread of an infectious disease.46.A. in summerB. in winter and springC. In AutumnD. In Summer and Autumn47. A. In 2004B. In 2005C. In 1994D. In 199548.A. To end barriers to trade and investment among member countries.B. To ymprove living and working conditions of all people in the area.C. To better protect the environment..D. To fight crimes together.49.A. The start of widespread disease.B. The start of widespread ethnic killings.C. The establishment of the national burial ceremony.D. The start of the democratic revolution.50.A. To condemn the western countries.B. To show respect for Belgian Prime Minister.C. To honor the victims and to show support for Rwanda.D. To show pity on the dead.Part FIVE Spot-dictation（20%）Sudan has had (51)_____throughout its (52)_______.The country gained its (53)_____from Britain in (54)___ ___.The current (55)_____in Sudan began (56)_______years ago. Black (57)____rebelled against their (58)__ ___by the (59)______government in the (60)_____. At that time the (61)___ordered non-Muslims to (62)____I slamic law. Sudan has about (63)___million people. Most in the north are (64)____. The south is mostly (6 5)____or animist. Rebels of the Sudan People’s Liberation Army want greater (66)___for the south.Two million people have died in the war, mostly through (67)__and disease. Four million others have been (68)___.(69)___over oil, ethnicity and differing cultural (70)___have added to the conflict.答案1-15 DADCB CBCCA BBBAA16-25 DCACB ABDAB16-25 DCACB ABDAB16-25 DCACB ABDAB26-40 BCDDB DDCCA BDACD26-40 BCDDB DDCCA BDACD26-40 BCDDB DDCCA BDACD41-50 CDCAD BCDBC41-50 CDCAD BCDBC41-50 CDCAD BCDBC51.conflict 52.history 53.independence 54.195651.conflict 52.history 53.independence 54.195651.conflict 52.history 53.independence 54.195655.war 56.21 57. Southerners 58.treament 59.Arab 60.north ernment 62.honor 63.30 64.Muslim 65.Chris tian 66.self-rule 67.hunger 68.displaced 69.disputes 70.beliefs55.war 56.21 57. Southerners 58.treament 59.Arab 60.north ernment 62.honor 63.30 64.Muslim 65.Christia n 66.self-rule 67.hunger 68.displaced 69.disputes 70.beliefs55.war 56.21 57. Southerners 58.treament 59.Arab 60.north ernment 62.honor 63.30 64.Muslim 65.Christian 66.self-rule 67.hunger 68.displaced 69.disputes 70.beliefs。

09年12月听力真题和答案

09年12月英语六级听力真题和答案 Section A Conversations Short Conversations 11. W: Did you use credit cards on your vacation last month in Europe? M: Sure did. They certainly beat going around with a wallet full of big bills. But carrying lots of cash is still very common among some older people travelling abroad。

Q: What does the man say about some elderly people? 12. W: Rod must be in a bad mood today. What’s wrong with him? M: He was passed over in the selection process for the dean of the Administration’s Office. He’d been hoping for the position for a long time。

Q: What does the man mean? 13. M: What a great singer Justin is. His concert is just awesome and you’ll never regret the money you paid for the ticket。

W: Yeah, judging by the amount of applause, everyone was enjoying it。

Q: What does the woman mean? 14. W: I received an email yesterday from Henry. Do you remember he was one of the chairpersons of our Students’ Union? M: Yes, but I haven’t heard from him for ages. Actually, I have been out of touch with him since our first reunion after graduation。

英语考研真题

2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are.1 the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer’s piece in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2 to live shorter lives. This suggests that 3 bulbs burn longer, that there is an 4 in not being too terrifically , it 5 out, is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow 6 the starting line because it depends on learning — a gradual 7 — instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they’ve apparently learned is when to 8 .Is there an adaptive value to9 intelligence? That’s the question behind this new research. I like it. Instead of casting a wistful glance 10 at all the species we’ve left in the dust it implicitly asks what the real11 of our own intelligence might be. This is12 the mind of every animal I’ve ever on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would 13 on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, 14 , is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. we believe that 15 animals ran the labs, they would test us to 16 the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain. They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really 17 , not merely how much of it there is.18 , they would hope to study a 19 question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in?20 the results are inconclusive.1. [A] Suppose [B] Consider [C] Observe [D] Imagine2. [A] tended [B] feared [C] happened [D] threatened3. [A] thinner [B] stabler [C] lighter [D] dimmer4. [A] tendency [B] advantage [C] inclination [D] priority5. [A] insists on [B] sums up [C] turns out [D] puts forward6. [A] off [B] behind [C] over [D] along7. [A] incredible [B] spontaneous [C]inevitable [D] gradual8. [A] fight [B] doubt [C] stop [D] think9. [A] invisible [B] limited [C] indefinite [D] different10. [A] upward [B] forward [C] afterward [D] backward11. [A] features [B] influences [C] results [D] costs12. [A] outside [B] on [C] by [D] across13. [A] deliver [B] carry [C] perform [D] apply14. [A] by chance [B] in contrast [C] as usual [D] for instance15. [A] if [B] unless [C] as [D] lest16. [A] moderate [B] overcome [C] determine [D] reach17. [A] at [B] for [C] after [D] with18. [A] Above all [B] After all [C] However [D] Otherwise19. [A] fundamental [B] comprehensive [C] equivalent [D] hostile20. [A] By accident [B] In time [C] So far [D] Better stillSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text1Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. “Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,” William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even th e word “habit” carries a negative connotation.So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.But don’t bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, they’re there to stay. Instead, the new ha bits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.“The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,” says Dawna Markova, author of “The Open Mind” and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners. “But we are taught instead to ‘decide,’ just as our president calls himself ‘the Decider.’?” She adds, however, that “to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the m any other possibilities.”All of us work through problems in ways of which we’re unaware, she says. Researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. At puberty, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. “This breaks the major rule in the American belief system —that anyone can do anything,” explains M. J. Ryan, author of the2006 book “This Year I Will...” and Ms. Markova’s business partner. “That’s a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. Knowing what you’re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.” This is where developing new habits comes in.21. The view of Wordsworth habit is claimed by beingA. casualB. familiarC. mechanicalD. changeable.22. The researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can beA. predictedB. regulatedC. tracedD. guided23.” ruts”(in line one, paragraph 3) has closest meaning toA. tracksB. seriesC. characteristicsD. connections24. Ms. Markova’s comments suggest that the practice of standard testing ?A, prevents new habits form being formedB, no longer emphasizes commonnessC, maintains the inherent American thinking modelD, complies with the American belief system25. Ryan most probably agree thatA. ideas are born of a relaxing mindB. innovativeness could be taughtC. decisiveness derives from fantastic ideasD. curiosity activates creative mindsText 2It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom – or at least confirm that he’s the kid’s dad. All he needs to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore – and another $120 to get the results.More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the public , ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.Among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing , which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogists-and supports businesses that offer to search for a family’s geographic roots .Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.But some observers are skeptical, “There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing,” says Trey Duster, a New York University sociologist. He notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited throug h men in a father’s line or mitochondrial DNA, which a passed down only from mothers. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by some companies don’t rely on data collected s ystematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. This means that a DNA database may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.paragraphs 1 and 2 , the text shows PTK’s ___________.[A]easy availability[B]flexibility in pricing[C] successful promotion[D] popularity with households27. PTK is used to __________.[A]locate one’s birth place[B]promote genetic research[C] identify parent-child kinship[D] choose children for adoption28. Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to__________.[A]trace distant ancestors[B] rebuild reliable bloodlines[C] fully use genetic information[D] achieve the claimed accuracy29. In the last paragraph ,a problem commercial genetic testing faces is __________.[A]disorganized data collection[B] overlapping database building30. An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be__________.[A]Fors and Againsts of DNA testing[B] DNA testing and It’s problems[C]DNA testing outside the lab[D] lies behind DNA testingText 3The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that is it, because new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with the country entering a recessing and Japan at its pre-bubble peak. The . workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor . economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the . factories of Honda Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese countere pants a result of the training that . workers received on the job.More recently, while examing housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English- speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry’s work.What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when gover nments don’t force it. After all, that’s how education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn’t have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.As education improved, humanity’s productivity potential, they could in turn afford more education. This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance. Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education. A lack of formal education, however, doesn’t constrain the ability of the developing world’s workforce to substantially improve productivity for the forested future. On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn’t developing more quickly there than it is.31. The author holds in paragraph 1 that the important of education in poor countries ___________.[A] is subject groundless doubts[B] has fallen victim of bias[C] is conventional downgraded[D] has been overestimated32. It is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system __________.[A]challenges economists and politicians[B]takes efforts of generations[C] demands priority from the government[D] requires sufficient labor forcemajor difference between the Japanese and workforces is that __________.[A] the Japanese workforce is better disciplined[B] the Japanese workforce is more productive[C]the workforce has a better education[D] ]the workforce is more organize34. The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged __________.[A] when people had enough time[B] prior to better ways of finding food[C] when people on longer went hung[D] as a result of pressure on government35. According to the last paragraph , development of education __________.[A] results directly from competitive environments[B] does not depend on economic performance[C] follows improved productivity[D] cannot afford political changesText 4The most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was “So much important attached to intellectual pursuits ” Acco rding to many books and articles, New England’s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritans’ theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church-important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture adjusting to New world circumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England. `Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after 1629,There were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston. There men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.We should not forget , however, that most New Englanders were less well educated. While few crafts men or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, The in thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality. A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs. sexual confusion, economic frustrations , andreligious hope-all name together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical words: “come out from among them, touch no unclean thing , and I will be your God and you shall be my people.” One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he heard in puritan churched.Mean while , many settles had sli ghter religious commitments than Dane’s, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for religion . “Our main end was to catch fish. ”36. The author notes that in the seventeenth-century New England___________.[A] Puritan tradition dominated political life.[B] intellectual interests were encouraged.[C] Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors.[D] intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.37. It is suggested in paragraph 2 that New Englanders__________.[A] experienced a comparatively peaceful early history.[B] brought with them the culture of the Old World[C] paid little attention to southern intellectual life[D] were obsessed with religious innovations38. The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay__________.[A] were famous in the New World for their writings[B] gained increasing importance in religious affairs[C] abandoned high positions before coming to the New World[D] created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England39. The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders were often __________.[A] influenced by superstitions[B] troubled with religious beliefs[C] puzzled by church sermons[D] frustrated with family earnings40. The text suggests that early settlers in New England__________.[A] were mostly engaged in political activities[B] were motivated by an illusory prospect[C] came from different backgrounds.[D] left few formal records for later referencePart BDirections:Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41-45), choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist in the 1860s, British social philosopher put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. .American social scientist introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. .Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture. .Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. .Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture—known as functionalism—became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.[A] Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.[B] In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled in , the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.[C] He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he c alled the “survival of the fittest,” in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.[D] They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people’s social structure, such asi nitiation ceremonies that formally signify children’s entrance into adulthood.[E] Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.[F]Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.[G] For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. 47Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world's work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. 49Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.If humanity has made some headway in realizingthat the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.50 We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51. Directions:Restrictions on the use of plastic bags have not been so successful in some regions. “White pollution ”is still going on. Write a letter to the editor(s) of your local newspaper to1)give your opinions briefly and2)make two or three suggestionsYou should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.Part B52. Directions:In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)。

