外文翻译--商品混凝土质量控制
外文翻译---混凝土,钢筋混凝土和预应力混凝土
Concrete, Reinforced Concrete, andPrestressedConcreteConcrete is a stone like material obtained by permitting a carefully proportioned mixture of cement, sand and gravel or other aggregate, and water to harden in forms of the shape and dimensions of the desired structure. The bulk of the material consists of fine and coarse aggregate. Cement and water interact chemically to bind the aggregate particles into a solid mass. Additional water, over and above that needed for this chemical reaction, is necessary to give the mixture workability that enables it to fill the forms and surround the embedded reinforcing steel prior to hardening. Concretes with a wide range of properties can be obtained by appropriates adjustment of the proportions of the constituent materials. Special cements, special aggregates, and special curing methods permit an even wider variety of properties to be obtained.These properties depend to a very substantial degree on the proportions of the mix, on the thoroughness with which the various constituents are intermixed, and on the conditions of humidity and temperature in which the mix is maintained from the moment it is placed in the forms of humidity and hardened. The process of controlling conditions after placement is known as curing. To protect against the unintentional production of substandard concrete, a high degree of skillful control and supervision is necessary throughout the process, from the proportioning by weight of the individual components, trough mixing and placing, until the completion of curing.The factors that make concrete a universal building material are so pronounced that it has been used, in more primitive kinds and ways than at present, for thousands of years, starting with lime mortars from 12,000 to 600 B.C. in Crete, Cyprus, Greece, and the Middle East. The facility with which , while plastic, it can be deposited and made to fill forms or molds of almost any practical shape is one of these factors. Its high fire and weather resistance are evident advantages. Most of the constituent materials, with the exception of cement and additives, are usually available at low cost locally or at small distances from the construction site. Its compressive strength, like that of natural stones, is high, which makes it suitable for members primarily subject to compression, such as columns and arches. On the other hand, again as in natural stones, it is a relatively brittle material whose tensile strength is small compared with its compressive strength. This prevents its economical use in structural members that ate subject to tension either entirely or over part of their cross sections.To offset this limitation, it was found possible, in the second half of thenineteenth century, to use steel with its high tensile strength to reinforce concrete, chiefly in those places where its low tensile strength would limit the carrying capacity of the member. The reinforcement, usually round steel rods with appropriate surface deformations to provide interlocking, is places in the forms in advance of the concrete. When completely surrounded by the hardened concrete mass, it forms an integral part of the member. The resulting combination of two materials, known as reinforced concrete, combines many of the advantages of each: the relatively low cost , good weather and fire resistance, good compressive strength, and excellent formability of concrete and the high tensile strength and much greater ductility and toughness of steel. It is this combination that allows the almost unlimited range of uses and possibilities of reinforced concrete in the construction of buildings, bridges, dams, tanks, reservoirs, and a host of other structures.In more recent times, it has been found possible to produce steels, at relatively low cost, whose yield strength is 3 to 4 times and more that of ordinary reinforcing steels. Likewise, it is possible to produce concrete 4 to 5 times as strong in compression as the more ordinary concrete. These high-strength materials offer many advantages, including smaller member cross sections, reduced dead load, and longer spans. However, there are limits to the strengths of the constituent materials beyond which certain problems arise. To be sure, the strength of such a member would increase roughly in proportion to those of the materials. However, the high strains that result from the high stresses that would otherwise be permissible would lead to large deformations and consequently large deflections of such member under ordinary loading conditions. Equally important, the large strains in such high-strength reinforcing steel would induce large cracks in the surrounding low tensile strength concrete, cracks that would not only be unsightly but that could significantly reduce the durability of the structure. This limits the useful yield strength of high-strength reinforcing steel to 80 ksi according to many codes and specifications; 60 ksi steel is most commonly used.A special way has been found, however, to use steels and concrete of very high strength in combination. This type of construction is known as prestressed concrete. The steel, in the form of wires, strands, or bars, is embedded in the concrete under high tension that is held in equilibrium by compressive stresses in the concrete after hardening, Because of this precompression, the concrete in a flexural member will crack on the tension side at a much larger load than when not so precompressed. Prestressing greatly reduces both the deflections and the tensile cracks at ordinaryloads in such structures, and thereby enables these high-strength materials to be used effectively. Prestressed concrete has extended, to a very significant extent, the range of spans of structural concrete and the types of structures for which it is suited.混凝土，钢筋混凝土和预应力混凝土混凝土是一种经过水泥，沙子和砂砾或其他材料聚合得到经过细致配比的混合物，在液体变硬使材料石化后可以得到理想的形状和结构尺寸。
建筑施工质量管理体系外文翻译参考文献
建筑施工质量管理体系外文翻译参考文献1. GB/T -2016 英文名称：Quality management systems--Requirements《质量管理体系要求》2. GB/T -2016 英文名称：Quality management systems--Guidelines for the application of ISO 9001:2015《质量管理体系应用指南》3. GB -2013 英文名称：Code for construction quality acceptance of building engineering《建筑工程质量验收规范》4. GB -2011 英文名称：Code for acceptance of constructional quality of masonry engineering《砌体工程施工质量验收规范》5. GB -2010 英文名称：Code for design of concrete structures《混凝土结构设计规范》6. GB -2013 英文名称：Standard for building drawing standardization《建筑施工图件编制规范》7. GB -2001 英文名称：Code for acceptance of construction quality of pile foundation engineering《桩基工程施工质量验收规范》8. /T 11-2017 英文名称：Technical specification for concrete structure of tall building《高层建筑混凝土结构技术规范》9. 63-2013 英文名称：Technical specification for strengthening of building structures using carbon fiber reinforced plastics 《建筑结构加固碳纤维布增强复合材料技术规范》10. 81-2002 英文名称：Technical specification for application of sprayed mortar in building construction and acceptance of quality 《建筑喷涂砂浆工程施工及质量验收技术规定》。
