2018届上海市建平中学高三上学期开学考试英语试题

2017-2018学年建平中学高三开学考II. Grammar and vocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passages below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.Nursing, as a typically female profession, must deal constantly with the false impression ___21___ nurses are there to wait on the position.As nurses, we ____22_____ (license) to provide nursing care only. We provide health teaching, and physical as well as emotional problems, coordinate patient- related services and make all our nursing decisions based upon what is ___23___(good) or suitable for the patient. If, in any circumstance, we feel that a physician’s order is inappropriate or unsafe, we have a legal responsibility ____24____(question) that order, or refuse to carry it out.Nursing is not a nine-to-five job __25__ every weekend off. All nurses are aware of that ___26___ they enter the profession. The emotional and physical stress, however, __27__ occurs due to hard working hours is a prime reason for a lot of the career dissatisfaction. It is sometimes required that we work overtime, and that we change shifts four or five times a month. That disturbs our personal lives and disrupts our sleeping and eating habits, isolating us from everything __28__ job-related friends and activities.The quality of nursing care is being affected dramatically by these situations. Most hospitals are now staffed by new graduates because experienced nurses finally give up __29___(try) to change the system. If trends continue as ___30__(predict), they will find that most critical hospital care will be provided by new inexperienced and sometimes inadequately-trained nurses.Section BDirections:Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.“That which does not kill us makes us stronger.” But parents can’t handle itnew field for the age-old battle between adults and their freedom-craving kids.Locked indoors, unable to get on their bicycles and hang out with their friends,friends. What they do online often mirrors what they might otherwise do if theirmedia and smart phones apps have become so popular in recent years. Teens want theInternet, imagining all the potential dangers that youth might face---from violent strangers to cruel peers.Rather than helping teens develop strategies for discussing public life and the potential risks of interacting with others, fearful parents have focused on tracking,complex socia l situations, assess risks and get help when they’re in trouble. It gradually weakens the learning that teens need to do as they come of age in a technology-soaked world.—plus communication. Famed urban theorist Jane Jacobs used to argue that thepaid attention to what happened on the streets. Safety didn’t come from keepingonline.that caring adults are behind them and supporting them wherever they go.III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.When is an occupation a profession? There appears to no absolute definition, but only __41_ ways of looking at the issue, from historical, cultural, sociological, moral, political or philosophical perspectives. It is often said that professions are elites(精英) who undertake specialized, selfless work, according to moral codes and that their work is _42__ by examination and a license to practice. In _43__, however, they request complete control over a body of knowledge, freedom to practice, special rewards and higher financial and economic _44__.The public needs experts and higher specialist advice, but because this advice is specialized they are not in a position to __45__ what advice they need: this has to be defined in conversation with the professional. Professional judgement could be __46__ with client(委托人) satisfaction since the la tter cannot then be “the chief measure of whether the professional has acted in a trustworthy fashion.” Professional elites have __47__ potential; to export their power and reputation for economic goals; to allow research for the __48__ theoretical knowledge to become an end in itself; to lose sight of client well-being in the continuing split of specialist knowledge.The higher a profession’s social status the more freedom it enjoys. Therefore, an occupation wanting to maintain or improve its status will try to keep as much an occupation __49__ as possible over its own affairs. As in so many other areas, socio-culture change has affected the professions considerably in recent years. Market forces and social pressures have focused professionals to be more __50__ about theirmodes of practice. In addition, information technology has enables the __51__ to become much better informed, and therefore more demanding. Moreover, developing in professional knowledge itself have forced a greater degree of specialization on experts, who constantly have to _52___ and do research to maintain their position.Self-regulation then becomes an even more thing for a profession to maintain er extend. But in whose __53__? Is self-regulation used to enable a profession to properly practise without __54__ interference, or is it used to maintain the status of the profession for its own ends? Or is it used to protect clients by appropriately __55__ those who have broken professional norms, or to protect the public image of the profession by concealing evidences that would damage it?41.A. fair B. normal C. different D. separate42.A. guaranteed B. measured C. completed D. continued43.A. return B. comparison C. conclusion D. fact44.A. importance B. status C. influence D. certificate45.A. discover B. accept C. realize D. know46.A. competing B. disagreeing C. contrasting D. mixing47.A. negative B. creative C. significant D. wasted48.A. necessary B. abstract C. basic D. background49.A. independence B. control C. limitation D. value50.A. definite B. formal C. open D. personal51.A. public B. followers C. audience D. consumers52.A. resign B. recover C. retrain D. resist53.A. interests B. ideas C. proposals D. instructions54.A. legal B. logical C. unlike D.unsuitable55.A. examining B. separating C. resetting D. discipliningSection BAThe Hawthorne experiment was conducted in the late 1920s and early 1930s. The