完整word版in

合集下载

(完整word版)药学英语第五版原文翻译

Introduction to PhysiologyIntroductionPhysiology is the study of the functions of living matter。

It is concerned with how an organism performs its varied activities： how it feeds， how it moves, how it adapts to changing circumstances， how it spawns new generations. The subject is vast and embraces the whole of life. The success of physiology in explaining how organisms perform their daily tasks is based on the notion that they are intricate and exquisite machines whose operation is governed by the laws of physics and chemistry.Although some processes are similar across the whole spectrum of biology—the replication of the genetic code for or example-many are specific to particular groups of organisms. For this reason it is necessary to divide the subject into various parts such as bacterial physiology, plant physiology， and animal physiology.To study how an animal works it is first necessary to know how it is built. A full appreciation of the physiology of an organism must therefore be based on a sound knowledge of its anatomy。

(完整word版)高级英语第三版 12课原文 Ships_in_the_Desert

Lesson 3 Ships in the DesertShips in the DesertAL Gore1. I was standing in the sun on the hot steel deck of a fishing ship capableof processing a fifty-ton catch on a good day. But it wasn' t a good day. We were anchored in what used to be the most productive fishing site in all of central Asia, but as I looked out over the bow , the prospects of a good catch looked bleak. Where there should have been gentle blue-green waves lapping against the side of the ship, there was nothing but hot dry sand – as far as I could see in all directions. The other ships of the fleet were also at rest in the sand, scattered in the dunes that stretched all the way to the horizon . Ten year s ago the Aral was the fourth-largest inland sea in the world, comparable to the largest of North America's Great Lakes. Now it is disappearing because the water that used to feed it has been diverted in an ill-considered irrigation scheme to grow cotton In the user t. The new shoreline was almost forty kilometers across the sand from where the fishing fleet was now permanently docked. Meanwhile, in the nearby town of Muynak the people were still canning fish – brought not from the Aral Sea but shipped by rail through Siberia from the Pacific Ocean, more than a thousand miles away.2. My search for the underlying causes of the environmental crisis has led me to travel around the world to examine and study many of these images of destruction. At the very bottom of the earth, high in the Trans-Antarctic Mountains, with the sun glaring at midnight through a hole in the sky, I stood in the unbelievable coldness and talked with a scientist in the late tall of 1988 about the tunnel he was digging through time. Slipping his parka back to reveal a badly burned face that was cracked and peeling, he pointed to the annual layers of ice in a core sample dug from the glacier on which we were standing. He moved his finger back in time to the ice of two decades ago. "Here's where the U. S Congress passed the Clean Air Act, ” he said. At the bottom of the world, two continents away from Washington, D. C., even a small reduction in one country's emissions had changed the amount of pollution found in the remotest end least accessible place on earth.3. But the most significant change thus far in the earth' s atmosphere is the one that began with the industrial r evolution early in the last century and has picked up speed ever since. Industry meant coal, and later oil, and we began to burn lots of it –bringing rising levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) , with its ability to trap more heat in the atmosphere and slowly warm the earth. Fewer than a hundred yards from the South Pole, upwind from the ice runway where the ski plane lands and keeps its engines running to prevent the metal parts from freeze-locking together, scientists monitor the air sever al times ever y day to chart the course of that inexorable change. During my visit, I watched one scientist draw the results of that day's measurements, pushing the end of a steep line still higher on the graph. He told me how easy it is –there at the end of the earth –to see that this enormous change in the global atmosphere is still picking up speed.4. Two and a half years later I slept under the midnight sun at the other end ofour planet, in a small tent pitched on a twelve-toot-thick slab of ice floating in the frigid Arctic Ocean. After a hearty breakfast, my companions and I traveled by snowmobiles a few miles farther north to a rendezvous point where the ice was thinner – only three and a half feet thick –and a nuclear submarine hovered in the water below. After it crashed through the ice, took on its new passengers, and resubmerged, I talked with scientists who were trying to measure more accurately the thickness of the polar ice cap, which many believe is thinning as a re-suit of global warming. I had just negotiated an agreement between ice scientists and the U. S. Navy to secure the re-lease of previously top secret data from submarine sonar tracks, data that could help them learn what is happening to the north polar cap. Now, I wanted to see the pole it-self, and some eight hours after we met the submarine, we were crashing through that ice, surfacing, and then I was standing in an eerily beautiful snowcape, windswept and sparkling white, with the horizon defined by little hummocks, or "pressure ridges " of ice that are pushed up like tiny mountain ranges when separate sheets collide. But here too, CD, levels are rising just as rapidly, and ultimately temperature will rise with them –indeed, global warming is expected to push temperatures up much more rapidly in the polar regions than in the rest of the world. As the polar air warms, the ice her e will thin; and since the polar cap plays such a crucial role in the world's weather system, the consequences of a thinning cap could be disastrous.5. Considering such scenarios is not a purely speculative exercise. Six months after I returned from the North Pole, a team of scientists reported dramatic changes in the pattern of ice distribution in the Arctic, and a second team reported a still controversialclaim (which a variety of data now suggest) that, over all, the north polar cap has thinned by 2 per cent in just the last decade. Moreover, scientists established several years ago that in many land areas north of the Arctic Circle, the spring snowmelt now comes earlier every year, and deep in the tundra below, the temperature e of the earth is steadily rising.6. As it happens, some of the most disturbing images of environmental destruction can be found exactly halfway between the North and South poles –precisely at the equator in Brazil –where billowing clouds of smoke regularly black-en the sky above the immense but now threatened Amazon rain forest. Acre by acre, the rain forest is being burned to create fast pasture for fast-food beef; as I learned when I went there in early 1989, the fires are set earlier and earlier in the dry season now, with more than one Tennessee's worth of rain forest being slashed and burned each year. According to our guide, the biologist Tom Lovejoy, there are more different species of birds in each square mile of the Amazon than exist in all of North America –which means we are silencing thousands of songs we have never even heard.7. But one doesn't have to travel around the world to wit-ness humankind's assault on the earth. Images that signal the distress of our global environment are now commonly seen almost anywhere. On some nights, in high northern latitudes, the sky itself offers another ghostly image that signals the loss of ecological balance now in progress. If the sky is clear after sunset -- and it you are watching from a place wherepollution hasn't blotted out the night sky altogether -- you can sometimes see a strange kind of cloud high in the sky. This "noctilucent cloud" occasionally appears when the earth is first cloaked in the evening dark-ness; shimmering above us with a translucent whiteness, these clouds seem quite unnatural. And they should: noctilucent clouds have begun to appear more often because of a huge buildup of methane gas in the atmosphere. (Also called natural gas, methane is released from landfills , from coal mines and rice paddies, from billions of termites that swarm through the freshly cut forestland, from the burning of biomass and from a variety of other human activities. ) Even though noctilucent clouds were sometimes seen in the past., all this extra methane carries more water vapor into the upper atmosphere, where it condenses at much higher altitudes to form more clouds that the sun's rays still strike long after sunset has brought the beginning of night to the surface far beneath them.8. What should we feel toward these ghosts in the sky? Simple wonder or the mix of emotions we feel at the zoo? Perhaps we should feel awe for our own power: just as men "ear tusks from elephants’ heads in such quantity as to threaten the beast with extinction, we are ripping matter from its place in the earth in such volume as to upset the balance between daylight and darkness. In the process, we are once again adding to the threat of global warming, be-cause methane has been one of the fastest-growing green-house gases, and is third only to carbon dioxide and water vapor in total volume, changing the chemistry of the upper atmosphere. But, without even considering that threat, shouldn't it startle us that we have now put these clouds in the evening sky which glisten with a spectral light? Or have our eyes adjusted so completely to the bright lights of civilization that we can't see these clouds for what they are – a physical manifestation of the violent collision between human civilization and the earth?9. Even though it is sometimes hard to see their meaning, we have by now all witnessed surprising experiences that signal the damage from our assault on the environment --whether it's the new frequency of days when the temperature exceeds 100 degrees, the new speed with which the -un burns our skin, or the new constancy of public debate over what to do with growing mountains of waste. But our response to these signals is puzzling. Why haven't we launched a massive effort to save our environment? To come at the question another way' Why do some images startle us into immediate action and focus our attention or ways to respond effectively? And why do other images, though sometimes equally dramatic, produce instead a Kin. of paralysis, focusing our attention not on ways to respond but rather on some convenient, less painful distraction?10. Still, there are so many distressing images of environ-mental destruction that sometimes it seems impossible to know how to absorb or comprehend them. Before considering the threats themselves, it may be helpful to classify them and thus begin to organize our thoughts and feelings so that we may be able to respond appropriately.11. A useful system comes from the military, which frequently places a conflict in one of three different categories, according to the theater in which it takes place. There are "local" skirmishes, "regional" battles, and "strategic" conflicts. This third category is reserved for struggles that can threaten a nation's survival and must beunder stood in a global context.12. Environmental threats can be considered in the same way. For example, most instances of water pollution, air pollution, and illegal waste dumping are essentially local in nature. Problems like acid rain, the contamination of under-ground aquifers, and large oil spills are fundamentally regional. In both of these categories, there may be so many similar instances of particular local and regional problems occurring simultaneously all over the world that the patter n appears to be global, but the problems themselves are still not truly strategic because the operation of- the global environment is not affected and the survival of civilization is not at stake.13. However, a new class of environmental problems does affect the global ecological system, and these threats are fundamentally strategic. The 600 percent increase in the amount of chlorine in the atmosphere during the last forty years has taken place not just in those countries producing the chlorofluorocarbons responsible but in the air above every country, above Antarctica, above the North Pole and the Pacific Ocean – all the way from the surface of the earth to the top of the sky. The increased levels of chlorine disrupt the global process by which the earth regulates the amount of ultraviolet radiation from the sun that is allowed through the atmosphere to the surface; and it we let chlorine levels continue to increase, the radiation levels will al-so increase – to the point that all animal and plant life will face a new threat to their survival.14. Global warming is also a strategic threat. The concentration of carbon dioxide and other heat-absorbing molecules has increased by almost 25 per cent since World War II, posing a worldwide threat to the earth's ability to regulate the amount of heat from the sun retained in the atmosphere. This increase in heat seriously threatens the global climate equilibrium that determines the pattern of winds, rainfall, surface temperatures, ocean currents, and sea level. These in turn determine the distribution of vegetative and animal life on land and sea and have a great effect on the location and pattern of human societies.15. In other words, the entire relationship between humankind and the earth has been transformed because our civilization is suddenly capable of affecting the entire global environment, not just a particular area. All of us know that human civilization has usually had a large impact on the environment; to mention just one example, there is evidence that even in prehistoric times, vast areas were sometimes intentionally burned by people in their search for food. And in our own time we have reshaped a large part of the earth's surface with concrete in our cities and carefully tended rice paddies, pastures, wheat fields, and other croplands in the countryside. But these changes, while sometimes appearing to be pervasive , have, until recently, been relatively trivial factors in the global ecological sys-tem. Indeed, until our lifetime, it was always safe to assume that nothing we did or could do would have any lasting effect on the global environment. But it is precisely that assumption which must now be discarded so that we can think strategically about our new relationship to the environment.16. Human civilization is now the dominant cause of change in the global environment. Yet we resist this truth and find it hard to imagine that our effect on theearth must now be measured by the same yardstick used to calculate the strength of the moon's pull on the oceans or the force of the wind against the mountains. And it we are now capable of changing something so basic as the relationship between the earth and the sun, surely we must acknowledge a new responsibility to use that power wisely and with appropriate restraint. So far, however, We seem oblivious of the fragility of the earth's natural systems.17. This century has witnessed dramatic changes in two key factors that define the physical reality of our relation-ship to the earth: a sudden and startling surge in human population, with the addition of one China's worth of people every ten years, and a sudden acceleration of the scientific and technological revolution, which has allowed an almost unimaginable magnification of our power to affect the world around us by burning, cutting, digging, moving, and trans-forming the physical matter that makes up the earth.18. The surge in population is both a cause of the changed relationship and one of the clearest illustrations of how startling the change has been, especially when viewed in a historical context. From the emergence of modern humans 200 000 years ago until Julius Caesar's time, fewer than 250 million people walked on the face of the earth. When Christopher Columbus set sail for the New World 1500 years later, there were approximately 500 million people on earth. By the time Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence in 1776, the number had doubled again, to 1 billion. By midway through this century, at the end of World War II, the number had risen to just above 2 billion people.19. In other words, from the beginning of humanity's appearance on earth to 1945, it took more than ten thousand generations to reach a world population of 2 billion people. Now, in the course of one human lifetime -- mine -- the world population will increase from 2 to more than 9 million, and it is already more than halfway there.20. Like the population explosion, the scientific and technological revolution began to pick up speed slowly during the eighteenth century. And this ongoing revolution has also suddenly accelerated exponentially. For example, it is now an axiom in many fields of science that more new and important discoveries have taken place in the last ten years that. in the entire previous history of science. While no single discover y has had the kind of effect on our relationship to the earth that unclear weapons have had on our relationship to warfare, it is nevertheless true that taken together, they have completely transformed our cumulative ability to exploit the earth for sustenance -- making the consequences, of unrestrained exploitation every bit as unthinkable as the consequences of unrestrained nuclear war.21. Now that our relationship to the earth has changed so utterly, we have to see that change and understand its implications. Our challenge is to recognize that the startling images of environmental destruction now occurring all over the world have much more in common than their ability to shock and awaken us. They are symptoms of an underlying problem broader in scope and more serious than any we have ever faced. Global warming, ozone depletion, the loss of living species, deforestation -- they all have a common cause: the new relationship between human civilization andthe earth's natural balance.22. There are actually two aspects to this challenge. The first is to realize that our power to harm the earth can in-deed have global and even permanent effects. The second is to realize that the only way to understand our new role as a co-architect of nature is to see ourselves as part of a complex system that does not operate according to the same simple rules of cause and effect we are used to. The problem is not our effect on the environment so much as our relationship with the environment. As a result, any solution to the problem will require a careful assessment of that relationship as well as the complex interrelationship among factors within civilization and between them and the major natural components of the earth's ecological system.23. The strategic nature of the threat now posed by human civilization to the global environment and the strategic nature of the threat to human civilization now posed by changes in the global environment present us with a similar set of challenges and false hopes. Some argue that a new ultimate technology, whether nuclear power or genetic engineering, will solve the problem. Others hold that only a drastic reduction of our reliance on technology can improve the conditions of life -- a simplistic notion at best. But the real solution will be found in reinventing and finally healing the relationship between civilization and the earth. This can only be accomplished by undertaking a careful reassessment of all the factors that led to the relatively recent dramatic change in the relationship. The transformation of the way we relate to the earth will of course involve new technologies, but the key changes will involve new ways of thinking about the relationship itself.。