吉首大学复试题库及答案

吉首大学复试题库及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 吉首大学位于中国的哪个省份？A. 湖南省B. 湖北省C. 广东省D. 广西壮族自治区答案：A2. 吉首大学成立于哪一年？A. 1958年B. 1960年C. 1962年D. 1965年答案：A3. 下列哪一项不是吉首大学的主要学科门类？A. 工学B. 理学C. 医学D. 法学答案：C4. 吉首大学图书馆的藏书量超过多少万册？A. 50万B. 100万C. 150万D. 200万5. 吉首大学的校训是什么？A. 厚德博学，求实创新B. 明德博学，求是创新C. 厚德载物，自强不息D. 博学笃行，求真务实答案：A6. 吉首大学有多少个学院？A. 18B. 20C. 22D. 24答案：C7. 吉首大学校园占地面积大约是多少？A. 2000亩B. 2500亩C. 3000亩D. 3500亩答案：C8. 吉首大学是否是“211工程”重点建设的高校？A. 是B. 否答案：B9. 吉首大学是否拥有博士学位授予权？A. 是B. 否10. 吉首大学的校徽中包含哪些元素？A. 书卷和凤凰B. 火炬和凤凰C. 书卷和火炬D. 书卷和山川答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 吉首大学位于湖南省______市。

答案：吉首2. 吉首大学的校歌名称是______。

答案：《吉首大学校歌》3. 吉首大学的主要教学语言是______。

答案：汉语4. 吉首大学校园内的主要河流是______。

答案：峒河5. 吉首大学的最高学术机构是______。

答案：学术委员会6. 吉首大学的学生社团数量超过______个。

答案：1007. 吉首大学每年的新生入学时间通常在______月份。

答案：98. 吉首大学校园内的主要山峰是______。

答案：凤凰山9. 吉首大学的校庆日是每年的______月______日。

答案：10月18日10. 吉首大学的校徽颜色以______为主色调。

答案：蓝色三、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1. 请简述吉首大学的发展历程。

吉首大学教育考研真题试卷

吉首大学教育考研真题试卷一、选择题（每题1分，共20分）1. 教育的本质是（）A. 传授知识B. 培养能力C. 促进个体全面发展D. 社会化过程2. 教育心理学的主要研究对象是（）A. 学习者B. 教育者C. 教育环境D. 教育过程3. 教育的首要任务是（）A. 传授知识B. 培养品德C. 发展智力D. 培养技能4. 教育评价的主要目的是（）A. 选拔人才B. 促进学生发展C. 反馈教学效果D. 评价教师工作5. 教育公平的基本原则是（）A. 机会均等B. 资源分配公平C. 结果公平D. 过程公平...（此处省略15题，以保持试卷结构的完整性）二、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1. 简述教育对个体发展的作用。

2. 阐述现代教育技术在教学中的应用。

3. 描述教育评价的基本原则。

三、论述题（每题25分，共50分）1. 论述教育与社会的关系，并分析教育在社会发展中的作用。

2. 论述素质教育的内涵及其在当前教育改革中的重要性。

四、案例分析题（每题30分，共30分）1. 请分析以下案例：某学校为了提高学生的学业成绩，采取了一系列严格的教学管理措施，但结果却引起了学生的普遍不满和抵触情绪。

请从教育心理学的角度分析这一现象，并提出改进建议。

五、综合应用题（每题30分，共30分）1. 假设你是某中学的校长，学校计划开展一次全校性的教育改革。

请从教育理念、教学方法、评价体系等方面，设计一套符合素质教育要求的教育改革方案。

试卷结束语：本试卷旨在考察考生对教育学基本理论、教育心理学、教育评价、教育公平等方面的理解和应用能力。

希望考生能够认真作答，展现出自己的专业素养和教育情怀。

2005-2009年考研英语真题、答案及详解[精编版][精品文档]

