最新全国年4月00830现代语言学自考试题
04年10月自考现代语言学试题(1)
04年10月自考现代语言学试题(1) 课程代码：00830ⅰ.directions: read each of the following statements carefully. decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter a,b,c or d in the brackets.(2%×10=20%)uses the term ( ) to refer to the actual realization of a language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in linguistic communication.a. langueb. competencec. paroled. performanceterms of the place of articulation, the following sounds share the feature of ( ).a. palatalb. alveolarc. bilabiald. dentalgenerative grammar was introduced by ( ) in 1957.a. l. bloomfieldb. f. saussurec. n. chomsky a. k. hallidaylanguages are viewed to vary according to ( ) set on ug principles to particular values.a. adjacent conditionb. parametersc. case conditiond. case requirement5. synonyms are classified into several kinds. the kind to which“girl”and“lass” belong is called ( ) synonyms.a. stylisticb. dialectalc. emotived. collocational6. the illocutionary point of ( ) is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance.a. representativesb. commissivesc. expressivesd. declaratives7. modern english words man, woman, child, eat, fight, ect. originate from ( ).a. middle englishb. old englishc. frenchd. norman french8. in a diglossic country, the two diglossic forms of a language are generally two varieties of the same language, but there are situations in which the h-variety may have no ( ) relationship with the l-variety.a. geneticb. socialc. directd. closeaphasics do not show total language loss. rather, different aspects of language are impaired. aphasicsin ( ) area reveal word-finding difficulties and problems with syntax.a. werniker’sb. visualc. motord. broca’s10. ( ) motivation occurs when the learner desires to learn a second language in order to communicate with native speakers of the target language.a. instrumentalb. functionalc. integratived. socialⅱ. directions: fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. note that you are to fill in one word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given.(1%×10=10%)11. if a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to bed .12. stops, fricatives, affricates, liquids, and glides all have some degree of o and are therefore consonants.13. m is the smallest meaningful unit of language.14. a is the movement of an auxiliary verb to thesentence-initial position, such as “be”, “have”, “do” etc.15. r is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it is a matter of the relationship between form and the reality.16. in austin’s early speech act theory, c were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable.17. in the process of first language acquisition, children usually construct their personal grammars, and their language develops in stages until it a the grammatical rules of the adult language.18. a s community is one group, all of whose members share the same language or at least a single language variety.19. people may communicate their feelings or thoughts via n signals such as facial expressions, gestures, postures, or proxemic space.20. although the development of a communicative system is not unique to human beings, the natural acquisition of l as a system of highly abstract rulesand regulations for creative communication is what distinguishes humans from all other animal species.ⅲ.directions: judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. put a t for true or f for false in the brackets in front of each statement. if you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. (2%×10=20%)21. ( ) the writing system of a language is alwaysa later invention used to record speech; thus there are still many languages in today’s world that can only be spoken, but not written.22. ( ) in such sound combinations as /bi:p/, /geip/ and /su:p/, the voiceless stop /p/, occurring in the final position, is unaspirated, pronounced with the strong puff of air withheld to some extent.23. ( ) the part of speech of the compound is always determined by the part of speech of the second element, without exception.24. ( ) the relationship between the embedded clause and its matrix clause is one of a part to the whole.25. ( ) the contextualist view of meaning holds thatmeaning should be studied in terms of the situational context and linguistic context.26. ( ) searle’s classification of illocutionary acts is based on the classification of performative verbs.27. ( ) one kind of language change results in an increase of the number of exceptional or irregular morphemes. this kind of change has been called internal borrowing—that is, we “borrow” from one part of the grammar and apply the rule generally.28. ( ) there are differences in the way people of various age categories speak. the differences most easily noted by the layman are likely to be grammatical in nature.29. ( ) the left hemisphere of the brain is superior to the right hemisphere BECause the left hemisphere is language-dominant.30 ( ) a child born to a chinese or english speaking family takes about the same number of years to acquire their native tongue, regardless of their general intelligence.ⅳ.directions: explain the following terms, usingone or two examples for illustration.(3%×10=30%)31. assimilation rule32. root33. bound morphemes34. surface structure35. grammaticality36. elaboration37. bilingualism38. creole39. the sapir-whorf hypothesis40. fossilizationⅴ. answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%)41. the phonological features that occur above the level of individual sounds are called suprasegmental features. discuss the main suprasegmental features, illustrating with examples how they function in the distinction of meaning.42. explain and give examples to show in what way componential analysis is similar to the analysis of phonemes into distinctive features.。
自考现代语言学2022年10月真题试题与(00830)_2
自考现代语言学2022年10月真题试题与（00830）自考现代语言学2022年10月真题试题与答案解析（00830）1.[单选题] In distinguishing competence and performance, Chomsky looks at language from a ____ point of view, and to him competence is a property of the mind of each individual.A.sociologicalB.psychologicalC.historicalD.cultural2.[单选题] Of the following speech sounds, is represented in narrow transcription.A.[i]B.[i:]C.D.[l]3.[单选题] All the following morphemes can be definitely regarded as derivational morphemes EXCEPT________.A.-iumB.-ingC.semi-D.-ly4.[单选题] In the X-bar theory, the head of the phrase “quite above the desk” is .A.quiteB.aboveC.theD.desk5.[单选题] If you say that there is no direct connection between a linguistic form and what it refers to, you hold a view of meaning study.A.namingB.conceptualistC.contextualD.behaviorist6.[单选题] The notion of________ is essential to the pragmatic study of language. It is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer.A.contextB.utteranceC.conversational implicatureD.speech act7.[单选题] During the Renaissance movement, many of _______words became part of the educated English lexicon.A.Germantin and GreekC.ItalianD.French8.[单选题] The most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its ________.A.accentB.morphemese of wordse of structure9.[单选题] The case of Phineas Gage shows us that___________.A.human language ability is not located in the brain because Phineas’ brain was not so damaged that he could still speakB.human language ability is located in the right hemisphere of the brainC.if human language ability is located in the brain, it is situated right at the frontD.if human language ability is located in the brain, it is not situated right at the front10.[单选题] There are a number of factors pertaining to the learner that potentially influence the way in which a second language is acquired. Which of the following is NOT an individual learner factor? .A.InstructionB.MotivationC.PersonalityD.Age11.[案例题] A d ________study of language is a historical study, which studies the development of language over a period of time.12.[案例题] To describe the physical properties of speech sounds, a___ phoneticians use spectrographs to record the sound waves.13.[案例题] According to their position in the new words, a _______are divided into two kinds: prefixes and suffixes.14.[案例题] Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker known as linguistic c________?15.[案例题] According to the b____________ view of meaning study, the meaning of a linguistic form is the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.16.[案例题] According to Austin’s new model of speech act theory, a speaker might be performing three acts simultaneously when speaking: locutionary act, i ______ act and pcrlocutionary act.17.[案例题] Sound a _______refers to the physiological effect of one sound on another.18.[案例题] Language varieties other than the standard are called nonstandard or v ______languages.19.[案例题] The c __________period hypothesis refers to a period in one's life experience extending from about age two to puberty, during which the human brain is most ready to acquire a particular language and language learning can proceed easily, swiftly, and without explicit instruction.20.[案例题] Although they lack grammatical morphemes, t _______sentences in the multiword stage are not simply words that are randomly strung together, but follow the principles of sentence formation.21.[案例题] Linguistics can be defined as the scientific study of any particular language such as English, Chinese and Latin.22.[案例题] Chinese is a typical tone language, which has four tones.23.[案例题] Semantically, the meaning of a compound is often the sum total of the meanings of its components.24.[案例题] Combinational rules are rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sentences.25.[案例题] sense and reference are two important notions associated with lexical meaning.26.[案例题] What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use should be taken into consideration.27.[案例题] The division of English language into the periods of OldEnglish, Middle English and Modem English is nonconventional and not arbitrary.28.[案例题] language itself is not sexist, but it reflects sexism in society as it can connote sexist attitudes as well as attitudes about social taboos or racism.29.[案例题] When we say that language provides a means for the expression or communication of thought, we mean that language is the only means of expressing thought.30.[案例题] Like overt teaching, imitation plays at best a very minor role in the child’s mastery of language.31.[案例题] arbitrariness32.[案例题] suprasegmental features33.[案例题] morphology34.[案例题] finite clause35.[案例题] stylistic synonyms36.[案例题] constatives37.[案例题] cognate38.[案例题] language planning39.[案例题] interpersonal communication40.[案例题] language acquisition41.[案例题] Which enjoys priority in modern linguistics, speech or writing? Why?42.[案例题] What are the four maxims under the cooperative principle? And illustrate with one example how the violation of the maxim of quality gives rise to conversational implicature.。
2023年自考专业英语-现代语言学考试题库答案