management of Western Electric's Hawthorne plant, located near Chicago, wanted to find out if environmental factors, such as lighting, could affect workers' productivity and morale. A team of social scientists experimented with a small group of employees who were set apart from their coworkers. The environmental conditions of this group's work area were controlled, and the subjects themselves were closely observed. To the great surprise of the researchers, the productivity of these workers increased in response to any change in their environmental conditions. The rate of work increased even when the changes (such as a sharp decrease in the level of light in the workplace) seemed unlikely to have such an effect.It was concluded that the presence of the observers had caused the workers in the experimental group to feel special. As a result, the employees came to know and trust one another, and they developed a strong belief in the importance of their job. The researchers believed that this, not the changes in the work environment, accounted for the increased productivity.A later reanalysis of the study data challenged the Hawthorne conclusions on the grounds that the changes in patterns of human relations, considered so important by the original researchers, were never measured. However, even if the original conclusions must be revised, they nonetheless raise a problem for social scientists: Research subjects who know they are being studied can change their behavior. Throughout the social sciences, this phenomenon has come to be called the Hawthorne effects.56. The author implies that a sharp decrease in light increased workers' output becauseA. the workers experienced less eyestrain in a dark working placeB. the workers had to pay 1nore attention to what they were doingC. the workers knew they were being observed, and this motivated themD. the 11'orkers in the experiment were paid more than other workers57. The pattern of organization of the second paragraph isA. list of itemsB. time orderC. definition and exampleD. cause and effect58. The Hawthorne experiment suggests thatA. workers' attitudes are more important than their environmentB. social scientists are good workersC. productivity in electric plants tends to be lowD even those who were not y the experiment improved their productivity59. The author’s main purpose isA. To explain the Hawthorne effectB. to prove the importance of researchC. to amuse with a surprising experimentD. to suggest ideas for future researchBJoin IMDb and Become a Founding Supporter of the Academy Museum of Motion PicturesThe Academy of Motion Pictures & Sciences is building the world's leading movie museum in the heart of Los Angeles. The Academy Museum of Motion pictures, scheduled to open in 2017, will contain six stories of state-of-the-art galleries, exhibition spaces, movie theaters and educational areas. Through groundbreaking exhibitions and innovative programming, the Museum will explore how Hollywood and the film industry have shaped culture and creativity around the world. Designed by Renzo Piano, the Academy Museum will be located next to the Los AngelesCounty Museum of Art (LACMA) campus in the landmarked Wilshire May Company Building.To help ensure this long-held dream of the Academy becomes a reality, the Academy has launched a $300 million fundraising campaign, led by Bob Iger, Annette Bening and Tom Hanks. We hope you can join IMDb and the Academy Museum's community of early supporters by making a gift to the campaign today. Or, sign up for the Academy Museum mailing list to hear about upcoming museum events and developments.Donate NowHelp make move history and join in elite group of supporters, including IMDb, by making your contribution today.To see a full list of the Academy Museum founding supporters, click here. If you would like to make a donation or learn more about naming opportunities, please contact Christine Joyce Rodriguez, Manager of Annual Giving, at Christine. Rodriguez@ or 310 247 304060. The Academy of Motion Pictures is locatedA. in the downtown area of Los AngelesB. in the suburb of the city of Los AngelesC. in the Los Angeles County Museum of ArtD. in the centre of Wilshire May Company61. The Academy of Motion Pictures will focus onA. the exhibition of film equipmentB. the impact of film industry on world cultureC. the popularity of Hollywood movie cultureD. the achievements of American galleries and theatres62. The passage is intended to .A. promote the Academy Museum and make movie historyB. arouse people's interest in the Academy MuseumC. raise enough money for the Academy MuseumD. help realize the Academy Museum founding supporters’ dreamsCTo live in the United States today is to gain an appreciation for Dahrendorf’s declaration that social change exists everywhere. Technology, the application of knowledge for practical ends, is a major source of social change.Yet we would do well to remind ourselves that technology is human creation; it does not exist naturally. A spear or a robot is as much a cultural as a physical object. Until human use a spear to hunt game or a robot to produce machine parts, neither is much more than a solid mass of matter. For a bird looking for an object on which to rest, a spear or robot serves the purpose equally well. The explosion of the Challenger space shuttle and the Russian nuclear accident at Chernobyl drive home the human quality of technology; they provide cases in which well-planned systems suddenly went haywire and there was no ready hand to set them right. Since technology is a human creation, we are responsible for what is done with it. Pessimists worry that we will use our technology eventually to blow our world and ourselves to pieces. But they have been saying this for decades, and so far we have managed to survive and even flourish. Whether we will continue to do so in the years ahead remains uncertain. Clearly, the impact of technology on our lives deserves a closer examination.Few technological developments have had a greater impact on our lives than the computer revolution. Scientists and engineers have designed specialized machines