立体车库外文翻译与原文
立体车库外文翻译
Numerical control technology and equipment trend of developmentThe equipment industry technical level and the modernized degree were deciding the entire national economy level and the modernized degree, the numerical control technology and the equipment are the development emerging high technology and new technology industry and the state-of-art industr y (for example defense industry industries and so on information technology and industry, biological technology and industry, aviation, astronautics) enables the technology and the most basic equipmen t. Marx had said “each kind of economical time difference, does not lie in produces any, but how l ies in produces, with any means of labor production”. The technique of manufacture and the equip ment is the humanity produces active the most basic producer goods, but the numerical control tech nology also is advanced now the technique of manufacture and the equipment most core technology. Now the various countries manufacturing industry widely uses the numerical control technology, sh arpens the manufacturing capacity and the level, enhances to the dynamic changeable market adaptiv eness and competitive ability. In addition in the world various industries developed country also list s as the national strategic resources the numerical control technology and the numerical control equi pment, not only takes the significant measure to develop own numerical control technology and the industry, moreover implements the blockade and the limit policy in “precise and advanced” the n u merical control key technologies and the equipment aspect to our country. In brief, develops vigorou sly take the numerical control technology has become the world each developed country acceleration economy development as the core advanced technique of manufacture, enhances the comprehensive national strength and the national status important way. The numerical control technology is carries on the control with the numerical information to the mechanical movement and the work process t he technology, the numerical control equipment is take the numerical control technology as represent ative's new technology the integration of machinery product which forms to the traditional manufact ure industry and the emerging manufacturing industry seepage, namely so-called digitized equipment, its technical scope cover very many domains: (1) machine manufacture technology; (2) informationprocessing, processing, transmission technology; (3) automatic control technology; (4) servo actuates the technology; (5) sensor technology; (6) software technology and so on. 1 numerical control tech nology trend of development Not only the numerical control technology application has brought the revolutionary change for the traditional manufacturing industry, causes the manufacturing industry to become the industrialization the symbol, moreover along with numerical control technology unceasi ng development and application domain expansion, he to national economy and the people's liveliho od some important professions (IT, automobile, light industry, medical service and so on) developme nt more and more vital role, because these professions must equip the digitization already was the modern development major tendency. The numerical control technology and the equipment developm ent tendency looked from the present world that, its main research hotspot has following several aspect [1~4]. 1.1 high speed, high precision work technology and equipm ent new tendency The efficiency, the quality are the advanced technique of manufacture main bodie s. High speed, the high precision work technology may enhance the efficiency enormously, enhances the product the quality and the scale, reduces the production cycle and sharpens the market compe tition ability. Lists as one of 5 great modern techniques of manufacture for this Japan Tip Technolo gy Research board it, the international production project learns (CIRP) its determination is one of 21st century central research directions. In the passenger vehicle industry domain, yearly produces 3 00,000 production metres was 40/s，moreover the multi-variety processing is one of key questions which the passenger vehicle equipment must solve; In the aviation and the astronavigation industry domain, its processing spare part many for the thin wall and the thin muscle, the rigidity is very b ad, material for aluminum or aluminum alloy, only then in the high cutting speed and the cutting f orce very small situation, can to these muscles, the wall carry on the processing. Recently uses the large-scale overall aluminum alloy semifin ished materials “pull out spatially” the method to make t he wing, the fuselage and so on the large-scale components substitutes many components through th e multitudinous rivets, the bolt and other joint way assembling, causes the component the intensity,the rigidity and the reliability obtains the enhancement. These all to processed the equipment to pro pose high speed, Gao Jing and the high flexible request. Unfolds from EMO2001 meets the situatio n to look that, processes the center feed rate to be possible high speed to reach 80m/min, even hig her, the aerial transport stroke speed may reach 100m/About min. At present in the world many aut omotive factories, including our country's Shanghai General Motors, already used by the high speed processing center composition production line part substitution aggregate machine-tool. American CI NCINNATI Corporation's HyperMach engine bed feed rate reaches 60m/most greatlymin, fast is 100 m/min, the acceleration reaches 2g, the main axle rotational speed has reached 60 000r/min. Process es a thin wall airplane part, only uses 30min, but the same components need 3h in the common hi gh speed milling machine processing, needs 8h in the plain milling machine processing; The Germa n DMG Corporation's double main axle lathe main axle speed and the acceleration respectively reac h 12*! 000r/mm 和1g。
升降横移立体车库英文文献原文
升降横移立体车库英文文献原文Status of the development of solid garageStereo garage is the storage which is used for automatic parking and scientific storage of kinds of automobile. As the quantity of urban automobile has increased continuously in nowadays ,the hard-to-park problem has become a common phenomenon. Mechanical stereo garage can use land resource sufficiently and bring space advantage into play and maximize the number of parking cars. It has become an important way for static traffic problem of cities. The issue studies the type mechanical parking system which named up-down and translation stereo garage, and regards of the two factors of manufacture and operational efficiency synthetically.On the basis of investigation on current situation and developing trend of garage in domestic and abroad, we choose three-layer and three-formulistic garage structure as the research model. According to the form of the dragging-forms of multi player up-down and translation ear-base, it is made of three pares -part of ear-base structure part of driving-framework and part of control system. The paper simply introduces main structure and characteristics of garage and also gives a short introduction to its control system. The finite element reliability checking of steel structure of garage is utilized according to theoperation principle of up-down and translation stereo garage, the mechanics was used to comprehensively analyze the up-down and translation stereo garage the mechanics was used to comprehensively analyze the up-down and translation stereo garage. Including intension of the framework structure axes etc. The paper adopted PLC as control system in designing the up-down and translation stereo garage, PLC software of OMRON company was used to weave the program of control system, through debugging running. The result proved that adopted PLC as control system is simple and easy to realize. The characteristic of stabilization ,credibility , speediness and high capability made the control system very perfection of mechanical parking systems-general safety requirement and the facts of the up-down and translation stereo garage the paper introduced some safety technique which was used in the up-down and translation stereo garage. This can ensure absolute safety for car and make the whole stereo garage safety and running smooth .On the base of the project "Optimal design of the mechanisms in the stereoscopic garage"，some mechanisms in the lift park garage has been designed optimally. At the first, we established the running mode and the structure of the mechanisms adapted to the running mode. And then, we chose the immobile comb as the parking space and the steel structure framework as support, the optimal design onthe two mechanisms was carried through. The optimal design on the immobile comb and the steel structure framework was carried through with augmented multipliers method. At the end, the result of the optimal design is that the immobile comb will be more reasonable and decreased the whole weight of the garage and the load of the steel structure framework, and the weight of the steel structure framework become more light.With the rapid development of shanghai ,the settlement of the difficult of parking of shanghai has already reached the very urgent stage. In the city center where every inch of land is precious ,especially the area which such vehicles as the hotel ,market ,shopping center location ,etc. Dr.eye.concentrate ,can only develop to the sky ,to underground ,so has built and already to a great deal of three-dimensional garage parking reached the essential stage ,at the same time there are many advantages too in the three-dimensional garage parking.First ,economize the space. Generally speaking ,its floor space is about 1/2~1/25 of the level parking area ,machinery type"three-dimensional" .The garage can both be installed with ground underground ,the greatest advantage can fully utilize the small area to develop to the high altitude, try one's best to store more vehicles ,the place that the land resource in short supply ,the vehicle is big in capacity to park in theway best. For example ,are most suitable for using "vertical circulation" on the limited residential quarter ground on the spacethree-dimensional garage of the type. 8 storey s of every groups of this kind of garage ,that is to say ,only parked the three-dimensional garage built up on the area of a car and park 8 cars originally.Second ,automation is controlled ,easy to use. Thethree-dimensional automatic degree of garage parking is very high ,can hoist or lower the rotatory type ,for example ,district residents come off duty and park ,so long as according to the number that the brass-wind instrument is corresponding with the parking stall ,this parking stall will be rotated and landed to the ground ,after the car owner parks the good vehicle ,and then according to the number ,the parking stall circles round and rises ,restored to the throne again. From a complete set and install the intellectual administrative system of the parking area after installing the large-scale underground parking of the three-dimensional garage ,go on one on duty to manage hour through professional staff member of technical training.Third ,three-dimensional garage build cost lower than the traditional parking area greatly. It is reported, the occupation of land and building cost in the traditional parking area is quite high. Do not generally get on very well ,ordinary each occupation of land in the parking stall ,about 15 square meters ,the floors ,the floor space of eachparking stall of underground parking is above 25 square meters at least on the ground. If use the three-dimensional garage parking, can park one group and 8 parking stalls of three-dimensional garage parking on the vacant lot of 30 square meters ,the average floor space of each parking stall is less than 4 square meters. In respect to building cost ,the house property developer of the district builds an underground parking stall to need to invest 60,000-80,000 yuan at present ,the construction cost of some top-grade underground parking stalls of office building is up to more than ten ten thousand yuan especially. If install thethree-dimensional garage ,is it increase parking stall is can cost stand thin to reach 50,000-60,000 yuan each construction of parking stall to try one's best in a situation that the area of space does not change.Fourth, it is safe and reliable and beautifying the environment. Allocate the automatic detection system, various kings of sage organizations, autoalarm , fire-fighting system and other stick precautions facility. The automobile will not damage , loses. Suit measures to local conditions, utilize fragmentary vacant lot , shape beautiful garage beyond mix ,beautify the urban environment.。
立体车库外语翻译
立体车库一、立体车库概述车辆无处停放的问题是城市的社会、经济、交通发展到一定程度产生的结果，立体停车设备的发展在国外，尤其在日本已有近30~40年的历史，无论在技术上还是在经验上均已获得了成功。
我国也于90年代初开始研究开发机械立体停车设备，距今已有十年的历程。
由于很多新建小区内住户与车位的配比为1:1，为了解决停车位占地面积与住户商用面积的矛盾，立体机械停车设备以其平均单车占地面积小的独特特性，已被广大用户接受。
机械车库与传统的自然地下车库相比，在许多方面都显示出优越性。
首先，机械车库具有突出的节地优势。
以往的地下车库由于要留出足够的行车通道，平均一辆车就要占据40平方米的面积，而如果采用双层机械车库，可使地面的使用率提高80％—90％，如果采用地上多层（21层）立体式车库的话，50平方米的土地面积上便可存放40辆车，这可以大大地节省有限的土地资源，并节省土建开发成本。
机械车库与地下车库相比可更加有效地保证人身和车辆的安全，人在车库内或车不停准位置，由电子控制的整个设备便不会运转。
应该说，机械车库从管理上可以做到彻底的人车分流。
在地下车库中采用机械存车，还可以免除采暖通风设施，因此，运行中的耗电量比工人管理的地下车库低得多。
机械车库一般不做成套系统，而是以单台集装而成。
这样可以充分发挥其用地少、可化整为零的优势，在住宅区的每个组团中或每栋楼下都可以随机设立机械停车楼。
这对眼下车库短缺的小区解决停车难的问题提供了方便条件。
目前，立体车库主要有以下几种形式：升降横移式、巷道堆垛式、垂直提升式、垂直循环式、箱型水平循环式、圆形水平循环式。
(一）升降横移式升降横移式立体车库采用模块化设计，每单元可设计成两层、三层、四层、五层、半地下等多种形式，车位数从几个到上百个。
此立体车库适用于地面及地下停车场，配置灵活，造价较低。
1. 产品特点：1) 节省占地，配置灵活，建设周期短。
2) 价格低，消防、外装修、土建地基等投资少。
基于欧姆龙可编程序控制器的6层立体车库设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
英文原文THE 6 LAYERS STEREO GARAGE DESIGN BASED ON OMRON PLCZhuoran Zhang Department of Electrical & Engineering Wuhan Polytechnic University Wuhan, China E-mail: Harry zzr@Zhe Mao, Hailing Wan Department of Electrical & Engineering Wuhan Polytechnic University Wuhan, China E-mail:maozhe998@ Abstract—with the development of the modern society, the number of the vehicles in these cities has been increasing with an exponential speed; especially the private cars, putting a great pressure on urban transportation and parking slot. This article is mainly concerned about the entire structure, running procedure and electrical system design including hardware and program design ideas for lifting-traversing stereo garage, which will not only shorten the developing period but also orient parking to centralization and automation direction; Owning some reference value.Keywords- Stereo Garage, Omron PLC, DesignInsufficient parking slots is resulted from the development of the cities, economy and transportation of the cities, the traditional garages are always making the use of the nature vacancy, in a community, the ratio between parking slots and residents is approximately 1:1, one parking slot for a family at least, in order to solve the contradiction that the parking slots using precious commercial land, the stereo mechanical garages with the advantage of the average parking slot takes of less area have been gradually in front of us. Compared with the traditional underground parking garage, the stereo garages have more advantages. First of all, the stereo garages can save more area. The traditional ways must be amassed driving path for vehicles, averagely, a car will take up 40m2 If we take multi-layers garage (6 layers) in to consideration, it is possible for 13 cars to park in the area of 50m2, which will save lots of land resources and land construction expenditure. Meanwhile, the stereo garage could guarantee the safety of the people and their cars. If there is anybody in the garage or the cars are not fully stopped, the system controlled by electrical equipment will not run either. It means that, in the scale of the management, the mechanical garage could separate the people and vehicles, which makes it more systematically. Especially for underground garages, install this kind of garage will save a large area of illumination system, so it is also emerge conservation and environment protection.Ⅰ.THE CLASSIFICATION AND IMPLEMENT BACKDROP OF THE STEREO GARAGEA.THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE STEREO GARAGEAccording to the present development of the stereo garage, the stereo garage is including lifting-traversing, roadway stacking, vertical lifting, vertical circulating, circle level circulation; The concept of the stereo garage is all from automatic logistic material transmitting system. [3]The purpose of the stereo garage is to solve the parking problem in developed cities, that is make use of limited area to park more vehicles so as to save land resources of the cities and manage thestatic transportation of the urban. This article gives out a way to design lifting-traversing stereo garage based on Omron PLC CP1H, which could extend to solve relevant projects.B. A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO LIFTING-TRAVERSING STEREO GARAGE.The modularization concept is imported in lifting-traversing stereo garage. It can be designed into two to five layers or half underground type, the number of the slot is from tens to hundreds. This kind of garage is suitable for both above ground and underground, the characteristics could be generalized as less occupation of land, simple structure, flexible configuration, lower cost in construction, decoration and fire protection and short period of construction; Safe and convenient for saving and taking cars; Smoothly operation, lower noise during running. [4]It is also appropriate for commercial, bureau and residential use. The safety equipment mainly is photoelectrical sensors, limiting displacement protector and emergency switch.C. THE ENTIRE FRAME OF THE SYSTEMAs the fig. l representing, besides the central controller PLC, the stereo garage system could be divided into three sections: I. Mechanical System; It includes column, beam, carrying board, vehicle frame, hooks and etc. II. Electrical System; this section is the core of this article, which controls the whole system to operate. III. Touching Panel; it is the port from which operators and the system exchanging messages, operators could not only operate the system, but also in the situation of the malfunction, it could let operator enter the manual or debugging mode.Figure 1. The structure of the system Figure 2. Touch Screen (Auto running and Manual) • THE MAIN HARDWARE OF THE SYSTEMWe mainly use the Omron PLC CPH1, on considering the control requirement and the cost, we adopting CP1HX40DR-A PLC, the programming ways are ladder diagram or ST instruction list. The instruction length is 1 to 7 steps per instruction, each I/O relays has 1600 ports, USB 1.1 for communication.The display part, we import screen of WEINVIEW MT6056i series, the screen material is TFT, 5.6 inches, and the resolution is 320x234, with USB2.0 port supporting downloading. The frequency of the CPU is 400 MHz, 128RAM.D.THE SYSTEM STR UCTURE AND FUNCTIONSThe mechanical parts cooperating with electrical system are carrying board, hooks and chains. There are 6 slots on each layer besides 7 slots on the top layer, totally 37 slots, the purpose for one slot empty on each layer is that making enough space for carrying board to move. The carrying boards of the first floor only design to traverse, also the top floor carrying boards are only supposed to lift. The other carrying boards among these floors are designed to life and traverse. In this way, this system could achieve the saving and taking from any slots among these 6 layers.In addition, this system has a touch screen system, which switches between auto run andmanual debugging mode. Under the auto run mode, it could select a certain slot to accomplish saving and taking behavior, at the same time, monitoring the operation of the system. (Green words "System Running" in auto mode without malfunction). When failure occurs, the system seized and on screen flashing yellow failure code with red backdrop, with the help of the failure code, the professional operator could recognize and eliminate the failures promptly and accurately. On considering more authorities are given in manual debugging mode, to preclude unprofessional persons enter the mode by chance, before enter the mode, there is a cipher verification, in which the sequence could be set by ourselves. This would protect the system from potential dangers.Figure 2 is the graph of system auto running, manual and debugging.