2023年自考专业(英语)-现代语言学考试题库+答案第I卷一.综合能力测验(共15题)1.单选题 The volunteers would rather go by train than ________.A. to driveB.driveC.drivenD.to be driven2.单选题 The conclusion from the study is not definite; it is just ________.A. tentativeB.validC.technicalD.thorough3.单选题 This is an important problem _______ too few social scientists have researched.A. whichB.thatC.into thatD.into which4.判断题 According to the "principles-and-parameters" theory, "principles" refer to highly abstract properties of grammar which are applied to language in general and which generate phrases and at the same time restrain the power of Move a, while "parameters" allow general principles to operate in certain restricted ways, according to which particular grammars of natural languages vary.5.单选题 There is a deadlock(僵局) in the discussion when neither side gives ________ to the other.A.a wayB.wayC.the way6.单选题 Children have a natural ________ about the world around them.A. certaintyB.capabilityC.clevernessD.curiosity7.判断题 Linguists can concentrate on all the aspects of language at once.8.单选题 Country life is better than city life ________ it offers fresh air and noiseless environmentA. in thatB.as thatC.as forD.in which9.判断题 Searle's classification of illocutionary acts is based on the classification of performative verbs.10.单选题 ______ of a sentence depends on the context in which the sentence is uttered.A.Sentence meaningB.Utterance meaningC.The referenceD.The meaning11.判断题 A compound is the combination of only two words.12.判断题 Research findings have shown that language processing centers are situated ina single area of the left hemisphere.13.单选题 The other timing system belongs in our internal clocks，which，left ________，would tie the body to a 25-hour rhythm.A.behindB.aloneC.outD.aside14.单选题 The basic unit in the study of morphology is ______.A. the internal structureB.morphemeC.the rules by which words are formedD.wordA. being seenB.seeingC.him seeingD.seeing him第II卷一.综合能力测验(共15题)1.单选题 Younger children are curious ________ how things work ，and many of them want to take apart everything within their reach.A.ofB.aboutC.atD.with2.判断题 Well-arranged sentences are considered grammatical sentences that are formed following a set of syntactic rules.3.单选题 _______ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.A. ThereB.ThisC.ThatD.It4.判断题 In classifying the English consonants and vowels, the same criteria can be applied.5.单选题 It was a small place then compared to _______ it is now.A. whatB.whichC.littleD.few6.单选题 Lying under the skull, the human brain contains an average of ten billion nerve cells called ______.A.nerve fibersB.nervesC.neurons7.单选题 Bloomfield drew on ______ psychology when trying to define the meaning of linguistic forms.A.contextualB.conceptualistC.behavioristD.naming8.单选题 If you are walking away from a clock tower ，you will hear the ticking of the clock fade to a point ________ it cannot be heard.A. whichB.whatC.whereD.how9.单选题 The syntactic rules of any language are ______ in number.rgeB.smallC.finiteD.infinite10.单选题 Johnson was ________ unknown before running for the presidency.A. visiblyB.visuallyC.verticallyD.virtually11.单选题 By "language acquisition is primarily the acquistion of the grammatical system of language", linguists mean that ______.A.every specific rule allowed by the grammatical system of a language must be acquiredB.the phonological rules must be acquiredC.the syntactic rules must be acquiredD.the general principles that are fundamental to the grammaticality of speech must be acquired12.单选题―________ fine day it is today!A. How, suchB.What a, veryC.How, soD.What a, so13.单选题 If payment is not received, legal action will be our only ________.B.advantageC.alternativeD.ambition14.单选题 Weather _______, we ’ll go out for a walk.A. permittedB.permittingC.permitsD.for permitting15.单选题 I was writing a report last night; ________ I would not have stayed up late.A. howeverB.otherwiseC.thereforeD.furthermore第I卷参考答案一.综合能力测验1.正确答案：B本题解析：would rather 或 would sooner 的意思都是“宁愿” ，其后要求直接用动词原形。
自考本科英语专业现代语言学试卷
自考本科英语专业现代语言学试卷全国2008年10月高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题（课程代码：00830）I.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)1.The distinction between langue and parole was made by _______ early last century.( )A. American linguist N. ChomskyB. Swiss linguist F. de SaussureC. American linguist Edward SapirD. British linguist J. R. Firth2.The sounds that begin and end the words church and judge are voiceless and voiced _______, respectively.( )A. stopsB. fricativesC. affricatesD. plosives3.In the word unreliable, the prefix “un-” is a(n) _______ morpheme.( )A. freeB. boundC. rootD. inflectional4.Words in a sentence are organized into groups of lexical _______, commonly known as partsof speech.( )A. verbsB. nounsC. phrasesD. categories5.The words stationary and stationery are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning. They are _______.( )A. complete homonymsB. homographsC. hyponymsD. homophones6. The illocutionary point of _______ is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance.( )A. directivesB. expressivesC. commissivesD. representatives7. Grimm pointed out that certain phonological changes must have occurred early in the history of the Germanic languages, which did not take place in _______, Greek, or Latin.( )A. EnglishB. SanskritC. GermanD. Danish8. Language planning refers to any attempt by a government, etc. to choose a particular speechvariety and spread the use of it, including its pronunciation and spelling systems, across _______ boundaries.( )A. socialB. regionalC. culturalD. political9. The case of Phineas Gage showed us that _______.( )A. human language ability is not located in the brain because Phineas’ brain was so damaged and he could still speakB. human language ability is located in the right hemisphere of the brainC. if human language ability is located in the brain, it is not situated right at the backD. if human language ability is located in the brain, it is not situated right at the front10. The Chinese sound/d/in English interlanguage pronunciation of “dat” for “that” bel ongs to _______ error.( )A. fossilizationB. transferC. interferenceD. overgeneralizationII. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1% ×10=10%)11. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be d_______.12. If you say door, new, two, senior, zoo, you will notice that the first sounds in all these words are a_______ sounds. The t and s are voiceless, and d, n and z are voiced. Only n is nasal.13. The word snowfall is a word formed by joining two separate words, i.e. “snow” and “fall.” This newly formed word is generally regarded as a c_______.14. A c_______ sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word, such as “and,” “but,” “or.”15. Pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items are called r_______ opposites.16. All the speech acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose or the same i_______ point, but they differ in their strength or force.17. The [d] of spindle is developed between an adjacent [n] and [l]. Such a process or change in which successive sounds are separated by an intervening segment is known as e_______.18. The two (or possibly more) groups use their native languages as a basis for a rudimentary language of few lexical items and “straightforward” grammatical rules. Such a m_______ language is called pidgin.19. The brain’s neurological specialization for language is called linguistic l_______, which psycholinguists are particularly interested in.20. Within the framework of C_______ Analysis, second language learning was believed to be a matter of overcoming the differences between L 1 and L2 systems.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version. (2%×10=20%)21.( ) The arbitrary nature of language makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions.22.( ) When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment that occurs in the same place in the string, then the two words are called minimal pairs. Sip and zip are a minimal pair, as are fine and vine, and veal and leaf.23.( ) The meaning of a compound is the combination of themeanings of the words in the compound.24.( ) The structure that occurs after movement takes place is what we term as surface structure.25.( ) The predication analysis of a sentence only applies to statements and interrogative forms.26.( ) Speech act theory was proposed by the British philosopher John Austin in the late 1950s.27.( ) Derivation covers various processes of word formation by the addition of affixes, such as the creation of adjectives from nouns (professional < profession), nouns from verbs (computer < compute), adjectives from verbs (conceivable < conceive), and verbs from nouns (eulogize < eulogy).28.( ) In Black English, when the verb is negated, the indefinite pronouns something, somebody, and some become the negative indefinites nothing, nobody, and none, such as He don’t know nothing. Such double negation constructions indicate that speakers of Black English are deficient because they use language “illogically.”29.( ) The right hemisphere controls voluntary movements of, and responds to signals from, the right side of the body.30.( ) Language acquisition is primarily the acquisition of the grammatical system of language.IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. (3% ×10=30%)31. displacement32. general linguistics33. assimilation rule34. derivational affix33. hierarchical structure36. semantic triangle37. grammatical meaning38. cooperative principle39. high variety40. right ear advantageV. Directions: Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)41. New words can be formed in many ways. Please illustrate borrowing, compounding, blending and back-formation, each with two examples.42. Describe briefly what stages children go through in their first language acquisition.。
00830现代语言学201604历年真题及答案
绝齢启用荊2392016年4月髙等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试现代语言学试卷（课程代码00830)本试卷共4页•就分100分，考试时间150分钟。
骞生答题注遇事顼：■1. 本雄所有试題必须在答题卡上作答。
答衣试卷上无效•试卷空白外和背页均可作草犒纸。
2. 第一部分为透择瓯。
必须对应试卷上的鬆号使用铅笔将"答龍卡”的相应代码涂關。
3. 第二部分为非选择题。
总须注明大、小题号■使用0.5«米黒色字进签字笔作答。
4. 合理安排答题空同•超出答题区域无效。
