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中南大学外科学(普外科)2018年考博真题试卷

中南大学外科学(普外科)2018年考博真题试卷
中南大学
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
中南大学湘雅二医院
2018年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：外科学（普外科） 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释雷诺综合征 3. Miles手术 4. 壶腹周围癌 5. warrant手术 二、简答题：每题15分 1. 胃大部切除术的并发症。 2. 肛瘘的病因、病理、分型、临床表现及治疗。 3. 食管静脉曲张破裂的手术处理原则。 4. 甲状腺结节的诊断思路及处理。 5. 细菌性肝脓肿和阿米巴肝脓肿的鉴别。
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2012年中南大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)

2012年中南大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)

2012年中南大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Cloze 3. Reading Comprehension 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. Chinese-English Translation 6. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．The ratio of the work done by machine______the work done on it is called the efficiency of the machine.A．againstB．toC．forD．with正确答案：B解析：ratio表示两者之间的“比率或比例”，常与to搭配。

根据句意，本题选B。

2．There can be no collapse in the property market because sellers have a real ______to sell if they can’t make last year’s prices.A．reluctanceB．recommendationC．manipulationD．justification正确答案：A解析：reluctance“勉强，不情愿”；recommendation“推荐，建议”；manipulation “操纵”，justification“理由，辩护”。

根据句意，本题答案为A。

3．Although any destruction of vitamins caused by food irradiation could be______the use of diet supplements, there may be no protection from carcinogens that some fear might be introduced into foods by the process.A．attributed toB．counterbalanced byC．inferred fromD．stimulated by正确答案：A解析：counterbalance“抵销，平衡”；attribute to“把……归因于”；infer from “从……判断”；stimulate by“被……刺激”。

2011年中南大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)

2011年中南大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)

2011年中南大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Cloze 3. Reading Comprehension 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. Chinese-English Translation 6. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．They were forced to______on necessities in order to make their limited supplies last the longish winter.A．stingyB．exhaustC．countD．skimp正确答案：D解析：skimp“节省，克扣”；exhaust“排出，耗尽”；stingy“吝惜的，小气的”；counton“指望，依靠”。

skimp on“削减开支”。

其他三项均不符合逻辑，正确答案为D。

2．The police are working on a______into suspected drug dealing in the outskirt of the city.A．propitiationB．surveyC．probeD．investigate正确答案：C解析：investigate“调查，研究”，倾向于专业机构如研究机关所做的研究和调查：survey“调查，测量”，倾向于个人或者民意调查：propitiation“劝解，抚慰”；probe“调查，探测”，用于新闻媒体或犯罪侦查上。

故正确答案为C。

3．He interpreted her condemnation of recent of political developments as an______criticism of the government.A．implicationB．implyingC．imposingD．implicit正确答案：D解析：implicit“含蓄的，暗含的”；implying“意味着”；implication“含义，牵连”；imposing“雄伟的，壮观的”。

神经外科博士考试历年考题及答案

神经外科博士考试历年考题及答案

华中同济2007 博神外一名解(4×5')1. 弥散性轴索损伤:指头部受钝力作用后所引起的以脑白质轴索弥散性损伤为主要特征的一种脑组织损伤。

2. 迟发性外伤性颅内血肿：指伤后首次CT检查时无血肿，而在以后的CT检查中发现了血肿，或在原无血肿的部位发现了新的血肿，此种现象可见于各种外伤性颅内血肿。

3. 先天性脑积水：由于脑组织先天性发育异常所致的脑积水称为先天性脑积水。

形成脑积水的原因可能是脑脊液的分泌和吸收之间失去平衡，即脑脊液产生过多或吸收障碍。

此外，脑脊液循环通路阻塞也是引起先天性脑积水的重要原因。

4. 颅内压增高：是神经外科常见的临床病理综合症，是颅脑损伤、脑肿瘤、脑出血、脑积水和颅内炎症等所共有征象，由于上述疾病使颅腔内容物体积增加，导致颅内压持续在2.0kPa（200mmH2O）以上，从而引起的相应的综合症。