2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are.1 the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer’s piece in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly2 to live shorter lives. This suggests that3 bulbs burn longer, that there is an4 in not being too terrifically bright.Intelligence, it 5 out, is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow 6 the starting line because it depends on learning—a gradual 7 —instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they’ve apparently learned is when to 8 .Is there an adaptive value to 9 intelligence? That’s the question behind this new research. I like it. Instead of casting a wistful glance 10 at all th e species we’ve left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real 11 of our own intelligence might be. This is 12 the mind of every animal I’ve ever met.Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would 13 on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, 14 , is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. we believe that 15 animals ran the labs, they would test us to 16 the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain. They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really 17 , not merely how much of it there is. 18 , they would hope to study a 19 question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in? 20 the results are inconclusive.1. [A] Suppose [B] Consider [C] Observe [D] Imagine2. [A] tended [B] feared [C] happened [D] threatened3. [A] thinner [B] stabler [C] lighter [D] dimmer4. [A] tendency [B] advantage [C] inclination [D] priority5. [A] insists on [B] sums up [C] turns out [D] puts forward6. [A] off [B] behind [C] over [D] along7. [A] incredible [B] spontaneous [C]inevitable [D] gradual8. [A] fight [B] doubt [C] stop [D] think 9. [A] invisible [B] limited [C] indefinite [D] different10.[A] upward [B] forward [C] afterward [D] backward11. [A] features [B] influences [C] results [D] costs12. [A] outside [B] on [C] by [D] across13. [A] deliver [B] carry [C] perform [D] apply14. [A] by chance [B] in contrast [C] as usual [D] for instance15. [A] if [B] unless [C] as [D] lest16. [A] moderate [B] overcome [C] determine [D] reach17. [A] at [B] for [C] after [D] with18. [A] Above all [B] After all [C] However [D] Otherwise19. [A] fundamental [B] comprehensive [C] equivalent [D] hostile20. [A] By accident [B] In time [C] So far [D] Better stillSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconsci ous comfort of familiar routine. “Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,” William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word “habit” carries a negative connotation.So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.But don’t bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, they’re there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.“The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,” says Dawna Markova, author of “The Open Mind” and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners. “But we are taught instead to ‘decide,’ just as ou r president calls himself ‘the Decider.’” She adds, however, that “to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. Agood innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.”All of us work through problems in ways of which we’re un aware, she says. Researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. At puberty, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. “This breaks the major rule in the American belief system —that anyone can do anything,” explains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book “This Year I Will...” and Ms. Markova’s business partner. “That’s a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. Knowing what you’re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.” This is where developing new habits comes in.21. The view of Wordsworth habit is claimed by being .[A] casual [B] familiar [C] mechanical [D] changeable.22. The researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can be .[A] predicted [B] regulated [C] traced [D] guided23.“ruts”(in line one, paragraph 3) has closest meaning to .[A] tracks [B] series [C] characteristics [D] connections24. Ms. Markova’s comments suggest that the practice of standard testing .[A] prevents new habits form being formed[B] no longer emphasizes commonness[C] maintains the inherent American thinking model[D] complies with the American belief system25. Ryan most probably agree that .[A] ideas are born of a relaxing mind [B] innovativeness could be taught[C] decisiveness derives from fantastic ideas [D] curiosity activates creative mindsText 2It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom – or at least confirm that he’s the kid’s dad. All he needs to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore –and another $120 to get the results.More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the public , ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.Among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing , which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogists-and supports businesses that offer to search for a family’s geographic roots .Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.But some observers are skeptical, “There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing,” says Trey Duster, a New York University sociologist. He notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a father’s line or mitochondrial DNA, which a passed down only from mothers. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by some companies don’t rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. This means that a DNA database may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.26.In paragraphs 1 and 2 , the text shows PTK’s ______.[A]easy availability [B]flexibility in pricing[C] successful promotion [D] popularity with households27. PTK is used to _______.[A] locate one’s birth place [B] promote genetic research[C] identify parent-child kinship [D] choose children for adoption28. Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to______.[A]trace distant ancestors [B]rebuild reliable bloodlines[C]fully use genetic information [D]achieve the claimed accuracy29. In the last paragraph ,a problem commercial genetic testing faces is __________.[A]disorganized data collection [B]overlapping database building[C]excessive sample comparison [D]lack of patent evaluation.30. An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be__________.[A] Fors and Againsts of DNA testing [B] DNA testing and It’s problems[C] DNA testing outside the lab [D] lies behind DNA testingText 3The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that is it, because new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with the country entering a recessing and Japan at its pre-bubble peak. The U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese countere pants a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job.More recently, while examing housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English-speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry’s work.What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don’t force it. After all, that’s how education got started.When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn’t have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.As education improved, humanity’s productivity potential, they could in turn afford more education. This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance. Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education. A lack of formal education, however, doesn’t constrain the ability of the developing world’s workforce to substantially improve productivity for the forested future. On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn’t developin g more quickly there than it is.31. The author holds in paragraph 1 that the important of education in poor countries ____.[A] is subject groundless doubts [B] has fallen victim of bias[C] is conventional downgraded [D] has been overestimated32. It is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system ______.[A] challenges economists and politicians [B] takes efforts of generations[C] demands priority from the government [D] requires sufficient labor force33.A major difference between the Japanese and U.S workforces is that _____.[A] the Japanese workforce is better disciplined[B] the Japanese workforce is more productive[C] the U.S workforce has a better education[D] the U.S workforce is more organize34. The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged _____.[A] when people had enough time [B] prior to better ways of finding food[C] when people on longer went hung [D] as a result of pressure on government35. According to the last paragraph , development of education ______.[A] results directly from competitive environments[B] does not depend on economic performance[C] follows improved productivity[D] cannot afford political changesText 4The most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was “So much important attached to intellectual pursuits ”According to many books and articles, New England’s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritan s’theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church-important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture adjusting to New world circumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England. `Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after 1629,There were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston. There men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.We should not forget , however, that most New Englanders were less well educated. While few crafts men or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, The in thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality. A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs. sexual confusion, economic frustrations , and religious hope-all name together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical words: “come out from among them, touch no unclean thing , and I will be your God and you shall be my people.” One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he heard in puritan churched.Mean while , many settles had slighter religious commitments than Dane’s, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for religion . “Our main end was to catch fish. ”36. The author notes that in the seventeenth-century New England______.[A] Puritan tradition dominated political life.[B] intellectual interests were encouraged.[C] Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors.[D] intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.37. It is suggested in paragraph 2 that New Englanders_______.[A] experienced a comparatively peaceful early history.[B] brought with them the culture of the Old World[C] paid little attention to southern intellectual life[D] were obsessed with religious innovations38. The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay______.[A] were famous in the New World for their writings[B] gained increasing importance in religious affairs[C] abandoned high positions before coming to the New World[D] created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England39. The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders were often ___.[A] influenced by superstitions [B] troubled with religious beliefs[C] puzzled by church sermons [D] frustrated with family earnings40. The text suggests that early settlers in New England__________.[A] were mostly engaged in political activities[B] were motivated by an illusory prospect[C] came from different backgrounds.[D] left few formal records for later referencePart BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41-45), choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection.41.____________.American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.42._____________.In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. 43._____________ .Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture. 44._______________.Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. 45.________________.Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist Émile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture—known as functionalism—became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.[A] Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.[B] In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.[C] He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the “survival of the fittest,” in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.[D] They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people’s social structure, such as initiation cere monies that formally signify children’s entrance into adulthood.[E] Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.[F]Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.[G] For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association.46. It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. 47. Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world's work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance.48 .While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of。