第一部分选择题（共20分）I. Directions； Read each of the following statemcnU oinefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completesthe ^tAtement and blackca the corresponding letter 人B> C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. （2% X 10=20%）1. In distinguishing langue and parole, Saussure took a __________________ view of language and hisnotion of langue is a matter of social conventions・A. sociologicalC. historicalB. psychological D. culturalZ A front vowel is one in the production of which the front part of the tongue maintains theposition.A. highest •B. lowestC. frontD. back3. A very common way to form new words in English is to add affixes to existing forms. For example, neacheT is formed by addingthe aflix -«r to 1hc existing form reach二and M enlarge** is created by adding th« affix gn・to the existing form “large"・ Theseaffixes Are called affixes.A. inflectionalC・ grammatical B. dcrivatioMlD・ morphological4. The following subjects Ml into the field of syntax EXCEPT _ •A. sentence strutlurcC・ grammatical relationsB・ syntactic categories D. sense relations现代iSi?^试淞笫i m•（共4页）5. All of the following are correct for the componential features of M girr EXCEPT ______________________ .A. 4-HUMAN B・-ANIMATEC. -ADULTD. -MALE6. According to the maxim of manner under the Cooperative Principle, participants of aconversation are expected to __________ ・A. avoid obseurity of expressionB. be relevantC・ be polite D. say ^vhat they believe to be true7. Prior to the sixteenth century, the sentence M You can stay, stay not you」is grammatical, but itdianges into <fc You can stay, can" you?* in Modem English, which illustrates the phenomenon of •A. rule changeB. rule addition.C. rule loss D. morphological change8. The distinctive features of Black English persist NOT for reasons.A- racial B socialG educational 、‘ •D< economic9. In terms of language centw* ___________ K responsible for physical articulation of utterances.A. Broca's area .B. Wemicke^ areaC・ the angular gyrus … 、 D・ the Motor area10. Despite the fact that children are still acquiring Aspects of their native language through the later years ofchildhood, they are normally assumed to have completed the greater part of the language acquisition process by the age ofA. twoB. threeC. fourD. five现代语汗学试卷第2页（共4页）第二部分非选择题（共80分）IL Dirc^tioas i Fill in the blank on the ANSWER SHEET in cuch of the following statements with one word> the first letter of which is alrcidy given as ・ due. Note that you Are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. <1%X1O-1O%)11. Language is x _________________ because the primary medium is sound for «11 language, nomatter how well developed their writing systems are.12. Stress is a relative notion; only words with two or more $ ___________________ can be said to haveword stress.13. Just □ ■ phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a Q _______________________ thebasic unit in the study of morphology.14. A complex sentence usually eontaJru two clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other.The incorporated sentence is called an embedded clause, and the clause into which it is embedded is called a n) ___________________________________ dwK-15. The famous quotation **We shall know a word by the c __________________ i t keeps** was proposedby Firth.16. Tbc significance of Grice's CP lies in that it explains how it is possible for the speaker toeonvey more than is 1 ______________ said.17* As for the linguistic change of English, the s ___________________ system has obviously undergone more radical changes than other components of the grammar.18. Most bilingual communities have a fairly cl«r funptipnal di ffcrentiaiion of the two languagesin respect of speech situations known as d _______________ .19. The strong notion that language determines thoughl is called linguistic d ___________________ •20. According to Krashen r ] is defined as a process of accumulatingknowledge of llie vocabulary and grammar of a second language, particularly through formal instruction.HI. Directions： Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for fake on tke ANSWER SHEET. If you think a statement b you must explaiR why you think so and then give the correctversion.21. The dual nature of language is well illustrated by a famous quotation from Shakespeare^ p£y ■Romfro andJuliet”： *4A rose by any other name would smell as sweet"22. Vowels arc usually distinguished according to the following three factors: the position of the tongue in themouthy the shape of the lips, and the kngth of the vowels. Thus, the English vowel (i:J canbc described as high, close, and long.现代语汗学试卷第3页（共4页）23. Like derivatiorK compounding is another popular ond important way of fbrmiAg new words in English.24. A language has major and minor lexical categories of a finite scL Major catcgori&s arc closed categories andminor categories arc open categories.25. In the figure representing Bloomfield^ story about Jaek and Jill the capitalized letters S & Rrepresent meanings of vcd>id IxhtLviw in the relation bdvreen speech while the small tetters h represent practical events or physical activities・26. Piagjmatics and semantics are both linguistic studies of meaning.27. The Austronesian family comprises up to one thousand diflerent languages scattered over Australia.28. Although both pidgins and creoles originate as highly restricted verruculars of a particular kind, creoles can incertain circumstances achieve the status of standards.29. For most individuals, the left hemisphere is dominant for languid, regardless of handiness.30. Individual learner factors contribute to the success of SLA ・IV. Directionst Explain the following terms and give examples for illustration where apprOpHAte. C3% X 10=30% )3L performance32. assimilation rules33. inflcciional affixes34. syntax3S・ collocation36. Maxim of quantity37. cognate35. idiolect39. cerebral plasticity40. behaviorist learning theoryV. Directions： Answer the foFloivlng. questions. (10%X2=20%)41. Explain with at least 2 examples wh^t a finite clause is and leiI 讪ich of the following 4 sentences arc NOT finiteclaujcj.A. The weather being fine.B. The book to be finished・C. When we got there.D. John asked Maiy to leave early.42. Describe the similarities and diflerenccs between a pidgin and a lingua firanca.绝密★启用审2016年4月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试现代诺言方试卷笫4页（共4页》现代语言学试題答案及评分参考(课程代码00830)1 ・Retd tieh df tht following statements eircfutty. Decide which one or the foureholecs best completes the $Utcmrot ・nd put (he letter A f C, ar D In the brackets. (2%X 10-20%)I. A 2. A 3・D 4. D 5. B 6.A 7. D 8.A 9. D 10. DI!・ Directions： Fili In the bhnk in each of the following statement 9 word9 (I H firfl kttcr of which b already gbxa as n Hue Note (but y<m arc Co nil in ONE word only, and yeu arcn<>t ullow^j tocb^Dgc (tec letterRhen. <I%X 19-10%)II. weal 12. syllables13. nwepheme 14. matrix1$. company 16. Ihcrdly17. sound l& domains19. detenninism 20. learningHI. Directions： Judge whether web of the folloHviflg statevneats is traeor th Ise. Fut a T for true or F Tor fnk< in： the brackets in front of each Btotcmcnt If you thinka stQtcmcot it fabe, you must explain why you tbimk so isd then give the eurrect version. (2%X1O«2O%)2L FThe conventional or arbitrary Mftw of linguage is well illustrated by 0 famous quotMion from Shakespeare1! play u R.omeo and Juliets *A by any other mme would ^mell as sweet.n评分标准：备对側2分；iEWW断钳谋扣全分.糾正縮厲不罕阳情抑分・22. PVowel are usually distinguished according to the following three factors: the position of the tongue in the mouth, the shape ofthe Fp^and the length of the vpwe匕Thus, the 心gli处vowel [3：] can be described as front, close, and lon&评分标冷：答对得2分弓正慎判斷钳溟扣全分.纠正错泡不当，酌侑扭分.现代话言学试卷B I « (^4 K)23. T评分标准：备对得Z分；if课判断儒谋和全分。
2017年4月高等教育自学考试《现代语言学》试题
2017年4月高等教育自学考试《现代语言学》试题课程代码：00830I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and blacken the corresponding letter A, B,C orD on the ANSWER SHEET. (2% X 10=20%)1. Language is "the institution whereby humans communicate and interact with each otherby means of habitually used oral-auditory arbitrary symbols," which was proposed byA. ChomskyB. HallC. SapirD. Saussure2. Of the following features, is NOT a suprasegmental feature.A. stressB. toneC. intonationD. phoneme3. The rules that govem which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new wordare called rules.A. phonologicalB. morphologicalC. syntacticD. semantic4. In the X-bar theory, the specifier of the phrase very curious of the answer isA. veryB. curiousC. theD. answer5. Predication analysis is a way to analyze meaning.A. sentenceB. utteranceC. lexicalD. pragmatic6. A analysis of an utterance reveals what the speaker intends to do with it.A. syntacticB. semanticC. pragmaticD. psycholinguistic7. The work of the marked the beginning of the discovery of Indo-Europeanlanguage family.A. British scholar Sir William JonesB. German linguist Franz BoppC. Danish scholar Rasmus RaskD. German scholar Jacob Grimm8. There is a difference between what we know, which is our linguistic competence, andhow we use this knowledge in actual speech production and , which is ourlinguistic performance.A. communicationB. comprehensionC. creationD. perception9. When we speak, words are sent to ., which determines the details of their formand pronunciation.A. Wemicke's areaB. Broca's areaC. the angular gymsD. the motor area10. When children's language develops towards the early stage, negative wordsoccur at the beginning of expressions, for example, "No mitten," "No singing song".A. prelinguisticB. one-wordC. two-wordD. multiword第二部分非选择题(共80分)II. Directions: Fill in the blank on the ANSWER SHEET in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which isalready given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1% × 10=10%)11. Similar to Saussure, Chomsky thinks that what linguists should study is the ideal peaker'scompetence, not his p , which is too haphazard to be studied.12. The a rule assimilates one sound to another by "copying" a feature of a sequential phoneme.13. Syntactically, the part of speech of a compound is generally determined by the part of speech of the s element.14. A c sentence contains two or more clauses, one of which is incorporatedinto the other.15. Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called s restrictions.16. According to John Austin, p were sentences which did not state a fact ordescribe a state, and were not verifiable.17. Language change is largely a process of b between the simplification and theelaboration of rules, between the need to reduce memory burdens and the need tomaintain communicative clarity.18. Sociolinguists are particularly interested in three types of speech variety, or dialects,namely, r dialects, social dialects, and registers.19. For most individuals, the I hemisphere is dominant for language.20. Adults are motivated to learn a second language because of a communicative need. Theymay learn a second language in order to use it socially, in which case imotivation occurs.III Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false on the ANSWER SHEET. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version. (2%)<10=20%)21. The grammar taught to learners of a language today is still basically descriptive in thesense that it tells leamers what they should say, or what is supposed to be correct usage.22. The study of the speech sounds which distinguish meaning is called phonetics.23. A bound root, often seen as part of a word, can never stand by itself although it bearsclear, definite meaning.24. Pronoun is a major lexical category in the English language.25. There are two aspects to sentence meaning: lexical meaning and semantic meaning.26. The illocutionary point of representatives is to commit the speaker to something's beingthe case, to the troth of what has been said.27. Many of the most basic terms in the English language originate from Middle English.28. The sentence "He crazy" is acceptable in Black English vemacular because the absenceof the copula "be" is an obvious feature of Black English.29. According to Eric Lenneberg, prior to the completion of the lateralization process bothbrain hemispheres are involved to some extent in language.30. It is widely recognized that children across cultures follow a similar route ofdevelopment in acquiring their native language.IV. Directions: Explain the following terms and give examples for illustration where appropriate. (3% ~ 10=-30%)31. productivity32. phones33. bound morphemes34. universal grammar35. entailment36. commissives37. blending38. speech community39. brain lateralization40. Krashen's learningV. Directions: Answer the following questions. (10% ~ 2=20%)41. Explain the deletion rule with examples.42. Please define semantic change and illustrate the major types of semantic change withexamples.。
现代语言学_自考本科00830
Chapter 1——1
Some important distinctions in linguistics
Proposed by American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950’s.