二问答1. 颅内压增高的治疗原则(10')①一般治疗密切观察生命体征变化；禁食禁水，并适量补液；疏通大便；保持呼吸道通畅，必要时切管切开；吸氧；②病因治疗③降颅内压治疗④应用激素，减轻脑水肿，有助于缓解颅内压增高⑤对症治疗⑥其他治疗，如冬眠疗法、脑脊液体外引流、巴比妥治疗、辅助过度换气、抗生素治疗等2. 听神经瘤的临床分期(10')第一期：肿瘤局限于内听道，仅有听神经受累的表现：听力下降、耳鸣、眩晕和眼球震颤第二期：肿瘤进入脑池，除上述症状进一步加重外，出现前庭性共济失调，头痛，面部和角膜感觉迟钝第三期：肿瘤压迫脑干，除上述症状进一步加重以外，还可出现面神经功能异常，后组颅神经受累的表现，并有颅内压增高的表现：复视，视力减退，头痛，此外，常有明显的小脑症状3. 垂体瘤常用的两种手术方式的注意事项和适应症(20')⑴经颅手术：适合于体积巨大、哑铃型、肿瘤向鞍旁生长者。

术后注意处理鼻腔分泌物、术后出血、头痛、垂体功能低下、低钠血症、脑脊液鼻漏、尿崩症、视力减退并注意饮食及休息。

【考博真题】中南大学2019年博士研究生英语入学考试试题+答案

【考博真题】中南大学2019年博士研究生英语入学考试试题+答案

中南大学2019年博士研究生英语入学考试试题试卷一（A）Part I Use of English ( 20% )Section A Vocabulary and Structure ( 10%，每题0.5分)Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence, thereare four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completesthe sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet with a single linethrough the center.1.Johnson vows that if I the connection, he will settle in the village forthe rest of his life, and you know it is impossible to submit to such an extremitywhile any other alternative remains.A)stay on B)wait up C)indulge in D)persist in2.Paradoxically, Robinson's excessive denials of the worth of early works of sciencefiction suggest that she has become quite_________ them.A）offended by B) enamored ofC)unconvinced of D)encouraged by3.Even those who disagreed with Carmen's views rarely faulted her for expressingthem. for the positions she took were as _______ as they were controversial.A)thoughtful B)political C)subjective D)commonplaceually the first to spot data that were inconsistent with other findings, in thisparticular experiment she let a number of _________ results slip by.A)inaccurate B)verifiable C)redundant D)anomalous5.While Parker is very outspoken on issues she cares about, she is not ______; sheconcedes thestrength of opposing arguments when they expose weaknesses inherentin her own.A)fickle B)arrogant C)fanatical D)unyielding6.Because no comprehensive _______ exist regarding personal reading practices. wedo not know. for example. the greatest number of books read in an individuallifetime.A)records B)instincts C)remedies D)proposals7.Before about 1960, virtually all accounts of evolution assumed most adaptation tobe a product of selection at the level of populations: recent studies of evolution, however. have found no ______this pervasive view of selection.A)departures from B)basis forC)bias toward D)precursors of8.As serious as she is about the bullfight. she does not allow respect to hersense of whimsy when painting it.A)inspire B)provoke C)suppress D)satisfy9.Whether you are male or female, if you your early and middle teenageyears you will probably recall many times when you stood in front of a mirror looking at yourself or worrying about your height, weight, or body shape.A)think back to B)considerate aboutC)trace backward D)in memory about10.Any government that governs the interests of the people is capable ofsolving various problems both at home and abroad.A)in association to B)by stick toC)in accord with D)in the case of11.The universal _________with all its profound and melancholy meaning assailedheavily Razumov, who, amongst eighty million of his kith and kin, had no heart towhich he could open himself.A)aspiration B)inspiration C)attraction D) tenacity12.She is one of the few politicians who her principles, even though it makesher unpopular with the voters.A)strays around B)stays true toC)believes about D)conceals around13.To be sure I dawdled over a great many books that I had read before, and a numberof memoirs and ________, but I had no intense pleasure from reading in that time and have no passions to record of it.A)biographies B)novels C)documents D)fictions14.Ken his earlier poor performance by scoring two goals in the second half ofthe match.A)paid for B)shifted with C)redeemed D)stabbed into15.Philadelphia's rapid expansion in the nineteenth century gave it a wonderfully richlegacy of "Victorian" buildings and indeed the city has been described as "a museum of American Architecture".A)individually B)justly C)widely D)orderly16.The recent educational development has set the scene for our universities tothe notion that students are our most important clients.A)embrace B)refunding C)dispute D)interrupt17.It's hard to believe that in this country of, hunger could be a serious problem.A)productive B）prosperityC)promiscuous D)promptitude18.There can be no collapse in the property market because sellers have a real tosell if they can't make last year's prices.A)reluctance B)manipulationC)recommendation D)justification19.Even as it is, she was quite right: she was suffering and that was her _____, so tospeak, her capital which she had a perfect right to dispose of.A)rhythm B)fame C)asset D)morale20.I suppose it would be profanation to eat anything in this spick-and-span