2009年考研英语真题真题解析

2009年考研英语真题真题解析IntroductionThe 2009 National Postgraduate Entrance Examination for English (also known as the Gaokao) is a highly significant examination in China. In this document, we will provide a comprehensive analysis of the 2009 exam, discussing the content, structure, and key strategies required to excel in this test. By focusing on understanding the exam format, reviewing the specific questions, and providing valuable insights, we aim to assist students in preparing effectively for the 2009 exam.Exam OverviewThe 2009 National Postgraduate Entrance Examination for English consists of three main sections: listening comprehension, reading comprehension, and translation and writing. The exam is designed to assess the applicants’ listening, reading, and writing skills in English. Each section of the exam carries a specific weightage and has its unique set of challenges.Listening ComprehensionThe listening comprehension section of the exam aims to evaluate the candidates’ ability to understand spoke n English in various situations. The questions are designed to test the applicants’ listening skills, including their comprehension of detailed information, understanding of speakers’ opinions, and ability to identify specific information from a passage.Candidates need to develop effective listening strategies to excel in this section. These strategies may include active listening, note-taking, and summarizing the main points of the passage. Furthermore, regular practice with listening exercises, audio recordings, and English language media can significantly enhance listening abilities.Reading ComprehensionThe reading comprehension section of the 2009 exam comprises a series of passages, each followed by a set of questions. This section assesses the candi dates’ ability to understand and analyze written English. The passages cover a wide range of topics, including literature, science, social issues, and more.To excel in the reading comprehension section, candidates should adopt various strategies such as skimming, scanning, and actively analyzing the passage. Skimming a passage helps candidates to quickly grasp its main idea, while scanning helps locate specific details. Additionally, candidates should pay attention to the organization and structure of the passage, as well as the relationship between different ideas.Translation and WritingThe translation and writing section of the 2009 exam requires candidates to translate a given Chinese passage into English and write an essay on a specific topic. This section evaluates the candidates’ translation skills and ability to express themselves fluently in written English.To excel in this section, candidates should practice translation exercises regularly, focusing on accuracy andcoherence. For the essay writing part, candidates should pay attention to structure, coherence, and clarity. It is crucial to plan the essay and organize ideas before writing, ensuring a logical flow of thoughts.Key Tips for Success1.Familiarize yourself with the exam format:Understanding the structure and requirements of eachsection is essential for efficient preparation.2.Develop a study plan: Create a study timetable andallocate sufficient time for each section of the exam.3.Practice regularly: Consistent practice, includingmock tests and past exam papers, can help to improveperformance and build confidence.4.Strengthen your weak areas: Identify the areaswhere you face difficulties and focus on improving thoseparticular skills.5.Utilize available resources: Make use of studymaterials, online resources, and guidance from experienced teachers or mentors.6.Time management: Understand the time constraintsof each section and practice managing time effectivelyduring preparation.ConclusionThe 2009 National Postgraduate Entrance Examination for English is a challenging test that requires careful preparation and strategic approaches. By understanding the exam format and structure, practicing regularly, and focusing on improving weak areas, candidates can enhance their performance and maximize their chances of success. With determination, consistent effort, and proper guidance, candidates can effectively tackle the exam and achieve their desired results.。

吉首大学2024年硕士研究生入学考试自命题考试大纲复试科目-护理研究

本试卷满分为100分，考试时间为120分钟。

1.单项选择题，共40分2.名词解释，共20分3.问答题，共40分护理研究概述：科学和科学研究的基本概念护理学和护理研究的概念量性研究和质性研究护理研究的发展历史护理研究对护理实践的意义护理研究的发展趋势护理研究的基本过程护理研究中的伦理原则及学术诚信1.理解科学、科学研究、护理学及护理研究的定义；了解科学研究及护理研究的特点、护理研究的范围及意义。

2.理解范式的定义，理解实证主义和构建主义范式的主要特征。

3.了解国内外护理研究的发展历史。

4.掌握护理研究的基本过程。

5.掌握护理研究中应遵循的伦理原则。

6.理解伦理审查委员会的由来、组成及其职能。

7.理解科研不端行为的概念；了解在科研活动中哪些行为属于科研不端行为。

8.了解科研不端行为的监督和管理。

选题的概念及其重要性选题的步骤研究问题的来源形成和修改一个研究问题研究问题的陈述1.理解选题的概念，了解选题的重要性。

2.掌握选题的步骤。

3.了解研究问题的来源。

4.掌握科研选题的原则。

5.理解如何选择并确定研究问题、如何评价研究问题及如何陈述研究问题。

文献检索的方法文献的整理和利用中文医学文献检索工具及数据库英文医学文献检索工具及数据库其他护理常用的医学文献资料科技查新咨询的意义查新咨询程序1.理解文献检索在护理研究中的重要意义。

2.掌握主要的检索方法、献的整理和利用。

3.掌握常用的中英文医学文献检索工具和数据库。

4.理解科技查新的意义、科技查新的重要步骤和查新报告的主要内容。

5.若确定一个检索题目，能利用已有的检索资源，独立完成基本的文献检索，成功检索到所需的文献。

研究设计的相关概念干预性研究分析性研究护理研究常见设计方案描述性研究及其他研究护理研究设计的基本原则1.理解研究设计的相关概念。

2.了解护理研究常见设计方案。

3.掌握护理研究设计的基本原则4.掌握随机对照试验和非随机对照试验方法。

样本、随机抽样、对照、观察指标、5.掌握队列研究、病例对照研究方法。

吉首大学考研真题试卷

吉首大学考研真题试卷一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 在中国历史上，被誉为“诗圣”的诗人是：A. 李白B. 杜甫C. 白居易D. 王维2. 根据题目所给的数学公式 $ y = ax^2 + bx + c $，当 $ a <0 $ 时，抛物线的开口方向是：A. 向上B. 向下C. 向左D. 向右3. 英语中，表示“尽管”的短语是：A. AlthoughB. BecauseC. HoweverD. So4. 根据化学元素周期表，原子序数为8的元素是：A. 氢（H）B. 氧（O）C. 氮（N）D. 氟（F）5. 经济学中，GDP是指：A. 国内生产总值B. 国内生产净值C. 国内投资总额D. 国内消费总额6. 计算机科学中，操作系统的五大功能不包括：A. 进程管理B. 存储管理C. 硬件管理D. 网络通信7. 根据题目所给的物理公式 $ F = ma $，其中 $ F $ 代表：A. 力B. 质量C. 加速度D. 时间8. 心理学中，弗洛伊德的“自我”概念是指：A. 潜意识B. 意识C. 前意识D. 现实原则9. 根据题目所给的生物分类学，属于“界”的分类等级是：A. 动物界B. 植物界C. 真菌界D. 所有选项都是10. 地理学中，赤道穿过的大洲不包括：A. 亚洲B. 南美洲C. 非洲D. 欧洲二、填空题（每空1分，共10分）11. 根据题目所给的化学方程式 $ 2H_2 + O_2 \rightarrow 2H_2O $，该反应是_________反应。