Competence and performance
He defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language, and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. He believes the task of the linguists is to discover and specify the language rules.
Chapter 1——2
What is language?
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Sapir uses “ideas” “emotions” and “desires” in his definition. Hall, like Sapir, treats language as a purely human institution. Chomsky’s definition is quite different, it focus on the purely structural properties of languages and to suggest that these properties can be investigated from a mathematically precise point of view.
008301904全国高等教育自学考试 现代语言学试题
2019年4月高等教育自学考试《现代语言学》试题课程代码：00830I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and blacken the corresponding letter A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (2%×10=20%)1. Linguistics is generally defined as the study of language.A. synchronicB. scientificC. specificD. diachronic2. aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.A. PhoneticsB. PhonologyC. PhoneD. Phoneme3. The American SLA scholar proposed the distinction between acquisition and learning.A. F. de SaussureB.N. ChomskyC. S. KrashenD.B.F. Skinner4. The basic unit in the study of morphology isA. phoneB. wordC. phonemeD. morpheme5. One of major mental functions controlled by the right hemisphere of the brain isA. temporal orderingB. holistic reasoningC. calculationD. analytic reasoning6. Traditionally the three major types of sentences are , and sentences.A. full / partial / incompleteB. affirmative / interrogative / imperativeC. positive / negative / neutralD. simple / coordinate or compound / complex7. In sociolinguistics, the more standard variety is called the variety, which is used for more formal or serious matters, such as speeches made in government, the media, school, or church.A. IowB. highC. authoritativeD. official8. The sense relation that holds between the two wordsfiower and rose isA. polysemyB. homonymyC. hyponymyD. synonymy9. While the meaning of a sentence is abstract, and decontextualized, the meaning of a(n)is concrete, and context-dependent.A. wordB. phraseC. idiomD. utterance10. Historical linguistics is the subfield of linguistics that studies language change, therefore, it mainly adopts a approach.A. diachronicB. synchronicC. descriptiveD. prescriptiveII. Directions: Fill in the blank on the ANSWER SHEET in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%)11. D features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.12. English consonants can be classified either in terms of m of articulation or in terms of place of articulation.13. Language acquisition is concerned with language d in humans.14. Bound morphemes include two types: roots and a15. The brain is divided into two roughly symmetrical halves, called h , one on the right and one on the left.16. The theory of Case Condition accounts for the fact that n phrases appear only in subject and object positions.17. A particular r may be used by a particular group of people, usually sharing the same occupation like doctors, teachers, and lawyers, or the same interests, such as stamp collectors, football fans.18. R means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.19. According to John Austin, p were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state and were not verifiable.20. It is generally accepted that the history of the English language is divided into the periods of O English, Middle English and Modem English.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false on the ANSWER SHEET. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version. (2%×10=20%)21. According to F. de Saussure, parole is concrete, while langue is abstract.22. There are two nasals in English: [m] [n].23. Studies of the effect of formal instruction in general support the hypothesis that instruction decides SLA.24. Since a compound is a word, its components cannot be written separately.25. For most individuals, the left hemisphere is dominant for language, regardless of handiness.26. The arrangement of words in a linear sequence entails that sentences are simply linearly -structured.27. A euphemism is a mild, direct or less offensive word or expression substituted when the speaker or writer fears more indirect wording might be harsh, unpleasantly offensive.28. When two words are identical in spelling, they are homophones.29. If one says what he believes to be false, he violates the maxim of quantity.30. The most vigorous and on-going change in the historical development of a language is the change in its vocabulary.IV. Directions: Explain the following terms and give examples for illustration where appropriate. (3%×10=30%)31. applied linguistics32. International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)33. language transfer34. inflectional affixes35. linguistic lateralization36. branching nodes37. semantics38. illocutionary act39. historical linguistics40. lingua francaV. Directions: Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)41. Of the two media of language, speech and writing, which is more basic in the view of modem linguistics? Explain the reasons.42. What are the major views concerning the study of meaning? Explain them briefly.。
00830现代语言学200410历年真题及答案
2004年下半年高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试现代语言学试卷（课程代码0830）第一部分选择题Ⅰ.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A,B,C or D in the brackets.(2%×10=20%)1.Chomsky uses the term ( ) to refer to the actual realization of a language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in linguistic communication.A. langueB. competenceC. paroleD. performance2.In terms of the place of articulation, the following sounds [t][d][s][z][n] share the feature of ( ).A. palatalB. alveolarC. bilabialD. dental3.Transformational Generative Grammar was introduced by ( ) in 1957.A. L. BloomfieldB. F. SaussureC. N. ChomskyD.M. A. K. Halliday4.Natural languages are viewed to vary according to ( ) set on UG principles to particular values.A. Adjacent ConditionB. parametersC. Case ConditionD. Case requirement5. Synonyms are classified into se veral kinds. The kind to which“girl”and“lass” belong is called ( ) synonyms.A. stylisticB. dialectalC. emotiveD. collocational6. The illocutionary point of ( ) is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance.A. representativesB. commissivesC. expressivesD. declaratives7. Modern English words man, woman, child, eat, fight, ect. originate from ( ).A. Middle EnglishB. Old EnglishC. FrenchD. Norman French8. In a diglossic country, the two diglossic forms of a language are generally two varieties of the same language, but there are situations in which the H-variety may have no ( ) relationship with the L-variety.A. geneticB. socialC. directD. close9.Many aphasics do not show total language loss. Rather, different aspects of language are impaired. Aphasics in ( ) area reveal word-finding difficulties and problems with syntax.A. Werniker’sB. visualC. motorD. Broca’s10. ( ) motivation occurs when the learner desires to learn a second language in order to communicate with native speakers of the target language.A. InstrumentalB. FunctionalC. IntegrativeD. Social第二部分非选择题（共80分）Ⅱ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given.(1％×10=10％)11. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be d .12. Stops, fricatives, affricates, liquids, and glides all have some degree of o and are therefore consonants.13. M is the smallest meaningful unit of language.14. A is the movement of an auxiliary verb to the sentence-initial position, such as “be”, “have”, “do” etc.15. R is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it is a matter of the relationship between form and the reality.16. In Austin’s early speech act theory, c were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable.17. In the process of first language acquisition, children usually construct their personal grammars, and their language develops in stages until it a the grammatical rules of the adult language.18. A s community is one group, all of whose members share the same language or at least a single language variety.19. People may communicate their feelings or thoughts via n signals such as facial expressions, gestures, postures, or proxemic space.20. Although the development of a communicative system is not unique to human beings, the natural acquisition of l as a system of highly abstract rules and regulations for creative communication is what distinguishes humans from all other animal species.Ⅲ.Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. (2％×10=20％)21. ( ) The writing system of a language is always a later invention used to record speech; thus there are still many languages in today’s wo rld that can only be spoken, but not written.22. ( ) In such sound combinations as /bi:p/, /geip/ and /su:p/, the voiceless stop /p/, occurring in the final position, is unaspirated, i.e. pronounced with the strong puff of air withheld to some extent.23. ( ) The part of speech of the compound is always determined by the part of speech of the second element, without exception.24. ( ) The relationship between the embedded clause and its matrix clause is one of a part to the whole.25. ( ) The contextualist view of meaning holds that meaning should be studied in terms of the situational context and linguistic context.26. ( ) Searle’s classification of illocutionary acts is based on the classification of performative verbs.27. ( ) One kind of language change results in an increase of the number of exceptional or irregular morphemes. This kind of change has been called internal borrowing—that is, we “borrow” from one part of the grammar and apply the rule generally.28. ( ) There are differences in the way people of various age categories speak. The differences most easily noted by the layman are likely to be grammatical in nature.29. ( ) The left hemisphere of the brain is superior to the right hemisphere because the left hemisphere is language-dominant.30 ( ) A child born to a Chinese or English speaking family takes about the same number of years to acquire their native tongue, regardless of their general intelligence.Ⅳ.Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration.(3％×10=30％)31. assimilation rule32. root33. bound morphemes34. surface structure35. grammaticality36. elaboration37. bilingualism38. creole39. the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis40. fossilizationⅤ. Answer the following questions.(10％×2=20％)41. The phonological features that occur above the level of individual sounds are called suprasegmental features. Discuss the main suprasegmental features, illustrating with examples how they function in the distinction of meaning.42. Explain and give examples to show in what way componential analysis is similar to the analysis of phonemes into distinctive features.。