Ⅱ. THE COMPOSURE OF THE ELECTRICAL SYSTEMA. STRONG ELECTRICITY SYSTEMThe strong power system includes power supply, protection and driving mechanism, here is electronic motors. Installing XJ3-D on the forepart of the power supply wire, which is used to protect phase sequence of the three-phase voltage, so that guarantee the right rotation of the motors. Moreover, the motors on some layers use the same three-phase voltage.B.THE SET OF THE MOTORSThere are 6 traversing motors on the first layer, 6 traversing motors for 2 to 5 layers each, and so it is with lifting motors for 2 to 5 layers. The top layers have only 7 lifting motors. After setting the motors, mark every motor. For example, the motor driving the third slot of the second layer, we mark it with "23", the relay before the motor are named KM23. Here series connect all the motors' thermal protection, any motor's problem will stop the system. In this way, it has no influence on the stability of the system, but lowers the cost. At the same time, make it easier to find the problems. (What we need to do is press the thermal protection switch one by one).C .WEAK POWER SYSTEMThe weak power system is also the control system, which are mainly the PLC mode and its 5 extended modules, also the sensors. As the figure below, on the right is the input part, DC 24V, on the left, is the output section, AC 220V, to connect with contactors and drive them. These device's functions have close relationships with the entire system's control requirements. On the above of the graph, the protection equipment are emergency switch, installed beside the touching panel, emergency only, trigger it, the system stops; Front and back photoelectrical sensors, which are used to detect people or unidentified objects breaking into the system, if this happens, the system would stop then response with photoelectrical failure, the goal is to protect the people and the vehicles. The phase sequence protection has been illustrated before; Over current protection normally activated under the motor stuck; All the margin switches series connected, cult the main power when any carrying board exceed the limiting position.Limit switches including up ones and down ones or left and right limit switches. In order to achieve the controlling requirements, the level limit switches are installed on the both side of the each slot frame, while the vertical limit switches are installed on the chain which attached to the motor. It is necessary to point out that the first layer only installed down and left right limit switches, the top layer only installed up switches these switches could sense the position of thecarrying boards, helping to finish the lifting and traversing control; Hook position sensors is to fix the vehicles and sense the slot empty or not.The output points"00 04 05 06 07" are to select different phase for each layer, so control the motors' rotation ways.Figure 3. PLC Modules (Segment)There are other 4 extended modules, which only give more I/O ports to the system, similar to this main part.Ⅲ. OPERATION PROCEDUREA. TAKING PROCEDUREAs far as the first layer concerned, it is only designed to traverse, so as to make space to upper layer's carrying boards to move downward. So do the other layers, which are designed to traverse. When traversing meet the requirements, lifting mechanism will run to put the carrying board down, finishing the saving and taking procedure. During the procedure the photoelectrical sensors are open and will behave as fore part has explained. In figure 2A, is the taking condition, at this time "Loading" will flash until the taking procedure finishes.When we enter "51", the system will distinguish whether the operation is a taking or a saving according to the hook of the 51 slot. Then prints the message responded to the state of the hook on the screen, the operator could confirm the operation or cancel it. On confirming, the 51 carrying board will wait for its downward boards to finish the traversing move then moving down. Inaddition, a timer is added to this control module in order to preclude level limit switches malfunction, resulting into the traversing move time up. If the time for traversing move exceeds the set time, the system will warn the operator "traversing move time up" which displays on the screen, the operator could check out the failure. The up limit switches are used to sense whether the carrying boards are stopped at their routine slots, which the level switches can't finish. Maybe one carrying board stuck between two layers. Only do all the upper layers' carrying boards stop at their routine slots, the selected carrying board's lifting move is activated. A timer is also set into the lifting control, with the same function as traversing timer. The elevator carries the vehicle down to the ground, release the hook, now the photoelectrical signal shut down, and waiting for the owners to take their vehicle. On driving away the vehicle and operator's confirming the photoelectrical signal resumes, the carrying board back to its slot from the down way.Figure 4. The flowchart of the taking and saving procedureB. SAVING PROCEDUREThe saving process is based on taking procedure, so they are familiar; the only difference is the hook move.Ⅳ. SOFTWARE PROGRAMMING AND PROGRAMMING ENVIRONMENTA.SOFTWARE PROGRAMMING ENVIRONMENT AND ITS LANGUAGEIn this system, we choose Omron CX-ONE 3.0 to program the PLC. The language for programming is classic ladder diagram. On considering the stereo garages are installed in different condition and requirement of different users, the scale of the stereo garages should be flexible, for example different layers or slots. In order to meet the different scales requirements, the program is modularized, only need to change the I/O ports, the logical relations in the ladder diagram are fixed. In this way, it is not only with highly compatibility but also shortens the period to develop relevant designs and make it easier to debugging and repair.B.MODULARIZED PROGRAMConditional jumps are widely used in the programming; the entire program consists of different modules, on certain conditions, the program jumps.As illustrated before, there are only two movements for a carrying board, lifting or traversing, beside the boards of first and top layers. The condition for the fifth could traverse is all the upper layers slots' up limiting switches closed. Then "Traverse OK" is activated, and then the program will make analysis of the operation until meet set conditions, the program jumps. For the lifting movements are always with the downward movements, so program the downward standards, the system will run. The entire program is programmed with this method, above the passage, is only a traversing OK and vertical move OK module. Similarly, modules of a fixed slot, for example slot "21". "21 Traversing Move", "21 Vertical Move"; for whole system, "Emergency Stop and Protection", "Button Select", "System Monitor" and "Debugging" modules, which cooperate with each other to accomplish the control and monitor.Figure 5. Monitoring and Display module (Segment)Fig. 5 is the segment program of the monitoring module, all the motors' protection series connected, so are the phase sequence protection and margin switches. Any of them change; PLC will transfer messages to the screen, which displays. Meanwhile, cults off the main KM, the system stops.Ⅵ.A BRIEF SUMMARYThis paper introduces lift shifting type six floors of three-dimensional garage design methodbased on Omron CP1HX40DR-A controller, completing the requirements of three-dimensional garage for city vehicle management toward the direction of automation and centralization. This design can be used to restore occupied pavement, reduce preempting, and ensure safety, in addition that it could reduce traffic congestion time, reducing the injury. On this basis, the problem has been thoroughly eliminated, including various vehicles disorderly stopping and parting in disorder, and the appearance of parking places with dirty, disorderly and poor, thus protecting vehicles away from lost, being damaged and stolen. Finally, the road is giving back to the vehicles and pedestrians, the lawn to the green space, the environment of the neat civilization life to the modern metropolis.The development cycle has been greatly shortened, based on the design about three-dimensional garage design of PLC controller. This is also a kind of inevitable of the electrification, digital and automation advancement. The thoughts and methods of this design can be applied to other scale garage and relevant problems of design.REFERENCES[1] [1] Huo Gang. Application and programmer of the CP1HPLC. China Machine Press [M], 2009.1[2] [2] Omron Power program. Omron Corporation (China), 2008[3] [3] BoSen Ren.General situation of Chinese mechanical parking equipment. Celebrated manufacturers of parking equipment and peripherals directory [J] :PP5-7[4] [4] Lekang Yu Dongxiao Zuo.The development of mechanical parking. [J] Technology and management of construction machinery. 1999 1:PP 30-32[5] [5] Fuen Zhang … Younai Wu.Principle … design … set up and maintenance of AC variable speed elevator. [M] China Machine Press 1999中文译文基于欧姆龙可编程序控制器的6层立体车库设计Zhuoran Zhang 电气工程武汉理工大学武汉，中国电子邮件：Harry zzr@Zhe Mao, Hailing Wan 电气工程武汉理工大学武汉，中国电子邮件：maozhe998@摘要：随着现代社会的快速发展，许多城市的车辆数量正在一直以指数的速度快速增加，特别是私家车。
立体停车库国外文献
Multi-lifting and transferring parking control systemAbstract: Describes a multi-storey parking lifting and transferring the operation principle and structure characteristics, describes the composition of the control system, PLC control of the implementation and control software design, implementation of the automatic parking controlCurrent common mechanical parking there lifting and transferring, vertical circular, multi-layer circular, horizontal circular, flat mobile, laneway, vertical lifting type and 8 simple movements, lifting and transferring them Class of its simple structure, easy operation, safe and reliable, and low cost advantages of market share in the domestic garage 83% market share. Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) set of computer technology, automation technology, communication technology as a whole, reliability, cost-effective, compact design, good scalability, easy to operate, so the automatic parking system, usually as an electronic control core. For larger systems, can also use the industrial field bus (Profibus or Devicenet) constitute the PLC network, and automatic control. Structural features: pan bottom only, top only lift, but also lifting the middle layer can shift. In addition to the top, the middle layer and the bottom have to be an empty parking spaces reserved for use in and out of vehicle movements. When the bottom and out of car parking spaces, no other carrier can move directly out of car; the middle layer, top and out of car, one should first determine whether the location corresponding to the bottom of the empty, not empty pan to make the appropriate treatment, until the bottom can be conducted for the empty car moves down and out, up and out of cars and then back to the original position. General principles of motion are: lifting reset, translation is not reset. Figure 1 is a 3x3 sport lifting and transferring parking schematic. Underground layout, semi-ground structure of semi-underground garage layout is similar.1 garage operation principle of lifting and transferringLifting and transferring parking spaces for 2-dimensional matrix structure can be designed for multi-layer, multi-column. Closed chain devices and due to time constraints and out of cars, usually 2 to 4 layers (the state of up to 4 layers) to 2, 3 layer in the majority, according to the number of parking garage the size of the decision. Garage located on the ground, can also be located in the ground, or half of the set in half in the ground floor. The specifications of steel frames at a certain combination of sub-grid unit can be vertically extended, sub-centralized control, but also horizontally parallel, sub-row alone control. Combination of different forms of the garage layout can be adapted to the needs of different site conditions, configuration is very flexible. Is a typical garage floor 3x3 lifting and transferring to illustrate the operation principle of the garage.Lifting and transferring parking generated by the shift tray vertical channel, to achieve high-level access to vehicles, parking lift, all the logical process control by PLC. Layout of the lifting and above ground parking structure features: the bottom can only pan, lifting the top only, but also lifting the middlelayer can shift. In addition to the top, the middle layer and the bottom must be an empty parking spaces reserved for use in and out of vehicle movements. When the bottom and out of car parking spaces, no other carrier can move directly out of car; the middle layer, top and out of car, one should first determine whether the location corresponding to the bottom of the empty, not empty pan to make the appropriate treatment, until the bottom can be conducted for the empty car moves down and out, up and out of cars and then back to the original position. General principles of motion are: lifting reset, translation is not reset.2 parking control system design2.1 The composition of the control systemParking control system with a computer monitoring system and lower machine PLC control system, the system block diagram in Figure 2. Monitoring system consists of "superior machine or network bus (optional) + PC + PLC ten on-site operator" constitutes, to the core PC, equipped with printers, audio equipment, cash registers, monitors and so on. Higher bus control machine or network, the operation, touch screen, IC card, magnetic card machines are optional parts for the further development of content, according to the actual situation in the garage size and reasonable choice. For example, modular garage more than 3x3, we can use a garage of a PLC control unit PLC together constitute more than the structure of local area network. If the size of the garage is large enough, you can also consider the equipment operation, touch screen and the IC card, magnetic card machine intelligent automatic control.Garage is divided into three control - manual, semi-automatic and fully automatic. Manual operator in the field by hand to jog each pallet control; semi-automatic PLC control panel for operating the buttons automatically by the PLC logic control; automatic access to the command given by the computer implementation of the PLC (with the requirements of "operator"). Mainly used for maintenance of manually debugging or exception handling, is the highest priority; semi-automatic or automatic mode for normal processing and out of vehicles, including semi-automatic mode takes precedence over automatic. In the case of the computer offline, PLC control panel to complete all the access to truck operators.2.2 PLC control system designPLC control system is the core of the garage, its operation can be divided into three categories: (1) diagnosis and treatment based operation; (2) Contact data on the state vo-site operation; (3) the implementation of programs and services and external users equipment, command operations. When the access operation, PLC receive and analyze the operator in the control panel button (or PC) input instructions, the IPC to make reasonable arrangements: to determine the status of detection devices, mechanical drive part of the garage read the information, feedback to the implementation of components, drag parking board to achieve its position of movement, access to complete vehicle operation and signal display (LED). The action area with light, power detectionand multiple safety systems to prevent exceptions from happening. By photoelectric detection, hardware and software signal interlocking, limit, anti-fall protection, overload protection device to ensure the security of the system running smoothly.The completion of the main PLC system tray, pallet location and operating status of the detection and access to vehicle operation. With a variety of optical switches, limit switch detection position of the state, with the contactor, relay control drag from the motor stops.That control the operation of the parking spaces sliding down a small motor and large motor, so that they achieve reversing at different times. And lift the upper layers of the sliding action and the following actions must be interlocked, that is, when the upper berth down, the following layers of berths can not be moved, and vice versa. And the upper berth only one berth for each lifting movement up and down.In order to ensure reliable and secure access to vehicles, the system should be precise positioning. Limit switch can be set to ensure that the pallet and the pallet level to the desired location to move up or down to the exact location, but to strictly limit switch interlock logic. For example, 1, 2 level limit switch in the static case, only one is broken, if the switch is closed more than 2 means that the pallet is not in place. Still in the garage, all should be fixed pallet off the hook signal (negative logic), limit switches off Layer 2 and 3 layer limit position switch is closed.To ensure the operation of loading the safety board, the insurance must be taken to drive the design and safety self-locking linked insurance design: chain drive with brake motor, no matter what happens, are in a state of self-protection; control security linked to the solenoid action must have a feedback signal, can be used to indicate whether the link has hung the tray. Photoelectric switches arranged in different positions have different functions: the bottom of the tray installed around two sides of the photoelectric switch detects whether the tray in place on the car park; placed in the tray on the diagonal of the photoelectric switch detects whether the car on a pallet; installed in parking the vehicle population of about 2 at the side of the optical switch can also be used to detect movement and parking spaces outside the errors that occur when moving abnormal situation. In case the vehicle is not well arranged, the action area are people or things, like running a car entered in unexpected circumstances such as optical switches light is cover, will give a level change in PLC signal, thus changing the PLC's input, buzzer long tone and the alarm device does not run or stop running.Also used in the garage of some sensors, smoke temperature sensor to detect the alarm off Sheng Songsheng or broken chain displacement sensors, and warning devices, emergency stop switch, the manual button, reset switch.2.3 PLC control system programming(1) control program flow chartThe vehicle control system access only to the upper (2,3, 4-layer) parkingspaces, and for the lower parking spaces, access can be opened directly into the car. Control software using the ladder language. Program flow shown in Figure 4, a description is to rely on the tray with rope or chain hanging points on the tray hanging bracket, in the stationary state, fall protection (security) hooks to hook the tray, the tray to fall, must be first increased to the highest point, remove the safety hook can be decreased.And out of different layers in the design process was used for the car, "convergence of parallel branch and" technique, the so-called parallel branches of each branch of the process refers to the simultaneous implementation of all actions to be after the end of the process, according to the corresponding execution condition, the convergence state action. Ie If you select Layer 3 tray out of vehicles, can make the floor while the second floor pan (left or right), so the system can automatically control the sequence of movement between processing equipment interlock or double output, and test control system convenient operation and fault checking can save a lot of time and improve efficiency.(2) control program optimizationBecause the movements of the upper tray to empty parking spaces to the lower before it can be to 3 floors above ground parking spaces movement, for example, a layer of empty parking spaces there are N kinds of positions, 2 layer tray down the movements of a related species N2, 3 tier tray The movement pattern may have N3 species, along with parking spaces and increase, the sharp expansion of the program will, therefore, how to find the easy way to make the program will be optimized programming of the system difficult. To layer 2, for example, stored in the variable knife overcast layer 2 needs to access the parking spaces, 1 of a N, such as the upper X (1 ≤ X ≤ N) No parking access, then Dm = X; in Dn in No storage of the lower air spaces, such as parking space number Y, then Dn = Y; making access to the vehicles, the Dm and Dn values in comparison, the result is zero, the upper spaces of the tray can move down; If the result is greater than zero, then the first empty parking spaces on the right to move the first one pallet space on the left, then repeat the process until the empty parking spaces in the upper below the required access, the parking spaces on the upper tray to the lifting movement . Process of optimizing the structure shown in Figure 5.3 access layer and 4 layers approach the car and 2 layers similar.(3) modular programmingPLC programming control program is modular forms, parking only during the operation of subroutine modules, which greatly reduces the complexity of the program to facilitate the process of change, and the expansion of parking spaces provided for the convenience. The entire process including the main program module, manual key subroutine modules, emergency stop button subroutine modules, initialization program modules, program modules to access the assignment number of parking spaces, parking space number and mobile number of parking spaces assigned program modules, programmodules tray translational motion , photoelectric switch subroutine modules, pallet lifting exercise program modules and the fault alarm subroutine modules.(4) software design in the treatment of several key issuesProgram with the state components, timers, and data memory are used with power-down protection components, power down when the system components to maintain the status before power off to save the site information, to be completed after power is interrupted to the action; when Accident occurs, press the emergency stop button to abort the operation of the system and save the scene breakpoint information; when there is an electrical or mechanical failure, such as motor overload, overheating the automatic stay system operation, concurrent sound and light alarm, and the system transferred Manually for troubleshooting.3 ConclusionLifting and transferring parking control system using PLC control, so that the whole control system reliability greatly improved, especially when the series more parking spaces, they can realize the automatic allocation of parking spaces to meet the garage control functions and performance requirements, complete achieve automatic control and out of the car. Design optimization software, the expansion makes the system more convenient parking spaces; the same time, the software design uses a "parallel branching and merging" skills, greatly reducing the time and out of cars and improve work efficiency. If the second development, increase communication module can be achieved only with the host computer communication, modern management by computer.。