12. 在计算机编程中，用于定义变量的关键字是_________。

13. 根据题目所给的经济学理论，市场失灵可能由_________、外部性或公共品引起。

14. 英语中，表示“在...之前”的短语是_________。

15. 根据题目所给的物理概念，物体的惯性大小取决于_________。

三、简答题（每题10分，共20分）16. 简述牛顿第二定律的内容及其在现实生活中的应用。

历年考研英语真题及答案解析

历年考研英语真题及答案解析【篇一：(2005-2016年考研英语一真题)2005-2016年历年考研英语一真题及答案详解(12年考研英语一真题官方最全)】section i use of englishdirections:read the following text. choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark a, b, c or d on the answer sheet.(10 points)in cambodia, the choice of a spouse is a complex one for the young male. it may involve not only his parents and his friends,those of the young woman, but also a matchmaker. a young man cana likely spouse on his own and then ask his parents tothe marriage negotiations, or the young man’s parents may make the choice of a spouse, giving the child little to say in the selection. , a girl may veto the spouse her parents have chosen. a spouse has been selected, each family investigates the other to make sure its child is marrying a good family.the traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair. formerly it lasted three days, by the 1980s it more commonly lasted a day and a half. buddhist priests offer a short sermon and prayers of blessing. parts of the ceremony involve ritual hair cutting, cotton threads soaked in holy water around the bride’s and groom’s wrists, and a candle around a circleof happily married and respected couples to bless thewith the wife’s parents and may with them up to a year,they can build a new house nearby.divorce is legal and easy to, but not common. divorced persons arewith some disapproval. each spouse retains property he or she into the marriage, and jointly-acquired property isequally. divorced persons may remarry, but a gender prejudice up: the divorced male doesn’t have a waiting period before he can remarrythe woman must wait ten months. 1. [a] by way of 2. [a] adapt to 3. [a] close 4. [a] above all 5. [a] although 6. [a] into 7. [a]since 8. [a] copy 9. [a] folding 10. [a] passing 11. [a] meeting 12.[a] grow 13. [a] whereas[b] on behalf of [b] provide for [b] renew [b] in theory [b] lest [b] within [b] but [b] test [b] piling [b] lighting [b] collection [b] part [b] until[c] as well as [c] compete with [c] arrange [c] in time [c] after [c] from [c] or [c] recite [c] wrapping [c] hiding [c] association[c] deal [c] if[d] with regard to [d] decided on [d] postpone [d] for example [d] unless [d] through [d] so [d] create [d] tying [d] serving [d] union [d] live [d] for14. [a] obtain [b] follow [c] challenge [d] avoid 15. [a] isolated[b] persuaded [c] viewed [d] exposed 16. [a] whatever [b] however [c] whenever [d] wherever17. [a] changed18. [a] withdrawn 19. [a] breaks 20. [a] so that[b] brought [b] invested [b] warns [b] while [c]shaped [c] donated [c] shows [c] once [d] pushed [d] divided [d] clears [d] in thatsection ii reading comprehensionpart a directions：read the following four texts. answer the questions beloweach text by choosing a, b, c or d. mark your answers on the answer sheet. (40 points)text 1france, which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion, has decided its fashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for women. its lawmakers gave preliminary approval last week to a law that would make it a crime to employ ultra-thin models on runways. the parliament also agreed to ban websites that ―incite excessive thinness‖ by promoting extreme dieting.such measures have a couple of uplifting motives. they suggest beauty should not be defined by health. that’s a start. and the ban on ultra-thin models seems to go beyond protecting models from starving themselves to death – as some have done. it tells the fashion industry that it must take responsibility for the signal it sends women, especially teenage girls, about the social tape-measure they must use to determine their individual worth.the bans, if fully enforced, would suggest to women (and many men) that they should not let others be arbiters of their beauty. and perhaps faintly, they hint that people should look to intangible qualities like character and intellect rather than dieting their way to size zero or wasp-waist physiques. the french measures, however, rely too much on severe punishment to change a culture that still regards beauty as skin-deep – and bone-showing. under the law, using a fashion model that does not meet a government-defined index of body mass could result in a $85,000 fine and six months in prison.the fashion industry knows it has an inherent problem in focusing on material adornment and idealized body types. in denmark, the united states, and a few other countries, it is trying to set voluntary standards for models and fashion images that rely more on peer pressure for enforcement.in contrast to france’s actions, denmark’s fashion industry agreed last month on rules and sanctions regarding the age, health, and other characteristics of models. the newly revised danish fashion ethical charter clearly states: ―we are aware of and take responsibility for the impact the fashion industry has on body ideals, especially on young people.‖ the charter’s main tool of enforcement is to deny access for designers and modeling agencies to copenhagen fashionweek(cfw), which is run by the danish fashion institute. but in general it relies on a name-and-shame method of compliance.relying on ethical persuasion rather than law to address the misuse of body ideals may be thebest step. even better would be to help elevate notions of beauty beyond the material standards of aparticular industry.21. according to the first paragraph, what would happen in france? [a] new runways would be constructed. [b] physical beauty would be redefined. [c] websites about dieting would thrive. [d] the fashion industry would decline.22. the phrase ―impinging on‖[a] heightening the value of [b] indicating the state of [c] losing faith in [d] doing harm to23. which of the following is true of the fashion industry? [a] new standards are being set in denmark. [b] the frenchmeasures have already failed. [c] models are no longer under peer pressure. [d] its inherent problems are getting worse.[a] pursuing perfect physical conditions [b] caring too much about model’s character [c] showing l ittle concern for health factors [d] setting a high age threshold for models25. which of the following may be the best title of the text? [a]a challenge to the fashion industry’s body ideals [b] a dilemma for the starving models in france [c] just another round of struggle for beauty [d] the great threats to the fashion industry text 2for the first time in history more people live in towns than in the country. in britain this has had a curious result. while polls show britons rate ―the countryside‖ alongside the royal family, shakespeare and the national health service (nhs) as what makes them proudest of their country, this has limited political traction.a century ago octavia hill launched the national trust not to rescue stylish houses but to sav e ―the beauty of natural places for everyone forever‖. it was specifically to provide city dwellers with spaces for leisure where they could experience ―a refreshing air‖. hill’s pressure later led to the creation of national parks and green belts. they don’t make countryside any more, and every year concrete consumes more of it. it needs constant guardianship.at the next election none of the big parties seem likely to endorse this sentiment. the conservatives’ planning reform explicitly gives rural development priority over conservation, even authorising ―off-plan‖ building where local people might object. the concept of sustainabledevelopment has been defined as profitable. labour likewise wants to discontinue local planning where councils oppose development. the liberal democrats are silent. only ukip, sensing its chance, has sided with those pleading for a more considered approach to using green land. nigel farage’s speech this year to the campaign to protect rural engandstruck terror into many local conservative parties.the sensible place to build new houses, factories and offices is where people are, in cities and towns where infrastructure is in place. the london agents stirling ackroyd recently identified enough sites for half a million houses in the london area alone,with no intrusion on green belt. what is true of london is even truer of the provinces.the idea that ―housing crisis‖ equals ―concreted meadows‖ is pure lobby talk. the issue is not the need for more houses but, as always, where to put them. under lobby pressure, george osborne favours rural new-build against urban renovation and renewal. he favours out-of-town shopping sites against high streets. this is not a free market but a biased one. rural towns and villages have grown and will always grow. they do so best where building sticks to their edges and respects their character. we do not ruin urban conservation areas in this way. why ruin rural ones? development should be planned, not let rip. after the netherlands, brit ain is europe’s most crowded country. half a century of town and country planning has enabled it to retain an enviable rural coherence, while still permitting low-density urban living. there is no doubt of the alternative – the corrupted landscapes of southern portugal, spain or ireland. avoiding this ratherthan promoting it should unite the left and right of the political spectrum. 26. britain’[a] didn’t start till the shakespearean age [b] has brought much benefit to the nhs [c] is fully backed by the royal family [d] is not well reflected in politics27. [a] gradually destroyed [b] effectively reinforced [c] largely overshadowed [d] properly protected.28. which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 3?[a] labour is under attack for opposing development. [b] the conservatives may abandon ―off-plan‖ building. [c] the liberal democrats are losing political influence. [d] ukip may gain from its support for rural conservation.29. the author holds .that george osborne’s【篇二：考研英语一历年真题及答案解析(1980-2015年)】p class=txt>section 1 use of english directions:read the following text. choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [a], [b], [c] or [d] on answer sheet 1.(10 points)though not biologically related, friends are as related as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. that is 1 a study published from the university of california and yale university in the proceedings of the national academy of sciences, has 2 . the study is a genome-wide analysis conducted 3 1932 unique subjects which 4 pairs ofuelated friends and uelated strangers. the same people were used in both 5 .while 1% may seem 6 , it is not so to a geneticist. as james fowler, professor of medical genetics at uc san diego, says, most people do not even 7 their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who 8 our kin.the study 9 found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity. why this similarity in olfactory genes is difficult to explain, for now. 10 perhaps, as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more 11 it. there could be many mechanisms working in tandem that 12 us in choosing genetically similar friends 13 than nal kinship of being friends with 14 !one of the remarkable findings of the study was that the similar genes seem to be evolving 15 than other genes. studying this could help 16 why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major 17 factor. the findings do not simply corroborate peoples 18 to befriend those of similar 19 backgrounds, say the researchers. though all the subjects were drawn from a population of europeanextraction, care was taken to 20 that all subjects, friends and strangers were taken from the same population. the team also controlled the data to check ancestry of subjects.section ii reading comprehension1、what2、concluded3、on4、compared5、samples6、insignificant7、know8、resemble9、also10、perhaps11、to12、drive13、ratherthan14、benefits15、faster16、understand17、contributory18、tendency19、ethnic20、seepart aread the following four texts. answer the questions below each text by choosing [a], [b], [c] or[d]. mark your answers on answer sheet 1. (40 points)原标题：2015年考研英语一真题答案（完整版）text 1king juan carlos of spain once insistedkings dont abdicate, they die in their sleep. butembarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republicans left in the recent euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. so, does the spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? does that mean the writing is on the wall for all european royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyles?the spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. when public opinion is particularly polarized, as it was following the end of the france regime, monarchs can rise above mere polities and embody a spirit of national unity.it is this apparent transcendence of polities that explains monarchys continuing popularity as heads of state. and so, the middle east expected, europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting vatican city and andorra). but unlike their absolutistcounterparts in the gulf and asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure.even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history-and sometimes the way they behave today-embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. at a time when thomas piketty and other economists are warming of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.the most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters). even so, these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.while europes monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the british royals who have most to fear from the spanish example.it is only the queen who has preserved the monarchys reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style. the danger will come with charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world. he has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service-as non-controversial andnon-political heads of state. charles ought to know that as english history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchys worst enemies.21. according to the first two graphs, king juan carlos of spain[a]eased his relationship with his rivals.[b]used to enjoy high public support.[c]was unpopular among european royals.[d]ended his reign in embarrassment.22. monarchs are kept as head of state in europe mostly[a]to give voters more public figures to look up to.[b]to achieve a balance between tradition and reality.[c]owing to their undoubted and respectable status.[d]due to their everlasting political embodiment.23. which of the following is shown to be odd, according to graph 4?[a] the role of the nobility in modern democracies.[b] aristocrats excessive reliance on inherited wealth.[c] the simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families.[d] the nobilitys adherence to their privileges.24. the british royals have most to fear because charles[a]takes a tough line on political issues.[b]fails to change his lifestyle as advised.[c]takes republicans as his potential allies.[d]fails to adapt himself to his future role.【篇三：1980—2016年历年考研英语真题集含答案】 class=txt>目录 ................................................................... - 67 -- 76 - - 77 - ........................................................................................................... ................................... - 77 - ........................................................................................................... ................................... - 83 - ........................................................................................................... ................................. - 120 - ........................................................................................................... ... - 86 - ........................................................................................................... ................................. - 86 - ........................................................................................................... ................................... - 86 - 2016年考研英语真题答案解析 .................................................................... 错误！未定义书签。