(最新整理)4月全国自考现代汉语试题及答案解析
全国2018年4月自学考试现代汉语试题课程代码：00535一、单项选择题(本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分)在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的，请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。
错选、多选或未选均无分。
1．下列属于汉语特点的是（）A．汉语有严格意义的形态变化B．汉语是单音节语C．汉语语句的修饰语用在中心语的前边D．汉语属于没有声调的语言2．下列一组均属于塞擦音的声母是（）A．f s sh r x h B．z zh j q c chC．z c j q ɡk D．b p d t ɡk3．下列一组均属于二合后响复韵母的是（）A．ai ei ao ou uo B．ia ie ua uo üeC．ia ie ua uo ou D．ao ai ia ie ua4．下列声韵调完全相同的一组字是（）A．军-晋B．讶-芽C．织-汁D．峦-岚5．在普通话中，不．能和合口呼韵母相拼的声母是（）A．双唇音B．唇齿音C．舌面音D．舌尖后音6．“这药好苦啊”和“你叫我怎么讲啊”中的“啊”应分别读作（）A．wa nɡa B．ya naC．za ra D．wa ra7．秦始皇统一六国后推行的标准汉字形体是（）A．金文B．大篆C．小篆D．隶书8．“帘子”和“莲子”中的“子”（）A．都是词根B．都是词缀1C．前一个是词根，后一个是词缀D．前一个是词缀，后一个是词根9．“走马观花”中“走”的意义是词的（）A．本义B．基本义C．引申义D．比喻义10．下列各组词中都是外来词的是（）A．仓促、婆娑B．葡萄、沙发C．激光、科学D．物理、化学11．下列各组成语中，每个成员的构造类型都相同的是（）A．入木三分、嫁祸于人B．高人一等、层出不穷C．一衣带水、天衣无缝D．令行禁止、飞黄腾达12．“化学和和化学有关的学科”中两个“和”的词性分别是（）A．连词、介词B．连词、连词C．介词、介词D．介词、连词13．“人家小王长得几乎和明星一样”中“人家”和“一样”的词性分别是（）A．助词和助词B．助词和形容词C．名词和助词D．代词和形容词14．“有饭吃”和“有人吃”这两个短语分别是（）A．兼语短语、兼语短语B．兼语短语、连动短语C．连动短语、兼语短语D．连动短语、连动短语15．下列各项复杂的偏正短语中含有递加修饰语的是（）A．科学的春天的到来B．周围的一些学校C．美丽而富饶的祖国D．热带森林的景观16．下列短语中属于述宾短语的是（）A．吃得很饱B．听得清楚C．做得不好D．觉得很饱17．下面句子中的主语属于施事主语的是（）A．王老师给了我两张票B．两张票是王老师给我的C．听说这两张票很贵D．两张票被王老师送人了18．下列句子不．是主谓谓语句的是（）A．他连杭州还没去过呢B．杭州风景很美2C．杭州我去年去过D．杭州那地方他已经去过了19．下列句子中属于典型的比喻格的是（）A．这孩子长得像他爸爸B．这孩子长得像老王一样C．这孩子长得像小老虎D．这孩子像是累了20．“春天来了，百花拉着手，清风唱着歌，歌唱着生命和活力”中运用的修辞方式是（）A．比喻B．夸张C．借代D．比拟二、多项选择题(本大题共5小题，每小题2分，共10分)在每小题列出的五个备选项中至少有两个是符合题目要求的，请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。
自学考试《现代语言学》自测试题带答案
自学考试《现代语言学》自测试题带答案高等教育自学考试，简称自考，是一种对自学者进行以学历考试为主的，个人自学、社会助学和国家考试相结合的`高等教育考试制度，创立于20世纪80年代初。
下面是店铺收集整理的自学考试《现代语言学》自测试题带答案，希望大家喜欢。
Ⅰ.Multiple ChoiceDirections:Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A,B,C or D in the brackets.(2%×10=20%)1.The famous quotation from Shakespeare’s play “Romeo and Juliet”: “A rose by any other name would smell as sweet” well illustrates _______.( )A.the conventional nature of languageB.the creative nature of languageC.the universality of languageD.the big difference between human language and animal communication2.Of the following sound combinations，only _______ is permissible according to the sequential rules in English.( )A.kiblB.bkilC.ilkbD.ilbk3.The sentence that has a NP and a VP can be shown in a _______ formula “S→NP VP”。
2023年自考《现代语言学》复习题及答案
2023年自考《现代语言学》复习题及答案2023年自考《现代语言学》复习题及答案一、单项选择1. Which of the following sounds is a voiceless bilabial stop?A. [p]B. [b]C. [m]D. [t]2. The great source of modification of the air stream is found in the ______ cavity.A. nasalB. oralC. lungD. glottis3. ______ act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something.A. A locutionaryB. An illocutionaryC. A perlocutionaryD. A speech4. Once the notion of ______ was taken into consideration, semantics spilled into pragmatics.A. meaningB. contextC. formD. content5. Sense is concerned with the ______ meaning of the linguistic form.A. contextualB. realC. behavioristD. inherent6. Hyponyms of the same ______ are co-hyponyms.A. wordB. lexical itemC. superordinateD. hyponym7. Words that are opposite in meaning are ______.A. synonymsB. hyponymsC. antonymsD. homophones8. The word “modernizers” is posed of _____ morphemes.A. 3B. 4C. 5D. 69. According to F. de Saussure, _____ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech munity.A. paroleB. performanceC. langueD. language10. Language is arbitrary in that there is no logical connection between meanings and ______.A. wordsB. soundsC. objectsD. ideasA. FreeB. BoundC. RootD. Affix12. The smallest meaningful unit of language is ______.A. rootB. affixC. stemD. morpheme13. _____ refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the “polite” society from general use.A. Linguistic tabooB. EuphemismC. Address termD. Slang14. Lying under the skull, the human brain contains an average of the ten billion nerve cells called ______.A. neuronsB. nerve systemC. nervesD. cerebral cortex15. ______ language belongs to the Sino-Tibetan Family.A. EnglishB. SpanishC. IndianD. Chinese参考答案：1--- 5ABCBD 6---10CCBCB 11---15BDAAD二、名词解释 (每个2分，共20 分)1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2. Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.3. Reference means what a linguistic form refersto in the real physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.4. An illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intent ion; it is the act performing is saying something.5. Speech munity is thus defined as a group of people who form a munity (which may have few membersas a family or as many members as a country), andshare the same language or a particular variety of language.6. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human munication.7. Inflectional affixes or inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree, and case.8. Pragmatics is the study of how speakers of language use sentences to effect successful munication.9. Accent refers to a way of pronunciation which tells the listener something about the speaker’s regional or social background.10. A lingua franca is a variety of language that serves as a medium of munication among groups ofpeople from diverse linguistic backgrounds.三、简答题(每题5分，共20分)1. What is the distinction between petence and performance?petence and performance was proposed by the American linguist N. Chomsky in t he late 1950’s. Chomsky defines petence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language, and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic munication.2. What are the sense relations between sentences?Sense relations between sentences:1) X is synonymous with Y.2) X is inconsistent with Y.3) X entails Y.(Y is an entailment of X.)4) X presupposes Y. (Y is a prerequisite of X)5) X is a contradiction.6) X is semantically anomalous.3. What is idiolect?When an individual speaks, what is actually produced is a unique language system of the speaker, expressed within the overall system of a particular language. Such a personal dialect is referred to as idiolect.4. What is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?四、阐述题(每题10分，共30分)1. What are the design features of language?Design features refer to the defining propertiesof human language that distinguish it from any animal system of munication.1) arbitrariness2) productivity3) duality4) displacement5) cultural transmission2. Draw a labeled constituent structure tree diagram for each of the following sentences:1) The student likes the new linguistics professor.2) John suggested Mary take the linguistics class.1. The student likes the new linguistics professor.2. John suggested (that) Mary take the linguistics class.3. What is the difference between acquisition and learning? Illustrate with exles.。
自考00830现代语言学串讲
1. What is linguistics?1.1 Definition1.2 The scope of linguistics1.3 Some important distinctions in linguistics1.3.1 Prescriptive vs. descriptive1.3.2 Synchronic vs. diachronic1.3.3 Speech and writing1.3.4 Langue and parole1.3.5 Competence and performance2. What is language?2.1 Definitions of language2.2 Design featuresStudy questionsChapter 2 Phonology1. The phonic medium of language2. Phonetics2.1 What is phonetics?2.2 Organs of speech2.3 Orthographic representation of speech sounds—broad and narrow transcriptions2.4 Classification of English speech sounds2.4.1 Classification of English consonants2.4.2 Classification of English vowels3. Phonology3.1 Phonology and phonetics3.2 Phone, phoneme, and allophone3.3 Phonemic contrast, complementary distribution, and minimal pair3.4 Some rules in phonology3.4.1 Sequential rules3.4.2 Assimilation rules3.4.3 Deletion rule3.5 Suprasegmental features—stress, tone, intonation3.5.1 Stress3.5.2 Tone3.5.3 IntonationStudy questionsChapter 3 Morphology1. Definition2. Morpheme2.1 Morpheme: the smallest meaningful unit of language2.2 Types of morphemes2.2.1 Free morphemes2.2.2 Bound morphemes2.2.3 Morphological rules3. Compounding3.1 Types of compound words3.2 Features of compoundsStudy questionsChapter 4 Syntax1.Syntax as a system of rules2. Sentence structure2.1 The basic components of a sentence2.2 Types of sentences2.2.1 The simple sentence2.2.2 The coordinate sentence2.2.3 The complex sentence2.3 