bower, soas I'm tremendously hungry, I propose an(a) ________," he added presently.A)postponement B)adjournmentC)adjustment D)compromiseSection B Cloze Test ( 10%，每题0.5分)Directions:There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.race does certain During recent years we have heard much about “race”: how this things and that race believes certain things and so on. Yet, the (21) phenomenon of race consists of a few surface indications.We judge race usually (22) the coloring of the skin: a white race, a brown race, a yellow race and a (23) race. But if you were to remove the skin you could not (24) anything about the race to which the individual belonged. There is (25) in physical structure, the brain or the internal organs to (26) a difference.There are four types of blood. All (27) are found in every race, and no type is distinct to any race. Human brains are the (28) . No scientists could examine a brain and tell you the race to which the individual belonged. Brains will (29) in size, but this occurs within every race. (30) does size have anything to do with intelligence. The largest brain (31) examined belonged to a person of weak(32). On the other hand, some of our most distinguished people have had(33) brains.Mental tests which are reasonably (34) show no differences in intelligence between races. High and low test (35) both can be recorded by different members of any race. (36) equal educational advantages, there will be no difference in average standings, either on account of race or geographical location.Individuals of every race (37) civilization to go backward or forward. Training and education can change the response of a group of people, (38) enable them to behave in a (39) way.The behavior and ideals of people (40) according to circumstances, but they can always go back or go on to something new that is better and higher than anything in the past.21.A) complete B)full C)total D)whole22.A) between B)from C)at D)with23.A) black B)green C)pink D)yellow24.A) speak B)talk C)tell D)mention25.A) something B)everything C)anything D)nothing26.A) display B)indicate C)demonstrate D) appear27.A) types B)ranks C)classes D)sorts28.A) same B)identical C)similar D)alike29.A) remain B)increase C)decrease D)vary30.A) Only B)Or C)Nor D)So31.A) ever B)then C)never D)once32.A) health B)body C)mind D)thought33.A) big B)small C)minor D)major34.A) true B)exact C)certain D)accurate35.A) results B)reports C)factors D)details36.A) Provided B)Concerning C)Given D)Following37.A) make B)cause C)move D)turn38.A) and B)unless C)though D)hence39.A) ordinary B)peculiar C)usual D)common40.A) change B)charge C)challenge D)cheerPart II Reading Comprehension ( 40%，每题2分)Directions: There are 5 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choicesmarked A, B, C and D. You should decide which is the BEST choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Passage 1 (Questions 41-44)The motivation for deep-space travel is shifting from discovery to economics. The past year has seen a flurry of proposals aimed at bringing celestial riches down to Earth. No doubt this will make a few billionaires even wealthier, but we all stand to gain: the mineral bounty and spin-off technologies could enrich us all.But before the miners start firing up their rockets, we should pause for thought. At first glance, space mining seems to sidestep most environmental concerns: there is (probably!) no life on asteroids, and thus no habitats to trash. But its consequences ---both here on Earth and in space---merit careful consideration.Part of this is about principles. Some will argue that space's "magnificent desolation" is not ours to despoil, just as they argue that our own planet's poles should remain pristine. Others will suggest that glutting ourselves on space's riches is not an acceptable alternative to developing more sustainable ways of earthly life.History suggests that those will be hard lines to hold, and it may be difficult to persuade the public that such barren environments are worth preserving. After all, they exist in vast abundance, and even fewer people will experience them than have walked through Antarctica's icy landscapes.There's also the emerging off-world economy to consider. The resources that are valuable in orbit and beyond may be very different to those we prize on Earth. Questions of their stewardship have barely been broached---and the relevant legal and regulatory framework is fragmentary, to put it mildly.Space miners, like their earthly counterparts, are often reluctant to engage with such questions. One speaker at last week's space-mining forum in Sydney, Australia, concluded with a plea that regulation should be avoided. But miners have much to gain from a broad agreement on the for-profit exploitation of space. Without