湖南省2009年普通高等学校招生音乐专业考试练耳试卷(A)

湖南省2009年普通高等学校招生音乐专业考试练耳试卷（A ）考试时量：30分钟题号一二三总分统分人试卷总复查（考生答题与试题录音播放同步进行）一、听写题（50分）1、旋律音程：共二组，每组弹三遍，每遍前给标准音，用全音符记谱。

（10分）2、和声音程：共五个，弹三遍，每遍前给标准音，用全音符记谱。

（10分）3、和弦：共五个，弹三遍，每遍前给标准音，用全音符记谱。

（10分）4、节奏：弹三遍，每遍前有四拍预备拍，用五线谱（第三线）或简谱记谱。

（8分）5、旋律：弹三遍，每遍前给标准音和四拍预备拍，用五线谱或简谱记谱。

（12分）二、填空题（30分）1、旋律音程：三音组，根据音响填写所缺音符，共五组，连续弹三遍，每遍前给标准音。

（共5分）得分阅卷人得分阅卷人2、和声音程：填写所缺音符，共五组，连续弹三遍，每遍前给标准音。

（共5分）3、和弦：填写所缺音符，共五组，连续弹三遍，每遍前给标准音。

（共10分）4、节奏：填写所缺节奏，弹三遍，每遍前给预备拍，。

（共5分）5、旋律：填写所缺的旋律，弹三遍，每遍前给标准音和预备拍，。

（共5分）得分阅卷人三、选择判断题：（共20分）1、和声音程听辨：根据音响对所给出的音程条件进行判断，在括号内打“√”或“╳”，每个弹三遍，每遍前给标准音。

（共10分）①() ②() ③( ) ④() ⑤()纯五度小二度大七度三全音2、和弦听辨：根据音响对所给出的和弦条件进行判断，在括号内打“√”或“╳”，每个弹三遍，每遍前给标准音。

（共10分）①() ②() ③( ) ④() ⑤( )小六和弦大六和弦减四六和弦(注:听写和填空题中，旋律音程及和声音程中的变化音如无明确的调式意义，用等音记谱也视为正确。

)。

历年考试一(B卷)