停车场设计外文翻译整理版
Parking Structures Functional DesignGreg ForceParking Structures:Recommended Practice for Design and Construction, Chapter 2, Parking Structures Functional Design. The United States of America:PCI committee on parking structures. Page 1～6.停车场结构功能设计格雷格力停车场结构的设计和施工建议做法，第2章，停车场结构功能设计。
美国：停车场结构PCI委员会。
1～6页。
2 停车场功能设计2.1 介绍本章概述了多层停车场的许多非结构性方面的设计。
停车场对于车辆的行驶、存取和行人的出行来说是种独特的交通设施，这种特性在车辆与行人的交流发生在相对密封的停车空间里时显得尤为突出。
由于这种独特性，停车设计专业方面的相关咨询已不断发展。
对于停车场细节的完整性以及工程的完成质量，项目所有人或开发商能留住一个合格的停车场顾问是非常重要的。
功能设计包括车辆和行人流通的开发以及停车位的布局。
这其中也包含了操作的和安全功能的设计。
对于自助型的停车场功能设计包括：停车场类型循环系统安全防护街道出入口设计车位配置照明收费控制／操作系统行人流通图形与标牌2.1.1停车场类型2.1.1.1操作类型两种普遍的停车场包括服务型和自助型。
在服务型停车场里，车主将车辆停放在入口处，由服务人员泊车。
当车主返回取车时，服务人员检索找到车辆并驾驶到出口处交给车主。
服务型停车场通常凭借堆叠停放来最大化停车数量（图2-1）。
这种停车场通常位于地价高昂的大城市。
如今，在北美最常见的是自助型停车场，车主自行存取车辆（图2-2）。
本章只讨论自助型停车场的功能设计方法。
2.1.1.2建筑规范类型建筑模型规范通常将停车场分为两类：开放式停车场和停车库。
智能停车场中英文对照外文翻译文献
智能停车场中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)智能停车场最近几年来汽车的动态平衡与静态管理已成为许多专家学者重点研究的新课题。
智能停车场系统为了保证车辆安全和交通方便，迫切需要采用自动化程度高、方便快捷的停车场自动管理系统，提高停车场管理水平。
现阶段的目标就是要提供满足人们工作、生活、娱乐环境更科学、规范、有效快捷、安全、方便的智能停车场自动管理系统。
停车场管理系统正在向大型化、复杂化、集成化和高科技化方向发展，智能停车场系统已经被纳入智能建筑的一个重要子系统，并且正与智能建筑的其它子系统进一步高度集成。
智能停车场管理系统采用先进技术和高度自动化的机电设备，将机械、电子计算机和自控设备以及智能IC卡技术有机地结合起来，通过电脑管理可实现车辆出入管理、自动存储数据等功能，实现脱机运行并提供—种高效管理服务的系统。
新型的智能停车场将生活理念和建筑艺术、信息技术、计算机电子技术等现代高科技完美结合，提供的是一种操作简单、使用方便、功能先进的人性化系统。
它依靠高科技，以人为本，采用图形人机界面操作方式，提供一种更加安全、舒适、方便、快捷和开放的智能化、信息化生活空间，促进了人文环境的健康发展。
1 目前国内外停车场主要有以下几种类型1．1 机械式停车场机械式停车场是国内停车场主要的一种，机械式停车场是指停车场完全由机械停车设备如曳引驱动机、导向轮、载车板、横移装置、控制柜、召唤操作盘、升降回转装置、搬运器等构成。
分为升降横移类、垂直循环类、水平循环类、多层循环类、平面移动类、垂直升降类、简单升降类等类型。
因其停车方式多样独特，具有很强的应用性。
它的主要优点有占地面积小，选型多样、可具体结合场地特点设计，也可与其他方式相结合来实施，自动化程度高，操作使用方便，管理和维护也较为容易，具有定量存车的特点。
1．2 平面停车场系统智能停车场系统平面停车场系统因其主要采取感应式IC卡读卡方式，所以也叫感应式停车场系统。
立体仓库中英文对照外文翻译文献
立体仓库中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)由一个单一的存储/检索机服务的多巷道自动化立体仓库存在的拣选分拣问题摘要随着现代化科技的发展，仓库式存储系统在设计与运行方面出现了巨大的改革。
自动化立体仓库（AS / RS）嵌入计算机驱动正变得越来越普遍。
由于AS / RS 使用的增加对计算机控制的需要与支持也在提高。
这项研究解决了在多巷道立体仓库的拣选问题，在这种存储/检索（S / R）操作中，每种货物可以在多个存储位置被寻址到。
提出运算方法的目标是，通过S/R系统拣选货物来最大限度的减少行程时间。
我们开发的遗传式和启发式算法，以及通过比较从大量的问题中得到一个最佳的解决方案。
关键词：自动化立体仓库，AS / RS系统，拣选，遗传算法。
1.言在现今的生产环境中，库存等级保持低于过去。
那是因为这种较小的存储系统不仅降低库存量还增加了拣选货物的速度。
自动化立体仓库（AS / RS），一方面通过提供快速响应，来达到高操作效率；另一方面它还有助于运作方面的系统响应时间，减少的拣选完成的总行程时间。
因此，它常被用于制造业、储存仓库和分配设备等行业中。
拣选是仓库检索功能的基本组成部分。
它的主要目的是，在预先指定的地点中选择适当数量的货物以满足客户拣选要求。
虽然拣选操作仅仅是物体在仓储中装卸操作之一，但它却是“最耗时间和花费最大的仓储功能。
许多情形下，仓储盈利的高低就在于是否能将拣选操作运行处理好”。
（Bozer和White）Ratliff和Rosenthal，他们关于自动化立体仓库系统（AS/RS）的拣选问题进行的研究，发明了基图算法，在阶梯式布局中选取最短的访问路径。
Roodbergen 和de Koster 拓展了Ratliff 和Rosenthal算法。
他们认为，在平行巷道拣选问题上，应该穿越巷道末端和中间端进行拣选，就此他们发明了一种动态的规划算法解决这问题。
就此Van den Berg 和Gademann发明了一种运输模型(TP)，它是对于指定的存储和卸载进行测算的仪器。
立体车库自动控制系统设计--中英文翻译
Parking control systemsThe iti:tinstrea m ct mtidem large-scale cunsii‘u c tion of intelligent bu i Jcl ings and district, so automation equipment or parking garage will the intelligent bu i l di rig control system and an integral parr of the plot. Simple, rapid, con venient, safe and reliable, l css maintcnancc, provide uscrs with a safe, easy to use environment, which is automated parking equipment, basic characteristics. Parking facilities foi all operating conditions. vehicle parking time, vehicle storagc Paying situation. garage storage capacity, vehicles, sioiage o:I high and low peak condition. and other in i o i Citation can be transmitted to the intel ligen i net vvt›i k control center. c‹›ntr‹›l center operations through the intelligent processing , anal the broadcasting system and the division management u i l ice linked to earl y i e lease related to the cone ml, management information, which all intelligent management. Intelligent biiil dings and district through the control center can also be associated with social netwoi kin g functions, will collect the information rclcascd or comc out to expand thc garagc ot social efficiency and economic benefits. This will be the development direction of automated garage.Automated parking control system mnin l y consists of the following tive subsystems: automatic chittging man iigeroeni system, automatic vehicle access system, remote diagnosis system. automatic aiitoinat ie barrier, monitoring security systems.management can be planned form, publish garage storage capacity, ii affic control prugritm.1. A utomatic charging management systcmAutomatic toll collection by non—contact IC card. IC Card points of two 1ong-lcn i card and sf orcd-va1uc card. The user, issue long-tcrm card use t‹z cs can be paid mannpemeni fees to pay.2, Aiiit›mali c access to vehicle systemsCnr access system, generally by the MCU control, including the card tin rnber rind。
智能停车场设计研究外文文献翻译
毕业设计附件外文文献翻译：原文+译文文献出处：SV Srikanth. The research of intelligent parking lot design[J], Intelligent Transportation Systems Magazine, IEEE, 2016: 48-57.原文The research of intelligent parking lot designSV SrikanthAbstractCars have brought a lot of convenience, and also brought a lot of inconvenience to people, many cities in the "parking" problem. The traditional manual management of the parking lot has not meet the actual demand, exist in most traditional parking fee management confusion, the overall operation efficiency is low. Therefore, efficient, safe and reasonable management, quick and convenient intelligent parking lot management system has become many large comprehensive buildings and necessary facilities in residential area. Intelligent parking lot has become a hot research topic in the intelligent building technology. Most of many senior residential district of the city, shopping malls, entertainment, hotel, units parked car number is more, such as the emergence of a high degree of automation intelligent parking lot management system, not only effectively resolve disorderly parking place caused traffic chaos, but also can promote the regularized development of traffic facilities, in addition, the commuting time of large amount of car, parking efficiency is low, brought inconvenience to the owner. Intelligent parking lot to embolden manage system is the use of advanced technology and highly automated mechanical and electrical equipment, and connecting with the user's demand to the management of charging on parking lot, and traffic management experience and development of the system. System provides an efficient way of management, to provide users with more convenient, more efficient service.Keywords: intelligent parking lot; RS485; Ethernet1 IntroductionSince entering the 21st century, the development of the society as a whole to promote the improvement of the people's living standard, therefore, in the city of private cars gradually became the most household items. After the purchase of vehicles, people in the travel convenience at the same time, also need to be the problem of parking difficulty, even in formal parking lot, also often can't reasonable, effective management and use of limited parking Spaces. Therefore, parking lot intellectualized management became practical to improve the efficiency of parking research subject. In fact, with the sharp increase in vehicles, parking? A corresponding increase in the number of, car park management cost of manpower and material resources is increasingly expensive, it also become the intelligent parking lot management outside the brother of one reason. As a result, the intelligent parking lot management style has become the trend of social development. Due to the subject can effectively improve the efficiency of vehicle management and improve the safety coefficient of the parking lot, so also can reflect its high practical application value.2 Intelligent parking lot management system designs2.1 Intelligent parking lot was compared with the traditional parking lotTraditional parking lot management system completely free operating by management personnel, management personnel of the most concern is the parking the car in and out of the parking lot of the time, so that the charging, and because the human problems, there is also less charge, leakage phenomenon, efficiency and security of the parking lot and consider less.Aimed at the lack of these aspects of the traditional parking lot, this paper puts forward the intelligent parking lot management system, vehicle in and out of the system can through the automatic identification of related technologies, and related to the vehicle information was saved in the system, such as the number of vehicles in and out of the parking lot, every car into the playing time for billing, fees, etc. At the same time to avoid the less charge, leakage problem. To improve the running efficiency of the parking lot. Intelligent parking lot management system operation process is as follows: when the car into the parking lot, system start the camera and intake of vehicle image, after computer processing to getthe vehicle type, size, license plate, color and other information, the information with that of the card only to the user and deposited in the database. When vehicles leave the parking lot, the user card is consistent with the license plate number or vehicle images and related information to release. The system is to adopt "a car one card" management model, namely from vehicles into the parking lot has to leave the parking lot, related to the car all the data associated with the ID number of the card, through the only? ID number, we can be the user information, vehicle type, license plate, color, image, vehicles into the playing time, stop time, should be paid with unified information in the database, such as easy to Chad and storage.2.2 The composition of the intelligent parking lot management systemIntelligent parking lot management system consists of a data processing system, the entry control system, vehicle equipment system, user management system; export control system of five parts. Relevant data of each system should be treated by a data processing system. Entrance control system include: access card reader antenna, gateway machine, automatic gate entrances camera, vehicle detector, transceiver card system; Vehicle equipment systems including parking space detection module and LED display in Chinese; User management system including user management and billing charges. Electronic tags: using RFID technology, for each car into the parking lot, the electronic label can be combined with the existing wireless card or RFID handset, stored with the vehicle model, plates, color information, etc., at the same time, the realization of automatic management of consumption.Entrance card reader antenna: rf signal transmission between the device and reading and writing labels. Inward and outward automatic alarm machine, automatic alarm and automatic machines have induction and button control a variety of ways, with functions of sensing detecting anti hit, main function is to motor vehicles in and out management. Under normal circumstances, the gate rail down, the door closed, a ban on vehicle access. When legal vehicles into the controller on the open ring alarm relay control lift rail of the crane, vehicle to allow access. Brake down after the vehicle automatic reset, such as road, is in the process of the traffic through, will stop falling back, in case you hit a car. Quick way between installed in the entrance to aparking lot, distance control machine 3 m or so. By the box body, motor, clutch, mechanical transmission parts, between rods, such as electronic control parts. Inward and outward camera: the camera in and out of the parking lot, vehicles, intake of related processing image through system.Vehicle detector: this detector is surrounded by a group of induction coil and current digital circuit board, and the alarm or control machine, coil respectively to make sweet in the park underground 20 cm, as long as there is traffic on the road, the coil will generate induced current signal, after dealing with the vehicle detector to control the machine or alarm signal control, generally speaking, the import and export with two vehicle detector, the alarm pole in front of the detector is lost to the working state of the host signal.3 The relevant technology of the intelligent parking lotAccording to the actual needs of this paper the design of the intelligent parking lot, this paper adopted ZigBee technology as intelligent parking lot of the wireless communication technology. This chapter makes a brief introduction of ZigBee technology and its agreement, and put forward mainly CC2530 chip controller hardware module design, Z - Stack is analyzed the working process of the protocol Stack, implements the communication system of license plate number, state of parking space and lighting information such as packaging and send. Close range wireless communication technology was first used in industrial production, however, as the daily communication requirements continue to increase, especially in recent years, a variety of the huge popularity of digital communication equipment, represented by the Bluetooth and wi-fi at close range wireless communication technology is also began to enter the ordinary people every aspect of life. It is generally believed that close range wireless communication of information is a way to send and receive radio waves, and send and receive the two sides apart at close range (generally think that ina few meters).3.1 The infrared transmission techniqueCould say that, in all of these close range wireless communication technology, the use of infrared transmission technology history is most long, is also the mostwidely used. In ordinary daily life, we often can see there is the case of using the infrared transmission technique, the more common is a TV set, and the remote control of air conditioning, etc.Because use analog signal transmission, almost no other similar signal on its interference, thus the transmission stability is better. And now the development of the technology is very developed, the price is cheaper also. Due to the infrared transmission point-to-point transmission characteristics of direct connection, its security is also high. But the technology is also there is a short transmission distance, high requirements for communication Angle, can't penetrate obstacles such as defects.3.2 Bluetooth technologyEricsson first proposed the Bluetooth technology, and then set up the Bluetooth technology alliance specification its technical standards. Were identified in 1999 put forward the technical standard of 2.4 GHz as its working frequency, and began the business promotion. Compared with was very widely used infrared technology, Bluetooth technology adopted different from mouth to mouth way of transmission, and the relative speed has improved a lot. Sold on the market at present most is the Bluetooth device using version 2.0, along with the rising of wireless transmission, Bluetooth technology is also constantly updated, the latest Bluetooth version 4.0, the main technique is characterized by high speed and low power consumption.3.3 ZigBee technologyZigBee protocol is set by the ZigBee alliance, the first official version of the agreements are released in 2004.The main characteristics of this technology is low cost, less power consumption, the number of nodes, network topology diversity, simple structure and high safety. At present the technology mainly used in the digital home, building automation, industrial and agricultural automatic control, intelligent transportation, health care and remote monitoring of the environment and disaster areas.3.4 The wi-fi technologyWi-fi is Wireless Fidelity short for Wireless Fidelity ().It is called the IEEE 802.11 standard, b is the wi-fi alliance manufacturers as a brand product certificationtrademark. The wi-fi technology has a very wide range of applications, in addition to the daily life can see laptops, tablets and smart phones and other equipment through the connected wi-fi Internet conveniently, some airports and stations, many hotels, restaurants and schools and even more developed cities also often provide wi-fi hotspots, to facilitate the users.3.5 UWB technologyUWB is Ultra - wideband (UWB), the main characteristics of this technology is low power consumption and high speed transmission. It uniquely adopted the pulse signal as a way to transfer data.UWB already has more than 50 years of history, was first used in military field, but was not published until 2002, the United States, the technology and its application in commercial field.UWB technology characteristics of high-speed transmission, determines it is particularly suited to be used to transmit large capacity of multimedia data such as had video. The characteristics of the wireless transmission can also help the original electronic equipment cable transmission mode between upgrade for the wireless transmission mode, make their connection between all kinds of smart devices become more convenient and flexible, the future may result in the "smart home", "digital office", etc. To get more extensive application in the scene.译文智能停车场设计研究SV Srikanth摘要汽车给人们的交通生活带来了很多方便之处，也给人们带来了许多不便，很多城市出现了“停车难”问题。
立体车库外文-Three-dimensional garage
译文原文题目：Three-dimensional garage 译文题目：立体车库学院：电子信息学院专业班级：测控技术与仪器09级2班学生姓名：学号：原文：Three-dimensional garage1.A three-dimensional outlines garage ：Vehicles parked nowhere is the problem of the urban social, economic and transport development to a certain extent the result, Garage Equipment development in foreign countries, especially in Japan nearly 30-40 years. whether technically or in terms of experience had been a success. China is also in the beginning of the 1990s developed mechanical parking equipment, which was 10 years in the past. As many new households within the district and the parking ratio of 1:1. To address the size of parking spaces for tenants and business areas contradictions 3D mechanical parking equipment with an average size of a small motorcycle's unique characteristics, the majority of users have been accepted. Machinery garage with the traditional natural underground garage, in many respects to demonstrate its superiority. First, the mechanical garage with a prominent section of superiority. Past due to the underground garage must elapse enough lanes, the average car will occupy an area of 40 square meters, If the use of double-mechanical garage, which would enable ground to improve the utilization rate of around 80% to 90%, If using ground multi-storey (21 storeys), three-dimensional garage, 50 square meters of land area will be placed on the 40 cars, which can greatly save the limited land resources, Civil and save development costs.Mechanical garage and underground garage can be more effective than to ensure personal and vehicle safety in the garage or car kept prospective location, the entire electronic control equipment would not operate. It should be said that the mechanical garage from the management can do a thorough separation of people and vehicles.In the underground garage using mechanical parking, but also can remove the heating, ventilation, therefore, Operation of the power consumption than workers in the management of underground garage is much lower. Machinery sets are usually not in the garage, but a single from the packaging. This will give full play to its smallspace, the advantages of decentralized, Each of the residential areas or groups downstairs to make a complete circuit can be set up random mechanical parking building. This garage right now the district to solve the shortage of parking difficulty in providing convenient conditions.Currently, three-dimensional garage mainly in the following forms : lifting and transferring, tunnel-stacker, vertical-type, Vertical circulation, box-level cycle, the level of circulating round.(1) lifting and transferringLifting and transferring Garage modular design, each module can be designed into two, three, four levels, the five-story, semi-submerged in various forms, such as the number of parking spaces from a few to hundreds. This applies three-dimensional garage on the ground and underground car parks, configuration flexibility and low cost.1. Product features :1) save land, the configuration flexibility, shorter construction period.2) low prices, firefighting and exterior decoration, with a total investment on small foundations.3) use automatic control, simple structure, safe and reliable.4) access to a quick, short waiting times.5) Run a smooth, low noise.6) applies to commercial, offices, residential quarters supporting the use of car parks.2. Safety devices : anti-dropping device, a photoelectric sensor, spacing protectors, emergency stop switch.