consensus, claims will be disputed, investments risky, and the gains made insecure. It is in all ofour long-term interests to seek one out.41.The central claim of the passage is that space mining has positive potential but____.A)it will end up encouraging humanity's reckless treatment of the environment.B)its effects should be thoughtfully considered before it becomes a reality.C)such potential may not include replenishing key resources that are disappearingon Earth.D)experts disagree about the commercial viability of the discoveries it could yield.42.As used in the sentence underlined (Paragraph 4), "hold" most nearly means________.A)maintain B)grip C)restrain D)withstand43.According to the passage the off-planet economy such as the future of space miningin future _______.A)is inconsistent with the sustainable use of space resources.B)will be difficult to bring about in the absence of regulations.C)cannot be attained without technologies that do not yet exist.D)seems certain to affect Earth's economy in a negative way.44.Which of the following statements provides the best evidence for the answer to theprevious question?A)Some will argue that space's "magnificent desolation" is not ours to despoil, justas they argue that our own planet's poles should remain pristine.B)The resources that are valuable in orbit and beyond may be very different tothose we prize on Earth.C)One speaker at last week's space-mining forum in Sydney, Australia, concludedwith a plea that regulation should be avoided.D)Without consensus, claims will be disputed, investments risky, and the gainsmade insecure.Passage 2 (Questions 45-48)No one can be a great thinker who does not realize that as a thinker it is his first duty to follow his intellect to whatever conclusions it may lead. Truth gains more evenby the errors of one who, with due study and preparation, thinks for himself, than bythe true opinions of those who only hold them because they do not suffer themselves to think. Not that it is solely, or chiefly to form great thinkers that freedom of thinking is required. On the contrary, it is as much or even more indispensable to enable average human beings to attain the mental stature which they are capable of. There have been, and may again be, great individual thinkers in a general atmosphere of mental slavery. But there never has been, nor ever will be, in that atmosphere an intellectually active people. Where any people has made a temporary approach to such a character, it has been because the dread of heterodox speculation was for a time suspended. Where there is a tacit convention that principles are not to be disputed; where the discussion of the greatest questions which can occupy humanity is considered to be closed, we cannot hope to find that generally high scale of mental activity which has made some periodsof history so remarkable. Never when controversy avoided the subjects which are large and important enough to kindle enthusiasm was the mind of a people stirred up from its foundations and the impulse given which raised even persons of the most ordinaryintellect to something of the dignity of thinking beings.He who knows only his own side of the case knows little of that. His reasons maybe good, and no one may have been able to refute them. But if he is equally unable to refute the reasons on the opposite side; if he does not so much as know what they are, he has no ground for preferring either opinion. The rational position for him would be suspension of judgment, and unless he contents himself with that. he is either led by authority, or adopts, like the generality of the world, the side to which he feels the most inclination. Nor is it enough that he should hear the arguments of adversaries from his own teachers, presented as they state them, and accompanied by what they offer as refutations. That is not the way to do justice to the arguments. or bring them into real contact with his own mind. He must be able to hear them from persons who actually believe them; who defend them in earnest and do their very utmost for them. He must know them in their most plausible and persuasive form: he must feel the whole force of the difficulty which the true view of the subject has to encounter and dispose of; else he will never really possess himself of the portion of truth which meets and removes that difficulty. Ninety-nine in a hundred of what are called educated men are in this condition; even of those who can argue fluently for their opinions. Their conclusion may be true, but it might be false for anything they know: they have never thrown themselves into the mental position of those who think differently from them and considered what such persons may have to say; and consequently they do not, in any proper sense of the word, know the