吉首大学2007年硕士研究生学位英语考试试卷（B卷）试卷一注意：“试卷一”上地所有客观题在“答题卡”上作答，所有主观题直接在“试卷二”上作答.Part I Listening Comprehension (20 points, 20 minutes)Section ADirections:In this section, you will hear 10 short conversations. At the end of eachconversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversation andquestion will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. Duringthe pause, you must read the four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D, anddecide which is the best answer. Mark your answer by blackening the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.1. A. She learned to drive at 16.B.She always takes buses.C. She can drive a car now.D. She never takes buses.2. A.At 5:00.B. At 4:00.C. At 4:45.D. At 4:15.3. A. She'll go to the dance party.B.She'll go to a history class.C.She'll type a paper.D. She'll type a letter.4. A.$24.B. $14.C.$12.D. $ 30.5. A. He is doing business with his brother now.B.He is working in a hospital.C. He is going to graduate from college in July.D. He is going to do business with his brother.6. A. Send a telegram.B. Go to the concert.C. Rest for a few hours.D. Go to get some tickets for the concert.7. A. At thecinema.B. At the hotel.C. At the railway station.D. At the airport.8. A. Tom's parents will leave for Los Angeles on Monday.B.Tom's parents went to Los AngelesC. Tom has decided not to go to Los Angeles.D. Tom has left for Los Angeles.9. A.$6.30.B. $7.20.C. $3.15.D. $6.80.10. A. It left the road and landed in a field.B. It fell into a river.C. It was badly damaged.D. It ran into another car.Section BCompound Dictation(注意：该部分地内容印制在“试卷二”(题号11-20)上，要求直接在“试卷二”上作答.)Part lIReading Comprehension(40 points, 35 minutes)Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B,Cand D. Mark your answer by blackening the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneQuestions 21 to 25 are based on the following passageOf all the animals in the animal kingdom, which one (aside from man) is smartest? There are several ways of measuring the intelligence of animals. In one test a scientist sets three identical cans on a table. While the animal watches, he puts food under one of the cans. Then he leads the animal away. Some time later, he brings it back to see if it remembers which can has the food. No sniffing is allowed; the animal must go directly to the correct can or it fails.This is called a delayed-response test. The idea is to find out how long an animal’s memory can retain information. The scientists would try showing the cans to the animal one hour later, or two hours later, or even a full day later. They discovered that chimpanzees(黑猩猩) and elephants have the best memory, and are able to remember the correct can for at least twenty hours. No other animal is close. Dogs came next, but they only remembered for nine hours.To settle the matter, the scientists devised a gigantic maze and ran the chimps and elephants through it. The maze was very complicated, with many blind alleys and dead ends. It took the chimps ten minutes to find their way out. The elephants needed a half hour. Even allowing for the elephants’slower rate of speed, the test indicates that chimpanzees are the smartest animals.From this and other tests, the scientists drew the following conclusion: an animal’s intelligence depends on the size of its brain in proportion to the size of its body. The elephant’s brain weighs ten pounds. But this is only 1/600th of its 6,000 pound body. Achimp’s brain weighs about one pound, or 1/120th of its total body weight. So in proportion to its body size, the chimp has five times as much brain as the elephant— more brain for less body. The chimp is the champ(冠军).21. The best title for this passage is __________.A. The Elephant’s MemoryB. Judging IntelligenceC. The Chimp’s BrainD. The Smartest Animal22. The main idea of this passage is that __________.A. there are several ways of measuring the intelligence of animalsB. chimps and elephants have the best memoryC. intelligence tests show that the chimp is the smartest animalD. the scientists devised a gigantic maze and ran the chimps and elephants through it23. The delayed-response test is designed to test an animal’s __________.A. eyesightB. intelligenceC. learning abilityD. memory24. The passage indicates that elephants __________.A. never forgetB. are smarter than chimpsC. are slower-moving than chimpsD. have better memories than chimps25. According to the passage, a rhinoceros(犀牛) that weighs 2100 pounds and has a 3pound brain is __________.A. equal in intelligence to a chimpB. more intelligent than an elephantC. less intelligent than an elephantD. equal in intelligence to an elephantPassage TwoQuestions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage:As the horizons of science have expanded, two main groups of scientists have emerged. One is the pure scientist; the other, the applied scientist.The pure or theoretical scientist does original research in order to understand the basic laws of nature that govern our world. The applied scientist adapts this knowledge to practical problems. Neither is more important than the other, for the two groups are very much related.Sometimes, however, the applied scientist find the “problems”for the theoretical scientist to work on. Let’s take a particular problem of the aircraft industry: heat—resistant metals. Many of the metals and alloys which perform satisfactorily in a car cannot be used in a jet-propelled plane. New alloys must be used, because the jet engine operates at a much higher temperature than an automobile engine. The turbine wheel in a turbojet (涡轮喷气式飞机) must withstand temperatures as high as 1,600 degrees Fahrenheit, so aircraft designers had to turn to the research metallurgist for the development of metals and alloys that would do the job in jet— propelled planes. Dividing scientists into two groups—pure and applied —is only one broad way of classifying them, however. When scientific knowledge was very limited, there was no need for men to specialize. Today, with the great body of scientific knowledge, scientists specialize in many different fields. Within each field, there is even further subdivision. And, with finer and finer subdivisions the various sciences have become more and more interrelated until no one branch is entirely independent of the others. Many new specialties —geophysics and biochemistry, for example—have resulted from combining the knowledge of two or more sciences.26. The applied scientist __________.A. does original research to understand the basic laws of natureB. applies the results of research to practical problemsC. provides the basic knowledge for the pure scientistD. is not interested in practical problems27. Concerning the relative importance of pure and applied scientists, the writer thinks that __________.A. applied scientists are more importantB. pure scientists are more importantC. neither are importantD. both are equally important28. The example given in the third paragraph illustrates how __________.A. pure science operates independently of applied scienceB. the applied scientist discovers the basic laws of natureC. applied science defines all the areas in which basic research is doneD. applied science suggests problems for the basic scientist29. The problem discussed in the third paragraph called for __________.A. selecting the best heat—resistant metal from existing metalsB. developing a turbine wheel capable of generating heat up to 1,600 degreesFahrenheitC. developing metals and alloys that would withstand terrific temperaturesD. causing the jet engine to operate at higher temperatures30. Finer and finer subdivision in the field of science has resulted in __________.A. the eradication (根除) of the need for specialistsB. greater interdependence of all the various scienceC. greater independence of each scienceD. the need for only one classification of scientistsPassage ThreeQuestions31 to 35 are based on the following passage:Solar energy for your home is here. It can help you as a single home owner. It can help the whole country as well. Whether or not solar energy can save your money depends on many things. Where you live is one factor. The type of home you have is another. Things like insulation, present energy costs, and the type of solar system you buy are added factors.Those who use solar energy help us save our precious fuel. As you know, our supplies of oil and gas are very limited. There is just not enough on hand to meet all our future energy needs. And when Mother Nature says that’s all, that’s all. The only way we can delay hearing these words is by starting to save energy now and by using other sources, such as the sun.We won’t have to worry about the sun’s running out of energy for another several billion years or so. Besides being an endless source of energy, the use of the sun has other advantages as well. The sun does not offer as many problems as other energy sources. For example, fossil fuel plants add to already high pollution levels. With solar energy, we will still need these sources of energy, but we won’t need as much. That means that we can cut down our pollution problems.Furthermore, owners of solar homes will have extra protection against rising fuel costs. They will also have some protection against fuel shortages. When utility costs go up, as they surely will, owners of solar homes won’t have to face the burdens brought about by increased costs.With all these good points, why don’t we see more of solar power? There are many reasons for this. The biggest reason is money. Until now, it was just not practical for home owner to put in a solar unit.There were cheaper sources of energy around. All that has changed now. Solar costs are starting to equal