【阅读题型】托福阅读指代题实例解析(一)
托福阅读解析之句子插入和指代题
托福阅读解析之句子插入和指代题句子插入题第二种解题方法是逻辑关系，第三种方法是靠句义。
来看一下例题。
•■Exhibitors, however, wanted to maximize their profits, which they could do more readily by projecting a handful of films to hundreds of customers at a time (rather than one at a time) and by charging 25 to 50 cents admission. ■About a year after the opening of the first Kinetoscope parlor in 1894, showmen such as Louis and AugusteLumiere, Thomas Armat and Charles Francis Jenkins, and Orville and Woodville Latham (with the assistance of Edison’s former assistant, William Dickson) perfected projection devices. ■These early projection devices were used in vaudeville theaters, legitimate theaters, local town halls, makeshift storefront theaters, fairgrounds, and amusement parks to show films to a mass audience. ■•When this widespread use of projection technology began to hurt his Kinetoscope business, Edison acquired a projector developed by Armat and introduced it as “Edison’s latest marvel, the Vitascope.”指代如果出现了this、that，来看一下这个指示代词，this、that、those它后面看到这种东西代词吧，它后边的是名词，一定前边都出现过，所以你只要去前文中找一个它指代的名词，然后跟着它后面就好了，所以这个句子插入题变成了一个定位。
剖析托福阅读指代关系题及变换措辞题
剖析托福阅读指代关系题及变换措辞题指代关系题基本介绍：iBT考试要求考生不仅确定词在文章段落种的意思，而且要找到指代词，即一个词可用另一个词或词组来指代。
所有答词都可用来大体一个词，词组或其所表达的意思。
指代词可使句与句之间的过渡衔接顺利。
出题形式：The word…in the passage refers to…The phrase…in paragraph refers to…解题技巧：方案一：“删除”去除不代表数字或性别的选项，区别单复数。
方案二：“代入”以选项代入法来检测词意或逻辑性，寻找具有同样语法结构的词或词组。
方案三：“靠前”每一篇文章种都有一个指代关系题。
通常代词所指的使紧靠它前面的词，但也会有例外，三篇文章总共有2至3题。
案例：A study of elderly men and women in New Zealand found that television can actually serve as a companion by assuming “the role of social contact with the wider world．” Reducing “feeling of isolation and loneliness because it directs viewers” attention away from themselves．Thus television’s replacement voices can provide comfort because they distract from a focus on being alone．The word it in the passage refers toA： companionB： isolationC： lonelinessD： television分析选项 D 正确．television 实际上在这里的意思是television programming．电视节目能够转移人们的注意力．选项 A 属干扰项，从语境来说很容易被接受，但从语法角度来讲不是正确答案．答案B和C的干扰作用在于它们从距离上讲离it 代词最近，很容易产生混淆作用．总之，在做iBT指代关系题的时候，要排除干扰选项，选出正确答案．其特点是单数与复数，人和物容易混淆，指代周围充满了很多单词，词组和观点等等．总之，把握住解题技巧，相信可以取得事半功倍的效果．变换措辞题：基本介绍：iBT变化措辞题是使用自己的语言改写文章中的句子或段落，以不同方式重新陈述另一句话，保留其内容，不改变其意。
托福考试阅读试题及解析
托福考试阅读试题及解析托福考试阅读试题及解析学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆。
以下是店铺为大家搜索整理的托福考试阅读试题及解析，希望能给大家带来帮助!考题1The phrase "this respect" in the passage refers toA. enormous variationsB. being smallerC. number of inhabitantsD. shared characteristics解析：难点一，很多考生误以为这是词汇题，而词汇题的通常问法是：The word/phrase "…" is closest in meaning to。
这道题题干中的“refers to”表明这是代词指代题，需要读懂句子找清前后指代关系;难点二，很多人不知道respect有名词用法，=aspect，表“方面”;难点三，回到原文读考句，读不懂。
该句为：One may call them towns because even though they varied enormously in numbers of inhabitants, and some were smaller than large villages in this respect, they shared certain characteristics that set them off from rural settlements. 表明从居民数量的方面来看，一些城镇比大村庄的居民数量还少，但它们仍然是城镇，共享着区别于村庄的某些特征。
所以此题正确答案是C。
考题2Because what distinguished towns from villages was not so much size as the density of economic and social activities, one writer has argued that an important criterion for town is the existence of traffic jams—the hustle and bustle of oxcarts, long lines of wagons bringing fruits and vegetables, raw materials, andfinished goods to markets, and the parade of men and women coming to shop, visit, or attend meetings.解析：这是句子简化题所在考句，最大考点在于“not so much A…as B”句式真正意义的考查。
托福阅读指代题5种实用解题思路
托福阅读指代题5种实用解题思路托福阅读指代题5种实用解题思路逐个分析这些实例助你理清思路托福阅读指代题解题思路实例分析1. 主从复合句中的指代在主从复合句中，第二句的代词主语经常指代第一句的名词主语。