(完整word版)英语写作高级词汇替换大全

.增补(Addition)in addition另外, furthermor e此外, again, also, besides, moreover此外, similarly, finally最后2.比较(Comparison)in the same way, likewise同样地, similarly, equally, in comparison比较起来, just as同样地3.对照(Contrast)whereas然而, in contrast与此相反, on the other hand, instead同样, however然而, nevertheless然而, unlike, even though即使, on the contrary, while4.因果(Cause and effect)because, because of, for, since, due to, owing to, thanks to, as a result(of), accordingly, hence, so, thus5.强调(Emphasis)certainly, above all, indeed, of course, surely, actually, as a matter of fact, chiefly, especially, primarily, in particular, undoubtedly, absolutely, most imprtant6.让步(Concession)although, though, after all, in spite of, nevertheless, still, provided, while it is true....7.例证(Exemplification)for example, for instance, that is, namely, such as, in other words, in this case, by way of illustration.8.总结(Conclusion)to sum up, to conclude, in a word, in short, in brief, all in all, in all, to put it in a nutshell, in summary9.推断(Inference)therefore, as a result(of), consequently, accordingly, so, otherwise10.时间和空间(Time and space)afterward, after, first, later, then, soon, outside, near, beyound, above, below, on the right(left), in the middle, opposite, in front of11.启承转合1)、启A proverb says...... At present.......As the proverb says.... Currently.....Generally speaking, .... Now,....In general, ..... On the Whole....It is clear that.... Recently.....It is often said that.... Without doubt, .......2)、承First(of all), ...... Moreover, .........Firstly, ............ No one can deny that....In the first place, ......... Obviously.....To begin with, ......... Of course, .........Also, ....... Similarly,.........At the same time...... Therefore, we should realize that.....Certainly...... There is no doubt that.......In addition,..... What`s more, ..........In fact........ It can be easily proved that...Meanwhile......3)、转But... Still, ......But the problem is not so simple...There is a certain amount of truth in this, but we still have a problem with regard to....... However,....... To our surprise,..........Nevertheless, ........ Unfortunately.......On the other hand, .......Yet difference will be found and that is why I feel that........Others may find this to be true, but I do not. I think.....4)、合Above all, In brief, ........Accordingly, ..... In conclusion, ........All in all, .......In other words, it is hard to escape the conclusion that........As a consequence, ......... In short, .........As I have shown/said/stated/.... In sum, ........In summary, ....... As has been noted, ....Obviously, ......... By so doing, .....On the whole, ..... Consequently, ........Presumably, ....... Eventually, .........To conclude, ...... Finally, ........To sum up, ..... In a word, ......To summarize, ......在英语作文中必备的替换精髓词汇（全面提高你四，六级托福，雅思作文水平）个人日记2008-02-24 20:17 阅读333 评论1 字号：大大中中小小最近读英语，可能大多数人或许会和我有同感，写英语作文时用来用去就那几个单词，没有深度，更没有创新。