The linear and hierarchical structures of sentences2.3.1 The linear word order of a sentence2.3.2 The hierarchical structure of a sentence2.3.3 Tree diagrams of sentence structure3. Syntactic categories3.1 Lexical categories3.2 Phrasal categories4. Grammatical relations5. Combinational rules5.1 Phrase structure rules5.2 The recursiveness of phrase structure rules5.3 X-bar theory6. Syntactic movement and movement rules6.1 NP- movement and WH- movement6.2 Other types of movement6.3 D-structure and S-structure6.4 Move α—a general movement rule7. Toward a theory of universal grammar7.1 General principles of Universal Grammar7.2 The parameters of Universal GrammarStudy questionsChapter 5 Semantics1. What is semantics?2. Some views concerning the study of meaning2.1 The naming theory2.2 The conceptualist view2.3 Contextualism2.4 Behaviorism3. Lexical meaning3.1 Sense and reference3.2 Major sense relations3.2.1 Synonymy3.2.2 Polysemy3.2.3 Homonymy3.2.4 Hyponymy3.2.5 Antonymy4. Sense relations between sentences5. Analysis of meaning5.1 Componential analysis—a way to analyze lexical meaning5.2 Predication analysis—a way to analyze sentence meaningStudy questionsChapter 6 Pragmatics1. What is pragmatics?1.1 Definition1.2 Pragmatics vs. semantics1.3 Context 1.4 Sentence meaning vs. utterance meaning2. Speech act theory3. Principle of conversationStudy questionsChapter 7 Historical Linguistics1. The purpose and significance of the historicalstudy of language2. The nature of language change3. The historical development of English3.1 Major periods in the history of English3.1.1 Old English3.1.2 Middle English3.1.3 Modern English3.2 linguistic change of English3.2.1 Sound change3.2.2 Morphological change3.2.3 Syntactic change3.2.4 Lexical change3.2.5 Semantic change4. Language family4.1 Classifying genetically related languages4.2 The Indo-English language family5. The causes of language change5.1 Sound assimilation5.2 Rule simplification and regularization5.3 Internal borrowing5.4 Elaboration5.5 Sociological triggers5.6 Cultural transmission5.7 Children’s approximation t oward the adultgrammarStudy questionsChapter 8 Sociolinguistics1. Language variation1.1 Speech community1.2 Speech variety1.3 Regional variation1.4 Social variation1.5 Stylistic variation1.6 Idiolectal variation2. Standard and nonstandard language2.1 Standard and nonstandard language2.2 Lingua francas2.3 Pidgins2.4 Creoles3. Diglossia and bilingualism3.1 Diglossia3.2 Bilingualism4. Ethnic dialect4.1 Black English, a case study of ethnic dialect4.2 The social environment of Black English5. Social dialect5.1 Education varieties5.2 Age varieties5.3 Gender varieties5.4 Register varieties5.5 Address terms5.6 Slang5.7 Linguistic taboo5.8 EuphemismStudy questionsChapter 9 Psycholinguistics1. The biological foundations of language1.1 The case of Phineas Gage1.2 The human brain1.3 Brain lateralization2. Linguistic lateralization2.1 Left hemispheric dominance for language2.2 Dichotic listening research3. The language centers3.1 Broca’s are a3.2 Wernicke’s area3.3 The angular gyrus3.4 Language perception, comprehension andproduction4. The critical period for language acquisition4.1 The critical period hypothesis4.2 The case of Genie and the degeneration oflanguage faculty with age5. Language and thought5.1 Early views on language and thought5.2 The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis5.3 Arguments against the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis5.3.1 Words and meaning5.3.2 Grammatical structure5.3.3 Translation5.3.4 Second language acquisition5.3.5 Language and world views5.4 Understanding the relation of language andthought5.4.1 Major functions of language5.4.2 The development and blending of language5.4.3 Thinking without language5.4.4 Language as a conventional coding system toexpress thought5.4.5 The ways in which language affects thoughtStudy questionsChapter 10 Language Acquisition1. First language acquisition1.1 The biological basis of language acquisition1.2 Language acquisition as the acquisition ofgrammatical rules1.3 The role of input and interaction1.4 The role of instruction1.5 The role of correction and reinforcement1.6 The role of imitation2. Stages of first language acquisition2.1 The prelinguistic stage2.2 The one-word stage2.3 The two-word stage2.4 The multiword stage3. The development of the grammatical system3.1 The development of phonology3.2 The development of syntax3.3 The development of morphology3.4 The development of vocabulary and semantics4. Second language acquisition4.1 Acquisition vs. learning4.2 Transfer and interference4.3 Error Analysis and the natural route ofdevelopment4.4 Interlanguage and fossilization4.5 The role of input4.6 The role of formal instruction4.7 Individual learner factors4.7.1 The optimum age for secondacquisition4.7.2 Motivation4.7.3 Acculturation4.7.4 PersonalityStudy questionsSuggested Answers to Study QuestionsAn English-Chinese Glossaryis generally defined asThe study of language asIn a narrow sense,linguistics refers to the application ofprinciples and theories to language teachinglearning, especially the teaching of foreignsecond languages. In a broad sense, it refersapplication of linguistic findings to the solutionpractical problems such as the recovery ofA study of the featuresthe English used in Shakespeare’s time isA diachronic studylanguage is a historical study, which studiestime. e.g. a study of the changes Englishundergone since Shakespeare’s time is a diachronicThe ideal user’knowledge of the rules of his language.transformational-generative grammar（转化生成语法）is a model of language competence.performance islanguage usby all the members of acommunity; Langue is the set of conventionsrules which language users all have toLangue is relatively stable, it does notin actual use; parole is the concrete use ofvaries from person to person, andLanguage is a system oflanguage. It means that there is noconnection between meanings and sounds. ALanguage is productivemakes possible theLanguage is a system, whichat the lower or basic level, and the otherthings which are present or not present, realfar-away places. In other words, language canused to refer to contexts removed fromWhile we arethe detailsany language are not genetically transmitted,It refers to thethat distinguishFrench words.)Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to follow while parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules. Langue is abstract; it is not the language people actually use, but parole is concrete; it refers to the naturally occurring language events. Langue is relatively stable, it does not change frequently; while parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation. 8.Chomsky的语言能力competence和语言使用performance各指什么？(American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950’s proposed the distinction between competence and performance.)Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language. This internalized set of rules enables the language user to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences and recognize sentences that are ungrammatical and ambiguous. According to Chomsky, performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. Although the speaker’s knowledge of his mother tongue is perfect, his performances may have mistakes because of social and psychological factors such as stress, embarrassment, etc…Chomsky believes that what linguists should study is the competence, which is systematic, not the performance, which is too haphazard (偶然的).9.How is Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole similar to Chomsky’s distinction between competence and performance? And what is their difference?Both Saussure and Chomsky make the distinction between the abstract language system and the actual use of language. Their purpose is to single out one aspect of language for serious study.They differ in that Saussure takes a sociological view of language and his notion of langue is a matter of social conventions, and Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view and to him competence is a property of the mind of each individual.10.What characteristics of language do you think should be included in a good, comprehensive definition of language?Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.First of all, language is a system, i.e. elements of language are combined according to rules. Second, language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between the word and the thing it refers to.Third, language is vocal because the primary medium is sound for all languages.The term “human” is meant to specify that language is human-specific.11.What features of human language have been specified by Charles Hockett to show that it is essentially different from any animal communication system? 人类语言的甄别性特征是什么？