(2) - Roadway StackerAisle stacking garage used as a stacking machine tool access vehicles, All vehicles are stacking machine access, so the Stacker higher technical requirements, single stacker higher costs So aisle stacking apply to the parking garage needs a few more customers.(3) vertical GarageVertical Garage Elevator similar to the principle that both sides of the hoist layoutspaces. generally need a ground vehicle rotary tables can be saved by the driver away. Vertical Garage generally higher high (tens of meters), safety equipment, Installation precision machining requirements are very high, high cost, but has the smallest area.(4) Vertical cycleProduct features :1) covers an area of small, two berths area can stop 6-10 vehicles.2) The decoration can be added only roof, fire hydrants available.3) low prices, foundation, external decoration, fire and other small investment, short construction periods.4) use automatic control, safe and reliable operation.2.three-dimensional garage automatic control system :Large modern architectural mainstream intelligent buildings and residential communities. So auto-parking garage equipment or automatic control system will become intelligent buildings and residential communities an important component of pm. Simple, fast, easy to use, safe, reliable, and less maintenance, to provide users with a safe, easy to use environment, This is auto-parking feature of the basic equipment. All parking equipment operating conditions, vehicles parked in time, vehicle storage Malaysia, garage storage capacity. Vehicles kept high and low peaks, and other information can be transmitted through the network of intelligent control center through intelligent control center operator, and the broadcasting system and the management office of the Division linked related to early release control, management information, thus achieving all the intelligent management. Building and the Community through the intelligent control of the center could also associated with social networking functions. Information released to the collection coming out or expand utilization of the garage social and economic benefits. This will be the automation of the development direction of the garage.Solid Garage automation control system include the following five major subsystems : automatic toll collection management system automatic access systems for remote diagnosis system, automatic Gate, control security system.Subsystems are more unified control of the central control room, for customers planning Garage form of management, Published garage inventory capacity, traffic control program.(1) Automatic Toll Management SystemAutomatic charging non-contact IC cards. IC cards with the long-card two. For fixed users, the issue of long-term cards, the cost of fixed users pay management fees paid together; On the temporary users, issue stored-value cards, namely : the user fees paid cards exist within each parking card reader automatically deducted from the cost.(2) Automatic vehicle access systemAutomatic vehicle access system generally small PLC control. including the identification card number and mobile disc contains two cars process. Users enter the garage at the entrance to Swiping cards, reader data automatically transmitted to the PLC control system, PLC system through the judgment card number and automatically set the corresponding site mobile trucks and vehicles to the handover location, the garage door opened, shorten the time access to cars. Cun truck drivers light signals in accordance with the guidelines created only when vehicles parked in a safe location, Parking will be normal light-Kai. Access car after the completion of the garage doors shut down automatically. Mobile site contains car, the system in strict accordance with the various signal detection mobile state, including long signal detection, Detection in place, the position detection limit, officers hit detection, emergency stop signal detection. If cars are running plate is not in place or vehicle length in excess of the permitted length of the garage, all vehicles disc will contain no action, If detected emergency stop signal to stop all action until the emergency stop signal disappeared. Above signals are hardware signals, in addition, the software can also be installed to control signal protection, such as the protection of the time, to ensure that the damage due to hardware failure to signal equipment and the main guarantee for the safety of vehicles.(3) remote diagnosis systemControllers can spot card, hubs and other network equipment and control center connected to the LAN, MODEN through remote management, monitoring theoperation of the scene, when the scene failure, in the control center can be addressed to facilitate the management, e-office security personnel.(4) Automatic GateIn the garage entrance of the no-contact reader, and the Gate of coil users in the garage entrances Swiping cards, the system automatically discriminant validity of the card, if valid, the Gate open automatically, through induction coils, Automatic self-closing fence; If invalid, the Gate is not open, and sound and light alarm.(5) monitoring security systemMonitoring security system is in the central control room for monitoring and controlling the operation of the garage scene conditions. It has motion detection, license plate recognition, network connections, different types of alarm systems linkage, and other functions, can be achieved unguarded.System :Video monitoring function : the garage entrances, and the duty, the main segments within the garage installation focusing cameras, On the larger spaces installation spherical platforms, in order to achieve all-round garage on real-time monitoring. If the garage light conditions of the poor would use black-and-white cameras.Motion Detection functions : setting up the night in the garage of motion detection region, detecting when there are a moving target, Motion Detection and Alarm function remind staffs.LPR functions : it can set up the garage light vehicle license plates, vehicle. When the light vehicles entering the garage regional surveillance, the system automatically cross-referenced with images of a very odd situation, issued a warning signal, and automatic switching and record their images.Alarm linkage functions : all can move even the police mainframe, If activated Relay acousto-optic warning issued notice of security personnel to voluntarily disarm Gate interception of vehicular access.Digital video functions : it with a continuous record of what happened in the garage, can be synchronized intervals over images arbitrary choice of the overall image toenlarge and local amplification, recording, playback, backup can be conducted all kinds of information.Reportedly, has begun an increasing number of residential quarters began to use a mechanical garage. Taking into account the cost and maintenance, the majority of the district is a multi-storey lifting and transferring parking equipment, mass storage mechanical garage also rarely. Lifting and transferring Garage Equipment parking flow indicate the following :1) The sense of light yellow instructions garage operation.Red lamp was ongoing operating instructions, please wait; Green light is currently no operating instructions, can operate; yellow light instructions were to fail, the garage can not work.2) Stores in operationDrivers of vehicles entering from the garage entrance. At the entrance of non-contact sensors Reader former regional shaken following their IC cards, induction process completed, the fence automatically rises driver drove into the garage. Vehicles, fencing to shut down automatically. Card is the controller to read spaces, corresponding to the parking garage containing cars moved to the site automatically transfer vehicle location, Automatic garage door open units. Car drivers entering and parking in place, Latin hand brake, alighted out of the garage, using IC cards in the garage exit Huang about IC cards Garage door modules to shut down automatically. Completed deposit truck operators.3) the operatorDrivers entering the garage at the entrance to the non-contact sensors Reader former regional shaken following their IC cards Controller automatically read spaces, corresponding to the parking garage containing cars moved to the site automatically transfer vehicle location, Automatic garage door open modules, drivers entering the garage and drive out, in the garage exit of the automatic reader before induction regional dazzle your own IC cards, sensors finished, the reader receive information, Host controller automatically recorded, prepaid, automatically raising the fence, the driver drove the playing field, appeared after fencing to shut down automatically.Meanwhile, Controller automatically read spaces, corresponding to the garage door unit shut down automatically. Vehicle operation finished.Garage in the course of operation, a complete self-protection devices. A series of photoelectric switches, proximity switches, trip switches and other vehicles on site contains accurate operation in place to play a decisive role; Falling unique defense installations, broken rope warning device, speeding vehicle protection device to protect the security role played. Detection of long vehicles, vehicle parking is not in place detection, and personnel into a detection signal of vehicles and the safety play a decisive role.Garage is a hot topic in large and medium-sized cities. State Economic and Trade Commission, "city Solid Garage" as "the recent focus on the development of technology industries." With the continuous increase in domestic cars, trucks contradictions exist in public places and communities, the problem will become increasingly conspicuous green vehicles crowded. in the awareness of the environment and enhance the quality of life when the "garage" is becoming a hot topic. Automated machinery garage will be in the development of new developments and commercial agents.译文：立体车库车辆无处停放的问题是城市的社会、经济和交通发展到一定程度的结果，车库设备在国外发展，尤其是在日本近30—40年。
(完整word版)升降横移立体车库英文文献原文
Status of the development of solid garageStereo garage is the storage which is used for automatic parking and scientific storage of kinds of automobile. As the quantity of urban automobile has increased continuously in nowadays ,the hard-to-park problem has become a common phenomenon. Mechanical stereo garage can use land resource sufficiently and bring space advantage into play and maximize the number of parking cars. It has become an important way for static traffic problem of cities. The issue studies the type mechanical parking system which named up-down and translation stereo garage, and regards of the two factors of manufacture and operational efficiency synthetically.On the basis of investigation on current situation and developing trend of garage in domestic and abroad, we choose three-layer and three-formulistic garage structure as the research model. According to the form of the dragging-forms of multi player up-down and translation ear-base, it is made of three pares -part of ear-base structure part of driving-framework and part of control system. The paper simply introduces main structure and characteristics of garage and also gives a short introduction to its control system. The finite element reliability checking of steel structure of garage is utilized according to the operation principle of up-down and translation stereo garage, the mechanics was used to comprehensively analyze the up-down and translation stereo garage the mechanics was used to comprehensively analyze the up-down and translation stereo garage. Including intension of the framework structure axes etc. The paper adopted PLC as control system in designing the up-down and translation stereo garage, PLC software of OMRON company was used to weave the program of control system, through debugging running. The result proved that adopted PLC as control system is simple and easy to realize. The characteristic of stabilization ,credibility , speediness and high capability made the control system very perfection of mechanical parking systems-general safety requirement and the facts of the up-down and translation stereo garage the paper introduced some safety technique which was used in the up-down and translation stereo garage. This can ensure absolute safety for car and make the whole stereo garage safety and running smooth .On the base of the project "Optimal design of the mechanisms in the stereoscopic garage"，some mechanisms in the lift park garage has been designed optimally. At the first, we established the running mode and the structure of the mechanisms adapted to the running mode. And then, we chose the immobile comb as the parking space andthe steel structure framework as support, the optimal design on the two mechanisms was carried through. The optimal design on the immobile comb and the steel structure framework was carried through with augmented multipliers method. At the end, the result of the optimal design is that the immobile comb will be more reasonable and decreased the whole weight of the garage and the load of the steel structure framework, and the weight of the steel structure framework become more light.With the rapid development of shanghai ,the settlement of the difficult of parking of shanghai has already reached the very urgent stage. In the city center where every inch of land is precious ,especially the area which such vehicles as the hotel ,market ,shopping center location ,etc. Dr.eye.concentrate ,can only develop to the sky ,to underground ,so has built and already to a great deal of three-dimensional garage parking reached the essential stage ,at the same time there are many advantages too in the three-dimensional garage parking.First ,economize the space. Generally speaking ,its floor space is about 1/2~1/25 of the level parking area ,machinery type "three-dimensional" .The garage can both be installed with ground underground ,the greatest advantage can fully utilize the small area to develop to the high altitude, try one's best to store more vehicles ,the place that the land resource in short supply ,the vehicle is big in capacity to park in the way best. For example ,are most suitable for using "vertical circulation" on the limited residential quarter ground on the space three-dimensional garage of the type. 8 storey s of every groups of this kind of garage ,that is to say ,only parked the three-dimensional garage built up on the area of a car and park 8 cars originally.Second ,automation is controlled ,easy to use. The three-dimensional automatic degree of garage parking is very high ,can hoist or lower the rotatory type ,for example ,district residents come off duty and park ,so long as according to the number that the brass-wind instrument is corresponding with the parking stall ,this parking stall will be rotated and landed to the ground ,after the car owner parks the good vehicle ,and then according to the number ,the parking stall circles round and rises ,restored to the throne again. From a complete set and install the intellectual administrative system of the parking area after installing the large-scale underground parking of the three-dimensional garage ,go on one on duty to manage hour through professional staff member of technical training.Third ,three-dimensional garage build cost lower than the traditional parking area greatly. It is reported, the occupation of land and building cost in the traditional parking area is quite high. Do not generally get on very well ,ordinary each occupation of land in the parking stall ,about 15 square meters ,the floors ,the floor space of each parking stall of underground parking is above 25 square meters at least on the ground. If use the three-dimensional garage parking, can park one group and 8 parking stalls of three-dimensional garage parking on the vacant lot of 30 square meters ,the average floor space of each parking stall is less than 4 square meters. In respect to building cost ,the house property developer of the district builds an underground parking stall to need to invest 60,000-80,000 yuan at present ,the construction cost of some top-grade underground parking stalls of office building is up to more than ten ten thousand yuan especially. If install the three-dimensional garage ,is it increase parking stall is can cost stand thin to reach 50,000-60,000 yuan each construction of parking stall to try one's best in a situation that the area of space does not change.Fourth, it is safe and reliable and beautifying the environment. Allocate the automatic detection system, various kings of sage organizations, autoalarm , fire-fighting system and other stick precautions facility. The automobile will not damage , loses. Suit measures to local conditions, utilize fragmentary vacant lot , shape beautiful garage beyond mix ,beautify the urban environment.。
2010年--停车库外文翻译--微观仿真在城市停车设施规划中的应用
中文6400字,4000单词，2.1万英文字符出处：Sykes P, Falco J D, Bradley R, et al. Planning urban car park provision using microsimulation[J]. Traffic Engineering & Control, 2010, （51）.103-107Planning urban car park provision using MicrosimulationPete Sykes, Falco De Jong Richard Bradley, Gerard Jennings, Greig McDonnell AbstractIn three different locations around the world, city planners have sought to investigate the effects on the road network of car park planning policy and accessibility. All have looked for methods to minimise urban congestion caused by drivers searching for a car park space. All have used an SParamics microsimulation model to test the design options. This paper describes how they went about it and what they achieved.INTRODUCTIONThe provision of available car parking is one of the most contentious issues for city drivers. Car park spaces can be hard to find and expensive to use. There may be queues to get into the most convenient car parks which require drivers to move on to alternative car parks. Some city centre traders regard the lack of suitable car parking as a significant reason for shoppers to prefer out of town shopping centres. In New Haven Connecticut, Gov. Rowland at a ceremony celebrating the renovation of the city‟s largest car park in 2002 declared: …if you don‟t have parking, nothing else works‟.