the costs of oil and electricity. And experts say that gas will triple in cost in the next few years. In fact, gas is in such short supply right now that, in some places, it is not sold to new customers. Some customers are even having their supplies “cut back”.Solar energy is now in its infancy. It could soon grow to become a major part of our nation’s energy supply.31. This article is about _________.A. energy from the sunB. natural gasC. the import and export of oilD. fossil fuel plants32. This article suggest that __________.A. oil companies are against solar energyB. many people are afraid of solar energyC. solar energy might ease the energy problemD. solar energy is now in its infancy33. Solar energy is causes __________.A. less pollution than oilB. more pollution than oilC. the same pollution as oilD. no more pollution34. People who install solar units will not have to worry about __________.A. insulating their homesB. long gas linesC. running short of fuelD. going up of utility costs35. In the next few years, the price of gas will __________.A. come downB. go upC. stay the sameD. will raisePassage FourQuestion 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:Ideas about “spoiling” children have always involved consideration of just what is a spoiled child, how does spoiling occur, and what are the consequences of spoiling; they have always included concepts of a child’s nature and concepts of the ideal child and the ideal adult.The many mothers of 1820 who belonged to the early “maternal (母系地) associations” struggled to uphold the ideas about child raising that had been prevalent in the eighteenth century. They had always been told that the spoiled child stood in danger of having trouble later in life (when exposed to all the temptations of the world) and, more importantly, stood in danger of spiritual ruin.At first, the only approach these mothers knew was to “break the will” of the child. This approach, coming initially from the theology (神学) Calvin, the French Protestant reformer, was inherited form the stern outlook of the Puritans. As one mother wrote, “No child has ever been known, since the earliest period of the world, lack of an evil disposition — however sweet it appears.”Infant depravity (堕落行为)，by which was meant the child’s impulse, could be controlled only by breaking the will so that the child submitted absolutely to parental guidance.In 1834, a mother described this technique: Upon the father’s order, her 16-month-old daughter had refused to say “Dear Mama” so the child was left alone in a room where she screamed commanded again, and again she refused, so she was whipped and ordered again. This continued for four hours until the child finally obeyed. Parentscommonly reported that after one such trial of “will”the child became permanently submissive. In passing, we can note that knowledge about a child’s “No”period might have moderated the disciplining of little children and the application of the adage (谚语) “Spare the rod and spoil the child.”By freeing the child from its evil nature, parents believed they could then guide the child into acquiring the right character traits, such as honesty, industriousness, and sobriety. These moral principles fixed in the child’s character, were to govern it throughout life, in a society where free enterprise, individual effort, and competition were believed to be the ruling forces.36. When the author talks about ideas considered in “the spoiling of children,” he does notinclude __________.A. the nature of a childB. the consequences following from spoiling a childC. the reasons why spoiling occursD. the attitudes of spoiled children when they become adults37. According to the article, the mothers of 1820 were determined to __________.A. develop independence in their childrenB. spoil their childrenC. avoid exposing their children to spiritual ruinD. broaden the experiences of their children38. “Spare the rod and spoil the child” means __________.A. spoiling children is not as evil as it seemsB. eliminating physical punishment and spoiling children is a sound policyC. if you do not inflict (加以) physical punishment, you will spoil your childD. “spoiling children” is a matter of definition39. According to the author, the only approach to prevent their children from becomingspoiled that mothers of the early nineteenth century knew was to __________.A. whip their children repeatedlyB. lock them alone in empty roomsC. break the will of the childD. expose their children to the theology of Calvin40. The author suggests that nineteenth century parents were chiefly interested in a child’s __________.A. growing up to be industriousB. acquiring good character traitsC. learning to compete successfullyD. respecting its parents slavishlyPart IIIVocabulary (15 points, 20 minutes)Section ADirections: In this section, there are 10 sentences, each with one word or phrase underlined. Choose the ONE from the four choices marked A, B, C and D that best keeps the meaningof the sentence. Mark your answer by blackening the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.41. Major faults in the earth’s crust can be detected by the use of fossil.A. revealedB. identifiedC. unearthedD. disclosed42. One of the advantages of wheat is its ability to grow in areas of limited rainfall.A. competenceB. talentC. capacityD. cleverness43. Among penguins, if the males start fighting, the fames sometimes throw themselvesbetween antagonists and separate them.A. opponentsB. contendersC. contestantsD. participants44. Units of time are defined by the earth’s movements in relation to the sun.A. in keeping withB. conforming toC. in agreement withD. with reference to45. Neanderthal Man dominated most of the Old world between 75,000BC and40,000BC.A. influencedB. prevailed overC. commandedD. supervised46. Most courses in American colleges are oriented either toward science or toward lifestudies..A. indicatedB. directedC. steeredD. pointed47.Desert plants differ considerably from one part of the world to another.A. significantlyB. vitallyC. intrinsicallyD. necessarily48. Piaget, the Swiss psychologist, said that children reason so differently from adults thatthey cannot effectively be taught the same wayA. calculateB. objectifyC. conceptualizeD. estimate49. Clouds can be classified into family groupings according to their height and shape.A. distributedB. registeredC. specifiedD. categorized50.In many parts of the world the primary educational task is the reduction of illiteracy.A. targetB. businessC. dutyD. plan51. The smell of the nest serves as a mark of identification among bees belonging to thesame hive.A. performsB. actsC. behavesD. deputizes52. Corn, domesticated by the American Indians, was brought to Europe byColumbus.A. trainedB. cultivatedC. implantedD. reared53. The earth’s varying geography alters the balance of temperature throughout theworld.A. divergingB. waveringC. changingD. shifting54. Besides the electric bulb, Thomas Edison made the earliest motion picturemachine.A. On top ofB. Next toC. In addition toD. Not to mention55. Comprehension is the first objective in reading.A. thoughtB. ideaC. goalD. missionSection BDirections: In this section, there are 10 incomplete sentences. For each sentence there are fourchoices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer by blackening the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.56. If you smoke in a non-smoking section people ________.A. have objectedB. objectedC. must objectD. will object57. The computer works very fast, ________data at the speed of light.A. having handledB. handlingC. handledD. handles58. Throughout his life, Henry Moore________ an interest in encouraging art in the city ofLees.A. containedB. securedC. reservedD. maintained59. If you happen to________ my lost papers while you’re looking for your book, pleaselet me know at once by telephone.A. come acrossB. come upC. come toD. come over60. Her fluency in English gives her advantage________ other girls for the job.A. aboveB. overC. thanD. with61. That tree looked as if it________ for a long time.A. hasn’t wateredB. didn’t waterC. hadn’t been wateredD. wasn’t watered62. Ever since Picasso’s paintings went on exhibit, there________ large crowds at themuseum every day.A. isB. has beenC. have beenD. are being63. Don’t forget to walk the dog while I’m away,________ ?A. can youB. shall youC. do youD. will you64. It is a pity that we should stay at home when we have________ weather.A. so fineB. such a fineC. such fineD. so fine a65. There were beautiful clothes________ in the shop windows.A. spreadB. displayedC. exposedD. located66. Mr. Smith advised us to withdraw________.A. so that to get not involvedB. so as to get not involvedC. so as not to get involvedD. so that not to get involved67. ________ in a seemingly endless war, the general was forced to evaluate the situationagain.A. Since the loss of 50 000 soldiersB. Because of 50 000 soldiers having lostC. Having lost over 50 000 soldiersD. 50 000 soldiers were lost68. My wife said in her letter that she would appreciate________ from yousometime.A. to have heardB. to hearC. having heardD. hearing69. Franklin’s ability to learn from observations and experience________ greatly to hissuccess in public life.A. contributedB. owedC. attachedD. related70. The manager assured the customer that his complaint would be seen________immediately.A. toB. atC. onD. withPart IVError Correction(10 points, 15 minutes)(注意：该部分地内容印制在“试卷二”上(题号70-80)，要求直接在“试卷二”上作答.)Part V Writing (15 points, 30 minutes)(注意：该部分地内容印制在“试卷二”上，要求在直接在“试卷二”上作答.)版权申明本文部分内容，包括文字、图片、以及设计等在网上搜集整理.版权为个人所有This article includes some parts, including text, pictures, and design. Copyright is personal ownership.vfB1p。