完整word版JOIN IN五年级下册单词汇总

before 在....以前五年级上册单词表JOIN-IN call 一次通话Starter unitCD-ROM 只读光盘alphabet 字母表do shopping 购物乐趣enjoy享受......Easter Bunny 复活节兔子每个人everyoneget 收到，接到fun 乐趣ill 有病的头，头部headmobile phone 移动电话嘿，喂heymoment 片刻near 接近over there在那边，在那儿notebook 笔记本paint 颜料乒乓球ping-pongphone box电话寧school 在学校里上课phone call电话握手shake handsprogramme 电视或广播的节目为止直到until ...... 明天见see you tomorrowunit 1某事.something某物问ask松鼠squirrel1 / 6storybook 故事书ice冰lake 等一下湖，湖泊wart a momentNorth Pole北极website 网站polar bear北极熊运转workpull 拉wrong有问题的seal海豹Unit2shopping mall 大型购物中心Arctic北极的雪snowcome to a stop停止南极Pole early早期的.初期的South表示可能性〕will地球earth 能Unit3 钓鱼fishing 叫做名叫call .去钓鱼go fishing 侦探detective 爷爷：外公非正式grandad不同的different 〔非正式〕奶奶，外赛grandma有趣的grandpa 〔非正式〕爷爷，外公interesting) 野免hare Kung Fu Panda ( 功夫熊猫自然界.大自然小山hill nature2/ 6only只有excuse me劳驾hospital 医院romantic关于爱情的justscience fiction 科幻小说就.只late晚的明里star .迟的left向左sweet 糖果museum博物馆电视机. television 电视neighbour telly非正式〕电视机邻居next离得最近的thousand一千next to 真实的紧挨着trueonusually 在〔某位置〕通常地opposite want 想要在……的对面past经过一段时间whilepolice station警察（分UNIT 4 )局向前ahead 邮政局post office beside 在…旁边向右right bus stop边，侧side 公共汽车站笔直地church教堂straight3 / 6tell告诉hurtisland 旅游信息咨询处tourist officejet-ski 城镇town清激的train station火车站hurt UNIT5 受伤的island岛屿baby幼兽jet-ski噴气式滑艇严重地badlymost 大多数blood血nearby 附近的小船，小舟boatpass by经过某人、某事物call( 给……）打电话儿童节下雨rainChildren's Daycity 岩石rock. 城市都市sand沙子，沙滩清澈的dearclose接近的snorkel徒手潜水多云的cloudy 徒手潜水snorkelling 海星〔和某人〕一起去come alongstarfish太阳sun 晴朗的fine4/ 6sunny阳光充足的dark 黑暗good at 擅长too太，过分ground地. 地面tourist游客Hands up! 风大的举起手来! windyhero UNIT6英雄horror film 恐怖片adventure 冒险( 经历）辛辣的害怕的afraid hotage 年龄last 最后的pancake薄煎饼ago 以前自豪的proud alone 独自骑银行bank ridebe afraid of害怕强盗robberbootsheriff 靴子县治安宮bom to出生于矮的shortcactus 仙人掌汤soup健壮的strong coat 外套游泳运动员牛仔帽cowboy hat swimmer5 / 6thin 瘦的worry 担心6 / 6。

(完整word版)批改网高分表达短语及句型总结,推荐文档

作文经典表达一、短语，高分词组1.creating a green campus创建绿色校园2.enjoy great prestige in the world享誉世界2.is the essence of是…的精华3.Recently a debate about green campus has aroused public attention.引起公众关注。

4.Undoubtedly毫无疑问5.Has a profound impact on both individuals and society.对个人和社会有极深影响。

6.Needless to say, a green campus includes...不必说7.Degradable plastic 可降解塑料。

8.make efforts toMeanwhile, we should make efforts to improve the moral standard of university students in order to create a civilized atmosphere for the sake of students’mental health.9.Work out解决，实现10.Increase the awareness of the importance of...增强对...的认识的重要性11.Rewind the clock时光倒流12.In addition to this除此之外13.Go all ou t全力以赴(属于四六级经典高分短语)14.what's more意思是另外，而且…，是四六级经典补充类词组。

What's more, bigger banks can diversify their earnings, which should further militate against failure .而且，大银行可以使他们的收入多样化，这可以防止经营失败。

(完整word版)Lesson 2 Hiroshima-the Liveliest City in Japan课文翻译

第二课广岛——日本“最有活力”的城市(节选)雅各•丹瓦①“广岛到了!大家请下车!”当世界上最快的高速列车减速驶进广岛车站并渐渐停稳时，那位身着日本火车站站长制服的男人口中喊出的一定是这样的话。

我其实并没有听懂他在说些什么，一是因为他是用日语喊的。

其次，则是因为我当时心情沉重，喉咙哽噎，忧思万缕，几乎顾不上去管那日本铁路官员说些什么。

踏上这块土地，呼吸着广岛的空气，对我来说这行动本身已是一套令人激动的经历，其意义远远超过我以往所进行的任何一次旅行或采访活动。

难道我不就是在犯罪现场吗?②这儿的日本人看来倒没有我这样的忧伤情绪。

从车站外的人行道上看去，这儿的一切似乎都与日本其他城市没什么两样。

身着和嘏的小姑娘和上了年纪的太太与西装打扮的少年和妇女摩肩接豫；神情严肃的男人们对周围的人群似乎视而不见，只顾着相互交淡，并不停地点头弯腰，互致问候：“多么阿里伽多戈扎伊马嘶。

”还有人在使用杂货铺和烟草店门前挂着的小巧的红色电话通话。

③“嗨!嗨!”出租汽车司机一看见旅客，就砰地打开车门，这样打着招呼。

“嗨”，或者某个发音近似“嗨”的什么词，意思是“对”或“是”。

“能送我到市政厅吗?”司机对着后视镜冲我一笑，又连声“嗨!”“嗨!”出租车穿过广岛市区狭窄的街巷全速奔驰，我们的身子随着司机手中方向盘的一次次急转而前俯后仰，东倒西歪。

与此同时，这座曾惨遭劫难的城市的高楼大厦则一座座地从我们身边飞掠而过。

④正当我开始觉得路程太长时，汽车嘎地一声停了下来，司机下车去向警察问路。

就像东京的情形一样，广岛的出租车司机对他们所在的城市往往不太熟悉，但因为怕在外国人面前丢脸，却又从不肯承认这一点。

无论乘客指定的目的地在哪里，他们都毫不犹豫地应承下来，根本不考虑自己要花多长时间才能找到目的地。

⑤这段小插曲后来终于结束了，我也就不知不觉地突然来到了宏伟的市政厅大楼前。

当我出示了市长应我的采访要求而发送的请柬后，市政厅接待人员向我深深地鞠了一躬，然后声调悠扬地长叹了一口气。

(完整word版)join in四下英语重点

四年级下册词汇及句型开始单元Starter Unit单词1。

Australia澳大利亚 2。

about关于 3.be成为，变成 4。

clothes衣服5。

love爱 6.many许多 7。

pig猪 8。

place地方 9。

trousers裤子 10.weather天气11.country国家(复数形式countries） 12。

activity活动 13.best最好的 14。

boring无聊的15.jacket夹克 16.uniform制服 17.school uniform校服 18.year 年级句子：1.Is your school big? 你的学校大么？No, it’s small。

不，它是小的2.Is there a library in your school? 你的学校有图书馆么?Yes, there is。

No， there isn’t.3.There are many books. 这里有许多书。

4.Do you like books? 你喜欢书吗？Yes， I do. 是的，我喜欢。

5.Have you got a school uniform？你有校服么？Yes, we wear it to school. 是的，我们穿它去学校.6．What is your uniform like？你们的校服是怎么样的？7. Are there any pictures on the board？黑板上有画吗？Unit 1 Time●Vocabulary：half 一半 clock 钟 o’clock 整点 bathroom 浴室 check 检查crazy 疯狂的 downstairs 楼下的 everywhere 到处 garden 花园hall 大厅 midnight 午夜 police 警察 quick 迅速的watch 表 someone 某人 hour 小时 minute 分钟wake up 醒来 at 在某具体地点或时刻 get up 起床 careful 小心的●Sentences：1.What time is it？ It’s five o’clock。