[1]Car park hunting, the circulation of drivers looking for a parking space, can be a major contribution to city centre congestion. The proportion of cars searching for a space was found to be 26% when surveyed in Manhattan in 2006, while in Brooklyn it was 45%. The situation is not new. In 1927, a similar survey in Detroit found the figures to be 19% and 34% in separate locations [2]. This long standing problem may at last be assisted by technology. While iPhone users can now notify each other as spaces become available [3], traffic planners can now take advantage of recent developments in traffic modelling, which demonstrate that car park access can be included in road traffic simulation models to support the design process.Car park location in urban planning policy is largely concerned with optimising the relationship between car parks, drivers and their destinations. Charging regimes may be used to reduce localised inconvenience caused by parked cars and to favour one class of driver over another in allocating spaces. The perceived benefits include improvements to a city‟s commercial centre through better accessibility for the target consumer. Policies may be supply- led by actively managing spaces or demand-led by simply increasing the number of spaces [4]. Increasingly, active management policies are used to ration spaces and encourage sustainable travel patterns [5].Urban planning policy considers the charging regimes for car parks. Transport planning policy complements this and considers access to the car parks. It isconcerned with the relationship between car parks, the road network and congestion. Accessibility of car parks is addressed in road design guidelines. UK Department for Transport advice on parking guidance and information systems includes reports of case studies that show that there are quantifiable benefits to be derived from installing variable message signs indicating car parking space availabilty [6]. Benefits are described as quantitative, in terms of time saved, and qualitative in terms of public image and driver safety. WebTAG [7] guidance touches on the subject briefly in discussion of travel costs by including …parking “costs”(which notionally include time spent searching and queuing for a space and walking to the final destination)‟. The authors‟ perception is that car park accessibility isnormally considered after the urban design is complete and car park policy has been determined. The missing link is in the transport planning policy contribution to the initial design of urban areas with respect to car park provision and accessibility. This apparent deficiency has recently been addressed in three different locations reported here. Each has sought ways to investigate the effects on the road network of car park planning policy and accessibility. All have looked for methods to minimize urban congestion caused by drivers searching for a car park space. All have used an S-Paramics microsimulation model to test the design options.A study in Nieuwegein (The Netherlands) modelled a large expansion in travel demand and the provision of car park spaces for a major town centre redevelopment, where Saturday afternoon shopping was the critical period. It incorporated ITS within the microsimulation model to deliver information to drivers on availability of spaces and routes to car parks. Another study, in Rochdale (England), models the distribution of spaces in conjunction with major town centre development plans. The goal is to optimise the provision of car parks with respect to adjacent land use and to minimise town centre congestion by considering car park access early in the design process. The third study, in Takapuna (New Zealand), is also investigating the effect of city centre expansion. It uses bespoke software to model the car park demand and a microsimulation model to assign the demand to the network. Once again the goal is to understand the effect of car park policy and minimise city centre congestion.CAR PARK MODELLING IN MICROSIMULATIONTypical design option tests for a microsimulation model include changes to road layout, public transport priority schemes, optimisation of signals, or changes in demand. Each individual vehicle in the simulation will react to these changes, and the congestion they cause, as it moves to its destination.When testing the effect of car park policy decisions, the emphasis moves from examination of the effect of changes to the road network to examination of the effect of changes in the destination for that part of the trip undertaken in a car. The simulation model must now include the capability to distinguish between the driver‟s destination and the vehicle‟s parking location and make dynamic choices between these locations.Figutr 1：Rochdale city centre carparksArrivalsCar parks are an entity within the microsimulation model, and are linked to zone destinations and car parks may serve more than one zone. Allocation of vehicles to car parks is undertaken by limiting car park access to specific trip purposes.The model includes car parking charges and the distances between car parks and associated zones as components of the generalised trip cost. As each vehicle type may have different cost coefficients, the modeler may differentiate between drivers who will accept a longer walk and those who will accept a higher charge.If a car park is full then vehicle drivers within the simulation wait at the entrance for a predetermined time, after which they re-assess their choice of car park and possibly proceed to another. Using an external software controller it is possible to monitor car park occupancy within the simulation and change a vehicle‟s destination before it reaches the queue.As an example of how this methodology can be used to implement a car park policy model, consider a city centre zone with a mix of retail and commercial use with several car parks available within reasonable walking distance. Drivers will have a preferred location based on their proposed length of stay and the car park charging structure.Some drivers may have a contract for permit parking. A car park may havemultiple adjacent entrances, each coded with a restriction to force vehicles to acceptthe appropriate parking charge. The effect in the simulation is that short stay vehicles enter car parks closer to their destination or with a lower charge. The long stay vehicles enter via the entry links with the higher charges or accept a longer walk time. The modeller can test responses to car parking changes by adjusting entry charges for different car parks or by varying the level of permit parking. Land use changesmay be modelled by adjusting the proportion of driver and vehicle types using a particular zone and related car parks.DeparturesThe assignment of all vehicles to an S-Paramics road network is controlled by a detailed (5 minute) time release profile. In its simplest form of use, the journey origin car park is determined by finding the minimum journey cost,which includes the walk time, or vehicles may simply be released in proportion to the size of the car park.If more control is required, such as the ability to match departures to arrivals at the same car park, the release may be triggered by an external software controller linked to the simulation model which uses an algorithm to determine when to release vehicles and where they originate on the network. This may be associated with a car park occupancy monitoring system and be used to match vehicle arrivals with a subsequent departure.NIEUWEGEIN PLANNED DEVELOPMENTSNieuwegein is a town just to the south of the city of Utrecht in the centre of the Netherlands with good economic prospects. To make the most of this, the municipality wants to restructure their city centre to include new developments. New multi-story car parks are planned to cope with the increased demand for parking spaces and a system for dynamic parking advice will attempt to minimise queueing at the car park entrances.Grontmij was asked to build an S-Paramics model of the city centre to review the effects of the new developments on the city‟s road network including the parking advisory system. The results of the simulation showed congestion at the three car parks closest to the city centre. This was in accordance with the city manager‟s expectations. To bring the remaining capacity of the two other car parks into use, a parking advisory system was implemented in the simulation to redirect vehicles to the available parking capacity and gain insight into the effect of the system.MODELLING SOLUTIONSData collectionTravel demand matrices for the Nieuwegein model were derived from a pre-existing macroscopic model and refined with survey data. Further surveys were undertaken to determine the usage of the main car parks, the average length of stay and the residual numbers after the shops were closed.Because of the complex requirements of the Rochdale and Takapuna studies, more extensive data collection was necessary. Demand matrices for Rochdale were developed primarily from roadside interview data which identified the true destination of the journey. The interview data was used to determine the parking type (eg long/short stay, on/off street, contract), and the likely parking duration (based on journey purpose).A full parking inventory of the town centre and occupancy data provided input to a car park location model, used to link car parks to destination zones. The time to walk to each destination from each car park was initially estimated from simple geometry and later used as an important calibration parameter.Parking inventory data was essential to provide accurate capacity estimates categorised by: short or long stay, on or off-street; public or private, and charged or free. This included all car parks within, or adjacent to, the town centre. Residential parking areas adjacent to the town centre, were also included as these provided free parking, with longer walk distances, and were often used by commuters. Areas with high drop-off trips were modelled as a private parking type at their destination but could have been improved by having both the inbound and outbound legs of the drop-off trip in the matrix.The car park data also provided charging information for each car park. Whencombined with the car park interview data it was found to be possible to group charges into a single short stay and long stay charge. This simplification was appropriate in Rochdale, but it would have been possible to use a car park specific charge if the variation was more significant.Parking data in Rochdale was limited to peak car park occupancy and the model would have benefited from a comprehensive survey of vehicles entering and leaving throughout the day. In Takapuna, and Nieuwegein, arrival time, dwell time, and occupancy data was available and this was used, with the charging information, to model driver‟s choice of car park.Demand matrix segmentationMatrix segmentation enables the modeller to control departure time demands for different classes of vehicles. The degree of segmentation must be supported by the data. Similarly car parks should be grouped to a level commensurate with the detail of model input data.In Rochdale, matrices were derived for cars categorized by commuter, non-commuter and work. The interview data enabled the commuter and work matrices to be subdivided into private non residential (PNR) parking and contract parking. PNR parking supply, which is notoriously difficult to estimate, was assumed to be unlimited in the model as the matrixes were explicity defined. For areas outside the town centre all drivers were assumed to park at their destinations.Takapuna adopted a similar approach, with demands segmented into …long stay‟ and …short stay‟ parking types.Long stay was further split into …on site‟ or …general‟depending on access to workplace car parking. Long and short stay demands were estimated from the purpose matrices of a strategic transport model, with adjustments based on car park number plate and turn count data.Trip linkingIn order to model vehicles arriving and leaving from the same car park, trips in and out of the city centre area must be linked, with origin car parks and departure times selected based on prior arrival car parks and times. This requires more sophisticated control over the departure time and the departure location than is available from conventional OD matrix methodologies.In Nieuwegein, the study period covered the main shopping peak period on Saturday afternoon and included a warm up period to populate the car parks and initialise the ITS controller within the microsimulation model. To model the linked trips, all traffic departing from the city centre was deleted from the OD matrices. An external software controller monitored the car park occupancy in the model to determine the arrival profile and, after a suitable dwell time typically one hour, released matching vehicles on return trips.For Takapuna, before the PM simulation was run, a separate demand model was used to generate a profile of releases in the PM peak based on car park occupancy derived from the AM peak. This was to be subsequently used in the PM model run. Matrices were generated based on the profiled demands derived for each zonewithin Takapuna. When selecting from which particular car park the vehicle should depart, the demand model matched its outbound zone with that of a parked vehicle. The match was made based on the parking duration (long/short), and the expected departure time estimated from the arrival time distribution. If this process found a vehicle within 20% of its expected departure time, then one was added to the profile to be released. If no match was found, then the release was carried forward to the next profile period and the search repeated.The Rochdale model was also divided into AM and PM peak scenarios. The choice of car park for departure in the PM peak was modelled using the generalised cost of travel combined with an exit cost to help bias car park selection. Comparison with observed data showed the use of exit costs could successfully calibrate the model. ROCHDALE KEY DEVELOPMENT AREASRochdale is a historic market town in East Lancashire, now a metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester. The town centre contains a central retail and business area that not only competes with other local centres but also with Manchester City Centre and the Trafford Centre. To help improve Rochdale‟s competitiveness as a centre for retail and commerce, Rochdale Development Agency plan a major redevelopment of the south east area of the town centre. Comparative assessment of the town centre masterplan proposals on the highway network and car park operational performance require an objective scoring method only available via a transport simulation model. Providing parking of acceptable size, location and type is considered critical to the attractiveness of the town centre retail and commercial environments and hence formed a major part of the modelling exercise.Car park searchingAs the primary goal of all three models was to study theimpact of car parking on urban traffic congestion, the strategies for allocating vehicles to car parks within the model and subsequent car park hunting were key to the success of the studies.The Nieuwegein study was specifically designed to test the effect of a proposed car park advisory system. VMS signs were positioned on all approaches to the town centre (Fig 2) and provided information on which car park to select (Fig 3). Based on the experience of the Town Parking Manager, the ITS system was configured to make only 20% of drivers follow the advice of the parking advisory system. This left the remaining 80% to proceed to their first choice car park, and re-route from there if it was full.Figure 2：City centre model of NieuwegeinThe Rochdale and Takapuna models focussed on accessibility more than guidance. In Rochdale, policy decisions were used to determine car park choice, which restricted the allocation of car parks to zones, eg contract parking areas were linked to work-related, rather than shopping-related zones. In Takapuna, parking was less constrained by policy and all car parks were linked to all zones with less predetermined allocation of spaces.Vehicles arriving at a car park would queue for a fixed time then move on to the next best car park based on the vehicle trip cost, walk cost, and parking cost. The Takapuna model augmented this selection process with a car park availability control and a search limit implemented through an external software controller. The search limit reflects drivers‟ willingness to circulate through numerous car parks in order to find a parking space, by setting a limit on the number to be tried before giving up, and looking for something …highly likely‟ to have spaces. The availability control monitors car park occupancy any car parks that have been full for 10 minutes are removed from the list. As soon as a vehicle leaves a car park, it is reintroduced into the selectionprocedure.ISSUESFirst choice car parkThe first choice car park issue arose in both Rochdale and Takapuna. This occurred when the first choice car park for a vehicle was small and quickly filled. Most vehicles that selected this car park to minimise journey costs would have to re-route to their second choice. In reality many drivers make the same trip regularly and learn that this car park is usually full. They discount it as a first choice and select a larger car park with a better chance of finding a space.Two solutions were developed to address this problem.Takapuna used their car park availability controller to overwrite the driver‟s choice, to provide a proxy for the driver learning process. The second solution was to group smaller car parks, typically those with less than 50 spaces, to avoid excessively large demand being allocated to a specific car park as first choice. Car park destination catchments and walking times were adjusted in parallel to prevent too many vehicles having the same first choice car park.A high level of matrix segmentation is in use for Rochdale to allocate car parks. This methodology offers a solution through further segmentation by driver …familiarity‟. Drivers with knowledge that the smaller car parks are full tend to avoid them and make their first choice the larger car parks.THE MODELS IN OPERATIONNieuwegeinThe base model was calibrated for a typical Saturday afternoon.The test scenarios included planned new developmentsin the city centre.Two future year simulations were compared. In thefirst, without the advisory system, large queues formed at the most attractive car parks. With the parking advisory system, the vehicles were more equally distributed over the available parkingcapacity with spaces available in most car parks. This resulted in fewer vehicles searching for a parking spot and fewer queues in the city centre. This was achieved with just 20% of drivers taking heed of the parking advisory system. Future tests will extend the range of the ITS system and redesignate some roads as pedestrian areas. As the model simulated a future year scenario of 2015 and the detailed design of the town centre will probably differ from that which has been simulated, the predicted benefits were conservatively interpreted in evaluating the scheme. Despite that, the conclusion was that an investment in a parking advisory system to make the best use of the parking capacity in Nieuwegein is justifiable.RochdaleThe Rochdale model has been used to test part of a major town centre redevelopment planned for 2012. Key features include relocating the town centre bus station and council offices, removing the main town centre multi-storey car park, and redesigning key junctions on the A58 through the town centre.Further developments in the modelling process may include a similar external software controller as implemented in Takapuna and Nieuwegein. This could include explicit car park guidance at route decision points as well as a car park space …opportunity cost‟ which would be added to the generalised cost associated with each car park before the first choice is allocated. This cost would bring the likelihood of space availability at each car park in to the destination choice although more survey data would be required to help calibrate this.TakapunaThe S-Paramics model for Takapuna is to be the operational transport assessment tool for all significant planning applications and district plan change proposals within central Takapuna. In this way, all assessments will be made under a common and consistent modeling framework as has previously been successfully achieved in two other developing areas of North Shore City.With the recent economic downturn, some landowners in the area have ceased trading or sold their holdings, while others have delayed their planning and assessment work. Takapuna has a calibrated car park model incorporated into the traffic simulation model,both of which are part of an assessment framework that is ready to be used as soon as economic growth returns.6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONSCar parking strategy is crucial to reducing the problem of traffic congestion in urban centres. The Nieuwegein study has demonstrated how effective even a partial take up of a particular solution can be Tests undertaken with the Rochdale and Takapuna models show that the ability to include car parking strategies within the analytical framework can significantly influence the outcome of design solutions. Each study has identified the necessity of linking arrival and departure trips from the same car park, but developed three distinct solutions for this. The way in which simulated drivers select a car park has also varied, but has been consistently based onmatrix segmentation, enabling charges and restrictions to be applied to reflect charging policies. The issue of identifying a sensible first choice car park was also addressed by each study.The three city centre studies discussed here address different aspects of car park modelling and have shown some innovative solutions to a common set of issues, particularly the congestion caused by drivers hunting for spaces. They have demonstrated that transport modelers can confidently use microsimulation to examine the effects of car parking strategy on urban traffic.TAKAPUNA DEVELOPMENT PROPOSALSTakapuna is the major business district in North Shore City, New Zealand. Growth has remained relatively static over the past 10-20 years. One of the principle problems is poor accessibility, with only three roads leading in to Takapuna, each of which is congested during commuter peak times. Now, however, there are plans for residential and employment growth over the next 10 - 20 years, complemented by a new major connection to one of the three access roads, and planning for bus priority lanes, bus stations, and other transport infrastructure. Much of the car parking within the wider Takapuna area is unrestricted on residential streets. During weekdays these areas are full from the early hours of the morning with all day commuter vehicles while the existing centralised pay car parks are often under utilised. People are prepared to walk up to a couple of kilometers from the residential streets to avoid paying for parking. There are current proposals to enforce car park policy to redress this balance by building further centralised car parking and adding time restrictions to on-street parking. However, much of the existing long-term parking is located on rough ground where older buildings have been demolished, and many of these areas are expected to be redeveloped in the next few years.REFERENCES1. Joseph Straw, Rowland Dedicates Parking Garage, New Haven Register, Sept. 11, 2002,2. Donald Shoup, …Cruising for Parking‟, Transport Policy, vol. 13, no. 3, 2006.3. 4. Parking policy to improve accessibility in industrial areas Gaston Serge Tchang Free University Amsterdam. Association for European Transport 20075. Scottish Planning Policy 17: Planning for Transport August 20056./pgr/roads/tpm/tal/its/arkingguidanceandinformation.pdf7. Webtag 3.1.2 (Transport Models) para 2.2.2)./webtag/8. S-Paramics 2007.1 Reference manual. SIAS Ltd微观仿真在城市停车设施规划中的应用摘要为研究停车场规划和可达性对城市路网的影响，在世界范围内的三个不同城市应用微观仿真模型模拟停车设施规划。
外文翻译--立体车库
外文翻译--立体车库立体车库一、立体车库概述车辆无处停放的问题是城市的社会、经济、交通发展到一定程度产生的结果，立体停车设备的发展在国外，尤其在日本已有近30~40年的历史，无论在技术上还是在经验上均已获得了成功。
我国也于90年代初开始研究开发机械立体停车设备，距今已有十年的历程。
由于很多新建小区内住户与车位的配比为1:1，为了解决停车位占地面积与住户商用面积的矛盾，立体机械停车设备以其平均单车占地面积小的独特特性，已被广大用户接受。
机械车库与传统的自然地下车库相比，在许多方面都显示出优越性。
首先，机械车库具有突出的节地优势。
以往的地下车库由于要留出足够的行车通道，平均一辆车就要占据40平方米的面积，而如果采用双层机械车库，可使地面的使用率提高80,―90,，如果采用地上多层(21层)立体式车库的话，50平方米的土地面积上便可存放40辆车，这可以大大地节省有限的土地资源，并节省土建开发成本。