商品混凝土质量控制
商品混凝土质量控制一、引言商品混凝土是建造工程中常用的一种材料，质量控制对于保证工程质量和安全至关重要。
本文将详细介绍商品混凝土质量控制的标准要求、测试方法和质量控制措施。
二、标准要求1. 混凝土配合比：根据工程要求和设计要求，制定合理的混凝土配合比。
配合比应包括水灰比、水胶比、砂浆含量等指标，并符合相关国家标准。
2. 原材料质量：混凝土的原材料包括水泥、骨料、粉煤灰等。
应选择符合国家标准的优质原材料，并进行严格抽样检测，确保其质量符合要求。
3. 施工工艺：施工过程中应按照设计要求和标准操作，包括搅拌、浇筑、振捣等环节。
搅拌时间、振捣频率等参数应符合相关标准。
三、测试方法1. 水泥测试：包括水泥标号、凝结时间、比表面积等指标的测试。
可采用国家标准方法进行测试，如GB/T 176-2022《水泥标准振实度试验方法》等。
2. 骨料测试：包括骨料颗粒大小、含泥量、吸水率等指标的测试。
可采用GB/T 14684-2022《骨料粒径分析方法》等国家标准方法进行测试。
3. 混凝土强度测试：包括抗压强度、抗折强度等指标的测试。
可采用GB/T 50081-2002《混凝土力学性能试验方法标准》等国家标准方法进行测试。
四、质量控制措施1. 原材料抽样检测：对水泥、骨料、粉煤灰等原材料进行抽样检测，确保其质量符合要求。
检测结果应记录并保存。
2. 搅拌过程控制：控制搅拌时间、搅拌速度等参数，确保混凝土均匀搅拌。
检测混凝土的坍落度和含气量，确保其符合设计要求。
3. 浇筑过程控制：控制浇筑速度、浇筑高度等参数，避免混凝土分层和产生空洞。
及时修补浇筑缺陷，确保混凝土质量。
4. 强度测试：进行混凝土强度测试，及时发现强度不达标的情况。
如发现问题，应调整施工工艺或者更换原材料，确保工程质量。
五、质量记录和报告1. 混凝土配合比记录：记录混凝土配合比的具体参数和计算过程，以备工程验收和后期维护使用。
2. 原材料检测报告：记录原材料抽样检测的结果和分析报告，以备工程验收和后期质量追溯。
商品混凝土在施工过程中的质量控制及保证措施韦力源
商品混凝土在施工过程中的质量控制及保证措施韦力源摘要:本文论述施工过程中商品混凝土的卸料、浇注、振捣、抹面和养护正确操作方法，以及特殊种类和特殊部位的混凝土施工注意事项，并提出质量保证措施和质量保证资料。
关键词:商品混凝土；质量；施工Abstract: this paper discusses the construction process of concrete products unloading, pouring and vibrating, plaster and maintenance correct operation method, and special type and special parts of the concrete construction points for attention, and puts forward measures for quality assurance and quality assurance material.Keywords: concrete products; Quality; construction中图分类号：TU528.52 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1、前言混凝土工程质量的保证，对商品砼公司，在于使用优质的原材料、合理的配合比、充分均匀的搅拌和及时准确的运输；对施工单位，在于合理的施工组织和技术措施，包括正确的浇注、振捣、抹面和养护方法等。
商品砼公司与施工单位应增进交流、相互协作、紧密配合，双方都严格执行国家标准和行业标准，保证每一个环节不出问题，这样才能建造出质量优良的混凝土工程。
2、商品混凝土的分类在砼公司的日常生产控制中，一般是根据混凝土的浇注方式分为普通砼和泵送砼。
2.1普通砼：在工地上直接卸料或由人力车、吊斗铺料浇注，如垫层、基础、小型底板、孔桩、地梁、承台、路面、地坪、挡土墙、柱及预制件等结构，坍落度在80－120mm之间，初凝时间3－5h，终凝时间7－9h。
商品混凝土质量控制论文
浅谈商品混凝土的质量控制摘要：商品混凝土在工程中的应用越来越普遍，其质量问题会极大地影响建筑工程质量。
因而有效控制生产施工环节中影响商品混凝土质量的各种不利因素，是商品混凝土亟需解决的问题，本文对此做了初步的探讨和分析。
关键词：商品混凝士；质量；控制abstract: the concrete products in the application of engineering is becoming more and more common, its quality problems will greatly affect construction engineering quality. so effective control of the production of construction link influence the quality of concrete products of the disadvantage factors, is the commodity concrete problem to be solved, in this paper, this made the preliminary discussion and analysis.key words: coagulation and commodities; quality; control随着现代科技的发展，工程质量要求越来越高，商品混凝土已在工程中广泛应用，商品混凝土就是预拌混凝土的商品化生产，其具有加速施工进度、减少环境污染、提高工程质量和节约材料成本等优点，并以集中搅拌、社会化商品供应为其重要特征，是实现建筑工业化的重要手段之一。
商品混凝土的发展，为混凝土强度等级的提高、混凝土质量的相对稳定、施工速度的大大加快、环境污染的减少等起到了重要作用。
但是，随着商品混凝土推广使用的不断发展，也出现了一些工程问题，如强度不高、容易发生离析等现象，还有就是混凝土收缩裂缝出现的几率增多了，尤其是在商品混凝土应用较多的大中城市和大中型工程中，采用了低水灰比(水胶比)高、早强混凝土的结构物出现的早期开裂现象，严重影响了建筑工程的安全质量，这不能不说是混凝土技术发展进程中出现的—个负面效应。
建筑外文翻译外文文献英文文献混凝土强度和现代建筑材料
建筑外文翻译外文文献英文文献混凝土强度和现代建筑材料以下是为大家整理的建筑外文翻译外文文献英文文献混凝土强度和现代建筑材料的相关范文，本文关键词为建筑,外文,翻译,文献,英文,混凝土,强度,现代,建筑材料,，您可以从右上方搜索框检索更多相关文章，如果您觉得有用，请继续关注我们并推荐给您的好友，您可以在英语学习中查看更多范文。
外文出处：buildingandenvironment12(20XX)186-191附件1：外文资料翻译译文混凝土强度和现代建筑材料文章摘要：钢筋混凝土可以用在框架结构上，常常用在预制构件并主要用在工业建筑相同结构建筑物上，混凝土也可以用在壳式建筑施工中，其表面同时也成为结构的组成部分。
现代建筑材料：大多数较大的建筑物都是由钢结构，钢筋混凝土以及预应力混凝土构成。
关键词：混凝土强度；现代建筑材料；高层建筑；框架结构在许多结构中,混凝土同时受到不同方向各种应力的作用.例如在梁中大部分混凝土同时承受压力和剪力,再楼板和基础中,混凝土同时承受两个相互垂直方向的压力外加剪力的作用.根据材料力学学习中已知的方法,无论怎样复杂的复合应力状态,都可化为三个相互垂直的主应力,它们作用在材料适当定向的单元立方体上.三个主应力中的任意一个或者全部既可是拉应力,也可是压应力.如果其中一个主应力为零,则为双轴应力状态。
如果有两个主应力为零，则为单轴应力状态，或为简单压缩或为简单拉伸。
在多数情况下，根据简单的试验，如圆柱体强度f'c和抗拉强度f't，只能够确定材料在单轴应力作用下的性能。
为了预测混凝土在双轴应力或三轴应力作用下的结构强度，在通过试验仅仅知道f'c或f'c与f't的情况下，需要通过计算确定混凝土在上述复合应力状态下的强度。
尽管人们连续不断地进行了大量的研究，但仍然没有得出有关混凝土在复合应力作用下的强度的通用理论。
经过修正的各种强度理论，如最大拉应力理论、莫尔-库仑理论和八面体应力理论(以上理论都在材料力学课本中讨论过)应用于混凝土，取得了不同程度的进展。
商品混凝土的施工质量控制
浅谈商品混凝土的施工质量控制摘要：随着时代的进步、施工工艺、经济效益的需要，现代建筑行业砖混结构已经越来越少，钢筋混凝土结构的工程已经在城市的建筑工程中占主导位置，而自制的混凝土强度很难控制，并且不能满足混凝土大量的需求，因此，商品混凝土也随着市场的需求应运而生。
为此，本文从事前控制、事中控制、事后控制三方面进行分析探究商品混凝土的施工质量控制。
关键词：商品混凝土；配合比；养护abstract: along with the progress of the times, the construction technology, the economic benefits of the construction industry, modern brick and concrete structure has become less and less, reinforced concrete structure of the project has been the dominant position in the city ‘s construction, and the strength of concrete made difficult to control, and can not meet the demand, a lot of the concrete, concrete products with the market demand emerge as the times require. therefore, this paper from beforehand control, things in control, after control of the three aspects of the construction quality control of commercial concrete.key words: commercial concrete; mix; maintenance中图分类号：tu71文献标识码：a 文章编号：2095-2104（2013）随着混凝土技术的进步，越来越显示出施工过程控制的重要性。
外文翻译---钢筋混凝土结构设计制约因素(部分)
外文资料翻译The constraintion of reinforced concrete structure design ( part)Part 1. Reinforced ConcretePlain concrete is formed from a hardened mixture of cement ,water ,fine aggregate, coarse aggregate (crushed stone or gravel),air, and often other admixtures. The plastic mix is placed and consolidated in the formwork, then cured to facilitate the acceleration of the chemical hydration reaction lf the cement/water mix, resulting in hardened concrete. The finished product has high compressive strength, and low resistance to tension, such that its tensile strength is approximately one tenth lf its compressive strength. Consequently, tensile and shear reinforcement in the tensile regions of sections has to be provided to compensate for the weak tension regions in the reinforced concrete element.It is this deviation in the composition of a reinforces concrete section from the homogeneity of standard wood or steel sections that requires a modified approach to the basic principles of structural design. The two components of the heterogeneous reinforced concrete section are to be so arranged and proportioned that optimal use is made of the materials involved. This is possible because concrete can easily be given any desired shape by placing and compacting the wet mixture of the constituent ingredients are properly proportioned, the finished product becomes strong, durable, and, in combination with the reinforcing bars, adaptable for use as main members of any structural system.The techniques necessary for placing concrete depend on the type of member to be cast: that is, whether it is a column, a bean, a wall, a slab, a foundation. a mass columns, or an extension