(完整word版)新版join-in-六年级上册重点单词及句型整理

重点单词：American美国人band乐队bookshop 书店camera照相机CD 激光唱片CD player激光唱机chicken鸡肉，鸡club俱乐部cute 逗人喜爱的dream 梦想each other互相，彼此feed 喂养forever永远grown-up成年人hobby 业余爱好Job职业little小的mango芒果national国家的near附近的once 一次own拥有peace和平person人photograph照片player运动员poor 贫穷的so 因此War战争without没有重点句型:（要求背诵)1.I ‘m Carlos . I am from Brazil 。

I live on the farm。

I get up at half past seven every day . 我是calos，我来自巴西,我住在一个农场里，我每天早上7：30起床2.Before I go to school , I feed my fish . My fish are beautiful . They are very precious to me 。

在我上学之前我先喂我的鱼，它们很漂亮,对我来说他们很珍贵3.The nearest town is 400 kilometers away, so Mark cannot go to school。

最近的城镇有400公里远，所以Mark不能去上学。

4.His lessons on TV start at nine 。

Mark learns the same things as he children in town 他的电视上的课程9点开始，Mark学的东西跟城镇的孩子一样4.Her family needs the money 。

Lena has a dream。

One day she wants to have her own little shop.她家里需要钱。

(完整word版)英语节日月份星期季节及所用介词总结

(完整word版)英语节日月份星期季节及所用介词总结星期一（on）Monday 星期二（on)Tuesday
星期三(on）Wednesday 星期四（on)Thursday
星期五(on）Friday 星期六(on）Saturday
星期日（on）Sunday
一月（in)January 二月（in）February
三月(in）march 四月（in）April
五月（in）May 六月(in）June
七月（in）July 八月（in)August
九月（in）September 十月（in）October
十一月（in)November 十二月(in）December
春天（in the)Spring 夏天（in the）Summer
秋天（in the）Autum 冬天（in the）Winter
元旦New Year's day (1月1日）
情人节Valentine’s Day(2月14日）
妇女节International Women' Day （3月8日)
复活节Easter (春分月圆之后第一个星期日）
愚人节April Fool's Day （4月1日）
母亲节Mother’s Day（5月第二个星期日）
儿童节International Children’s Day（6月1日）
父亲节Fa ther’s Day（6月第三个星期日父亲节）
感恩节Thanks Giving Day （10～11月)
万圣节Halloween (10月31日)
圣诞节Christmas Day （12月25日)。

(完整word版)地质专业英语

1我们研究地区位于距离重庆市大约60公里的一个叫做小张村的地方Our study area is located in xiaozhang village ，which is about 60 kilometers southwest from the chongqing city 。

2 关于海相中生代地层和火山作用的地址调查早在1959年就曾在该地进行过Geological survey on Mesozoic marine strata and volcanism was conducted as in 1959。

3 在这个地区,除了在小张村北面很小的一片地区侏罗系被白垩系玄武岩大量侵入以外，侏罗纪地层露头几乎是连续的.In this region, Jurassic strata is nearly continuous except that in local place of xiaozhang village the strata was intruded by massive cretaceous basalts .4 2005年夏季，在王教授的率领下,我们在这里进行了为期30天的野外地质工作。

In the summer of 2005, led by prof , wang ,we carried out 30 days"field work 。

5昨天下午我们在教室里成功召开了关于如何组织下一次野外考察的会议。

We successfully held the meeting on how to organize the next field survey yesterday afternoon .1 在所有的沉积层序的野外资料收集到之后，就要解释这些资料。

All field data of sedimentary successions have to be interpreted after collected .2 由于这种研究的目的是判断沉积过程和当时的环境，所以就要运用所有的野外资料来确定层序中的沉积相.Since this study aims decide deposition process and environment , all field data have to be applied to determine the sedimentary facies of the succession 。

(完整word版)新标准大学英语3_UNIT1-Catching_Crabs原文+译文

Catching Crabs1 In the fall of our final year, our mood changed. the relaxed atmosphere of the preceding summer semester, the impromptu ball games, the boating on the Charles River, the late-night parties had disappeared, and we all started to get our heads down, studying late, and attendance at classes rose steeply again. We all sensed we were coming to the end of our stay here, that we would never get a chance like this again, and we became determined not to waste it. Most important of course were the final exams in April and May in the following year. No one wanted the humiliation of finishing last in class, so the peer group pressure to work hard was strong. Libraries which were once empty after five o'clock in the afternoon were standing room only until the early hours of the morning, and guys wore the bags under their eyes and their pale, sleepy faces with pride, like medals proving their diligence.大学最后一年的秋天，我们的心情变了。

(完整word版)JOININ五年级上册词汇

beautiful美丽的，美好的clean（把……）弄干净hard费劲地，费力地learn学习，学会New South Wales新南威尔士州soon不久，很快summer holiday暑假take拍摄take photos拍照time一段时间；某段日子the UK英国umbrella伞，雨伞whose谁的work工作，劳动both两者，两个都change转变，转换come in进来come on快点cook煮，烧；厨师cousin堂【表】兄弟；堂【表】姐妹doctor医生，大夫driver司机，驾驶员family家庭fantastic太好了；极好的farmer农民grandfather祖父；外祖父grandmother祖母；外祖母grandparent祖父；祖母；外祖父；外祖母granny【非正式】奶奶，外婆introduce介绍，引见Little Red Riding Hood小红帽member成员nurse护士phone（给……）打电话police警察problem问题，难题role角色run away逃跑scene【戏剧中的】一场taxi出租车these这些walk off离开woods【常复】小树林，林地word字，词，单词worker工人always总是，每次都band圈，箍，带because因为bell铃bring带来cool冷静的，沉着的darling亲爱的，宝贝儿dollar元【美国、加拿大、澳大利亚等国的货币单位】easy不担心的，不紧张的everywhere在各个地方；处处friendship友谊hurt弄伤；感到疼痛luck好运，幸运mascot吉祥物necklace项链Olympic奥运会的popular受欢迎的Puma Ranch美洲狮大牧场ring戒指shell贝壳silver银制的；银（白）色的soft toy毛绒玩具test测试，测验watch out小心answer答案athlete运动员collect收集，采集cyclist骑自行【脚踏】车者end（使）结束；（使）停止go开始（做某事）kilometre千米，公里opera house歌剧院quarter一刻钟，十五分钟say说special特殊的，特别的spot（圆）点，斑点stamp邮票tell告诉time次，回top最佳的，最好的train火车，列车Yours您真挚的【用于书信的结尾】autograph【名人的】亲笔签名comic连环漫画email电子邮件for为了要，为了得到gone走了；不见了hat帽子postcard明信片sticker贴纸take接受thief小偷，贼also而且，还broken破的；破碎的bush灌木buy买candy糖果chewing gun口香糖flower花garden花园happen发生hide躲藏pass传（球）pick捡起，拿起plum李子，梅子shall将要till直到wait等候，等待weekend周末alright好吧around到处，四处cartoon卡通（片），动画（片）castle城堡，堡垒down处在更低的地方【位置】（的）dream梦；做梦，梦见dust灰尘，尘埃little幼小的lock锁open开着的，打开的path小径，小道pond池塘prince王子quickly快速地DVD数字影碟fast asleep熟睡的，酣睡的film电影，影片funny有趣的ghost鬼Hurry up快点!just a minute请稍等key钥匙right now立即，马上sleep睡眠sometimes有时，间或talk谈话，交谈travel旅行zoo动物园注：画波浪线的为超纲词汇，加粗的为核心词汇。

(word完整版)intouch2014授权安装教程(2021年整理精品文档)

(word完整版)intouch2014授权安装教程(word完整版)intouch2014授权安装教程编辑整理：尊敬的读者朋友们：这里是精品文档编辑中心，本文档内容是由我和我的同事精心编辑整理后发布的，发布之前我们对文中内容进行仔细校对，但是难免会有疏漏的地方，但是任然希望（(word完整版)intouch2014授权安装教程）的内容能够给您的工作和学习带来便利。

同时也真诚的希望收到您的建议和反馈，这将是我们进步的源泉，前进的动力。

本文可编辑可修改，如果觉得对您有帮助请收藏以便随时查阅，最后祝您生活愉快业绩进步，以下为(word完整版)intouch2014授权安装教程的全部内容。

Intouch2014授权安装说明书步骤如下：1、“开始”菜单——所有程序—-Invensys——License Manager——ArchestrA License Manager，双击打开ArchestrA License Manager 【若开始菜单找不到Invensys软件，说明安装Intouch时License选项没有勾选，需重新安装License软件即可】，如下图所示：2、File菜单——Install License File，依次安装(1）ArchestrA.lic；(2)WWSUITE.LIC；(3)ArchestrAServer.lic，需按顺序安装授权。