机械车库与地下车库相比可更加有效地保证人身和车辆的安全，人在车库内或车不停准位置，由电子控制的整个设备便不会运转。
应该说，机械车库从管理上可以做到彻底的人车分流。
在地下车库中采用机械存车，还可以免除采暖通风设施，因此，运行中的耗电量比工人管理的地下车库低得多。
机械车库一般不做成套系统，而是以单台集装而成。
这样可以充分发挥其用地少、可化整为零的优势，在住宅区的每个组团中或每栋楼下都可以随机设立机械停车楼。
这对眼下车库短缺的小区解决停车难的问题提供了方便条件。
目前，立体车库主要有以下几种形式:升降横移式、巷道堆垛式、垂直提升式、垂直循环式、箱型水平循环式、圆形水平循环式。
一) 升降横移式升降横移式立体车库采用模块化设计，每单元可设计成两层、三层、四层、五层、半地下等多种形式，车位数从几个到上百个。
此立体车库适用于地面及地下停车场，配置灵活，造价较低。
1. 产品特点:1 节省占地，配置灵活，建设周期短。
2 价格低，消防、外装修、土建地基等投资少。
立体车库外文翻译原文
立体车库外文翻译原文编辑整理：尊敬的读者朋友们：这里是精品文档编辑中心，本文档内容是由我和我的同事精心编辑整理后发布的，发布之前我们对文中内容进行仔细校对，但是难免会有疏漏的地方，但是任然希望（立体车库外文翻译原文）的内容能够给您的工作和学习带来便利。
同时也真诚的希望收到您的建议和反馈，这将是我们进步的源泉，前进的动力。
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AUTOMATED PARKING: STATUS IN THE UNITED STATESADVANTAGES AND CRITERIARICHARD S。
BEEBE, DIRECTORPARKING AND TRANSPORTATION PLANNINGCONSULTING ENGINEERS GROUP， INC.55 E。
EUCLID AVE.， MT。
PROSPECT, IL 60056USAPRESENTEDATWORLD PARKING SYMPOSIUM IIIST. ANDREWS, SCOTLAND: JUNE 25, 2001AUTOMATED PARKING – THE ENVIRONMENTALSOLUTION TO THE URBAN PARKING SHORTAGEADVANTAGES AND CRITERIAGUIDELINES TO AUTOMATED GARAGE DEVELOPMENT♦The current state—of-the-art automated parking systems • Types• Capacities• Operating Systems• Site Area Criteria♦ Financial/Operating Advantages• Land Area and Savings•Operation’s Savings• Cost Features of Vehicle/Patron Security• Time and Motion♦ Environmental Advantages• Reduced Miles of Interior Travel• Reduced Emissions Production• Reduced Noise Generation• Reduced Construction Products and Impacts of Construction Activity ♦ System Applications• Location – Freestanding or Inside Buildings• Capacity and Structure Design• User Populations and Specific Needs• Traffic and Exterior Conditions♦ Typical Installations• Above Ground• Below Ground• Site and Operating Statistics♦ Movement Toward System Recognition/Criteria for Development• Parking Interests• Potential User Interests• International Media Attention• Product PromotionHISTORY OF MECHANICAL PARKING IN THE U.S. AND ITS STATUS IN 2001INTRODUCTIONMechanical parking systems were first introduced in the U。
智能停车场系统中英文对照外文翻译文献
智能停车场系统中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文：Intelliaent parking systemAbstractThe basic concepts of the parking reservation system and parking revenue management system are discussed in this paper. The proposed intelligent parking space inventory control system that is based on a combination of fuzzy logic and integer programming techniques makes “on line” decisions whether to accept or reject a new driver's request for parking. In the first step of the proposed model, the best parking strategies are developed for many different patterns of vehicle arrivals. These parking strategics arc developed using integer programming approach. In the wsecond step, learn-ing from the best strategies, specific rules are defined. The uniqueness of the proposed approach is that the rules are derived from the set of chosen examples assuming that the future traffic arrival patterns are known.The results were found to be close to the best solution assuming that the future arrival pattern is known.Keywords: Traffic; Uncertainty modeling; Control; Parking; Fuzzy logic 1.IntroductionEvery day a significant percentage of drivers in single-occupancy vehicles search for a parking space. Additionally, less experienced drivers or out-of-towners further contribute to the increase of traffic congestion. Search for a vacant parking space is a typical example of a search process. Every parking search strategy is composed of a set of vague rules. Tt is usually difficult to describe these rules explicitly. The type of the planned activity, time of a day, day of the week, current congestion on particular routes, knowledge of city streets, and potentially available parking places have significant influence on a chosen parking search strategy- During the last four decades numerous parking search models have been developed (Vander Goot, 1982; Axhausen and Polak，1991; Polak and Axhausen，1990; Young et al.，1991a, b; saltzman, 1997; Shoup， 1997; Steiner, 1998; Thompson and Richardson, 1998; Arnott and Rowse, 1999; Tam and Lam, 2000; Wong et al., 2000; Waterson et aL , 2001). In many decision-making situations in transportation (modal split, choice of air carrier, choice of airport，etc.) the competitive alternatives and their characteristics are reasonably well known in advance to the decision maker (passenger, driver). On the other hand, the drivers usually discover diffierent parking alternatives one by one in a temporal sequence. Clearly，this temporal sequence has a very strong influence on the driver's final decision about the parking place During the past two decades, traffic authorities in many cities (Helsinki, Cologne, Mainz, Stuttgart， Wiesbaden， Aalborg, Hague) havestarted to inform and guide drivers to parking facilities with real-time var-iable meSwSage signs [directional arrows, names of the parking facilities, status (iuil， not iuil， number of available parking spaces, etc.)]. Information about the number of available parking spaces could be displayed on the major roads, streets and intersections, or it could be distributed through the Internet.It is logical to ask the question about the benefits of the parking guidance systems. Current practice shows that parking guidance systems usually do not change the occupancy rate or average parking duration. Drivers easily become familiar with the parking guidance systems, and majority of them use，thrust and appreciate the help of the systems. Guidance systems significantly increawSe the probability of finding vacant parking space, mitigate frustration of the drivers - visitors unfamiliar with the city center, decrease the queues in front of parking garages, decrease the total amount of vehicle-miles traveled (particularly in the city centers), decrease the average trip time, energy consumption, and air pol 1ution. Parking guidance system \s a part of comprehensive parking policy and traffic management system, whose other elements are street parking control (including sanctions for the illega丄丄y parked vehicles)，parking fare structure, and parking revenue management system.Parking guidance systems help drivers to find vacant parking spaces when they are already on the network, and approaching their final destination. Throughout this research the concepts of the parking reservation system and parking revenue management system are proposed. Such systems would help drivers to find a vacant parKing space even before beginning their trip. The proposed ' intelligent parking space inventory control sywStem that is bawSed on the combination of simulation，optimization techniques, and fuzzy logic makes “real-time”decisions as to whether to reject or accept a new request for parking. The proposed methodology could be applied for parking lots and parkinggarages in cities and at the big international airports-The paper is organized as follows:1. Parking-pricing problems are presented in Section 2. Analogies between parking problems and some other industries are presented in Section 3. The parking revenue management system is introduced in Section 4，and the Intelligent parking space inventory control system is introduced in Section 5- The algorithm to create intelligent parking spaces inventory control system is presented in Section 6. Results obtained with the “intelligent”parking system are given in Section 7，and Sec-tion 8 presents the concluding remarks and further research orientations.2.parking pricingIn majority of cities throughout the world drivers pay for using different parking facilities. In some instances, traffic congestion can be significantly reduced as a result of parking price. The parking revenue is usually used to cover parking facility costs (access gates, ticket printers，parking meters, parking wsigns, attendants), or to improve some other traffic and transportation activities. Different parking pricing strategies should be a part of the comprehensive solution approach to the complex traffic congestion problems. There is no doubt that parking pricing represents one of the important demand management strategics. For example，traffic authorities, local governments and private sector could introduce higher parking tariffs for solo drivers or for long-term parkers in congested city areas. They could provide special parking discounts to vanpoolers. Obviously parking pricing should be carefully studied in the context of the considered city area (down-town, residential, commercial, retail use areas).In some cities (Madison, Wisconsin) there are already time dependent parking fees that force commuters to switch to diffierent alternatives of public transportation . Trying to promote public transit San Francisco traffic authorities increased parking tariffs at publicand commercial garages. The Chicago authorities raised parking rates few times. As a consequence, the total number of cars parked significantly decreased, as well as parking duration time- The greatest decrease was in the number of all day parkers. Authorities in Seattle significantly reduced parking tariffs for carpool at two Seattle parking facilities in downtown •Active role in parking pricing strategies could also have employers paying for employees’ parking. Employers who remove parking subsidies for the employees could significantly decrease the total number of solo drivers. The main role of any parking pricing strategy should be reducing the total number of vehicle trips during certain time periods, shifting commuters to alternative transportation modes, and to different parking locations. At the same time, when trying to implement any parking strategy, it is very important to provide enough parking space for shoppers, to provide preferential parking for residents in considered city area, to provide preferential parking for different parking locations, to consider low income families, and to protect streets in the neighborhood from illegal parking.The basic economic concepts of supply and demand should be more utilized when solving complex traffic congestion and parking problems (Vickrey, 1969, 1994; Verhoef et al., 1995). So-called value pricing is also known as congestion pricing, or variable tolling. The basic idea behind the concept of congestion pricing is to force drivers to travel and use transportation facilities more during off-peak hours and less during peak hours. The idea of congestion pricing is primarily connected with the road (drivers pay for using private, faster roacks, drivers with lower vehicle occupancy pay for using High Occupancy Vehicle lanes, drivers pay more to enter city’s downtown on weekdays) or airport operators (more expensive landing fees during peak hours). In the context of parking probl ems, this means: {c〇 that different peirking tari trs should exist for different users; (b) that the parking fees should increase and/or decrease few times during a day.3.Parking problems and revenue management systems: Analogies with some otherindustriesAirline industry, hotels, car rental， rail, cruise, healthcare, broadcast industry, energy industry, golf, equipment rental, restaurant, and other industries are utilizing revenue management concepts when selling their products (Cross, 1997). Revenue management could be described as a group of different scientific techniques of managing the company revenue when trying to deliver the right product to the right client at the right price at the right time. The roots of the revenue management are in the airline industry. The basic characteristics of the industries to which different revenue management concepts were successfully applied are: (a) variable demand over time; (b) variable asset utilization; (c) perishable assets; (d) limited resources; (e) market segmentation; (f) adding new capacity is expensive, difficult or impossible; (g) direct cost per client is negligible part of the total cost of making service available; (h) selling products in advance. The main characteristics of the parking space inventory control problems arc the T O I lowing:•Parking demand is variable over time.•Like hotel rooms, or restaurant chairs, parking spaces alsohave daily opportunity to be “sold" (used by clients).•Any parking lot or garage has limited number of parking spaces that can be used by drivers•Market segmentation means that different customers are willing to pay different prices for the same asset (hotel room, airline seat, seat ina rented car)• Businessman wanting to park a car near a meeting point15 minutes before the meeting would be ready to pay much higher parking fee than a pensioner planning to walk with his wife throughthe downtown, who made parking reservation four day in advance. •Building new garages and parking lots could be very expensive and sometimes very difficult.•Parking places can be eciwsily rewServed in advance.Introducing and developing parking reservation system (created in an Internet and cell phone environ-ment) would present further improvement in modern parking technologies. Drivers would be advised and guided before beginning of the trip, as well as during the trip. Parking reservation system should be coupled with the parking revenue management system. In this way, parking operators and traffic authorities would be able to implement different parking strategies. Once the driver is allowed to park, it is possible to implement internal garage guidance system that guides the driver to an empty parking place.A.Introducing parking revenue management systemLet us assume that we have parking reservation system. Drivers make their requests for parking at random moments of time (by phone from home, by cell phone while driving，through the Internet, etc.).A certain number of drivers would maybe cancel their reservations before beginning of the parking. These cancel lations would also be made at random moments of time. Like in some other industries, a certain number of drivers would not appear in parking garage for which they have a con-firmed reservation and purchased ticket. Would these drivers be penalized for their behavior? Depending on ration between parking demand and parking supply，the answer could be “Yes” or “No’’ .Reservation system should be flexible enough allowing some drivers to appear right before wished beginning of parking, looking for an empty space in a garage, even though they do not have a confirmed reservation. Would it be good to have few different parking tariffs? The answer is obviously “Yes" . Drivers paying lower parkingtariffs could be disabled and senior citizens, people who reserve parking space few days in advance, or HOV drivers. Drivers paying higher tariffs could be solo drivers, long term parking drivers, or drivers showing up and asking for parking without making reservation in cidvance. Obviously, there is a lot of possible parking pricing strategies.The stochastic nature of reservation generation and cancellation, the stochastic nature of driver show-up during reserved time slot, variety of parking tariffs, and the need to respond to drivers' requests in real time, indicate that the management of parking garage revenues represents a complex problem.In the past 30 years a relatively large number of papers have been devoted to different aspects of the air-line seat inventory control problem (Littlewood, 1972; Bclobaba, 1987; Brumelle and McGill, 1993; Teodorovic et al. , 2002). The model proposed in this paper is highly inspired by the developed airline yield management stochastic and/or deterministic models.Let us assume that we have few different parking tariffs. The simplest reservation system (similar to some airline reservation systems in the past) could be “distinct tariff class parking space inventories” (Fig.1 (a)), indicating separate parking spaces in the garage for each tariff class. In this case, once the parking space is assigned to a tariff class, it may be booked only in that taritr class or else remains unsold. There are certain advantages, as well as certain disadvantages in the case of distinct parking space inventories. In this case users paying lower tariffs would be relatively well “protected”. In other words, this system would pay a lot of attention to the disabled person, senior citizens,people who reserve parking space few days in advance, and IIOV drivers. Obvious disadvantage of the distinct parking space inventories is the fact that very often some parking spaces assigned to lower tariff users would be empty even the higher tariff users demand is very high. In other words, it would be possible to reject some drivers even all parking spaces in garage are not occupied.F i g .1In case of a “nested reservation system ”，the high tariff request will not be rejected as long as any parking spaces are available in lower tariff classes. For example, if we have four tariff classes, then there is no booking limit for class 1，but there are booking limits (BLi ，i = 2，3, • • •，m) for each of the remaining three classes (Fig. 1(b)). As we can see from Fig. 1(b)，al1 parking spaces are always avai 1 able to class 1, There are always a certain number of parking spaces protected for class 1， certain number of parking spaces protected for classes 1 and 2， and certain number of parking spaces protected for classes 1，2 and 3.丄t we make a request-by-request revision of booking limits, there is no longer a difference between distinct and nested reservation system. B L 1B L 2CB L m( a )B L 1 =C B L 2B L m ( b)In this research (like in the paper of reodorovic' et al. , 2002) an attempt was made to make reservation decisions on the‘‘request-by-request” basis. In the scenario that wc consider, wc assume that there are more than two types of tariffs. The basic characteristic of the parking space inventory control model that we propose is “real-time” decision making about each driver request. The developed model is called an ‘‘intelligent” parking space inventory control system.译文：智能停车场系统摘要：本文讨论停车预订系统和停车收入管理系统的基本概念.拟议的智能停车空间的库存控制系统，基于模糊逻辑和整数规划技术相结合，使“上线”决定是否接受或拒绝新的驱动程序的停车要求。
中英文文献翻译-基于欧姆龙可编程序控制器的6层立体车库设计
英文原文THE 6 LAYERS STEREO GARAGE DESIGN BASED ON OMRON PLCZhuoran Zhang Department of Electrical & Engineering Wuhan Polytechnic University Wuhan, China E-mail: Harry zzr@Zhe Mao, Hailing Wan Department of Electrical & Engineering Wuhan Polytechnic University Wuhan, China E-mail:maozhe998@ Abstract—with the development of the modern society, the number of the vehicles in these cities has been increasing with an exponential speed; especially the private cars, putting a great pressure on urban transportation and parking slot. This article is mainly concerned about the entire structure, running procedure and electrical system design including hardware and program design ideas for lifting-traversing stereo garage, which will not only shorten the developing period but also orient parking to centralization and automation direction; Owning some reference value.Keywords- Stereo Garage, Omron PLC, DesignInsufficient parking slots is resulted from the development of the cities, economy and transportation of the cities, the traditional garages are always making the use of the nature vacancy, in a community, the ratio between parking slots and residents is approximately 1:1, one parking slot for a family at least, in order to solve the contradiction that the parking slots using precious commercial land, the stereo mechanical garages with the advantage of the average parking slot takes of less area have been gradually in front of us. Compared with the traditional underground parking garage, the stereo garages have more advantages. First of all, the stereo garages can save more area. The traditional ways must be amassed driving path for vehicles, averagely, a car will take up 40m2 If we take multi-layers garage (6 layers) in to consideration, it is possible for 13 cars to park in the area of 50m2, which will save lots of land resources and land construction expenditure. Meanwhile, the stereo garage could guarantee the safety of the people and their cars. If there is anybody in the garage or the cars are not fully stopped, the system controlled by electrical equipment will not run either. It means that, in the scale of the management, the mechanical garage could separate the people and vehicles, which makes it more systematically. Especially for underground garages, install this kind of garage will save a large area of illumination system, so it is also emerge conservation and environment protection.