of previously placed and hardened concrete. For beams, columns, and walls, the forms should be well oiled after cleaning them, and the reinforcement should be cleared of rust and other harmful materials. In foundations, the earth should be compacted and thoroughly moistened to about 6 in. in depth to avoid absorption of the moisture present in the wet concrete. Concrete should always be placed in horizontal layers which are compacted by means of high frequency power-driven vibrators of either the immersion or external type, as the case requires, unless it is placed by pumping. It must be kept in mind, however, that over vibration can be harmful since it could cause segregation of the aggregate and bleeding of the concrete.Hydration of the cement takes place in the presence of moisture at temperatures above 50°F. It is necessary to maintain such a condition in order that the chemical hydration reaction can take place. If drying is too rapid, surface cracking takes place. This would result in reduction of concrete strength due to cracking as well as the failure to attain full chemical hydration.It is clear that a large number of parameters have to be dealt with in proportioning a reinforced concrete element, such as geometrical width, depth, area of reinforcement, steel strain, concrete strain, steel stress, and so on. Consequently, trial and adjustment is necessary in the choice of concrete sections, with assumptionsbased on conditions at site, availability of the constituent materials, particular demands of the owners, architectural and headroom requirements, the applicable codes, and environmental reinforced concrete is often a site-constructed composite, in contrast to the standard mill-fabricated beam and column sections in steel structures.A trial section has to be chosen for each critical location in a structural system. The trial section has to be analyzed to determine if its nominal resisting strength is adequate to carry the applied factored load. Since more than one trial is often necessary to arrive at the required section, the first design input step generates into a series of trial-and-adjustment analyses.The trial-and –adjustment procedures for the choice of a concrete section lead to the convergence of analysis and design. Hence every design is an analysis once a trial section is chosen. The availability of handbooks, charts, and personal computers and programs supports this approach as a more efficient, compact, and speedy instructional method compared with the traditional approach of treating the analysis of reinforced concrete separately from pure design.Part 2 Safety of StructuresThe principal scope of specifications is to provide general principles and computational methods in order to verify safety of structures. The “ safety factor ”, which according to modern trends is independent of the nature and combination of the materials used, can usually be defined as the ratio between the conditions. This ratio is also proportional to the inverse of the probability ( risk ) of failure of the structure.Failure has to be considered not only as overall collapse of the structure but also as unserviceability or, according to a more precise. Common definition. As the reaching of a “ limit state ” which causes the construction not to accomplish the task it was designed for. There are two categories of limit state :(1)Ultimate limit sate, which corresponds to the highest value of the load-bearing capacity. Examples include local buckling or global instability of the structure; failure of some sections and subsequent transformation of the structure into a mechanism; failure by fatigue; elastic or plastic deformation or creep that cause a substantial change of the geometry of the structure; and sensitivity of the structure to alternating loads, to fire and to explosions.(2)Service limit states, which are functions of the use and durability of the structure. Examples include excessive deformations and displacements without instability; early or excessive cracks; large vibrations; and corrosion.Computational methods used to verify structures with respect to the different safety conditions can be separated into:(1)Deterministic methods, in which the main parameters are considered as nonrandom parameters.(2)Probabilistic methods, in which the main parameters are considered as random parameters.Alternatively, with respect to the different use of factors of safety, computational methods can be separated into:(1)Allowable stress method, in which the stresses computed under maximum loads are compared with the strength of the material reduced by given safety factors.(2)Limit states method, in which the structure may be proportioned on the basis of its maximum strength. This strength, as determined by rational analysis, shall not be less than that required to support a factored load equal to the sum of the factored live load and dead load ( ultimate state ).The stresses corresponding to working ( service ) conditions with unfactored live and dead loads are compared with prescribed values ( service limit state ) . From the four possible combinations of the first two and second two methods, we can obtain some useful computational methods. Generally, two combinations prevail:(1)deterministic methods, which make use of allowable stresses.(2)Probabilistic methods, which make use of limit states.The main advantage of probabilistic approaches is that, at least in theory, it is possible to scientifically take into account all random factors of safety, which are then combined to define the safety factor. probabilistic approaches depend upon :(1) Random distribution of strength of materials with respect to the conditions of fabrication and erection ( scatter of the values of mechanical properties through out the structure );(2) Uncertainty of the geometry of the cross-section sand of the structure ( faults and imperfections due to fabrication and erection of the structure );(3) Uncertainty of the predicted live loads and dead loads acting on the structure;(4)Uncertainty related to the approximation of the computational method used ( deviation of the actual stresses from computed stresses ).Furthermore, probabilistic theories mean that the allowable risk can be based on several factors, such as :(1) Importance of the construction and gravity of the damage by its failure;(2)Number of human lives which can be threatened by this failure;(3)Possibility and/or likelihood of repairing the structure;(4) Predicted life of the structure.All these factors are related to economic and social considerations such as：(1) Initial cost of the