1.Arbitrariness（任意性）: (课本答案：a sign of sophistication only humans are capable of) It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. Although language is arbitrary by nature, it is not entirely arbitrary. Non-arbitrary words make up only a small percentage of the total number. The arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions.2.Productivity（创造性）: （课本答案：creativity: animals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send）Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the con¬struction and interpretation of an infinitely large number of sentences, including those they have never said or heard before.3.Duality（二重性）: （课本答案：a feature totally lacking in any animal communication）It means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds at the lower level and the other of meanings at the higher level. At the lower or the basic level, there is the structureof individual and meaningless sounds, which can begrouped into meaningful units at the higher level.This duality of structure or dou¬ble articulation oflanguage enables its users to talk about anythingwithin their knowledge.4.Displacement（移位性）: （课本答案：no animalcan “talk”about things removed from theimmediate situation）Language can be used to referto things which are present or not present, real orimagined matters in the past, present, or future, orfar-away places. In other words, language can beused to refer to contexts removed from theimmediate situations of the speaker.5. Cultural transmission（文化传递性）：（课本答案：details of human language system are taught andlearned while animals are born with the capacity tosend out certain signals as a means of limitedcommunication）While we are born with the abilityto acquire language, the details of any language arenot genetically transmitted, but instead have to betaught and learned.12.Do you think human language is entirelyarbitrary? Why?Language is arbitrary in nature, it is not entirelyarbitrary, because there are a limited number ofwords whose connections between forms andmeanings can be logically explained to a certainextent, for example, the onomatopoeia, words whichare coined on the basis of imitation of sounds bysounds such as bang, crash, etc.. Take compoundsfor another example. The two elements “photo” and“copy” in “photocopy”are non-motivated, but thecompound is not arbitrary.Chapter 2: Phonology1.Define the terms:1).phonetics: Phonetics is defined as the study ofthe phonic medium of language; it is concerned withall the sounds that occur in the world’ s languages2).auditory phonetics: It studies the speech soundsfrom the hearer’s point of view. It studies how thesounds are perceived by the hearer.3).acoustic phonetics: It studies the speech soundsby looking at the sound waves. It studies thephysical means by which speech sounds aretransmitted through the air from one person toanother.4).international phonetic alphabet [IPA]: It is astandardized and internationally accepted system ofphonetic transcription.5).Broad transcription: the transcription withletter-symbols only, i.e. one letter-symbol for onesound. This is the transcription normally used indictionaries and teaching textbooks.6).Narrow transcription: is the transcription withletter-symbols together with the diacritics. This isthe transcription used by the phoneticians in theirstudy of speech sounds.7).diacritics: is a set of symbols which can be addedto the letter-symbols to make finer distinctions thanthe letters alone make possible.8).Voiceless（清音）: when the vocal cords are drawnwide apart, letting air go through without causingvibration, the sounds produced in such a conditionare called voiceless sounds.9).Voicing（浊音）: Sounds produced while thevocal cords are vibrating are called voiced sounds.10).Vowel: the sounds in production of which noarticulators come very close together and the airstream passes through the vocal tract withoutobstruction are called vowels.11).Consonants: the sounds in the production ofwhich there is an obstruction of the air stream atsome point of the vocal tract are called consonants.12).phonology: Phonology studies the system ofsounds of a particular language; it aims to discoverhow speech sounds in a language form patterns andhow these sounds are used to convey meaning inlinguistic communication.13).phone: Phones can be simply defined as thespeech sounds we use when speaking a language. Aphone is a phonetic unit or segment. It does notnecessarily distinguish meaning.14).phoneme: a collection of abstract phoneticfeatures, it is a basic unit in phonology. It isrepresented or realized as a certain phone by acertain phonetic context.15).allophone: The different phones which canrepresent a phoneme in different phoneticenvironments are called the allophones of thatphoneme. For example [l] and [l]16).phonemic contrast: Phonemic contrast refers tothe relation between two phonemes. If twophonemes can occur in the same environment anddistinguish meaning, they are in phonemic contrast.17).Complementary distribution: refers to therelation between two similar phones which areallophones of the same phoneme, and they occur indifferent environments.18).minimal pair:When two different forms areidentical in every way except for one sound segmentwhich occurs in the same place in the strings, thetwo words are said to form a minimal pair. Forexample: bin and pin.19).suprasegmental features: the phonemicfeatures that occur above the level of the segmentsare called suprasegmental features. The mainsuprasegmental features include stress, tone andintonation.20).tone: Tones are pitch variations, which arecaused by the differing rates of vibration of thevocal cords. Pitch variation can distinguish meaningjust like phonemes. The meaning-distinctivefunction of the tone is especially important in tonelanguages, for example, in Chinese.21).intonation: When pitch, stress and sound lengthare tied to the sentence rather than the word inisolation, they are collectively known as intonation.For example, English has four basic types ofintonation: the falling tone, the rising tone, thefall-rise tone and the rise-fall tone.2.What are the two major media ofcommunication? Of the two, which one isprimary and why? 语言交际的两大媒介是什么？哪一个是基本的交际媒介？为什么？Speech and writing are the major media ofcommunication. Speech is considered primary overwriting. The reasons are: speech is prior to writingin language evolution, speech plays a greater role indaily communications, and speech is the way inwhich people acquire their native language.3.What are the three branches of phonetics? Howdo they contribute to the study of speech sounds?语音学的三个分支是什么。
全国年4月00830现代语言学自考试题
绝密★考试结束前全国2014 年 4 月高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：00830请考生按规定用笔将所有试题的答案涂、写在答题纸上。
选择题部分注意事项：1．答题前，考生务必将自己的考试课程名称、姓名、准考证号用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔填写在答题纸规定的位置上。
2．每小题选出答案后，用 2 B 铅笔把答题纸上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。
如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。
不能答在试题卷上。
I . Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the fourchoices best completes the statement and blacken the corresponding letter A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (2% X10=20%)1. The fact that different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages well illustrates the _______ nature of language.A. culturalB. dualC. productiveD. arbitrary2. In English the two sounds [p] and [p h] are _______ .A. a minimal pairB. allophonesC. two phonemesD. in phonemic contrast3. The word “ decentralizceontai”ns _____ morphemes.A. 3B. 4C. 5D. 64. A ______ sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word, such as“and,”“but,”“or.”A. simpleB. complicatedC. coordinateD. complex5. The sentence “Colorless green ideas sleep furiously ” is a typical example of violation ofA. speech act theoryD. grammatical rulesB. commissivesC. declaratives B. principles of conversation C. selectional restrictions 6. The illocutionary point of the ______ is tocommit the speaker to something 's being thecase,to the truth of what has been said.A. expressives D. representatives7. ______ separated the period of Middle English from that of Modern English.A. The revival of Latin as a literary languageB. Shakespeare 's plays and Milton 's poemsC. European military invasionD. European renaissance movement8. The following are the syntactic features of Black English EXCEPT ______ .A. systematic use of “ it is ” instead of “ there is ”B. frequent absence of various forms of“ be ”C. use of double negation constructionsD. absence of subject9. ______ has a strikingly different view from the other three on language and thought.A. PlatoB. AristotleC. WatsonD. Bloomfield 10. ______ motivation occurs when the learner desires to learn a second language as a primary means of communication in his or her own community.A. InstrumentalB. FunctionalC. IntegrativeD. Social非选择题部分注意事项：用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔将答案写在答题纸上，不能答在试题卷上。
自考现代语言学2022年4月真题试题与(00830)