如下图所示:3、ArchestrAServer.lic这个授权只有购买的授权软件是With I/O的才具备这个授权软件，除非已经具备其它OPC服务器功能，目前大陆区域的授权都必须具备With I/O【设计人员下单时需备注清楚】,含With I/O的授权才可以采用DA Server驱动与PLC通讯。

安装ArchestrAServer。

lic，弹出如下对话框：4、先选择Copy to Clipboard ，再点击Edit Options File,弹出如下对话框，将HOST后面的数据如001改为本地主机名，再文件—-保存。

(完整word版)英语六级阅读理解逐句翻译

2006年12月一、In a purely biological sense, fear begins with the body’s system for reacting to things that can harm us -- the so—called fight—or—flight response. ”从纯生物角度来说，恐惧始于人体系统对会伤害我们的事情的反应—---即所谓的“战斗或逃脱"反应。

An animal that can't detect danger can't stay alive，” says Joseph LeDoux. Like animals，humans evolved with an elaborate mechanism for about potential threats.“不能觉察到危险的动物无法生存”Jeseph LeDoux.像动物一样,人类进化过程中形成了一个精巧的机制,以处理潜在威胁的信息.At its core is a cluster of neurons （神经元) deep in the brain known as the amygdala (扁桃核)。

该机制的核心是大脑内部的一束被称为扁桃核的神经元。

LeDoux studies the way animals and humans respond to threats to understand how we form memories of significant events in our lives.Ledoux研究了动物和人类对危险的反应方式，以理解我们对于生活中重要事件是如何形成记忆的。

The amygdala receives input from many parts of the brain， including regions responsible for retrieving memories。

(完整word版)Yoga in America英汉双语[完美版]

Unit5The term yoga comes from a Sanskrit word which means yoke or union. Traditionally yoga is a method joining the individual self with the Divine, Universal Spirit or Cosmic Consciousness. Physical and mental exercises are designed to help achieve this goal, also called self-transcendence or enlightenment. On the physical level, yoga postures , called asanas, are designed to tone, strengthen, and align the body. These postures are performed to make the spine supple and healthy and to promote blood flow to all the organs, glands, and tissues, keeping all the body systems healthy. On the mental level, yoga uses breathing techniques(pranayama) and meditation (dyana) to quiet, clarify, and discipline the mind. However experts are quick to point out the yoga is not a religion, but a way of living with health and peace of mind as its aims.Yoga in AmericaDouglas Dupler 1.Yoga originated in ancient India and is one of the longest surviving philosophicalsystems in the world. Some scholars have estimated that yoga is as old as 5,000 years; artifacts detailing yoga postures have been found in India from over 3,000B.C. Yogis claim that it is a highly developed science of healthy living that hasbeen tested and perfected for all these years. Yoga was first brought to America in the late 1800s when Swami Vivekananda. an Indian teacher and yogi, presented a lecture on .meditation in Chicago. Yoga slowly began gaining followers, and flourished during the 1960s when there was a surge of interest in Eastern philosophy. There has since been a vast exchange of yoga knowledge in America, with many students going to India to study and many Indian experts coming here to teach, resulting in the establishment of a wide variety of schools. Today, yoga is thriving, and it has become easy to find teachers and practitioners throughout America. A recent Roper poll, commissioned by Yoga Journal, found that 11 million Americans do yoga at least occasionally and six million perform it regularly. Yoga stretches are used by physical therapists and professional sports teams, and the benefits of yoga are being touted by movie stars and Fortune 500 executives. Many prestigious schools of medicine have studied and introduced yoga techniques as proven therapies for illness and stress. Some medical schools, like UCLA, even offer yoga classes as part of their physician training program. 2.There are several different schools of hatha yoga in America; the two mostprevalent ones are Iyengar and Ashtanga yoga. Iyengar yoga was founded byB.K.S. Iyengar, who is widely considered as one of the great living innovators ofyoga. Iyengar yoga puts strict emphasis on form and alignment, and uses traditional hatha yoga techniques in new manners and sequences. Iyengar yoga can be good for physical therapy because it allows the use of props like straps and blocks to make it easier for some people to get into the yoga postures. Ashtangayoga can be a more vigorous routine, using a flowing and dance-like sequence of hatha postures to generate body heat, which purifies the body through sweating and deep breathing.3.Yoga routines can take anywhere from 20 minutes to two or more hours, with onehour being a good time investment to perform a sequence of postures and a meditation. Some yoga routines, depending on the teacher and school, can be as strenuous as the most difficult workout, and some routines merely stretch and align the body while the breath and heart rate are kept slow and steady. Yoga achieves its best results when it is practiced as a daily discipline, and yoga can bea life-long exercise routine, offering deeper and more challenging positions as apractitioner becomes more adept. The basic positions can increase a person's strength, flexibility and sense of well being almost immediately, but it can take years to perfect and deepen them, which is an appealing and stimulating aspect of yoga for many.4.Yoga is usually best learned from a yoga teacher or physical therapist, but yoga issimple enough that one can learn the basics from good books on the subject, which are plentiful. Yoga classes are generally inexpensive, averaging around 10 dollars per class, and students can learn basic postures in just a few classes. Many YMCAs, colleges, and community health organizations offer beginning yoga classes as well, often for nominal fees. If yoga is part of a physical therapy program,' it can be .reimbursed by insurance.5.Yoga can also provide the same benefits as any well-designed exercise program,increasing general health and stamina, reducing stress, and improving those conditions brought about by sedentary lifestyles. Yoga has the added advantage of being a low- impact activity that uses only gravity as resistance, which makes it an excellent physical therapy routine: certain yoga postures can be safely used to strengthen and balance all parts of the body.6.Meditation has been much studied and approved for its benefits in reducingstresses- related conditions. The landmark book, The Relaxation Response, by Harvard cardiologist Herbert Benson, showed that meditation and breathing techniques for relaxation could have the opposite effect of stress, reducing blood pressure and other indicators, Since then, much research has reiterated the benefits of meditation for stress reduction and general health. Currently, the American Medical Association recommends meditation techniques as a first step before medication for borderline hypertension cases.7.Modern psychological Studies have shown that even slight facial expressions cancause changes in the involuntary nervous system; yoga utilizes the mind/body connection, that is, yoga practice contains the central ideas that physical posture and alignment can influence a person's mood and self-esteem, and also that themind can be used to shape and heal the body. Yoga practitioners claim that the strengthening of mind/body awareness can bring eventual improvements in all facets of a person's life.8.Yoga can be performed by those of any age and condition, although not all posesshould be attempted by everyone. Yoga is also a very accessible form of exercise;all that is needed is a flat floor surface large enough to stretch out on, a mat or towel, and enough overhead space to full raise the arms. It is a good activity for those who can't go to gyms, who don' t like other forms of exercise, or have very busy schedules. Yoga should be done on an empty stomach, and teachers recommend waiting three or more hours after meals. Loose and comfortable clothing should he worn.9.Beginners should exercise care and concentration when performing yoga postures,and not try to stretch too much too quickly, as injury could result. Some advanced yoga postures, like the headstand and full lotus position, can be difficult and require strength, flexibility, and gradual preparation, so beginners should get the help of a teacher before attempting them.10.Yoga is not a competitive sport; it does not matter how a person does incomparison with others, but how aware and disciplined one becomes with one's own body and limitations. Proper form and alignment should always be maintained during a stretch or posture, and the stretch or posture should be stopped when there is pain, dizziness, or fatigue. The mental component of yoga is just as important as the physical postures. Concentration and awareness breath should not be neglected. Yoga should be done with an open, gentle, and non-critical mind: when one stretches into a position, it can be thought of as accepting and working on one's limits. Impatience, self-criticism and comparing oneself to others will not help in this process of self-knowledge. While performing the yoga of breathing (pranayama) and meditation (dyana), it is best to have an experienced teacher, as these powerful techniques can cause dizziness and discomfort when done improperly.11.Although yoga originated in a culture very different from modern America, it hasbeen accepted and its practice has spread relatively quickly. Many yogis are amazed at how rapidly yoga's popularity has spread in America, considering the legend that it was passed down secretly by handfuls of adherents for many centuries.12.There can still be found some resistance to yoga, for active and busy Americanssometimes find it hard to believe that an exercise program that requires them to slow down, concentrate, and breathe deeply can be more effective than lifting weights or running, However, ongoing research in top medical schools is showing yoga's effectiveness for overall health and for specific problems, making it anincreasingly acceptable health practice.“瑜伽”这个词源于梵语，意思是“结合”或“联合”，传统上瑜伽是一种把个人和神，万物之灵或无穷的意识联合在一起的方法。