例如：The fins are stiff, smooth, and narrow, qualities that also help cut drag. When not in use, the fins are tucked into special grooves or depressions so that they lie flush with the body and do not break up its smooth contours. The word they in the passage refers to?A. qualitiesB. finsC. groovesD. depressions在这一例子中，从句so that they。
中的代词主语they指代主句的名词主语the fins，因此第二个选项为正确答案。
如果主从复合句中一个句子(可以是主句，也可以是从句)使用被动语态，包含被动语态的句子中的主语常指代另一句中的宾语。
例如，Similarly, a plant or animal cannot squander all itsenergy on growing a big body if none would be left over for reproduction, for this is the surest way to extinction. The word none in the passage refers to?A. foodB. plant or animalC. energyD. big body在本例中，if引导的从句使用了被动语态，代词主语none指代前面主句中的宾语energy.因此，第三个选项为正确答案。
托福TOEFL阅读插入题1
托福TOEFL阅读插入题12015年托福（TOEFL）阅读插入题范例（1）托福阅读插入题例题1. 指代：指代词(it，they，this，these，other，another，such，the)必向前指代。
(1)THIS+V+XXX例题1：Impacts by meteorites represent one mechanism that could cause global catastrophes and seriously influence the evolution of life all over the planet. █According to some estimates, the majority of all extinctions of species may be due to such impacts. █Such a perspective fundamentally changes our view of biologic al evolution. █The standard criterion for the survival of a species is its success in competing with other species and adapting to slowly changing environments. █Yet an equally important criterion is the ability of a species to survive random global ecological catastrophes due to impacts.Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage.This is the criterion emphasized by Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection.Where would the sentence best fit?参考答案：4托福阅读插入题例题例题2：Above the tree line there is a zone that is generally called alpine tundra. █Immediately adjacent to the timberline, the tundra consists of a fairly complete cover of low-lying shrubs, herbs, and grasses, while higher up the number and diversity ofspecies decrease until there is much bare ground with occasional mosses and lichens and some prostrate cushion plants.█ Some plants can even survive in favorable microhabitats above the snow line. The highest plants in the world occur at around 6,100 meters on Makalu in the Himalayas.█ At this great height, rocks, warmed by the sun, melt small snowdrifts.█Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.This explains how, for example, alpine cushion plants have been found growing at an altitude of 6,180 meters.Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage托福阅读插入题练习题答案：4托福阅读插入题例题(2)This/The+n例题3：Their competition and collaboration were creating the broadcasting industry in the United States, beginning with the introduction of commercial radio programming in the early 1920s. █With financial assets considerably greater than those in the motion picture industry, and perhaps a wider vision of the relationships among entertainment and communications media, they revitalized research into recording sound for motion pictures. █In 1929 the United States motion picture industry released more than 300 sound films—a rough figure, since a number were silent films with music tracks, or films prepared in dual versions, to take account of the many cinemas not yet wired for sound. █At the production level, in the United States the conversion was virtually complete by 1930. █In Europe it took a little longer, mainly because there were more small producers forwhom the costs of sound were prohibitive, and in other parts of the world problems with rights or access to equipment delayed the shift to sound production for a few more years (though cinemas in major cities may have been wired in order to play foreign sound films). The triumph of sound cinema was swift, complete, and enormously popular.Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.When this research resulted in the development of vastly improved sound techniques, film studios became convinced of the importance of converting to sound.Where would the sentence best fit?托福阅读插入题练习题答案：2托福阅读插入题例题例题4：The differences in feeding preferences lead, in turn, to differences in migratory habits.█ The wildebeests follow, in their migration, the pattern of local rainfall. █ The other species do likewise. █ But when a new area is fueled by rain, the mammals migrate toward it in a set order to exploit it. █ The larger, less fastidious feeders, the zebras, move in first; the choosier, smaller wildebeests come later; and the smallest species of all, Thomson’s gazelle, arrives last. The later species all depend on the preparations of the earlier one, for the actions of the zebra alter the vegetation to suit the stomachs of the wildebeest, topi, and gazelle.Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.The sequence in which they migrate correlates with their body size.Where would the sentence best fit?托福阅读插入题练习题答案：4【2015年托福（TOEFL）阅读插入题范例（1）】。
【阅读题型】托福阅读指代题实例解析（一）
【阅读题型】托福阅读指代题实例解析（一）【阅读题型】托福阅读指代题实例解析（一）托福阅读中的指代题是出镜率相当高的题型之一，此外，在非托福的各种考试中，学生也常常会遇到类似的指代题，所以掌握指代题的题型分类和解题技巧对考学来说都是非常重要技能。
例一：It has been suggested that Pakicetus fed on fish in shallow water and wasnot yet adapted for life in the open ocean. It probably bred and gave birth onland.The word “It” in the passage refers to(A) Pakicetus(B) fish(C) life(D) ocean例二：The popular is replacing the folk in industrialized countries and in manydeveloping nations, Folk-made objects give way to their popular equivalent,usually because the popular item is more quickly or cheaply produced, is easieror time saving to use, or lends more prestige to the owner.The word “their” in line 26 ref er to(A) folk(B) nations(C) countries(D) objects例三：It quickly proved a financial success as well. The prosperity of the Erieencouraged the state to enlarge its canal system by building severalbranches.The word “its” in line 22 refers to(A) Prosperity(B) Erie(C) System(D) State例四：When the jets strike the highly rarefied gas that percales intergalactic space, the fast-moving electrons lose their highly directional motion and form vast clouds of radio-emitting gas.The word “their” in line 22 refers to(A) speeds(B) directions(C) electrons(D) clouds。
托福阅读备考之代词的应用
托福阅读备考之代词的应用代词，往往是我们英语学习中简洁忽视的一类单词，因为它们本身并没有太多色彩，太多意义。
今日我给大家带来了托福阅读备考之代词的应用，希望能够关怀到大家，下面我就和大家共享，来欣赏一下吧。
托福阅读备考之代词的应用在托福阅读中，指代题虽然题量不大，但是除了指代题之外，事实信息题、句子插入题以及推断题的很多考点就是清楚地知道代词的指代。
假如我们精确领悟代词的指代，很多题目都可以迎刃而解。
下面将从指代题、事实信息题和推断题入手，逐一分析代词指代的重要性。
1、指代题例题1：Paragraph 3: At the upper timberline the trees begin to become twisted and deformed. This is particularly true for trees in the middle and upper latitudes, which tend to attain greater heights on ridges, whereas in the tropics the trees reach their greater heights in the valleys. This is because middle- and upper- latitude timberlines are strongly influenced by the duration and depth of the snow cover. As the snow is deeper and lasts longer in the valleys, trees tend to attain greater heights on the ridges, even though they are more exposed to high-velocity winds and poor, thin soils there. In the tropics, the valleys appear to be more favorable because they are less prone to dry out, they have less frost, and they have deeper soils.The word they in the passage refers to○valleys○trees○heights○ridges首先，在考察指代题时，代词“they”在题干中打上阴影，并且原文中代词“they”也打上了阴影，所以指代题不需要定位。
托福考试阅读理解考题实例分析（1）