that can do the tasks that once only people could do. There are those who declare that the switch to an information-based economy is in the same camp as other great historical milestones, particularly the industrial Revolution. Yet when we ask why the Industrial Revolution was a revolution, we find that it was not the machines. The primary reason why it was revolutionary is that it led to great social change. It gave rise to mass production and, through mass production, to a society in which wealth was not restricted to the few.In somewhat similar fashion, computers promise to revolutionize the structureof American life particularly as they free the human mind and open new possibilities in knowledge and communication. The Industrial Revolution supplemented and replaced the muscles of humans and animals by mechanical methods. The computer extends this development to supplement and replace some aspects of the mind of human beings by electronic methods. It is the capacity of the computer for solving problems and making decisions that represents its greatest potential and that poses the greatest difficulties in predicting impact on society.63. Why does the author give the examples of the challenger and Chernobyl?A. To show that technology could be used to destroy our world.B. To stress the author’s concern about the safety of complex technology.C. To prove that technology usually goes wrong, if not controlled by man.D. To demonstrate that being a human creation, technology is likely to make an error64. What does the phrase “went haywire” in paragraph 2 most probably mean?A. were out of rangeB. went out of dateC. fell out of useD. got out of control65. According to the author, the introduction of the computer is a revolution mainly becauseA. the computer has revolutionized the workings of the human mindB. the computer can do the tasks that could only be done by people beforeC. it has helped to switch to an information technologyD. it has a great potential impact on society66. In the passage, the author clearly shows hisA. keen insight into the nature of technologyB. sharp criticism of the role of the Industrial RevolutionC. thorough analysis of the replacement of the human mind by computersD. comprehensive description of the negative consequences of technology Section CDirections:Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.Picture two accountants alerted to suspicious entries in the books. The first takes the violation seriously. The second thinks it’s not a big deal. Who has more power? _____67_____ Powerful people break the rules—therefore, breaking rules makes one seem more powerful.“In its modest form, rule breaking is actually healthy,” says Zhen Zhang of Arizona State University. He found that relatively minor violations during adolescence—damaging property, playing hooky—predicted an admired occupation: entrepreneur.When young men, in particular, take risks that succeed, testosterone levels surge. The hormone may underlie the “winner effect,” say researchers John Coates and Joe Herbert of the University of Cambridge, who tracked the hormonal activity of stock option traders (again, all male) over their good and bad days in the market._____68_____But at a certain point, risk taking can become illogical. This can cause “ethicalnumbing(道德麻木).” Consider Steve Jobs: As Apple grew, so did lawsuits against it, like those over patents.Being wealthy has a moral effect on both genders. Studies have found that the $150,000-plus-per-year set was four times as likely to cheat as those making less than $15,000 a year when playing a game to win $50. The rich didn’t stop for pedestrians at a crosswalk nearly as often as less-wealthy drivers. ______69_______That’s because environment—not personality—encourage rule breaking, argues Andy Yap, a behavioral scientist. Yap and his colleagues asked volunteers to sit in an SUV-size driver’s seat versus a crowded one or an executive-size office space versus a cubicle(小隔间) and then tested their responses to various moral evens. ______70_______IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.J udging from recent surveys, most experts in sleep behavior agree that there is virtually an epidemic (流行病) of sleepiness in the nation. “I can’t think of a single study that hasn’t found Americans getting less sleep than they ought to,” says Dr. David. Even people who think they are sleeping enough would probably be better off with more rest.The beginning of our sleep-deficit (睡眠不足) crisis can be traced to the invention of the light bulb a century ago. From diary entries and other personal accounts from the 18th and 19th centuries, sleep scientists have reached the conclusion that the average person used to sleep about 9.5 hours a night. “The best sleep habits once were forced on us, when we had nothing to do in the evening down on the farm, and it was dark.” By the 1950s and 1960s, the sleep schedule had beenreduced dramatically, to between 7.5 and eight hours, and most people had to wake to an alarm clock. “People cheat on their sleep, and they don’t even realize they’re doing it,” says Dr. David. “They think they’re okay because they can get by on 6.5 hours, when they really need 7.5, eight or eve n more to feel ideally vigorous.”Perhaps the most merciless robber of sleep, researchers say is the complexity of the day. Whenever pressures from work, family, friends and community mount, many people consider sleep the least expensive item on his p rogramme. “In our society, you’re considered dynamic if you say you only need 5.5 hours’ sleep. If you’re got to get 8.5 hours, people think you lack drive and ambition.”To determine the consequences of sleep deficit, researchers have put subjects through a set of psychological and performance tests requiring them, for instance, to add columns of numbers or recall a passage read to them only minutes earlier. “We’ve found that if you’re in sleep deficit, performance suffers,” says Dr. David. “Short-term memory is weakened, as are abilities to make decisions and to concentrate.”第II卷V. TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.72. 在公园里玩耍的孩子们让老人想起了他快乐的童年。