construction;(2) Amortization funds for the duration of the construction;(3) Cost of physical and material damage due to the failure of the construction;(4) Adverse impact on society;(5) Moral and psychological views.The definition of all these parameters, for a given safety factor, allows construction at the optimum cost. However, the difficulty of carrying out a complete probabilistic analysis has to be taken into account. For such an analysis the laws of the distribution of the live load and its induced stresses, of the scatter of mechanical properties of materials, and of the geometry of the cross-sections and the structure have to be known. Furthermore, it is difficult to interpret the interaction between the law of distribution of strength and that of stresses because both depend upon the nature of the material, on the cross-sections and upon the load acting on the structure. These practical difficulties can be overcome in two ways. The first is to apply different safety factors to the material and to the loads, without necessarily adopting the probabilistic criterion. The second is an approximate probabilistic method whichintroduces some simplifying assumptions.钢筋混凝土结构设计制约因素（部分）第一部分：钢筋混凝土混凝土是由水泥、水、细骨料、粗骨料（碎石或；卵石）、空气，通常还有其他外加剂等经过凝固硬化而成。
商品混凝土的质量控制
商品混凝土的质量控制在现代建筑工程中，商品混凝土的应用越来越广泛。
商品混凝土具有生产效率高、质量稳定、施工方便等优点，但其质量控制却是一个至关重要的环节。
一旦商品混凝土质量出现问题，不仅会影响工程的进度和成本，更可能给建筑结构的安全性和耐久性带来严重隐患。
商品混凝土质量控制涵盖了从原材料选择到生产、运输、浇筑以及养护的全过程。
首先，原材料的质量把控是关键的第一步。
水泥作为主要胶凝材料，其品种、强度等级和稳定性直接影响混凝土的强度和性能。
应选择符合工程要求和国家标准的水泥，并确保其质量稳定，避免受潮、结块等情况。
骨料的质量同样不容忽视，包括粗细骨料的粒径、级配、含泥量、坚固性等指标。
粗骨料过大或过小，都会影响混凝土的和易性和强度；细骨料含泥量过高，则可能导致混凝土强度降低、收缩增大。
此外，拌合用水应清洁，不得含有有害物质。
外加剂的选用要根据混凝土的性能要求和施工条件，合理确定品种和掺量，以改善混凝土的性能。
在生产环节，配合比的设计是核心。
配合比不仅要满足混凝土的强度要求，还要考虑其工作性、耐久性和经济性。
设计配合比时，应根据原材料的性能、工程部位、施工条件等因素，通过试验确定最优的配合比。
生产过程中的计量精度也至关重要，各种原材料的计量偏差必须控制在允许范围内。
搅拌时间要足够，以确保混凝土搅拌均匀。
运输过程对商品混凝土的质量也有一定影响。
运输车辆应保持清洁，防止混凝土在运输过程中受到污染。
运输时间应合理控制，避免过长导致混凝土坍落度损失过大。
在运输过程中，搅拌车应保持慢速搅拌，以保持混凝土的均匀性。
浇筑环节是商品混凝土质量控制的重要节点。
浇筑前，要检查模板、钢筋的安装情况，确保符合设计要求。
浇筑时，要控制浇筑速度和高度，避免混凝土离析。
分层浇筑时，要注意层间的结合，确保混凝土整体性良好。
振捣是保证混凝土密实的关键步骤，振捣应均匀、适度，避免过振或漏振。
养护是保证商品混凝土质量的最后一道工序。
养护不及时或养护不当，会导致混凝土强度增长缓慢、收缩裂缝增多。
商品混凝土的质量控制
商品混凝土的质量控制在建筑工程中，商品混凝土的质量直接关系到建筑物的结构安全和耐久性。
因此，对商品混凝土的质量进行严格控制至关重要。
商品混凝土是指在搅拌站集中搅拌、以商品形式供应给施工单位的混凝土。
它具有生产效率高、质量稳定、节约施工场地等优点，但同时也存在一些质量控制的难点。
首先，原材料的质量是影响商品混凝土质量的关键因素之一。
水泥作为主要胶凝材料，其品种、强度等级和安定性等指标必须符合设计要求。
如果水泥质量不稳定，可能导致混凝土强度不足、裂缝等问题。
粗细骨料的质量也不容忽视，骨料的级配、含泥量、有害物质含量等都会对混凝土的性能产生影响。
例如，含泥量过高会降低混凝土的强度和耐久性，而骨料级配不合理则可能导致混凝土的和易性差。
此外，外加剂的选择和使用也需要谨慎，不同类型的外加剂具有不同的功能，如改善混凝土的流动性、调节凝结时间、提高抗渗性等，应根据具体的工程要求和混凝土配合比进行选择。
其次，混凝土配合比的设计是保证商品混凝土质量的重要环节。
配合比的设计应根据工程的结构特点、施工条件、环境因素以及混凝土的性能要求等进行综合考虑。
在设计过程中，需要确定水泥、骨料、水、外加剂等原材料的用量比例，以达到混凝土的强度、工作性、耐久性等要求。
同时，还应考虑经济性原则，在保证质量的前提下尽量降低成本。
配合比设计完成后，应进行试配和调整，确保实际生产的混凝土符合设计要求。
在商品混凝土的生产过程中，搅拌站的设备和生产工艺对质量控制也有着重要影响。
搅拌设备的性能和精度直接关系到混凝土的搅拌质量和均匀性。
搅拌时间、投料顺序等生产工艺参数也需要严格控制，以保证混凝土的各项性能指标。
同时，搅拌站应建立完善的质量管理体系，对原材料的进场检验、生产过程的监控、产品的出厂检验等环节进行严格管理，确保每一批次的商品混凝土质量合格。
运输环节也是影响商品混凝土质量的一个重要因素。
在运输过程中，应保证混凝土的均匀性和坍落度不发生明显变化。
混凝土质量控制中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)浅谈清水混凝土的质量控制技术措施一、测量放线测量放线作为先导工序应贯穿于各个环节，它是保证主体结构外形尺寸满足设计要求的前提，是使主体结构达到清水混凝土的基础，在实际施工中应抓住以下几点：1、施工竖向精度(1)水准点埋设水准点是竖向控制的依据，要求一个施工场区内设置不少于3个，点与点间距离50～100m，以利于互相通视和校核，墙上水准点应选设在稳定的建筑物上，以便于保存、查找、引测。
(2)高程控制网的布设在场区依据业主提供的水准点(由市测绘部门引测)，建立高程控制网。
2、平面轴线投测平面轴线精度受控，是确保设计轴线和细部线准确的基础。
根据轴线控制桩，将所需轴线投测到施工平面图上，同一层上所投测的纵横轴线不得少于2条，以此作为角度、距离的校核。
经校核无误后方可在该平面上放出其它相应的设计轴线和细部线。
在实际施工中需注意：①各楼层的轴线投测，上下层垂直偏差不得超过3mm；②轴线投测后放出竖向构件几何尺寸和模板就位线、检查控制线；③施工平面测量工作完成后，方可进入竖向施测；④墙体拆模后，在墙体上测出结构1m线以供下道工序使用；⑤每一层平面或每段轴线施测完后，进行自检，合格后由专职人员复检，合格后再报检。
3、引测标高要保证竖向控制的精度要求，先要进行高程控制网点的联测，检查场区内水准点是否被碰动，确认无误后引测标高。
(1)标高基准点的测设必须正确，同一层不少于3点，以便于互相校核，其3点校差不得超过3mm，取其平均值作为平面施工中标高基准点。
(2)根据基坑情况，在坑内设置标桩，将高程引测到标桩上，用红“△”标出，并标明绝对标高和相对标高，供施工时用。
(3)在地上1层和电梯基坑，采用10cm×10cm钢板制作，用钢针刻划出“十”字线作为基准点，为高程引测提供依据，首层以上各层在基准点的正上方相应位置设计预留洞200mm×200mm(激光束及锤球的通孔)，严禁覆盖，并严防杂物从洞口坠落。
外文翻译----浅析沥青混凝土路面的施工质量控制
附录Asphalt Concrete Pavement Construction Quality ControlLi Gang, low IncomeAbstractThis paper is the combination of highway pavement maintenance based on the work, by analyzing the formation mechanism of asphalt concrete pavement, asphalt pavement during the construction period on how the construction quality control issues to present their views and experiences, to prevent the development of Pavement Distress on the current asphalt concrete pavement by the phenomenon of high incidence of disease has a certain reference.Keywords: Highway; asphalt concrete pavement; Construction Quality Control1 A road surface disease and major hazards1.1 surface pitsHighway pavement surface pits is the earliest of the disease, especially in the rainy season. Likely to cause road bumps, the high speed of the car and the large tonnage of the vehicles, the larger the depth of deep trenches and even endanger traffic safety. In addition there are destructive pit road development, the so-called "do not fill a hole, big hole to suffer."1.2 Pavement Rutting and own packagePavement rutting season usually occurs in high temperature, especially after the hot season will still be within one month of development.Owned by packages in two situations: First, and pavement rutting the same timeand place; Second, in the individual sections of a small area (area ≤ 6m2) occurred.Pavement rut and own package is mainly caused by car bumps; rain will cause water in the street, reducing pavement skid resistance, thereby endangering traffic safety.1.3 Pavement CracksPavement cracks occurred mainly in winter, with transverse cracking. Performance in the rain season, the most obvious, or even jack pulp phenomenon. Crack key hazards are as follows: First, the formation of surface pits is easy; Second, surface water would seep into the surface layer of the internal and road base, pavement damage.1.4 pavement cracks and loosePavement cracks and loose most evident in the winter. In the rainy season, especially in cold weather, rain season, the road tends to form cracks and loose a large area (area ≥ 1m2) of trenches and pump slurry, together with infiltration of surface water within the surface layer and the road base, threatening the entire pavement structure .1.5 Pavement BleedingBleeding caused by road pavement skid resistance is mainly down, for a motor vehicle traveling on the highway, down the road skid resistance led directly to the brake and steering performance degradation, endangering traffic safety.2 Formation Mechanism of Pavement Distress2.1 surface pitsThe formation of surface pits is because of water damage. In a lot of fast traffic load, tire position and the hydrodynamic pressure generated by vacuum suction from the surface will result in gravel