In the 1600's when the Spanish moved into what later was to become the southwestern United States， they encountered the ancestors of the modern-day Pueblo， Hopi ， and Zuni peoples. These ancestors， known variously as the Basket Makers， the Anasazi， or the Ancient Ones， had lived in the area for at least 2，000 years. They were an advanced agricultural people who used irrigation to help grow their crops. The Anasazi lived in houses constructed of adobe and wood. Anasazi houses were originally built in pits and were entered from the roof. But around the year 700 A.D.， the Anasazi began to build their homes above ground and join them together into rambling multistoried complexes， which the Spanish called pueblos or villages. Separate subterranean rooms in these pueblos known as kivas or chapels were set aside for religious ceremonials. Each kiva had a fire pit and a hole that was believed to lead to the underworld. The largest pueblos had five stories and more than 800 rooms. The Anasazi family was matrilinear， that is， descent was traced through the female. The sacred objects of the family were under the control of the oldest female， but the ritual ceremonies were conducted by her brother or son. Women owned the rooms in the pueblo and the crops， once they were harvested. While still growing， crops belonged to the man who，in contrast to most other Native American groups， planted them. The women made baskets and pottery， the men wove textile and crafted turpoise jewelry. Each village had two chiefs. The village chief dealt with land disputes and religious affairs. The war chief led the men in fighting during occasional conflicts that broke out with neighboring villages and directed the men in community building projects. The cohesive political and social organization of the Anasazi made it almost impossible for other groups to conquer them. 复述题 这是最简单的题型，但也是托福阅读部分除词汇题外出现得最多的定位原⽂，问题就迎刃⽽解。
解密新托福阅读考试指代类问题题型
指代类问题（Reference Questions）是新托福阅读考试每次必考题型，因此每次IBT考试我们都能看到⼀个熟悉的词组“refer to ”,这是指代类问题的标志。
⼀般来说，3篇IBT阅读题⽬中会有2⾄3道这种类型的题⽬。
本⽂将带领⼴⼤IBT考⽣解密Reference Questions ，以助考⽣考到理想成绩。
问题形式 考试的到⽂章中会有⼀个单词或短语⽤阴影标识出来，这个词通常是⼀个代词。
然后考⽣会被问到： ◆ The word X in the passage refers to 四个选项都来⾃于⽂章中的单词或短语，但只有⼀个选项是被阴影标识出来的单词或短语所指代的内容(referent)。
考查⽬的 此类问题考查考⽣辨认⽂章中但此间指代关系的能⼒。
通常这种关系是代词与其先⾏词之间的关系，有时也考查其他语法的指代关系（如：which或this）。
代词类型 考查的代词通常为：Subject PronounshesheittheyObject PronounshimheritthemPossessive AdjectiveshisheritstheirDemonstrative pronounsthisthatthesethoseRelative PronounswhowhomwhichwhoseOther Pronounsalleithernonethe firstanothera fewoneanybothmanyotherseachmosteithersomethe other 解题步骤 1. 看题⼲，确定指代词类型。
2. 带着题⼲主线索回原⽂找到阴影代词，根据上下⽂内容确定答案。
（注意：在⽂章中，指代内容通常在代词之前出现，但有时也会出现在带代词后。
指代内容可能与代词在同⼀个句⼦，也可能在另⼀个句⼦中出现。
） 3. 将所选的答案替代被标识的单词或短语放回原⽂，利⽤语法检验它能否使句⼦表达通顺。
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【阅读题型】托福阅读指代题实例解析（一）
托福阅读中的指代题是出镜率相当高的题型之一，此外，在非托福的各种考试中，学生也常常会遇到类似的指代题，所以掌握指代题的题型分类和解题技巧对考学来说都是非常重要技能。
例一：It has been suggested that Pakicetus fed on fish in shallow water and was
not yet adapted for life in the open ocean. It probably bred and gave birth on
land.
The word “It” in the passage refers to
(A) Pakicetus
(B) fish
(C) life
(D) ocean
例二：The popular is replacing the folk in industrialized countries and in many
developing nations, Folk-made objects give way to their popular equivalent,
usually because the popular item is more quickly or cheaply produced, is easier
or time saving to use, or lends more prestige to the owner.
The word “their” in line 26 refer to
(A) folk
(B) nations
(C) countries
(D) objects
例三：It quickly proved a financial success as well. The prosperity of the Erie
encouraged the state to enlarge its canal system by building several
branches.
The word “its” in line 22 refers to
(A) Prosperity
(B) Erie
(C) System
(D) State
例四：When the jets strike the highly rarefied gas that percales intergalactic space, the fast-moving electrons lose their highly directional motion and form vast clouds of radio-emitting gas.
The word “their” in line 22 refers to
(A) speeds
(B) directions
(C) electrons
(D) clouds。