(完整word版)直接引语倒装

所谓完全倒装，就是将谓语动词置于主语前。

完全倒装一般具有以下两个条件：①谓语动词是单个(即不带情态动词、助动词或be)的不及物动词，且只限于一般现在时或一般过去时；②主语只能是名词。

一、以here等副词开头引出的完全倒装在描述情景时，为了使景象更生动，有时把here, there, now, then, out, in, up, down, off, away等方向性副词作为句子开头，句子用完全倒装。

此时，①句子主语必须是名词；②谓语动词通常是be, come, go, run, rush, fly, follow, fall等表示位移的不及物动词，且为一般时态；③其中的here, there不是表示地点，而是用以引起对方注重。

如：Here comes the bus. 汽车来了。

There goes the bell. 铃响了。

Here are some advertisements about cars. 这儿是几则有关汽车的广告。

二、以表语或状语开头引出的完全倒装有时为了强调或者为了使句子平衡或者为了使上下文连接得更加紧密，就将表语和地点状语(多为介词短语)置于句首，谓语动词也常置于主语前，构成完全倒装。

如：Among the people was a man named Brown. 在这些人中有一个叫布朗的人。

On the top of the hill stands an old temple. 这山顶上有一座庙。

三、there be 结构及其变体的完全倒装There is a tall tree in front of the house. 这房子前面有一棵树。

注：在there be结构中，可以代替be的还有以下动词：live, lie, stand, appear, rise, remain, happen, come, go等。