asphalt concrete flaking out, or cause weathered stone, gravel and so crushing strength difference. Through the cycles, the formation of pits.A lot of impurities in the aggregate, gravel aggregate pro-poor quality and poor sections of this oil is most obvious. Also, if road loose, cracked, old and new pavement cracks and joints, poor road handling, pit has also greatly increased the likelihood.2.2 Pavement Rutting and own packagePavement rutting and the formation of complicated ownership package, mainly the following aspects: First, the destructive effects of overloaded vehicles; second, high temperature stability of asphalt concrete road surface worse.The former is caused by a key factor in pavement rutting. In accordance with the Ministry of Transportation design and technical specifications related to testing standards, the pavement load for the rear axle load 100kN, tire pressure is 0.75MPa. But this year, nationwide auto gauge control work, before driving on the highway most of the large trucks for more than 30% overrun, and some even as high as 180KN, tire pressure up to 1.1MPa.High temperature stability of asphalt concrete road surface is poor, particularly in like 2003 and this continued under the influence of high temperature, surface temperature is often above 70 ℃, then the internal, such as road surface temperatures in the surface layer of a higher and longer duration . The main role of the middle layer is a permanent deformation and ruttingresistance, according to Chinese and U.S. scientists study shows that: Rut is the main part of the road surface 5cm-10cm.For semi-rigid pavement, if the primary does not damaged, then the rutting in asphalt concrete pavement is to generate the. The road surface temperature stability are the main reasons are the following aspects: high oil content of asphalt concrete, asphalt sensitive to temperature, too few or broken coarse aggregate caused by lack of interlocking forces face down, Fine Aggregate excessive amount of river sand, asphalt concrete compaction can not meet the requirements and so on.The reasons for the formation of road owned package addition to the above aspects, there are two reasons: First, the heterogeneity of road construction; second, poor road surface roughness. Both rough driving in the car, because cars under impact, likely to cause pavement depression. And this depression is the "Matthew Effect", depression after high-speed automobile road will have greater impact, while the larger the impact will be greater depression.2.3 Pavement CracksPavement cracks are mainly two: one is the shrinkage of asphalt concrete pavement cracks; a Pavement cracking is a result of reflection cracks. As the ductility of asphalt concrete is superior to semi-rigid base, especially in cement stabilized base. As long as the extension of their degree of asphalt and asphalt concrete to meet the design requirements of the oil content, the temperature cracks generally occur less and less effect. I come into contact with the highway pavement cracks, especially in transverse fractures, mainly reflective cracking.As the basis for asphalt concrete pavement, cement stabilized base with flexural strength requirements. However, the specific construction and qualitycontrol process also must be strict control of its cement consumption, meeting design demands strength of the premise, as far as possible reduce the amount of cement, thereby reducing the occurrence of reflective cracks and reduce the crack width.2.4 The pavement cracks and loosePavement cracking is mainly caused due to structural damage. If not meet the design requirements of grassroots flexural strength; or under the limit vehicles, primary loads exceeding the design load, the grassroots will be destroyed.Loose road surface itself is usually the reason, impurities such as aggregates, oil pro-poor aggregates, asphalt concrete oil-less so.2.5 Pavement BleedingAsphalt concrete pavement weeping mainly high in oil content, aggregate interlocking due to insufficient strength of asphalt and fine aggregate on the pan due.3 of road construction quality controlQuality control is a key construction process work. FIDIC provisions in accordance with the relevant technical specifications and the Ministry of Communications is a comprehensive and systematic work. In this article, the writer for the disease on some major aspects of the road a little about their own experiences.3.1 Selection and storage of raw materials3.1.1 AggregatePavement construction aggregate consumption of a large, 12000t/km above.So choose a suitable aggregate in control of the production costs and improve the quality of construction is important. Special attention should be on aggregate following matters:3.1.1.1 In the same layer, the aggregate materials and ingredients should be as consistent as possible, so as to ensure the uniformity of the structure layer.3.1.1.2 Aggregate weathering conditions and sediment content should be strictly controlled, particularly in the surface layer of material, "a mud hole is a" clean aggregate level, directly affect the conservation effort.3.1.1.3 Aggregate surface directly affect the pH of aggregate and asphalt adhesion. Therefore, in the choice of surface materials and asphalt together must take into consideration, the two must meet each other in order to achieve good results.3.1.1.4 Primary general construction with continuous mixing, which requires the storage of primary aggregates and stacked to be carried out strictly in accordance with specifications, to prevent segregation. Can guarantee the uniformity of base construction.3.1.1.5 Aggregate stack space necessary to do the site hardening and different specifications of the work piling up aggregate segregation.3.1.2 Binder binder means: Cement Stabilized surface layer of cement and asphalt. Both are key materials in road construction.3.1.2.1 Cement requirements: low heat of hydration to reduce the primary crack; retarded to meet the construction schedule; stability is to ensure that grass-roots strength.3.1.2.2 more stringent requirements on the asphalt, and some indicators of mutual restraint, many times in the test and design to achieve the best results.Specific such as: high temperature stability requirements in order to ensure consistency of high and low temperature sensitivity, in order to ensure consistency requirement of low temperature cracking resistance and low temperature sensitivity. Different regions and different aggregates will make different demands on the asphalt, it should be according to local conditions, choose a good pitch.3.2 Mix DesignPavement