Ⅰ.THE CLASSIFICATION AND IMPLEMENT BACKDROP OF THE STEREO GARAGEA.THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE STEREO GARAGEAccording to the present development of the stereo garage, the stereo garage is including lifting-traversing, roadway stacking, vertical lifting, vertical circulating, circle level circulation; The concept of the stereo garage is all from automatic logistic material transmitting system. [3]The purpose of the stereo garage is to solve the parking problem in developed cities, that is make useof limited area to park more vehicles so as to save land resources of the cities and manage the static transportation of the urban. This article gives out a way to design lifting-traversing stereo garage based on Omron PLC CP1H, which could extend to solve relevant projects.B. A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO LIFTING-TRAVERSING STEREO GARAGE.The modularization concept is imported in lifting-traversing stereo garage. It can be designed into two to five layers or half underground type, the number of the slot is from tens to hundreds. This kind of garage is suitable for both above ground and underground, the characteristics could be generalized as less occupation of land, simple structure, flexible configuration, lower cost in construction, decoration and fire protection and short period of construction; Safe and convenient for saving and taking cars; Smoothly operation, lower noise during running. [4]It is also appropriate for commercial, bureau and residential use. The safety equipment mainly is photoelectrical sensors, limiting displacement protector and emergency switch.C. THE ENTIRE FRAME OF THE SYSTEMAs the fig. l representing, besides the central controller PLC, the stereo garage system could be divided into three sections: I. Mechanical System; It includes column, beam, carrying board, vehicle frame, hooks and etc. II. Electrical System; this section is the core of this article, which controls the whole system to operate. III. Touching Panel; it is the port from which operators and the system exchanging messages, operators could not only operate the system, but also in the situation of the malfunction, it could let operator enter the manual or debugging mode.Figure 1. The structure of the system Figure 2. Touch Screen (Auto running and Manual) • THE MAIN HARDWARE OF THE SYSTEMWe mainly use the Omron PLC CPH1, on considering the control requirement and the cost, we adopting CP1HX40DR-A PLC, the programming ways are ladder diagram or ST instruction list. The instruction length is 1 to 7 steps per instruction, each I/O relays has 1600 ports, USB 1.1 for communication.The display part, we import screen of WEINVIEW MT6056i series, the screen material is TFT, 5.6 inches, and the resolution is 320x234, with USB2.0 port supporting downloading. The frequency of the CPU is 400 MHz, 128RAM.D.THE SYSTEM STR UCTURE AND FUNCTIONSThe mechanical parts cooperating with electrical system are carrying board, hooks and chains. There are 6 slots on each layer besides 7 slots on the top layer, totally 37 slots, the purpose for one slot empty on each layer is that making enough space for carrying board to move. The carrying boards of the first floor only design to traverse, also the top floor carrying boards are only supposed to lift. The other carrying boards among these floors are designed to life and traverse. Inthis way, this system could achieve the saving and taking from any slots among these 6 layers.In addition, this system has a touch screen system, which switches between auto run and manual debugging mode. Under the auto run mode, it could select a certain slot to accomplish saving and taking behavior, at the same time, monitoring the operation of the system. (Green words "System Running" in auto mode without malfunction). When failure occurs, the system seized and on screen flashing yellow failure code with red backdrop, with the help of the failure code, the professional operator could recognize and eliminate the failures promptly and accurately. On considering more authorities are given in manual debugging mode, to preclude unprofessional persons enter the mode by chance, before enter the mode, there is a cipher verification, in which the sequence could be set by ourselves. This would protect the system from potential dangers.Figure 2 is the graph of system auto running, manual and debugging.Ⅱ. THE COMPOSURE OF THE ELECTRICAL SYSTEMA. STRONG ELECTRICITY SYSTEMThe strong power system includes power supply, protection and driving mechanism, here is electronic motors. Installing XJ3-D on the forepart of the power supply wire, which is used to protect phase sequence of the three-phase voltage, so that guarantee the right rotation of the motors. Moreover, the motors on some layers use the same three-phase voltage.B.THE SET OF THE MOTORSThere are 6 traversing motors on the first layer, 6 traversing motors for 2 to 5 layers each, and so it is with lifting motors for 2 to 5 layers. The top layers have only 7 lifting motors. After setting the motors, mark every motor. For example, the motor driving the third slot of the second layer, we mark it with "23", the relay before the motor are named KM23. Here series connect all the motors' thermal protection, any motor's problem will stop the system. In this way, it has no influence on the stability of the system, but lowers the cost. At the same time, make it easier to find the problems. (What we need to do is press the thermal protection switch one by one).C .WEAK POWER SYSTEMThe weak power system is also the control system, which are mainly the PLC mode and its 5 extended modules, also the sensors. As the figure below, on the right is the input part, DC 24V, on the left, is the output section, AC 220V, to connect with contactors and drive them. These device's functions have close relationships with the entire system's control requirements. On the above of the graph, the protection equipment are emergency switch, installed beside the touching panel, emergency only, trigger it, the system stops; Front and back photoelectrical sensors, which are used to detect people or unidentified objects breaking into the system, if this happens, the system would stop then response with photoelectrical failure, the goal is to protect the people and the vehicles. The phase sequence protection has been illustrated before; Over current protection normally activated under the motor stuck; All the margin switches series connected, cult the main power when any carrying board exceed the limiting position.Limit switches including up ones and down ones or left and right limit switches. In order to achieve the controlling requirements, the level limit switches are installed on the both side of theeach slot frame, while the vertical limit switches are installed on the chain which attached to the motor. It is necessary to point out that the first layer only installed down and left right limit switches, the top layer only installed up switches these switches could sense the position of the carrying boards, helping to finish the lifting and traversing control; Hook position sensors is to fix the vehicles and sense the slot empty or not.The output points"00 04 05 06 07" are to select different phase for each layer, so control the motors' rotation ways.Figure 3. PLC Modules (Segment)There are other 4 extended modules, which only give more I/O ports to the system, similar to this main part.Ⅲ. OPERATION PROCEDUREA. TAKING PROCEDUREAs far as the first layer concerned, it is only designed to traverse, so as to make space to upper layer's carrying boards to move downward. So do the other layers, which are designed to traverse. When traversing meet the requirements, lifting mechanism will run to put the carrying board down, finishing the saving and taking procedure. During the procedure the photoelectrical sensors are open and will behave as fore part has explained. In figure 2A, is the taking condition, at this time "Loading" will flash until the taking procedure finishes.When we enter "51", the system will distinguish whether the operation is a taking or a saving according to the hook of the 51 slot. Then prints the message responded to the state of the hook on the screen, the operator could confirm the operation or cancel it. On confirming, the 51 carrying board will wait for its downward boards to finish the traversing move then moving down. In addition, a timer is added to this control module in order to preclude level limit switches malfunction, resulting into the traversing move time up. If the time for traversing move exceeds the set time, the system will warn the operator "traversing move time up" which displays on the screen, the operator could check out the failure. The up limit switches are used to sense whether the carrying boards are stopped at their routine slots, which the level switches can't finish. Maybe one carrying board stuck between two layers. Only do all the upper layers' carrying boards stop at their routine slots, the selected carrying board's lifting move is activated. A timer is also set into the lifting control, with the same function as traversing timer. The elevator carries the vehicle down to the ground, release the hook, now the photoelectrical signal shut down, and waiting for the owners to take their vehicle. On driving away the vehicle and operator's confirming the photoelectrical signal resumes, the carrying board back to its slot from the down way.Figure 4. The flowchart of the taking and saving procedureB. SAVING PROCEDUREThe saving process is based on taking procedure, so they are familiar; the only difference is the hook move.Ⅳ. SOFTWARE PROGRAMMING AND PROGRAMMING ENVIRONMENTA.SOFTWARE PROGRAMMING ENVIRONMENT AND ITS LANGUAGEIn this system, we choose Omron CX-ONE 3.0 to program the PLC. The language for programming is classic ladder diagram. On considering the stereo garages are installed in different condition and requirement of different users, the scale of the stereo garages should be flexible, for example different layers or slots. In order to meet the different scales requirements, the program ismodularized, only need to change the I/O ports, the logical relations in the ladder diagram arefixed. In this way, it is not only with highly compatibility but also shortens the period to develop relevant designs and make it easier to debugging and repair.B.MODULARIZED PROGRAMConditional jumps are widely used in the programming; the entire program consists of different modules, on certain conditions, the program jumps.As illustrated before, there are only two movements for a carrying board, lifting or traversing, beside the boards of first and top layers. The condition for the fifth could traverse is all the upper layers slots' up limiting switches closed. Then "Traverse OK" is activated, and then the program will make analysis of the operation until meet set conditions, the program jumps. For the lifting movements are always with the downward movements, so program the downward standards, the system will run. The entire program is programmed with this method, above the passage, is only a traversing OK and vertical move OK module. Similarly, modules of a fixed slot, for example slot "21". "21 Traversing Move", "21 Vertical Move"; for whole system, "Emergency Stop and Protection", "Button Select", "System Monitor" and "Debugging" modules, which cooperate with each other to accomplish the control and monitor.Figure 5. Monitoring and Display module (Segment)Fig. 5 is the segment program of the monitoring module, all the motors' protection series connected, so are the phase sequence protection and margin switches. Any of them change; PLC will transfer messages to the screen, which displays. Meanwhile, cults off the main KM, the system stops.Ⅵ.A BRIEF SUMMARYThis paper introduces lift shifting type six floors of three-dimensional garage design method based on Omron CP1HX40DR-A controller, completing the requirements of three-dimensional garage for city vehicle management toward the direction of automation and centralization. This design can be used to restore occupied pavement, reduce preempting, and ensure safety, in addition that it could reduce traffic congestion time, reducing the injury. On this basis, the problem has been thoroughly eliminated, including various vehicles disorderly stopping and parting in disorder, and the appearance of parking places with dirty, disorderly and poor, thus protecting vehicles away from lost, being damaged and stolen. Finally, the road is giving back to the vehicles and pedestrians, the lawn to the green space, the environment of the neat civilization life to the modern metropolis.The development cycle has been greatly shortened, based on the design about three-dimensional garage design of PLC controller. This is also a kind of inevitable of the electrification, digital and automation advancement. The thoughts and methods of this design can be applied to other scale garage and relevant problems of design.REFERENCES[1] [1] Huo Gang. Application and programmer of the CP1HPLC. China Machine Press [M], 2009.1[2] [2] Omron Power program. Omron Corporation (China), 2008[3] [3] BoSen Ren.General situation of Chinese mechanical parking equipment. Celebrated manufacturers of parking equipment and peripherals directory [J] :PP5-7[4] [4] Lekang Yu Dongxiao Zuo.The development of mechanical parking. [J] Technology and management of construction machinery. 1999 1:PP 30-32[5] [5] Fuen Zhang … Younai Wu.Principle … design … set up and maintenance of AC variable speed elevator. [M] China Machine Press 1999中文译文基于欧姆龙可编程序控制器的6层立体车库设计Zhuoran Zhang 电气工程武汉理工大学武汉，中国电子邮件：Harry zzr@Zhe Mao, Hailing Wan 电气工程武汉理工大学武汉，中国电子邮件：maozhe998@摘要：随着现代社会的快速发展，许多城市的车辆数量正在一直以指数的速度快速增加，特别是私家车。
智能停车场系统中英文对照外文翻译文献
智能停车场系统中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文：Intelligent parking systemAbstractThe basic concepts of the parking reservation system and parking revenue management system are discussed in this paper. The proposed intelligent’’ parking space inventory control system that is based on a combination of fuzzy logic and integer programming techniques makes ‘‘on line’’ decisions whether to accept or reject a new driver's request for parking. In the first step of the proposed model, the best parking strategies are developed for many different patterns of vehicle arrivals. These parking strategies are developed using integer programming approach. In the second step, learn-ing from the best strategies, specific rules are defined. The uniqueness of the proposed approach is that the rules arederived from the set of chosen examples assuming that the future traffic arrival patterns are known. The results were found to be close to the best solution assuming that the future arrival pattern is known.Keywords: Traffic; Uncertainty modeling; Control; Parking; Fuzzy logic 1.IntroductionEvery day a significant percentage of drivers in single-occupancy vehicles search for a parking space. Additionally, less experienced drivers or out-of-towners further contribute to the increase of traffic congestion. Search for a vacant parking space is a typical example of a search process. Every parking search strategy is composed of a set of vague rules. It is usually difficult to describe these rules explicitly. The type of the planned activity, time of a day, day of the week, current congestion on particular routes, knowledge of city streets, and potentially available parking places have significant influence on a chosen parking search strategy. During the last four decades numerous parking search models have been developed (Vander Goot, 1982; Axhausen and Polak, 1991; Polak and Axhausen, 1990; Young et al., 1991a,b; saltzman, 1997; Shoup, 1997; Steiner, 1998; Thompson and Richardson, 1998; Arnott and Rowse, 1999; Tam and Lam, 2000; Wong et al., 2000; Waterson et al., 2001). In many decision-making situations in transportation (modal split, choice of air carrier, choice of airport, etc.) the competitive alternatives and their characteristics are reasonably well known in advance to the decision maker (passenger, driver). On the other hand, the drivers usually discover diffierent parking alternatives one by one in a temporal sequence. Clearly, this temporal sequence has a very strong influence on the driver's final decision about the parking placeDuring the past two decades, traffic authorities in many cities (Helsinki, Cologne, Mainz, Stuttgart, Wiesbaden, Aalborg, Hague) havestarted to inform and guide drivers to parking facilities with real-time var-iable message signs [directional arrows, names of the parking facilities, status (full, not full, number of available parking spaces, etc.)]. Information about the number of available parking spaces could be displayed on the major roads, streets and intersections, or it could be distributed through the Internet.It is logical to ask the question about the benefits of the parking guidance systems. Current practice shows that parking guidance systems usually do not change the occupancy rate or average parking duration. Drivers easily become familiar with the parking guidance systems, and majority of them use, thrust and appreciate the help of the systems. Guidance systems significantly increase the probability of finding vacant parking space, mitigate frustration of the drivers–visitors unfamiliar with the city center, decrease the queues in front of parking garages, decrease the total amount of vehicle-miles traveled (particularly in the city centers), decrease the average trip time, energy consumption, and air pollution. Parking guidance system is a part of comprehensive parking policy and traffic management system, whose other elements are street parking control (including sanctions for the illegally parked vehicles), parking fare structure, and parking revenue management system.Parking guidance systems help drivers to find vacant parking spaces when they are already on the network, and approaching their final destination. Throughout this research the concepts of the parking reservation system and parking revenue management system are proposed. Such systems would help drivers to find a vacant parking space even before beginning their trip. The proposed ‘‘intelligent’’parking space inventory control system that is based on the combination of simulation, optimization techniques, and fuzzy logic makes ‘‘real-time’’ decisions as to whether to reject or accept a new request for parking. The proposedmethodology could be applied for parking lots and parking garages in cities and at the big international airports.The paper is organized as follows:1. Parking-pricing problems are presented in Section 2. Analogies between parking problems and some other industries are presented in Section 3. The parking revenue management system is introduced in Section 4, and the Intelligent parking space inventory control system is introduced in Section 5. The algorithm to create intelligent parking spaces inventory control system is presented in Section 6. Results obtained with the ‘‘intelligent’’ parking system are given in Section 7, and Sec-tion 8 presents the concluding remarks and further research orientations.2.parking pricingIn majority of cities throughout the world drivers pay for using different parking facilities. In some instances, traffic congestion can be significantly reduced as a result of parking price. The parking revenue is usually used to cover parking facility costs (access gates, ticket printers, parking meters, parking signs, attendants), or to improve some other traffic and transportation activities. Different parking pricing strategies should be a part of the comprehensive solution approach to the complex traffic congestion problems. There is no doubt that parking pricing represents one of the important demand management strategies. For example, traffic authorities, local governments and private sector could introduce higher parking tariffs for solo drivers or for long-term parkers in congested city areas. They could provide special parking discounts to vanpoolers. Obviously parking pricing should be carefully studied in the context of the considered city area (down-town, residential, commercial, retail use areas).In some cities (Madison, Wisconsin) there are already time dependent parking fees that force commuters to switch to diffierent alternativesof public transportation . Trying to promote public transit San Francisco traffic authorities increased parking tariffs at public and commercial garages. The Chicago authorities raised parking rates few times. As a consequence, the total number of cars parked significantly decreased, as well as parking duration time. The greatest decrease was in the number of all day parkers. Authorities in Seattle significantly reduced parking tariffs for carpool at two Seattle parking facilities in downtown . Active role in parking pricing strategies could also have employers paying for employees' parking. Employers who remove parking subsidies for the employees could significantly decrease the total number of solo drivers. The main role of any parking pricing strategy should be reducing the total number of vehicle trips during certain time periods, shifting commuters to alternative transportation modes, and to different parking locations. At the same time, when trying to implement any parking strategy, it is very important to provide enough parking space for shoppers, to provide preferential parking for residents in considered city area, to provide preferential parking for different parking locations, to consider low income families, and to protect streets in the neighborhood from illegal parking.The basic economic concepts of supply and demand should be more utilized when solving complex traffic congestion and parking problems (Vickrey, 1969, 1994; Verhoef et al., 1995). So-called value pricing is also known as congestion pricing, or variable tolling. The basic idea behind the concept of congestion pricing is to force drivers to travel and use transportation facilities more during off-peak hours and less during peak hours. The idea of congestion pricing is primarily connected with the road (drivers pay for using private, faster roads, drivers with lower vehicle occupancy pay for using High Occupancy Vehicle lanes, drivers pay more to enter city's downtown on weekdays) or airportoperators (more expensive landing fees during peak hours). In the context of parking problems, this means: (a) that different parking tariffs should exist for different users; (b) that the parking fees should increase and/or decrease few times during a day.3.Parking problems and revenue management systems: Analogies with some other industriesAirline industry, hotels, car rental, rail, cruise, healthcare, broadcast industry, energy industry, golf,equipment rental, restaurant, and other industries are utilizing revenue management concepts when selling their products (Cross, 1997). Revenue management could be described as a group of different scientific techniques of managing the company revenue when trying to deliver the right product to the right client at the right price at the right time. The roots of the revenue management are in the airline industry. The basic characteristics of the industries to which different revenue management concepts were successfully applied are: (a) variable demand over time; (b) variable asset utilization; (c) perishable assets; (d) limited resources; (e) market segmentation; (f) adding new capacity is expensive, difficult or impossible; (g) direct cost per client is negligible part of the total cost of making service available; (h) selling products in advance. The main characteristics of the parking space inventory control problems are the following:· Parking demand is variable over time.