如：Once there lived an old fisherman in a village by the sea. 从前，在海边的一个村子里住着一个老人。

(完整word版)高级英语第三版12课原文Ships_in_the_Desert.docx

Lesson 3 Ships in the DesertShips in the DesertAL Gore1.I was standing in the sun on the hot steel deck of a fishing ship capable of processing a fifty-ton catch on a good day. But it wasn' t a good day. We were anchored in what used to be the most productive fishing site in all of central Asia, but as I looked out over the bow , the prospects of a good catch looked bleak. Where there should have been gentle blue-green waves lapping against the side of the ship, therewas nothing but hot dry sand –as far as I could see in all directions. The other ships of the fleet were also at rest in the sand, scattered in the dunes that stretched all the way to the horizon . Ten year s ago the Aral was the fourth-largest inland sea in the world, comparable to the largest of North America's Great Lakes. Now it is disappearing because the water that used to feed it has been diverted in an ill-considered irrigation scheme to grow cotton In the user t. The new shoreline was almost forty kilometers across the sand from where the fishing fleet was now permanently docked. Meanwhile, in the nearby town of Muynak the people were still canning fish –brought not from the Aral Sea but shipped by rail through Siberia from the Pacific Ocean, more than a thousand miles away.2.My search for the underlying causes of the environmental crisis has led me to travel around the world to examine and study many of these images of destruction. At the very bottom of the earth, high in the Trans-Antarctic Mountains, with the sun glaring at midnight through a hole in the sky, I stood in the unbelievable coldness and talked with a scientist in the late tall of 1988 about the tunnel he was digging through time. Slipping his parka back to reveal a badly burned face that was cracked and peeling, he pointed to the annual layers of ice in a core sample dug from the glacier on which we were standing. He moved his finger back in time to the ice of two decadesago. "Here's where the U. S Congress passed the Clean Air Act, ”he said. At the bottom of the world, two continents away from Washington, D. C., even a small reduction in one country's emissions had changed the amount of pollution found in the remotest end least accessible place on earth.3. But the most significant change thus far in the earth' s atmosphere is the one that began with the industrial r evolution early in the last century and has picked up speed ever since. Industry meant coal, and later oil, and we began to burn lots of it –bringing rising levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) , with its ability to trap more heat in the atmosphere and slowly warm the earth. Fewer than a hundred yards from the South Pole, upwind from the ice runway where the ski plane lands and keeps its engines running to prevent the metal parts from freeze-locking together, scientists monitor the air sever al times ever y day to chart the course of that inexorable change. During my visit, I watched one scientist draw the results of that day's measurements, pushing the end of a steep line still higher on the graph. He told me how easy it is – there at the end of the earth –to see that this enormous change in the global atmosphere is still picking up speed.4. Two and a half years later I slept under the midnight sun at the other end ofour planet, in a small tent pitched on a twelve-toot-thick slab of ice floating in the frigid Arctic Ocean. After a hearty breakfast, my companions and I traveled by snowmobiles a few miles farther north to a rendezvous point where the ice was thinner –only three and a half feet thick –and a nuclear submarine hovered in the water below. After it crashed through the ice, took on its new passengers, and resubmerged, I talked with scientists who were trying to measure more accurately the thickness of the polar ice cap, which many believe is thinning as a re-suit of global warming. I had just negotiated an agreement between ice scientists and the U. S. Navy to secure the re-lease of previously top secret data from submarine sonar tracks, data that could help them learn what is happening to the north polar cap. Now, I wanted to see the pole it-self, and some eight hours after we met the submarine, we were crashing through that ice, surfacing, and then I was standing in an eerily beautiful snowcape, windswept and sparkling white, with the horizon defined by little hummocks, or "pressure ridges " of ice that are pushed up like tiny mountain ranges when separate sheets collide. But here too, CD, levels are rising just as rapidly, and ultimately temperature will rise with them –indeed, global warming is expected to push temperatures up much more rapidly in the polar regions than in the rest of the world. As the polar air warms, the ice her e will thin; and since the polar cap plays such a crucial role in the world's weather system, the consequences of a thinning cap could be disastrous.5.Considering such scenarios is not a purely speculative exercise. Six months after I returned from the North Pole, a team of scientists reported dramatic changesin the pattern of ice distribution in the Arctic, and a second team reported a still controversialclaim (which a variety of data now suggest) that, over all, the north polar cap has thinned by 2 per cent in just the last decade. Moreover, scientists established several years ago that in many land areas north of the Arctic Circle, the spring snowmelt now comes earlier every year, and deep in the tundra below, the temperature e of the earth is steadily rising.6.As it happens, some of the most disturbing images of environmental destruction can be found exactly halfway between the North and South poles –precisely at the equator in Brazil – where billowing clouds of smoke regularly black-en the sky above the immense but now threatened Amazon rain forest. Acre by acre, the rain forest is being burned to create fast pasture for fast-food beef; as Ilearned when I went there in early 1989, the fires are set earlier and earlier in the dry season now, with more than one Tennessee'sworth of rain forest being slashed and burned each year. According to our guide, the biologist Tom Lovejoy, there are more different species of birds in each square mile of the Amazon than exist in all of North America –which means we are silencing thousands of songs we have never even heard.7.But one doesn't have to travel around the world to wit-ness humankind's assault on the earth. Images that signal the distress of our global environment are now commonly seen almost anywhere. On some nights, in high northern latitudes, the sky itself offers another ghostly image that signals the loss of ecological balance now in progress. If the sky is clear after sunset -- and it you are watching from a place wherepollution hasn't blotted out the night sky altogether -- you can sometimes see a strange kind of cloud high in the sky. This "noctilucent cloud" occasionally appears when theearth is first cloaked in the evening dark-ness; shimmering above us with a translucent whiteness, these clouds seem quite unnatural. And they should: noctilucent cloudshave begun to appear more often becauseof a huge buildup of methane gas in the atmosphere. (Also called natural gas, methane is released from landfills , from coalmines and rice paddies, from billions of termites that swarm through the freshly cut forestland, from the burning of biomass and from a variety of other human activities. ) Even though noctilucent clouds were sometimes seen in the past., all this extramethane carries more water vapor into the upper atmosphere, where it condenses at much higher altitudes to form more clouds that the sun's rays still strike long aftersunset has brought the beginning of night to the surface far beneath them.8. What should we feel toward these ghosts in the sky? Simple wonder or themix of emotions we feel at the zoo? Perhaps we should feel awe for our own power:just as men "ear tusks from elephants ’ heads in such quantity as to threaten the beast with extinction, we are ripping matter from its place in the earth in such volume as toupset the balance between daylight and darkness. In the process, we are once again adding to the threat of global warming, be-cause methane has been one of thefastest-growing green-house gases, and is third only to carbon dioxide and watervapor in total volume, changing the chemistry of the upper atmosphere. But, withouteven considering that threat, shouldn't it startle us that we have now put these cloudsin the evening sky which glisten with a spectral light? Or have our eyes adjusted so completely to the bright lights of civilization that we can't see these clouds for whatthey are –a physical manifestation of the violent collision between human civilizationand the earth?9. Even though it is sometimes hard to see their meaning, we have by now all witnessed surprising experiences that signal the damage from our assault on the environment --whether it's the new frequency of days when the temperature exceeds100 degrees, the new speed with which the -un burns our skin, or the new constancy of public debate over what to do with growing mountains of waste. Butour response to these signals is puzzling. Why haven't we launched a massive effortto save our environment? To come at the question another way' Why do some images startle us into immediate action and focus our attention or ways to respond effectively? And why do other images, though sometimes equally dramatic, produce instead a Kin. of paralysis, focusing our attention not on ways to respond but ratheron some convenient, less painful distraction?10.Still, there are so many distressing images of environ-mental destruction that sometimes it seems impossible to know how to absorb or comprehend them. Before considering the threats themselves, it may be helpful to classify them and thus begin to organize our thoughts and feelings so that we may be able to respond appropriately.11.A useful system comes from the military, which frequently places a conflictin one of three different categories, according to the theater in which it takes place.There are "local" skirmishes, "regional" battles, and "strategic" conflicts. This third category is reserved for struggles that can threaten a nation's survival and must beunder stood in a global context.12.Environmental threats can be considered in the same way. For example, most instances of water pollution, air pollution, and illegal waste dumping are essentially local in nature. Problems like acid rain, the contamination of under-ground aquifers, and large oil spills are fundamentally regional. In both of these categories, there may be so many similar instances of particular local and regional problems occurringsimultaneously all over the world that the patter n appears to be global, but the problems themselves are still not truly strategic because the operation of- the global environment is not affected and the survival of civilization is not at stake.13.However, a new class of environmental problems does affect the global ecological system, and these threats are fundamentally strategic. The 600 percent increase in the amount of chlorine in the atmosphere during the last forty years has taken place not just in those countries producing the chlorofluorocarbons responsible but in the air above every country, above Antarctica, above the North Pole and the Pacific Ocean –all the way from the surface of the earth to the top of the sky. The increased levels of chlorine disrupt the global process by which the earth regulatesthe amount of ultraviolet radiation from the sun that is allowed through the atmosphere to the surface; and it we let chlorine levels continue to increase, the radiation levels will al-so increase–to the point that all animal and plant life will face a new threat to their survival.14.Global warming is also a strategic threat. The concentration of carbon dioxide and other heat-absorbing molecules has increased by almost 25 per cent since World War II, posing a worldwide threat to the earth's ability to regulate the amount of heat from the sun retained in the atmosphere. This increase in heat seriously threatens the global climate equilibrium that determines the pattern of winds, rainfall, surface temperatures, ocean currents, and sea level. These in turn determine the distribution of vegetative and animal life on land and sea and have a great effect on the location and pattern of human societies.15.In other words, the entire relationship between humankind and the earth has been transformed because our civilization is suddenly capable of affecting the entire global environment, not just a particular area. All of us know that human civilization has usually had a large impact on the environment; to mention just one example, there is evidence that even in prehistoric times, vast areas were sometimes intentionallyburned by people in their search for food. And in our own time we have reshaped a large part of the earth's surface with concrete in our cities and carefully tended rice paddies, pastures, wheat fields, and other croplands in the countryside. But these changes, while sometimes appearing to be pervasive , have, until recently, been relatively trivial factors in the global ecological sys-tem. Indeed, until our lifetime, it was always safe to assume that nothing we did or could do would have any lasting effect on the global environment. But it is precisely that assumption which must now be discarded so that we can think strategically about our new relationship to the environment.16.Human civilization is now the dominant cause of change in the global environment. Yet we resist this truth and find it hard to imagine that our effect on theearth must now be measured by the same yardstick used to calculate the strength of the moon's pull on the oceans or the force of the wind against the mountains. And it we are now capable of changing something so basic as the relationship between the earth and the sun, surely we must acknowledge a new responsibility to use that power wisely and with appropriate restraint. So far, however, We seem oblivious of the fragility of the earth's natural systems.17.This century has witnessed dramatic changes in two key factors that define the physical reality of our relation-ship to the earth: a sudden and startling surge in human population, with the addition of one China's worth of people every ten years, and a sudden acceleration of the scientific and technological revolution, which has allowed an almost unimaginable magnification of our power to affect the worldaround us by burning, cutting, digging, moving, and trans-forming the physicalmatter that makes up the earth.18.The surge in population is both a cause of the changed relationship and one of the clearest illustrations of how startling the change has been, especially when viewed in a historical context. From the emergence of modern humans 200 000 yearsago until Julius Caesar's time, fewer than 250 million people walked on the face of the earth. When Christopher Columbus set sail for the New World 1500 years later, there were approximately 500 million people on earth. By the time Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence in 1776, the number had doubled again, to 1 billion. By midway through this century, at the end of World War II, the number had risen to just above 2 billion people.19.In other words, from the beginning of humanity's appearance on earth to 1945, it took more than ten thousand generations to reach a world population of 2 billion people. Now, in the course of one human lifetime -- mine -- the world population will increase from 2 to more than 9 million, and it is already more than halfway there.20.Like the population explosion, the scientific and technological revolution began to pick up speed slowly during the eighteenth century. And this ongoing revolution has also suddenly accelerated exponentially. For example, it is now an axiom in many fields of science that more new and important discoveries have taken place in the last ten years that. in the entire previous history of science. While no single discover y has had the kind of effect on our relationship to the earth that unclear weapons have had on our relationship to warfare, it is nevertheless true that taken together, they have completely transformed our cumulative ability to exploit the earth for sustenance -- making the consequences, of unrestrained exploitation every bit as unthinkable as the consequences of unrestrained nuclear war.21.Now that our relationship to the earth has changed so utterly, we have to see that change and understand its implications. Our challenge is to recognize that the startling images of environmental destruction now occurring all over the world have much more in common than their ability to shock and awaken us. They are symptoms of an underlying problem broader in scope and more serious than any we have ever faced. Global warming, ozone depletion, the loss of living species, deforestation -- they all have a common cause: the new relationship between human civilization andthe earth's natural balance.22.There are actually two aspects to this challenge. The first is to realize that our power to harm the earth can in-deed have global and even permanent effects. The second is to realize that the only way to understand our new role as a co-architect of nature is to see ourselves as part of a complex system that does not operate according to the same simple rules of cause and effect we are used to. The problem is not our effect on the environment so much as our relationship with the environment. As a result, any solution to the problem will require a careful assessment of that relationship as well as the complex interrelationship among factors within civilization and between them and the major natural components of the earth's ecological system.23. The strategic nature of the threat now posed by human civilization to the global environment and the strategic nature of the threat to human civilization now posed by changes in the global environment present us with a similar set of challenges and false hopes. Some argue that a new ultimate technology, whether nuclear power or genetic engineering, will solve the problem. Others hold that only a drastic reduction of our reliance on technology can improve the conditions of life -- a simplistic notion at best. But the real solution will be found in reinventing and finally healing the relationship between civilization and the earth. This can only be accomplished by undertaking a careful reassessment of all the factors that led to the relatively recent dramatic change in the relationship. The transformation of the way we relate to the earth will of course involve new technologies, but the key changes will involve new ways of thinking about the relationship itself.。

(完整word版)方位词inonto的用法

介词in，on，to 表示方位的用法
1.in 表示方位，含义是，即一个小地方处在一个
大地方的范围(疆域)之内。

2. on 表示方位，含义是，即一个地方在另一个地方的某一端或某一边，两个地方只是相邻或接壤，却互不管辖。

3. to 表示方位，含义是，即一个地方在另一个地方的范围之外，互不管辖。

尤其当两个地方相隔较远，且有湖泊、大海等区域相隔时，通常用to。

巩固练习：
1、China is the east of Asia.
2、Guangdong Province is the southeast of Guangxi.
3、Guilin is the north of Guangxi.
4、Taiwan is the southeast of Fujian Province.
5、Taiwan lies the east of China.
6、Jinzhou is the west of Shenyang.
7、Sichuan Province is the north of Guizhou Province.
8、Taiwan is the southeast of Fujian Province.
9、Sichuan Province is the north of Guizhou Province.
10、Japan is the east of China.
11、China faces the Pacific the east.
12、Shanghai lies the east of China.。

(完整word版)大学体验英语(第三版)课文原文及翻译

Frog Story 蛙的故事A couple of odd things have happened lately. 最近发生了几桩怪事儿.I have a log cabin in those woods of Northern Wisconsin. I built it by hand and also added a greenh ouse to the front of it. It is a joy to live in。