mix design is the key to many factors must be considered. This article will mix the surface layer should be based on, the following features layers to design.3.2.1 Mix Design grassroots cement dosage should be strictly controlledDesigned to meet the minimum strength of the premise, to minimize the amount of cement.3.2.2 good gradingGrass-roots base material mix design and construction machinery should be the case do aggregate grading design, so that the final produced good grass-roots level mixture distribution.3.2.3 The following layerMainly subjected to various stresses, including compressive stress and shear stress. Should be a higher consistency of asphalt and aggregate gradation good.3.2.4 in the surface layerPrimary role is the resistance to permanent deformation or rutting, also asked a good anti-seepage performance. Therefore, when the mix design should pay attention to the issue of oil content, oil content can decrease the surfacelayer of anti-rutting performance, too low will affect the seepage features. Accompanied in the aggregate should be increased very aggregate amount of more than 10mm to improve the asphalt concrete interlocking force, thereby enhancing the anti-rutting performance. To reduce porosity, improve seepage performance, consider the following to improve 5mm, 2.36mm or even less amount of fine aggregate.3.2.5 Top SurfaceMain function is to provide a sliding car, flat surface. While the top layer and atmospheric exposure, most affected by temperature, low temperature cracking resistance of its most demanding. Therefore, consistency should be little above the layer of asphalt. At the same time should be strictly controlled asphalt content and fine aggregate, prevent the opening of the road weeping. Above the floor to pick a good set of hydrophobic material, to enhance the hydrophobicity of aggregates, experienced construction unit will use cement as a filler. However, a large amount of cement will often bring a decline in low-temperature cracking resistance, the design should be strictly controlled.3.3 Construction3.3.1 Construction of Test Road Test section of the role is very important to obtain the following test results section.3.3.1.1 Verify whether the mix design and construction requirements to meet.3.3.1.2 Compaction requirements to meet the compaction times and with this number corresponds to the compaction coefficient.3.3.1.3 Operation in mechanical with the number and type, determine the maximum efficiency and cost-effective in controlling the mechanicalcombination.3.3.2 DeflectionBefore construction of the embankment and sub-base for deflection detection, can not meet the requirements of section deflection must be processed.3.3.3 Mixing strict calibration measurement parametersMixing the materials to ensure uniformity.3.3.4 ensure that the machinery of normal useWhen the hybrid materials and the materials and paving, rolling and curing time. Base construction paving and rolling if not promptly, once after a final setting of cement is still rolling, it will be the final setting of cement or grass-roots can not crack.3.3.5 healthCement Base in a timely manner after completion of construction health, which can effectively reduce shrinkage cracks.3.3.6 Bond strengthLayer and through the layer under the seal and the surface layer of the primary bond between the ability to have great impact bonding solid surface and base, levels of driving thrust of the primary can be effectively delivered.3.3.7 Surface treatmentSurface before construction of the primary crack has been found to process, to shop glass fiber grid method for processing.3.3.8 Regular inspectionAlthough batch mixing with asphalt concrete, asphalt, filler and aggregates of different sizes are individually weighed. But they still had regular tests toensure the accuracy of the amount of various materials.3.3.9 Paving temperature and rolling temperature controlPaving mixture of good temperature control, to avoid mixture of Segregation in the paving process. Mixture in rolling, the temperature is too high and too low are difficult to meet the design degree of compaction and air voids.3.3.10 Pavement smoothness control should be started from the grassrootsThis will not only ensure the best results to the top layer of the flatness, but also avoid the flatness Ershi to meet a larger surface thickness occurring mutations.4ConclusionAsphalt Pavement are many reasons for the formation, but the construction quality is the main reason for the formation of disease. Construction and maintenance of our often disjointed, construction teams generally responsible for the quality of construction and one year defects liability period of conservation. The disease appears in a lot of asphalt pavement quality defects liability period, these diseases are generally more difficult the problem back to the construction team.In the road construction process, some construction companies, and even supervision units, construction of the road have some misunderstanding, mainly as follows:(1) re-surface layer, and that it in fact semi-rigid pavement of the main bearing structure is the grassroots, grass roots in the fundamental role played pavement structure;(2) above the layer of heavy, light, the following layer, the road surfacestructure, the upper, middle layer of each of the following division of their duties, not favoritism. Only three have full play to their effectiveness, to achieve the best results;(3) re-combination of materials, lightweight aggregate, aggregate in the pavement structure is the main force in the asphalt concrete pavement, the aggregate interlocking force on the asphalt concrete stress plays a very important role. Aggregate as to material, its selection, processing and storage have to be strict checks to ensure the quality of roads.References[1] Bowering RH, Martin CL. Foamed bitumen: production and application of mixtures, evaluation and performance of pavements. In: Proceedings of the association of asphalt paving technologists,vol.45;1976.p.453-73[2] Ruckel PJ, Acott SM, Bowering RH. Preparation of design mixes and treatment of test specimens. Transport Res 1983;911:88-95[3] Nataatmadja A. some characteristics of foamed bitumen mixes. Transport Res 2001;1767:120-5译文浅析沥青混凝土路面的施工质量控制李刚罗利芳摘要本文是作者在结合高速公路路面养护工作的基础上，通过分析沥青混凝土路面病害形成机理，对沥青路面施工期间如何进行施工质量控制的问题提出自己的看法和体会，以预防路面病害的发展，对目前预防沥青混凝土路面病害高发现象具有一定的借鉴意义。
商品混凝土的质量控制
商品混凝土的质量控制摘要：近年来，随着建筑水平的不断提高，城市建设力度的不断加大，建筑业蓬勃发展，混凝土工厂化生产已是大势所趋，由此产生出商品混凝土。
商品混凝土应用于建筑施工中产生了良好的经济效益和社会效益。
与此同时，由于原材料、配合比、运输环节、施工管理、技术力量、施工组织等方面的影响，目前采用商品混凝土仍存在这样那样的质量问题，若不引起重视，将直接影响到建筑物施工后整体结构的质量。