自考现代语言学2022年4月真题试题与（00830）自考现代语言学2022年4月真题试题与答案解析（00830）1.[单选题] A famous quotation from Shakespeare's play Romeo and Juliet: “A rose by any other name would smell as sweet” may well illustrate the ______nature of language.A.arbitraryB.motivatedC.socialD.cultural2.[单选题] According to_________, vowels can be classified into three groups: front, central, and back.A.the openness of the mouthB.the shape of the lipsC.the position of the tongueD.the length of the vowels3.[单选题] The number of morphemes contained in the word “underdeveloped” is ________ .A.oneB.twoC.threeD.four4.[单选题] In the X-bar theory, the complement in the phrase “regularly check his E-mail box” is .A.regularlyB.checkC.boxD.his E-mail box5.[单选题] When we say “The book has a finger”, it is a typical example of a sentence which is .A.semantically well-formedB.semantically inconsistentC.semantically contradictedD.semantically anomalous6.[单选题] According to John Searle, the illocutionary act of the utterance “I promise to come” belongs to________.A.directivesmissivesC.declarationsD.expressives7.[单选题] The following topics fall into the scope of historical linguistics EXCEPT_______.A.sound changeB.morphological changeC.syntactic changeD.register varieties8.[单选题] It is the ___________differences that have often been used to illustrate the “illogic” of Black English.A.morphologicalB.syntacticC.phonologicalD.semantic9.[单选题] According to the lateralization theory, which of the following is NOT the primary function of the left hemisphere of the brain?A.CalculationB.Analytic reasoningC.Temporal orderingD.Visual and spatial skills10.[单选题] In general, children's two-word stage begins roughly .A.in the late part of the first year or the early part of the second yearB.in the second half of the second yearC.between two and three years oldD.between four and five years old11.[案例题] S ___________descriptions are often thought of as being descriptions of a language as it exists at the present day and mostlinguistic studies are of this type.12.[案例题] The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in the pharyngeal, o_________, and nasal cavities.13.[案例题] Phonetically, the stress of a compound word usually falls on the f___ element.14.[案例题] A simple sentence consists of a single c____ which containsa subject and a predicate.15.[案例题] The sentence “Green clouds are sleeping furiously” is not s____ meaningful but grammatically well-formed.16.[案例题] All the speech acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose or the same i___ point.17.[案例题] Physiologically, vowels tend to be n___ before nasal consonants because it is difficult to time the lowering of the velum to produce nasality with the consonant articulation.18.[案例题] S_________is a casual use of language that consists of expressive but nonstandard vocabulary, typically of arbitrary, flashy and often ephemeral coinages and figures of speech characterized by spontaneity and sometimes by raciness.19.[案例题] Much evidence in support of lateralization for language in the left hemisphere comes from researches in d___ listening tasks.20.[案例题] Adults are motivated to learn a second language because ofa communicative need. They may learn a second language in order touse it functionally, in which case i____ motivation occurs.21.[案例题] While Saussure took a sociological view of language, Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view.22.[案例题] When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as tone.23.[案例题] Morphology can be divided into two sub-branches: lexical morphology and derivational morphology.24.[案例题] Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category. 25.[案例题] The sentence “The cat are barking at the dog” only violates semantic rules.26.[案例题] The five types of general categories of speech acts distinguished by John Austin are representatives, directives, commissives, expressives and declarations.27.[案例题] Modern English has an elaborate system of case marking through overt morphological changes, thus its word order is more variable than that of Old English.28.[案例题] Pidgins are rule-governed, simplified language with reduced grammatical features.29.[案例题] When a bilingual speaker switches between the two languages concerned, he or she is converting one mode of thinking intothe other.30.[案例题] The sounds and syllables that children utter at the babbling stage are meaningless.31.[案例题] duality (of structure)32.[案例题] minimal pair33.[案例题] inflectional morpheme34.[案例题] syntactic movement35.[案例题] argument36.[案例题] conversational implicature37.[案例题] diachronic linguistics38.[案例题] diglossia39.[案例题] linguistic relativism40.[案例题] interference41.[案例题] Describe the features that most compounds share.42.[案例题] Discuss with examples the differences between language acquisition and language learning.。
现代语言学
通用语是一种在不同语言背 景的人群之间用做交际媒介 的一种语言变体。鉴于此种 原因，通用语必须是人们为 了不同的目的在社会交往过 程中所使用的“通用语言”。
文体风格也 可以指一个人一直 在使 用的口头语或书面语， 或 指在一个特定的时期 内的说话 或写作方式， 如狄更斯的风格 、海明 威的风格。
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1.6 Idiolectal variation 个人言语变异 ★★★
知识点
真题演练
When an individual speaks, what is actually produced is a unique language system of the speaker, expressed within the overall system of a particular language. Such a personal dialect is referred to as idiolect.
一个人在说话时，他在 一种特定语言的总的体 系内表达，但他实际上 所说出的是他自己的独 特的语言体系。这种个 人方言被称为个人习语。
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1.6 Idiolectal variation 个人言语变异
知识点
真题演练
In a narrower sense, what makes up one’s idiolect includes also such factors as voice quality, pitch and speech rhythm, which all contribute to the identifying features in an individual’s speech.
在社会环境中使用的语 言都属于某种言语变体。 一种言语变体具有一些 与其它言语变体不同的 特征。这些特征反映在 发音、句法规则、词汇 上。
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绝密★考试结束前全国2014年4月高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：00830请考生按规定用笔将所有试题的答案涂、写在答题纸上。
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Ⅰ. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and blacken the corresponding letter A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (2% × 10=20%)1. The fact that different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages well illustrates the ________ nature of language.A. culturalB. dualC. productiveD. arbitrary2. In English the two sounds [p] and [p h] are ________.A. a minimal pairB. allophonesC. two phonemesD. in phonemic contrast3. The word “decentralize” contains ________ morphemes.A. 3B. 4C. 5D. 64. A ________ sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word, such as “and,”“but,”“or.”A. simpleB. complicatedC. coordinateD. complex5. The sentence “Colorless green ideas sleep furiously”is a typical example of violation of ________.精品文档A. speech act theoryB. principles of conversationC. selectional restrictionsD. grammatical rules6. The illocutionary point of the ________ is to commit the speaker to something’s being the case, to the truth of what has been said.A. expressivesB. commissivesC. declarativesD. representatives7. ________ separated the period of Middle English from that of Modern English.A. The revival of Latin as a literary languageB. Shakespeare’s plays and Milton’s poemsC. European military invasionD. European renaissance movement8. The following are the syntactic features of Black English EXCEPT ________.A. systematic use of “it is” instead of “there is”B. frequent absence of various forms of “be”C. use of double negation constructionsD. absence of subject9. ________ has a strikingly different view from the other three on language and thought.A. PlatoB. AristotleC. WatsonD. Bloomfield10. ________ motivation occurs when the learner desires to learn a second language as a primary means of communication in his or her own community.A. InstrumentalB. FunctionalC. IntegrativeD. Social精品文档非选择题部分注意事项：用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔将答案写在答题纸上，不能答在试题卷上。
Ⅱ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word on the ANSWER SHEET, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10% )11. Linguistics studies not any particular language, e.g., English, Chinese, Arabic, and Latin, but it studies l in general.12. Speech sounds can be initially classified into two broad categories: vowels and c .13. The suffix -er in the word “taller” is an i morpheme.14. Apart from sentences and clauses, a syntactic category usually refers to a word or a phrase that performs a particular g________ function.15. In terms of componential analysis, the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called s ________ features.16. The u meaning of a sentence varies with the context in which it is said.17. In general, linguistic change in the sound system and the v of a language is more noticeable than that in other systems of the grammar18. The non-prestige variety in diglossia is called the l variety.19. Language functions are believed to be lateralized primarily in the l hemisphere of the brain.20. In children’s prelinguistic stage, the first recognizable sounds are described as c , with velar consonants such as /k/ and high vowels such as /u/ usually present.Ⅲ. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false.Put a T for true or F for false on the ANSWER SHEET for each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version.(2%×10=20%)21. Human language is not only genetically transmitted, but also culturally transmitted while animal call systems are genetically transmitted.22. In broad transcription, the word “build” is transcribed as [bild].精品文档23. Different words have to use the same affix in order to create the same meaning change.24. Language is a highly structured system of communication. Sentences are both linearly and hierarchically structured.25. The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all its components.26. Speech act theory was originated with the British philosopher John Searle in the late 50’s of the 20th century.27. Syntactically, the verb of a sentence in Old English precedes, rather than follows, the subject.28. The term pidgin originated from the pronunciation of the English word “business” in Chinese Pidgin English.29. The language faculty of an average human degenerates after the critical period and consequently, most linguistic skills cannot develop.30. The rate and ultimate success in SLA only depend on learners’ experience with optimal input and instruction.Ⅳ. Directions: Explain the following terms and give examples for illustration where appropriate. (3%×10=30%)31. competence32. phone33. stem34. simple sentence35. synonymy36. conversational implicature37. back-formation38. language planning精品文档39. the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis40. Krashen’s acquisitionV. Directions: Answer the following questions. (10% ×2=20%)41. Please illustrate with example(s) the difference between compounding and derivation.42. Please explain dichotic listening tests with example(s).“，下载精品文档。