In fact, I work out of my home doing audio production an d environmental work。

As a tool of that trade I have a computer and a studio。

我在北威斯康星州的树林中有一座小木屋.是我亲手搭建的，前面还有一间花房.住在里面相当惬意。

实际上我是在户外做音频制作和环境方面的工作——作为干这一行的工具，我还装备了一间带电脑的工作室。

I also have a tree frog that has taken up residence in my studio. 还有一只树蛙也在我的工作室中住了下来。

How odd， I thought， last November when I first noticed him sitting atop my sound—board over my computer.I figured that he（and I say he，though I really don't have a clue if she is a he or vice versa） would be more comfortable in the green house。

So I put him in the greenhouse. Back he came. And stayed。

1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。

，at地点和时间用法，inon一、in, on, at的地点用法记住单词的基本含义，通过翻译就很容易区分了。

“在…，可翻译成“在…”强调“在…里”（空间范围内）at强调“点”，on强调“在…上”（表面）in ...旁”。

处”或者“在on为例：以on表在…上（表面）on the cover of the book. 在书的封面上on this menu. 在这菜单上There are fourwall。

一些图画在墙上。

Some pictures are on the （在那墙上。

on the wall.按照汉语习惯虽然翻译成在墙上有四扇窗，但是实际窗户的位置是在墙windows are in the wall.）“里”。

在树上有一些There are some red apples on the tree. （在树上，指果实长在树上。

on the tree ）一些鸟在树上。

指的是树的枝桠间。

红苹果。

Some birds are in the tree.在八楼也可写成in the 7the storey）on the 7th floor在八楼（第一层不算。

在去…的路上on the way to…看书等在床坐in bed则表示人躺//，不加冠词时in the bedon the bed 在床上，强调位置，或上on the ceiling 在天花板上on the floor 在地板上（英式写成in the street/road）on the street/road在街道/上river.is in the lake 在湖面上，接触湖水表面，比如小船，如吃水深则用in，如A ship on theover the lake则指在湖的正上方，不接触湖面）（in的意思。

on the farm在农场，用on表示开阔处，没有空间on land在陆地上at the top of the chimney在烟囱顶端on the top ofthe mountain在山顶，如顶端是一个点，at 躺在路边。

如不强调“上”，可换成on the side of the road在路边上，如lie on the roadside the side of。

in the playground on the playground在操场上，英式则写成表在…上或者搭乘：on 在公汽里on a bus 乘巴士，在公汽上in a bus在火车里乘火车，在火车上in a train on a train在飞机里in a planeon a plane 乘飞机，在飞机上在轮船里，表达的位置不一样。

in a ship 乘轮船，在轮船上on a shipon a bicycle, on a motorbike 骑自行车/摩托车on a horse骑马on表通过，on the radio, on television 通过广播、电视in the northeast．朝鲜位于中国东北方。

on表“靠近、接壤”Korea lies on the northeast of China of China 指的是在中国东北这个范围里，如吉林。

（不挨着用to，在范围内用in，如Japan lies tothe northeast of China. Jilin lies in the northeast of China.）on 表在左右边，在左边、在右边on the left, on the right表进行on活动中，在移动/在展览，on the march在行军中，on the moveon sale在廉价出售，on show 在放在值班/on duty在值日on watchon the run在跑着on the air在广播on the rise 在上涨哨on parade在游行at强调“点”，可翻译成“在…”“在…处”或者“在...旁”。

in则强调一个范围或在一个相对封闭的空间里，翻译成“在…”“在…里”。

有的地点不是相对封闭空间，如bus stop，不能用in，有的地点是相对封闭空间，则in，at都可以用，有时差别不大，如at the office在办公室，in the office 在办公室里。

有时差别很大，如，in the lost and found case 失物在失物招领的柜子里，人的话只能用at the lost and foundcase在失物招领处。

再如，at the park一般指公园门口, meet you at the park在公园处见面，可以换成in但是意思不一样，turn left at the park在公园处向左拐，不可以换成in，在公园里边向左拐的意思很奇怪。

但是可以这么用take a walk in the park在公园里散步。

根据不同情境选择介词，通过in和at的基本含义具体翻译就知道有无差别了。

以at为例at表在…处/旁at the entrance, 在入口处at the bus stop, 在公共汽车站点处（in the station在车站里，at the station在车站处，比如门口或里边）at the station, 在车站，(in the cinema在电影院里，at the cinema在电影院处，比如门口)在电影院at the cinema ,（in my home几乎无差别）在家at home,在史密斯商店at smith's在诊所/医务室在我姑姑家，at the doctor'sat my aunt's（in school几乎无差别）但，on （the）campus在校园里在校at school,at table在就餐/吃饭at the table在饭桌旁at the airport在飞机场at the door/gate, 在门/大门口at the top of the mountain 在山顶at the end of the road 在路的尽头at the crossroads 在十字路口at the foot of the hill 在山脚下（at表住址，on Center号在北京路80No.80 at Center Street 在中心街at Beijing RoadStreet则表示在中心街的街道上或者街道两侧商店的位置）at the side 在一边at reception 在招待会上at work 在工作at the meeting 在会议上at the party在聚会上以in为例in表在…里in London. 我住在伦敦。

in France, at Paris. 在法国巴黎。

(相对法国来讲，巴黎只是一个“点”)in the city在城市里，in the countryside在农村里，但是，in town在城镇里，不加冠词。

in the middle of the river在河的中间in front of the post office 在邮局的前边。

（如指里边的前边加the，如in the front of the room 范围小）at范围大，in。

at the front of the store或者．in the center of the city在城市的中心，如强调一点用at，at the center of the lake在这个湖的中心处in the east/west/north/south在东方/西方/北方/南方in the moonlight在月光下/里，in the sun在阳光下/里（注意不用under）in the open air在空旷处，在户外。

in a car 乘汽车in a taxi 乘的士in a helicopter 乘直升机in a boat 乘小船in a lift (elevator) 乘电梯in the newspaper 在报上(如文字、新闻等)（但，The key is on the newspaper. 钥匙在报纸上，指报纸表面上。

The box is in the newspaper. 盒子在报纸里，指被报纸包裹了起来。

）in the sky 在空中in the team在队伍里（如强调是队员，不是保健医的话，用on the team意思是play for the team或者be a member of the team）in the chair在椅子上/里(现在的椅子一般都有扶手，用in，没有扶手则用on the chair。

on the bench/sofa 在凳子/沙发上)in line在队伍里/排队，习惯不加a，in a queue/row在队伍/在一排里in public 在公共场合=in public placesin the field(s)在田地里试比较：in the corner （of the wall），at the street corner,on the corner of the deskin the corner （of the wall），在角落里，在墙角，at the street corner，在街道拐角处，on the corner of the desk在桌角上，二、in, on, at的时间用法①固定短语：in the morning/afternoon/evening在早晨/下午/傍晚,at noon/night在中午/夜晚, （不强调范围，强调的话用during the night）early in the morning=in the early morning在大清早，late at night在深夜on the weekend在周末（英式用at the weekend在周末，at weekends每逢周末）on weekdays/weekends在工作日/周末，on school days/nights在上学日/上学的当天晚上，②不加介词this, that, last, next, every, one, yesterday, today, tomorrow, tonight，all，most等之前一般不加介词。

如，this morning 今天早晨更常用些）that day（在那天that day）on（．上周last week 明年next year 以现在为起点的下个月）the next month第二个月（以过去为起点的第二个月，next month 每天every day 一天早晨one morning 昨天下午yesterday afternoon 明天早晨tomorrow morning ）/整晚（等于the whole day/morning/nightall day/morning/night整天/整个早晨（在）大多数时间most of the time③一般规则（不强调at，＞一天用in，在具体时刻或在某时用除了前两点特殊用法之外，其他≤一天，用on 时间范围）on关于在我九岁生日那天生日、on my ninth birthday 在教师节节日、on Teachers'Day's Day, on Women's on Children节日里有表人的词汇先复数再加s'所有格，如（注意：'s Day, on Father's Day, on Mothereachers' Day有四个节日强调单数之意思，Day, on T on April Fool's Day, on Valentine's Day）在周日早晨在周日，on Sunday morning星期、on Sunday 在每个月的最后一个星期五on the last Friday of each month在六月二日on June 2 日期、nd在六月的第二天即在六月二日on the second (of June 2) nd on a rainy morning在一个多雨的早晨on the morning of June 2在六月二日的早晨，nd on a certain day 在某天on the second day在第二天（以过去某天为参照）every Sunday，每个周on Sunday在周日，on Sundays每逢周日（用复数表每逢之意）注意：日，基本一个意思。