因此，施工中商混凝土的质量控制成了一个新的话题，商品混凝土的质量控制应以预防为主,防患于未然,通过减少质量通病提高商品混凝土的质量。
关键词：商品混凝土质量控制养护1 前言商品混凝土是指由水泥、集料、水以及外加剂和掺合料等，按一定比例经集中搅拌站计量，拌制后出售，并采用运输车，运至使用施工现场的混凝土拌合物。
它实现了混凝土生产的专业化、商业化和社会化，具有加快施工进度、减少环境污染、提高工程质量和节约材料成本等优点。
但影响质量的原因有很多，现就商品混凝土的质量控制谈一些自己的看法和建议。
2 商品混凝土的生产环节的质量控制混凝土俗称人工石，由石子、砂、水等三大原料组成。
确定混凝土的配合比，实际上就是就是根据设计的混凝土强度等级和质量以及混凝土施工的和易性等要求合理确定水泥、砂、石子、水、外加剂的重量比。
商品混凝土的质量最关键的因素是水泥品质的好坏，因此首先要严格控制水泥的选择。
水泥应该使用质量稳定、信誉度高的企业生产的水泥，严禁使用质量不稳定的水泥。
骨料要采用粒径大小适合的，含泥量少的中、粗砂。
外加剂一般宜掺缓凝型高效减水剂。
泵送砼应掺FCN泵送剂或减水剂，并宜掺用粉煤灰或其他活性矿物掺合料。
外加剂和掺合料的掺量应根据天气、缓凝、早强等要求通过试验确定。
合理的配合比是保证混凝土质量的必要条件。
3 商品混凝土运输环节的质量控制商品混凝土的运输必须使用搅拌车，在运输过程中须保持慢速简体旋转，以确保混凝土拌和物的和易性，不得产生离析和失水现象。
商品混凝土质量管理制度
商品混凝土质量管理制度Quality Management System1.General ns1.1 The goal of quality management is to achieve a 100% pass rate for concrete products.2.nal Structure of Quality Management2.1 The company manager is responsible for the quality of the company's products。
and the quality representative (i.e。
the quality director)。
chief engineer。
quality technical department。
XXX for quality management。
The quality technical XXX for the company's quality and technical management work.3.XXX of the Quality Technical Department3.1 Issue concrete n mix s and monitor the quality of the n process.3.2 XXX.3.3 Prepare quality plans for special projects。
handle customer quality ns and quality issues。
and report technical quality issues that occur during n in a timely manner.3.4 Assist XXX quality accidents。
XXX the company's n and technical quality standards.3.5 Provide ns for improving the n process。
商品混凝土的质量控制
商品混凝土的质量控制商品混凝土的质量控制1. 引言本旨在提供关于商品混凝土质量控制的详细指导，以确保混凝土的质量和性能符合预期要求。
通过实施严格的质量控制措施，可以确保商品混凝土在施工过程中具备足够的强度、耐久性和可靠性，以满足工程项目的要求。
2. 定义与缩写在本中，以下术语和缩写定义合用：- 商品混凝土：指用于施工的标准化生产混凝土，供应给多个工程项目。
- 混凝土强度等级：表示混凝土的抗压强度等级，根据设计要求确定。
- 浇筑过程：混凝土从搅拌站到浇筑点的运输、卸料和整平过程。
- 质量控制：指通过采样、测试和监控等方法对商品混凝土进行严格控制的过程。
3. 供应商选择与审查3.1 供应商选择选择合适的商品混凝土供应商是保证混凝土质量的重要一环。
在选择供应商时，应综合考虑以下因素：- 供应商的认证与资质- 供应商的生产设备和工艺技术- 供应商的质量管理体系- 供应商的交货能力和售后服务3.2 供应商审查在与潜在供应商建立合作关系之前，应进行供应商审查，包括以下内容：- 混凝土质量控制计划和文件的审查- 供应商的混凝土成份和配合比的检验- 供应商的生产设备和检测设备的审查- 供应商的生产工艺和质量管理体系的评估4. 混凝土配合比设计4.1 材料选用在混凝土配合比设计中，应根据设计要求选择适当的材料。
以下是常见的材料选用：- 水泥：应符合相关标准要求，常用的有普通硅酸盐水泥、矿渣水泥等。
- 骨料：常用的骨料有细骨料和粗骨料，应满足相关标准的要求。
- 粉煤灰和矿渣粉：用于改善混凝土的工作性能和耐久性。
4.2 配合比设计根据设计要求和材料特性，进行混凝土配合比设计。
应考虑以下因素：- 强度等级要求- 工作性能要求- 耐久性要求- 可供性和经济性5. 混凝土搅拌与运输5.1 搅拌设备使用符合相关标准要求的混凝土搅拌设备，包括搅拌车和搅拌站。
应定期检查和维护设备，确保正常运行和混凝土的均匀性。
5.2 混凝土测量与控制在混凝土搅拌过程中，需要准确测量混凝土的配合比和添加剂的投放量。
外文翻译--商品混凝土质量控制-精品
中文1515字本科毕业论文外文资料翻译系别：管理科学与工程系专业:工程管理2015 年3 月18 日外文资料翻译译文商品混凝土质量控制---—《商品混凝土质量控制》吕克·贝松商品混凝土从生产、施工、养护、硬化是一系列的过程,要获得优质的商品混凝土，必须在这个过程中贯彻全面的质量管理（P、D、C、A循环).P（PLAN)计划即配置优质的商品混凝土的措施;D(DO）即按照计划进行实施；C(CHECK）即对生产的混凝土进行检查是否满足质量要求；A（ACTION）即对检查结论进行处理,并把经验总结用于实际生产中.甚至从原材料的优选、配合比设计、出厂质量控制、施工、养护硬化都应该贯彻全面的质量管理质量管理是确保所有的项目活动设计的必要过程，计划和执行项目的有效和高效的目的和其性能的目的。
1 商品混凝土的定义商品混凝土是指以集中搅拌、远距离运输的方式向建筑工地供应一定要求的混凝土。
它包括混合物搅拌、运输、泵送和浇筑等工艺过程。
严格地讲商品混凝土是指混凝土的工艺和产品，而不是混凝土的品种，它应包括大流动性混凝土、流态混凝土、泵送混凝土、高强混凝土、大体积混凝土、防渗抗裂混凝土或高性能混凝土等。
因此，商品混凝土是现代混凝土与现代化施工工艺的结合,它的普及程度能代表一个国家或地区的混凝土施工水平和现代化程度。
2 商品混凝土的特点商品混凝土的产生和出现是建筑材料,特别是混凝土发展史上的一次“革命”,是混凝土工业走向现代化和科学化的标志.与传统混凝土比较，商品混凝土具有独特的优势：（1）生产过程严格执行国家和行业标准，所用原材料相对稳定，(2)能节省工程量，扩大建筑物的有效使用空间。
（3）能大大缩短建设工期，提高建设速度。
施工单位使用商品混凝土,施工速度加快，减少设备、架管模板等周转租赁费用;业主单位可缩短建设周期，降低投资风险。
（4）泵送施工，可进行高层、一定距离范围内作业，提高效率，减轻劳动强度,降低施工管理费用、技术难度和质量风险；而且使大体积混凝土实施连续、无缝施工成为可能。
现场施工过程中商品混凝土的质量控制
现场施工历程中商品混凝土的质量控制商品混凝土是指由水泥、集料、水以及外加剂和掺合料等按一定比例，经会合搅拌站经计量、拌制后出售，并采取运输车，运至使用施工现场的混凝土拌合物。
它实现了混凝土生产的专业化、商品化和社会化，具有加快施工进度、淘汰情况污染、提高工程质量和节约质料本钱等优点。
因此近年来，随着修建业蓬勃生长，使商品混凝土随之遍及应用于修建工程中，并产生了良好的社会效益及经济效益。
由于施工治理、技能力量、施工组织等方面的影响，目前采取商品混凝土的现浇住宅的楼板裂缝是一种常见的现象，若不引起施工治理人员的重视，将直接影响到修建物施工后整体结构的质量。
因此必须增强商品混凝土质量的现场治理。
现就商品混凝土运至施工现场的质量控制谈一些自己的看法及发起。
一、目前使用商品混凝土历程中存在有的问题1.商品混凝土的供给方与施工需求方之间相互协调不敷，在进行混凝土配合比设计时，商品混凝土相关技能人员没有深入施工现场进行视察研究，而只是凭据以往经验和施工单位要求的强度进行配合比设计。
2.造成混凝土强度虽然到达要求，但坍落度过大的现象时有产生，致使混凝土收缩而开裂留下隐患。
由于都市门路交通情况庞大，特别是如遇交通堵塞，从搅拌站运商品混凝土至施工现场往往需要较长时间。
因此造成混凝土自己的水分损失很大，混凝土的坍落度减小，如果再遇夏季的高温则混凝土的水分损失更大。
施工现场期待时间过长，混凝土没实时浇注；大概施工现场期待时间凌驾混凝土初凝时间，使已浇注的混凝土产生初凝，造成施工缝。
3.由于商品混凝土参加了粉煤灰掺合料，粉煤灰的相对密度比水水泥要小，在混凝土浇筑时，粉煤灰掺合料就易于浮在混凝土的外貌，而致使表层混凝土的水泥含量相对要少，粉煤灰较多，导致混凝土的水化反响速度较慢。
当混凝土在凝结历程中，随水分的蒸发，混凝土收缩，而产生外貌有细小裂缝。
4.坍落度的控制，商品混凝土为满足泵送的振捣要求，其坍落度一般在100㎜以上，坍落度过大不但要增加混凝土的用水量，并且水泥用量也随之增加，从而加大混凝土的收缩。
商品混凝土质量控制
商品混凝土质量控制1 裂缝成因商品混凝土裂缝多发生在早期(一般发生在3d以前)，这时大多数构筑物还没有承受荷载。
商品混凝土易产生早期～裂缝，这与商品混凝土的材料特性和现代设计、施工工艺有关。
主要原因有6个方面。
(1)目前水泥C3s含量较高，比表面积增大，从过去的300～320/kg 扩增加到360～350/kg，水泥早期水化快、水化热高且集中；(2)混凝土设计强度等级有了较大提高，水泥用量增大，在裂缝控制中决定混凝土抗力的是抗拉强度(极限拉伸)。
水泥用量及强度等级的增加，可明显提高抗压强度，但对抗拉强度(极限拉伸)的提高是较小的;(3)为满足运输、泵送的要求，砂率增大，混凝土流动性增大，塑性收缩加大;(4)为赶进度，许多混凝土工程都要求过高的早强，一定程度增加了混凝土开裂可能性;(5)现代建筑结构的跨度、构件长度均大大提高，混凝土的绝对收缩值增大;(6)外加剂、矿物掺合料己经成为混凝土不可或缺组分之一，然外加剂的掺入一般会增加混凝土收缩，而对矿粉、粉煤灰对混凝土收缩影响存在争议，总的来说胶凝材料用量增加，增加商品混凝土开裂可能性。
由于这些特点，使商品预拌混凝土比现场拌制的混凝土～有更大的开裂可能。
再加上使用单位没有注意到这些特性变化，仍然以过去的经验来对商品预拌混凝土结构进行配筋、施工和养护，即以旧的思维来对待新事物，这是商品预拌混～凝土普遍产生裂缝的最根本原因。
2 裂缝控制措施通过对上面裂缝原因的分析,针对造成商品混凝土开裂的因素在设计、原材料选用及配合比技术、施工过程中采取了一些控制措施,且效果显著。
2.1 设计控制措施(1)目前，高强商品混凝土(C40及以上)在高层建筑中广泛使用，因高强商品混凝土采用高强度等级水泥，水泥用量大多在4500-6000kN/m3，是普通混凝土的1·5-2·5倍，这样的高强商品混凝土在凝结、硬化过程中，水化放热量大，温度升高大，从而加大混凝土的温度和收缩应力，导致温度和收缩裂缝的产生。
浅谈商品混凝土的质量控制
浅谈商品混凝土的质量控制摘要】混凝土生产和应用单位都应遵循国家标准、规范进行控制，确保混凝土质量，同时也应加强商品混凝土性能的宣传和学习；更新观念，加强技术管理和质量控制，以利商品混凝土技术健康发展。
【关键词】混凝土；质量控制Shallow talk the quality control of merchandise concreteShi Han-yu,Yang Hong-wei,Hu Wei-bo(Zhejiang dongnan Construction management limited companyHuzhouZhejiang313000) 【Abstract】The concrete produce and application unit all should follow a nation standard, the norm carry on control, insure concrete quality, also in the meantime should strengthen merchandise concrete function of publicity and study;More new ideas, strengthen technocracy and quality a control, for the convenience of merchandise concrete technique health development.【Key words】Concrete;Quality control目前建筑市场上有些陈旧的观念，影响到商品混凝土的发展和应用。
在商品混凝土的应用中，只强调商品混凝土公司应如何保证混凝土质量，当然这也是必要的，而一旦出现混凝土质量问题，就归结到混凝土生产单位，往往忽视了混凝土施工应用单位应尽的责任和义务，以至造成供需双方许多不必要的矛盾和误会。
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中文1515字本科毕业论文外文资料翻译系别：管理科学与工程系专业：工程管理 ________2015 年18外文资料翻译译文商品混凝土质量控制-- 《商品混凝土质量控制》吕克•贝松商品混凝土从生产、施工、养护、硬化是一系列的过程，要获得优质的商品混凝土，必须在这个过程中贯彻全面的质量管理( P、D、C、A 循环)。
P(PLAN计划即配置优质的商品混凝土的措施；D (DO即按照计划进行实施；C (CHECK即对生产的混凝土进行检查是否满足质量要求；A( ACTION即对检查结论进行处理，并把经验总结用于实际生产中。
甚至从原材料的优选、配合比设计、出厂质量控制、施工、养护硬化都应该贯彻全面的质量管理质量管理是确保所有的项目活动设计的必要过程，计划和执行项目的有效和高效的目的和其性能的目的。
1 商品混凝土的定义商品混凝土是指以集中搅拌、远距离运输的方式向建筑工地供应一定要求的混凝土。
它包括混合物搅拌、运输、泵送和浇筑等工艺过程。
严格地讲商品混凝土是指混凝土的工艺和产品，而不是混凝土的品种，它应包括大流动性混凝土、流态混凝土、泵送混凝土、高强混凝土、大体积混凝土、防渗抗裂混凝土或高性能混凝土等。
因此，商品混凝土是现代混凝土与现代化施工工艺的结合，它的普及程度能代表一个国家或地区的混凝土施工水平和现代化程度。
2 商品混凝土的特点商品混凝土的产生和出现是建筑材料，特别是混凝土发展史上的一次“革命”, 是混凝土工业走向现代化和科学化的标志。
与传统混凝土比较，商品混凝土具有独特的优势：(1)生产过程严格执行国家和行业标准，所用原材料相对稳定，(2)能节省工程量，扩大建筑物的有效使用空间。
(3)能大大缩短建设工期，提高建设速度。
施工单位使用商品混凝土，施工速度加快，减少设备、架管模板等周转租赁费用；业主单位可缩短建设周期，降低投资风险。