· Like hotel rooms, or restaurant chairs, parking spaces also have daily opportunity to be ‘‘sold’’ (used by clients).·Any parking lot or garage has limited number of parking spaces that can be used by drivers· Market segmentation means that different customers are willing to pay different prices for the same asset (hotel room, airline seat, seat ina rented car). Businessman wanting to park a car near a meeting point 15 minutes before the meeting would be ready to pay much higher parking fee than a pensioner planning to walk with his wife through the downtown, who made parking reservation four day in advance.· Building new garages and parking lots could be very expensive and sometimes very difficult.· Parking places can be easily reserved in advance.Introducing and developing parking reservation system (created in an Internet and cell phone environ-ment) would present further improvement in modern parking technologies. Drivers would be advised and guided before beginning of the trip, as well as during the trip. Parking reservation system should be coupled with the parking revenue management system. In this way, parking operators and traffic authorities would be able to implement different parking strategies. Once the driver is allowed to park, it is possible to implement internal garage guidance system that guides the driver to an empty parking place.4.Introducing parking revenue management systemLet us assume that we have parking reservation system. Drivers make their requests for parking at random moments of time (by phone from home, by cell phone while driving, through the Internet, etc.).A certain number of drivers would maybe cancel their reservations before beginning of the parking.These cancellations would also be made at random moments of time. Like in some other industries, a certain number of drivers would not appear in parking garage for which they have a con-firmed reservation and purchased ticket. Would these drivers be penalized for their behavior? Depending on ration between parking demand and parking supply, the answer could be ‘‘Yes’’ or ‘‘No’’.Reservation system should be flexible enough allowing some drivers to appear right before wished beginning of parking, looking for an emptyspace in a garage, even though they do not have a confirmed reservation. Would it be good to have few different parking tariffs? The answer is obviously ‘‘Yes’’. Drivers paying lower parking tariffs could be disabled and senior citizens, people who reserve parking space few days in advance, or HOV drivers. Drivers paying higher tariffs could be solo drivers, long term parking drivers, or drivers showing up and asking for parking without making reservation in advance. Obviously, there is a lot of possible parking pricing strategies.The stochastic nature of reservation generation and cancellation, the stochastic nature of driver show-up during reserved time slot, variety of parking tariffs, and the need to respond to drivers' requests in real time, indicate that the management of parking garage revenues represents a complex problem.In the past 30 years a relatively large number of papers have been devoted to different aspects of the air-line seat inventory control problem (Littlewood, 1972; Belobaba, 1987; Brumelle and McGill, 1993; Teodorovic et al., 2002). The model proposed in this paper is highly inspired by the developed airline yield management stochastic and/or deterministic models.Let us assume that we have few different parking tariffs. The simplest reservation system (similar to some airline reservation systems in the past) could be ‘‘distinct tariff class parking space inventories’’ (Fig. 1(a)),indicating separate parking spaces in the garage for each tariff class. In this case, once the parking space is assigned to a tariff class, it may be booked only in that tariff class or else remains unsold. There are certain advantages, as well as certain disadvantages in the case of distinct parking space inventories. In this case users paying lower tariffs would be relatively well ‘‘protected’’. In other words, this system would pay a lot of attention to the disabled person, senior citizens,people who reserve parking space few days in advance, and HOV drivers. Obvious disadvantage of the distinct parking space inventories is the fact that very often some parking spaces assigned to lower tariff users would be empty even the higher tariff users demand is very high. In other words, it would be possible to reject some drivers even all parking spaces in garage are not occupied.In case of a ‘‘nested reservation system ’’, the high tariff request will not be rejected as long as any parking spaces are available in lower tariff classes. For example, if we have four tariff classes, then there is no booking limit for class 1, but there are booking limits (BLi, i = 2, 3, . . ., m) for each of the remaining three classes (Fig. 1(b)). As we can see from Fig. 1(b), all parking spaces are always available to class1. There are always a certain number of parking spaces protected for class 1, certain number of parking spaces protected for classes 1 and 2, and certain number of parking spaces protected for classes 1, 2 and 3. If we make a request-by-request revision of booking limits, there is no longer a difference between distinct and nested reservation system.In this research (like in the paper of Teodorovic ´ et al., 2002) an attempt was made to make reservation decisions on theBL1BL2BLmCBL1=CBL2BLm (a)(b)Fig.1‘‘request-by-request’’ basis. In the scenario that we consider, we assume that there are more than two types of tariffs. The basic characteristic of the parking space inventory control model that we propose is ‘‘real-time’’ decision making about each driver request. The developed model is called an ‘‘intelligent’’ parking space inventory control system.译文：智能停车场系统摘要：本文讨论停车预订系统和停车收入管理系统的基本概念.拟议的智能停车空间的库存控制系统，基于模糊逻辑和整数规划技术相结合，使“上线”决定是否接受或拒绝新的驱动程序的停车要求。
立体车库翻译及原文
毕业设计英文翻译原文学生姓名 *** 学号： ************** 所在学院：机械与动力工程学院专业：机械工程及自动化设计(论文)题目：立体停车库的三维建模指导教师： ***2010年 3 月 6 日HIGH-SECURITY, PAID, AUTOMATED SMART PARKING DESIGNSUMMARYAn original, futuristic, permission-based-access, automated, gated parking system design for a large office park is described. The proposed system uses WiFi cellular phones as the primary access technology, license plate recognition via image processing as the secondary technology, keypad entry as the third technology, and verbal interchange as the last resort. The office park encompasses 20,000 employees and has 132 access points to parking lots. The strict access policy creates a high security office park. Implementation cost is estimated at $5.9M. A $0.50 per day parking charge per car is proposed, generating $1.9M per year in offsetting revenue.INTRODUCTIONThis paper provides a smart parking system design :"concept of operations." While Palo Alto's Stanford Research Park (SRP) is the focus, components of this scheme may be applied to other large office parks. This design is intended to be a credible conceptual start that could serve as the basis for a detailed design and parking study.P ARKING D EMANDWillson’s studies of five suburban office parks found an average of 49 percent empty parking spaces at peak utilization. When the early research parks were built, land was inexpensive, so surface parking was preferred. Thus, there is a large opportunity to manage parking spaces more efficiently and make better use of the land.SRP weekday peak parking demand is calculated as 14,600 parking spaces. Currently, there is about 1 parking space per employee in the research park: 20,000 spaces in all. Thus, there are roughly 5,400 unused parking spaces representing roughly 44 acres of land (assuming 350 square feet per parking space).Normally, landowners prefer to hold some excess in parking, to ensure that there is sufficient parking should a building use change. For instance, changing a building use from software development to a call center results in more employees per leasable square foot, generating increased parking demand.In addition, landowners also like to provide a "cruising reserve:"“It is not practical to provide parking on the assumption that every space will be fully utilized. Some reserve capacity is needed to allow for cruising vehicles in search of a space, vehicles un-parking, and for peak surges. Thus, a design safety factor should be applied to account for these conditions. A design safety factor of 10 percent is suggested for most land uses.”OBJECTIVESLarge office parks usually lack accurate data on the number of cars that are parked at any point in time. Often a parking count study is conducted on an irregular basis. A modern parking system can easily provide an instantaneous count of the number of parked vehicles. This accurate quantification provides valuable information that can be used to justify land use changes.The sheer scale of SRP facilitates implementation of a state-of-the-art parking system. A phased, collaborative approach is advised.Converting from unrestricted parking to automated, gated operation is a significant task, requiring additional expenses that are avoided when building from scratch. Most SRP lots allow rapid, unconstrained access and egress; consequently, a reservoir of space to buffer human interaction with access gates is missing. In many of these lots, an average gate interaction time of three seconds would have the undesirable result of backing up traffic into street bike lanes during morning peak. Adding more gated lanes to solve queuing problems is an expensive option that is not explored further. For reference, free flowing access lanes serve 500 cars per hour, exit lanes serve 250-400 cars per hour. "In converting from unconstrained to gated, the concern is usually more with entering, rather than exiting, cars," points out a McGann Parking employee.P ARKING SYSTEM GOALS∙Driver-friendly transition from free to paid parking. Minimize irritation with gates.Manage access/egress queues so that traffic flows smoothly.∙Provide ability to escalate security during high terrorism threat∙Provide a system that not only works well for recurring parkers (employees), but also for the transient populations (customers and visitors). While high income, credit card-toting technology workers may be relatively easy to serve with advanced technology, ensure that non-English-speaking, cash-only contractors also have successful interactions.∙Enhance SRP security, while allowing individual companies the flexibility to "layer in"additional security measures.∙Successfully support the few high turnover sites within the greater research park such as the movie theatre, banks, and computer store.∙Minimize capital and operational costs.∙Minimize disruption during system installation – minimize asphalt and concrete projects that tie up lots.∙Operate lots without human attendants∙Operate most lots without parking enforcement –make it impossible to violate the parking rules.∙Allow the flexible sharing of parking lots between adjacent employers∙Follow an open systems approach with ability to enhance system capabilities. Avoid being locked into proprietary technology.Select technology that can also be used for employee ID badges / building access control.PARKING AUTOMATION TECHNOLOGYParking technology is undergoing a renaissance, thanks to new ITS (Intelligent Transportation Systems) technology. Each year performance is improving and price is dropping. New technologies are being validated as reliable, user-accepted, and cost-effective. The optimal SRP automation system will evolve as each year passes.No matter which automation technologies are deployed, one important system component is to rapidly identify either the vehicle or the driver. Once a unique identification number is known, then centralized control and billing can occur.T RANSPONDERSTransponders are now common in the Bay Area, used in the FasTrack electronic bridge toll collection system. One vendor provides credit card-sized, battery-free variants of the bridge toll transponders. These cost $22 apiece, read at slower speeds than 25 mph, and are well suited for parking lot operation.R ADIO F REQUENCY I DENTIFICATION (RF ID)RF-ID tags are small radio tags that may be attached to a vehicle. They operate in the same manner as cellular phone WiFi or Bluetooth identification. The current disadvantages of RF ID are cost, sensitivity to radio frequency interference, and possible confusion between two approaching vehicles. The emerging RF ID industry is working hard to address these disadvantages. The industry's stated objective is to lower the cost of RF ID to the point where individual clothing items may be tagged and tracked. Currently “passive tags,” tags without batteries, can be purchased for $2 in large volumes, and readers procured for $2,000 (plus mounting and power). Such passive tags may be read from a distance of 5 feet or less, so should be reliable in parking gate configurations. RF ID can offer accurate read reliability upwards of 99.7%.L ICENSE P LATE R ECOGNITION (LPR)LPR technology uses image processing to identify vehicles by their license plate numbers.A personal computer with a "frame grabber" card connects to video cameras focused on license plates. Once a video image is captured, algorithms detect the edges of the plate and then extract numbers and letters from within this area. In California, about ten percent of cars do not have front bumper plates, so LPR systems must scan rear bumpers. LPR systems often capture images and illuminate bumpers using the infrared spectrum, to prove high accuracy during night time and overcast conditions. Out-of-state and dirty plates tend to frustrate these systems. Formaintenance, video camera lenses require periodic cleaning.POLICY OPTIONSParking automation provides many possibilities to reward or penalize different behaviors. Automation also allows a high level of flexibility, where differing policies may be implemented at different parking lots and land uses. For instance, carpools and vanpools could receive preferential treatment. For instance, a TMA policy might provide carpools with free parking, waiving the $0.50 per day charge. For "tight-supply" applications, NextSpace could prioritize convenient spaces for carpools and employees, guiding solo drivers to less desirable lots.Likewise, the TMA could decide to discourage mid-day cold start trips (when the vehicle sits for more than one hour before being re-started) by directing the parking system to add charges for multiple exits per day. As yet another example, transient parkers could be granted ten free visits, after which $0.50 per day parking charges would apply.REFERENCES1)Richard Willson. Suburban parking economics and policy : case studies of officeworksites in Southern California. Washington, D.C. : Federal Transit Administration, University Research and Training Program.2).2002 Commute Profile. ./research/pdfs/commuteprofile_2002.pdf.3)ULI, Shared Parking.4)Parking Alternatives: Making Way for Urban Infill and Brownfield Redevelopment,/pdf/PRKGDE04.pdf.EPA document 231-K-99-001, Dec ’99.5)Robert A. Weant and Herbert S. Levinson. Parking. Westport, Conn. (P.O. Box 2055,Westport, 06880) : Eno Foundation for Transportation, c1990. xv, 335 p. : ill. ; 28 cm.6)Steve Raney, Suburban Silver Bullet: PRT Shuttle + Wireless Commute Assistant UsingCellular Location Tracking, TRB '04. Accepted for publication Transportation Research Record. /PRT_Wireless_TRB_111503_web.doc7)Transcore: /8)License Plate Recognition – A Tuturial, /.White paper by Yoram Hofman, Hi-Tech solutions, .9)Barcoding technology: /barcode.html,/barcode_decal_info.html, /products/AUTO/barauto.htm10)Dambach's individual parking space monitoring and guidance system:/single_space.htm. Directs cars to available parking spaces.11)Ryan Russo, Planning for Residential Parking: A Guide For Housing Developers andPlanners, by The Non-Profit Housing Association of Northern California./students/rrusso/parking/Developer%20Manual/index.htm . Richard Willson, Parking Management Toolkit: Strategies for Action in BART Station Areas. (Oct2000), And: Parking Policy Development Workbook, August ’99.高性能收费式自动化智能停车库设计摘要这里描述了一个为大型办公楼设计的具有独创性，前瞻性，和实用性的立体停车系统。
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附件2：外文文献译文与原文专业班级：电气124 姓名：陈威驰学号：50基于密码的旋转多层停车场系统作者：Nayab Suhail Hamirani, Imdad Ali Ismaili,Asad Ali Shaikh, Faheem Ahmed, Azhar Ali Shah摘要：在人口稠密地区和较大的城市，由于交通拥挤，停车成为了一个大问题。
使用旋转立体停车系统能够有效地减轻这个问题。
使用停车系统能够在更少的空间获得更安全的停车场。
为了降低成本并获得更小的空间和最佳的性能，我们使用ATMEL单片机作为主处理器，同时借助LCD和电机分别用于显示和旋转楼层。
密码锁定系统用来区分用户并检测停车场还剩下多少自由空间。
随着市场的全球化，汽车的数量也上升到了无法控制的局面。
设计这个系统模型的初衷就是为了解决这个问题，同时本项目中嵌入密码锁定系统也可以提高车辆停车的安全性。
关键词:基于密码的安全性；单片机；直流齿轮电机；普通IC；快速PCB1．引言本项目的目的是设计一种自动多层停车场系统，帮助普通民众将车停放在更小更安全的地方。
由于现代人口密集，以前的一些停车位被用作一些基础设施的建设，在大企业和公寓需要一个可以避免空间浪费的创新设计。
但是，这类项目的开发一直有个问题，虽然这些停车场是多层的，可是并不安全。
因此为了能够使用密码锁设备我们使用了微控制器，同时我们还使用了旋转楼层以保证最佳的设计。
本项目基于圆形建筑而不是正方形或长方形的建筑物，之所以这么选择是因为通过使用圆形建筑形状我们可以停放更多的车辆，但是使用其他形状的建筑物像正方形和矩形就很难这么做[1]。
在提案中，我们需要的器件包括两个电机，不同的操作开关，一个振荡器，一个按钮和液晶显示屏[6]。
2．项目研究现状在信息时代，我们可以看到人口已经增长到了一个不可控制的程度。
为了弥补这个问题我们设计了很多的大型项目。
但是很多项目都不安全，从人类的利益和缓解停车危机的角度出发我们设计了多层旋转停车场，这个设计可以有效的处理安全问题。
目前的立体停车系统都是线性机制的，而我们发现最能替代缓解用户和节省空间的是旋转立体停车系统。
这个项目的另一个与众不同的特性是我们嵌入了密码锁定系统，每个用户都有自己独特的密码可以增加安全性，万一用户忘记了密码，我们还做了一些访问技术可以解决这个问题。
3．基本思路我们在项目里放一个液晶用了显示各种信息。
一个LCD屏幕放在大门口，当车辆到达门口区域时LCD屏幕在初始化后将显示一个“欢迎”消息，然后检测车辆重量并等待用户输入信息。
这个时候用户有两种选择，要么把车辆停放到车库中，或从车库里提车。
当用户要停放他/她的车辆时，他/她会得到一个密码。
用户为了提车就要通过按键输入密码，如果密码错误就无法提车，在这种情况下他/她必须找管理员处理才能够提到车。
分配给用户的特定密码长四位数而且会显示在屏幕上的液晶两秒，它根据编程的变化可能会有所不同。
该项目建立在楼层的动力机制上。
这些楼层可以由单片机控制着旋转到特定的位置，即升高和向下到各个楼层。
在我们的模型中是一个两层停车场，每层有四个车位，总共有八个停车车位。
当车辆靠近入口大门时，安装在地面上微动开关就会收到挤压。
如果停车场已满，没有可用空间建筑停车的车辆，那么LCD液晶将显示“对不起”。
我们已经使用了塑料原型作为机械模型，实际操作中我们可以讲楼层可以增加至任何数量。
图1是一个大型停车场的系统图。
图1 系统概述4.系统模型图1所示的系统模型由两层组成。
当然在某些环境我们可以用几百个可以转动切换的楼层实现系统。
每个用户都能被分到一个楼层和停车位号码。
在机械部件的底座部分有一个直流电机来执行旋转。
这里为了简单起见我们只用一扇门同时作为入口和出口。
我们使用楼层上的按键当作电机开关还同时使用了传感器检测汽车的重量来充当开关用以打开或关闭大门。
我们用处理器中的微控制器来处理LCD和开关。
5．处理技术因为89c51很简单，所以我们将ATMEL 89c51单片机作为主处理器，整个编程是用汇编语言完成的[2]。
AT89C51单片机是一个8位低功耗微控制器，具有良好的工作效率，它的内存是4 k字节，当然取决于我们的项目要求我们也可以连接外部内存。
内部闪存的可再编程这是它最强大的功能之一。
Atmel 89C51是一款高度灵活、廉价的嵌入式控制应用的微控制器。
6.系统组成A．外围驱动阵列集成电路我们使用外围驱动器集成电路与单片机接口集成的电路连接三个继电器去控制电机。
Darlington的NPN型晶体管非常适合逻辑电平数字电路(ATMEL 89c51) 之间的低压接口和高电流/电压设备，同样也适用在工业和消费领域的继电器和其他应用程序。
ULN2003集成电路是一种高电压、高电流接口集成电路。
B.稳压芯片LM7805我们可以利用7805芯片执行转换从而得到12伏直流电压提供给整个项目。
虽然负载电流或温度会有所变化，但是我们将集成电路电压调节器的输出连接到过滤整流器就保证了输出电压或电流的稳定。
这样集成的电路调节器有三个端子、一个输入端子、一个输出端和一个参考端子。
C .晶体振荡器振荡器是一个能够产生没有任何外部信号源的输出波形的电路，直流电源以这个输出作为唯一的输入。
因此，振荡器可以看作一个信号发生器，当然，有许多类型的振荡器。
在单片机和微处理器为基础的项目，晶体振荡器是使用最广泛的一个振荡器，因为它能够产生非常稳定的输出波形，而大多数通信应用程序也要求使用非常稳定的振荡器输出信号。
石英晶体是决定晶体振荡器的主要频率的原件。
D .液晶显示在这个项目中使用了一个16x2的液晶显示器，显示由单片机产生的消息，即显示了密码，欢迎信息和其他必要的信息。
液晶是一种小型低成本显示，在嵌入式控制器与微控制器接口很好使用。
许多微控制器有库代码，使显示消息如显示一行代码简单。
液晶显示不同于其他显示设备，如7段显示，真空荧光显示器等显示，这些显示设备产生光，但是LCD控制光。
因此，液晶显示器的外观也完全不同于其他显示器。
LCD字符通常在光线背景下面显示深色。
E .直流齿轮电机这个项目中需要使用两个直流齿轮电机供旋转机构旋转，一个提供圆周运动，另一个提供楼层的水平运动。
齿轮马达由电动机和一个装在同一位置的齿轮传动装置组成以降低设计的复杂度和成本。
它们虽然只有较低的马力不过却足以支撑整个建筑。
7．项目测试开始的时候如果是所有停车位都是空置的，车会停在编号为1的停车位。
然后用户按开关A,对应1号开关的门会自动关闭,密码将显示在液晶屏幕上两秒钟。
同样，当第二辆车出现在入口时，这位车主再按下微动开关A停放汽车时，控制器会将车停在编号为2的停车位。
停车后，用户必须按下开关门才会关闭，密码也将被显示在液晶显示屏上两秒。
类似地，如果还有车要停在车库里的时候，只需再次按下微动开关，车会被分配到接下来的位置，过程都会跟上面一样直到车库里停满了车。
首先下层会停满车，然后才会停到上层。
现在，如果用户想从提车，他必须按下开关B输入开始液晶屏幕显示的密码。
有的时候用户提车之后就会空出位置，如果有车辆在入口处停着，则微控制器将搜索空位置，并将其中的一个位置分配给车辆以停泊。
现在，单片机会从位置1开始搜索空置车位。
如果有三个空的空间，他们的位置是位置2，位置5和位置7。
在这种情况下，单片机将分配会先把车分配到位置1，如果还有车才会被分配到位置5和位置7，如图2和图3所示。
图2 停车步骤1图3 车辆的实际位置8．系统框图总体框图如图4所示:图4 总体框图9．系统布局在布局部分构造原型可以看到单个组件所在的位置，电源提供适当的隔离和接地。
图5模块中的液晶模块放在用户给用户提供消息。
详细可见图5。
图5 系统布局10．系统模拟A.程序这里使用Atmel 89c51给多个Atmel 89系列微控制器编程。
例如:89c51/52/55等。
我们喜欢它是因为其简单性和低成本，当然这里也可以使用avr单片机或PLC。
B.基于Keil软件我们使用在Keil公司的µVision IDE来上传程序到集成电路中，这带来了许多新特性。
这个IDE具有很多强大的功能。
它可以是一个很好的模拟器和软件，可以上传程序到硬件电路芯片上。
项目管理，编辑和程序的调试功能使软件的使用变得轻松、高效。
同时在Keil 中创建嵌入式的程序是很简单的。
OrCAD 软件主要用于电子设计自动化。
在ORCAD创建电子部件的印刷电路板设计图很简单。
D.快速PCB和布局我们使用快速PCB，PCB布局如图6所示，电子专业的学生最好使用快速PCB软件去创建原型电路。
图6 PCB布局E. EDSIM模拟器EDSIM模拟器可以用来模拟89C51系列，写在汇编代码面板上面的汇编代码可以用阶跃函数检查错误，最后观察它的运行结果。
我们使用这个模拟器提高我们的编程效率，我们可以观察到所有寄存器和内存RAM、ROM的数据，从而更好的处理错误。
11．密码列表图7 项目中的密码分配12．原理图该项目的原理图如图8所示。
图8 原理图13．结论在这个项目中,每层楼层最多停放四辆车。
当有车辆退出时传感器检测楼层里还有多少车辆。
通过建立一个交互式的用户界面、车辆跟踪系统、一个电梯控制系统和监控系统，我们实现了这个自动化目标。
我们可以在较大的城市实现我们的项目，那里有很多单位，广场却没有了足够的停车空间。