( 4)泵送施工，可进行高层、一定距离范围内作业，提高效率，减轻劳动强度，降低施工管理费用、技术难度和质量风险；而且使大体积混凝土实施连续、无缝施工成为可能(5)保护和改善环境。
使用商品混凝土能节省施工用地，减少资源浪费(6)减少建筑地盘材料堆放的占地面积，避免交通堵塞。
避免“建好一幢楼，损坏一条路”的现状，使施工环境保持整洁，实现文明施工。
3质量控制工具有一对很好的工具，可以用来控制一个项目的质量，这些都是原因和效果图，因果图，又称为鱼骨图或石川图(命名为石川，日本的质量控制人员，谁开发的概念在20世纪60年代，被认为是质量管理的七个基本工具)为鱼骨图，因为他们的鱼一样的外观，它是一种分析工具提供的看着的影响及其产生的原因，有助于创造或影响一个系统的方法。
石川图采用问题解决团队作为一种工具，组装所有输入(为他们解决这个问题的原因是什么)系统和图形，与输入通常来自一个头脑风暴会议。
它使团队的重点为何出现问题，而不是对问题的历史或症状，或其他主题，离开会议的意图。
它也显示了一个实时的“快照”的团队的集体输入更新是。
可能的原因是在连支不同的详细程度，与细节作为分支向外，即水平不断提高，外支是它是连接到内部分支的原因。
因此，最外层的树枝通常表明问题的根源。
因果图4商品混凝土质量控制措施混凝土的质量由原材料、生产设备、有关人员三个因素构成，也就是所谓的硬件和软件。
对原材料严格把关、选择优质经济的原材料，通过先进的生产工艺进行生产，人员具有良好的素质，认真负责地贯彻相关标准，准确无误地完成各个工序，是获得优质的商品混凝土的保证。
原材料包括水泥、粗细骨料、外加剂、掺和料、是优良混凝土的物质基础，然后按照合理的配合比，在生产过程中根据原材料、天气情况、施工情况等进行配合比调整，对出厂的混凝土进行取样、检验、成型养护，并把检验结果反馈到生产控制中；对于出厂的混凝土进行跟踪控制，要求施工方及时地反馈混凝土质量情况，以便进行生产控制；同时要求施工方对浇注的混凝土进行合理的养护，以便获得优质的混凝土。
外文原文Quality control of commercial concrete--- 《 Quality control of commercialconcrete》Luc BessonCommercial concrete from production, construction,, maintenance, hardening process is a series, to obtain high-quality concrete, must implement a comprehensive quality management(P, D, C in the process, A cycle). P (plan) program that measures the quality of ready-mixed concrete configuration; D (DO) that is implemented according to plan; C (CHECK) that checksfor the production of concrete meetsthe quality requirements; A (ACTION) that the conclusions of the inspection processing and the lessons learned for the actual production. Even from the preferred raw materials, mix design, factory quality control, construction, maintenance sclerosis should implement a comprehensivequality management.1 Definition of Commercial concreteCommercial concrete is to point to by the concentrated stirring, long-distance transportation way to supply certain requirements of concrete construction site. It includes mixture mixing, transportation, pumping and pouring process. Strictly commercial concreterefers to the process and concreteproducts, rather than concrete variety, it should include a large liquidity concrete, flow concrete, pumping concrete, high strength concrete, mass concrete, anti-seepage anti-crack concrete and high performanceconcrete.Therefore, commercial concrete is a combination of modern concrete and modern construction technology，its popularity can represent a country or a region of concreteconstruction level and modernization degree.2 The characteristics of the commercial concreteThe generation of commercial concrete and building materials, in particular, a "revolution" in the history of the development of concrete, is a sign of concrete industrytowards modernization and scientific. Compared with the traditional concrete, concreteproducts with unique advantages:(1) the production processstrictly implement national and industry standards, raw materialsused arerelatively stable,(2) can savequantity, enlarge theeffective use ofbuilding space.(3) can greatly shorte n the con structi on period, improve the con struct ion speed. The use of commercial con crete co nstructio n un it, con struct ion speed, reduce the turno ver ren tal expe nsessuch as equipme nt, pipe rack template; Owners can shorte n the construction period, reduce theinvestmentrisk.(4) pumping construction, high-rise, distanee can be within the scope of operation, improve efficiency, reduce labor intensity, the lower the quality of con struct ion man ageme nt fees, tech ni cal difficulty and risk; And makes mass concreteimplement continuousandseamlessconstruction possible.(5) the protection and improvement of the environment. Use of commercial concretecan saveland for construction,reducethe waste of resources.(6) to reduceconstruction site materials piled up in the area,to avoid traffic jams. Avoid "built a build ing, the damage is a way" of the status quo, keep the con structi on environmentclean andtidy, civilized construction.3 Quality Control ToolsThere are a couple of good tools that can be used to control quality on a project, theseare cause andeffect diagrams,Paretocharts andcontrol charts:Cause and Effect Diagram, also known as fishbone diagrams or Ishikawa diagrams (named after Kaoru Ishikawa, a Japanesequality control statistician, who developedthe con cept i n the 1960s, and is con sideredo ne of the seve n basic tools of quality management) It is named fishbone diagram because of their fish-like appearancejt is an analysis tool that provides a systematicway of looking at effects and the causesthat create or con tribute to those effects. The Ishikawa Diagram is employed by a problem-solvi ng team as a tool for assembli ngall in puts (as to what are the causesof the problem they're addressi ng)systematically and graphically, with the in puts usually coming from a brain storm ing sessi on .It en ablesthe team to focus on why the problem occurs, and not on the history or symptoms of the problem, or other topics that digress from the intent of the session.lt also displays a real-time 'sn ap-shot' of the collective in puts of the team as it is updated. The possible causes are presentedat various levels of detail in connectedbranches,with the level of detail increasing as the branch goes outward, i.e., an outer branch is a cause of the inner branch it is attached to. Thus, the outermost bran ches usually in dicate the root causes of the problem.Cause and effect diagram4 Commercial con crete quality con trol measuresConcrete consists of raw materials, production equipment, the quality of the three factors constitute the people concerned, known as hardware and software. Strictly control for raw materials, choose high quality raw materials of economy, through the use of adva need product ion tech no logy for product ion, pers onnel with good quality, serious and responsible to implement the standards, each working procedure to complete correctly, is a high quality of commodity concrete. Raw materials including cement, aggregate, admixture, admixture degree good, is the material basis of concrete, and then according to the reasonablemixing ratio, in the process of production according to the raw materials, weather conditions, the con struct ion situati on of mixture ratio adjustme nt, the con crete of the factory sampling, inspection, maintenance, and feedback the inspection results to the product ion con trol; Con structio n of the requireme nt for the factory con crete track con trol, timely feedback of quality of con crete cases, for product ion con trol; Con struct ion of the requireme nt and reas on ablema intenan ceof pouri ng con crete, in order to obtain high quality concrete.。