doctrines which they themselves profess. They do not know those parts of it which explain and justify the remainder; the considerations which show that a fact which seemingly conflicts with another is reconcilable with it,or that, of two apparently strong reasons, one and not the other ought to be preferred.45.The best title for this passage is_____________.A)The Age of ReasonB)The Need for Independent ThinkingC)The Value of RefutationD)How People Think46.According to the author, it is always advisable to_________.A)have opinions which can not be refutedB)adopt the point of view to which he feels the most inclinationC)be acquainted with the arguments favoring the point of view with which hedisagreesD)ignore the accepted opinions of the vast majority47.According to the author, which of the following statements is true?A)Most educated people study both sides of a question.B)Heterodox speculation will lead to many errors in thinking.C)The vast majority of people who argue fluently are acquainted with only oneside of an issue.D)It is wise to get both sides of a debatable issue from one's teachers.48.It can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most likely to agreewith which of the following statements?A)Excessive controversy prevents clear thinking.B)Periods of intellectual achievement are periods of heterodox speculation.C)The refutation of accepted ideas can best be provided by one's own teachers.D)In a period of mental slavery. no true intellectual thought is possible.Passage 3 (Questions 49-52)Contending for the rights of woman, my main argument is built on this simple principle, that if she be not prepared by education to become the companion of man,she will stop the progress of knowledge and virtue; for truth must be common to all, orit will be inefficacious with respect to its influence on general practice. And how can woman be expected to co-operate unless she knows why she ought to be virtuous? unless freedom strengthen her reason till, she comprehends her duty, and see in what manner it is connected with her real good? If children are to be educated to understand the true principle of patriotism, their mother must be a patriot; and the love of mankind, from which an orderly train of virtues spring, can only be produced by considering the moral and civil interest of mankind; but the education and situation of woman, at present, shuts her out from such investigations .... .Consider, sir, dispassionately, these observations---for a glimpse of this truth seemed to open before you when you observed, "that to see one half of the human race excluded by the other from all participation of government, was a political phenomenon that, according to abstract principles, it was impossible to explain." If so, on what does your constitution rest? If the abstract rights of man will bear discussion and explanation, those of woman, by a parity of reasoning, will not shrink from the same test: though a different opinion prevails in this country, built on the very arguments which you use to justify the oppression of woman---prescription.Consider---I address you as a legislator ---whether, when men contend for their freedom, and to be allowed to judge for themselves respecting their own happiness, itbe not inconsistent and unjust to subjugate women, even though you firmly believe that you are acting in the manner best calculated to promote their happiness? Who made man the exclusive judge, if woman partake with him the gift of reason?In this style, argue tyrants of every denomination, from the weak king to the weak father of a family; they are all eager to crush reason; yet always assert that they usurpits throne only to be useful. Do you not act a similar part, when you force all women,by denying them civil and political rights, to remain immured in their families gropingin the dark?49.According to the passage, in order for society to progress, women must______.A)enjoy personal happiness and financial security.B)follow all currently prescribed social rules.C)replace men as figures of power and authority.D)receive an education comparable to that of men.50.In the passage, the author claims that freedoms granted by society's leaders have___.A)privileged one gender over the other.B)resulted in a general reduction in individual virtue.C)caused arguments about the nature of happiness.D)ensured equality for all people.51.The author would most likely agree with which of the following statements aboutwomen in the eighteenth century?A)Their natural preferences were the same as those of menB)They needed a good education to be successful in society.C)They were just as happy in life as men were.D)They generally enjoyed fewer rights than men did.52.The intention for the passage is to dispute the idea_____A)women seem to be not naturally suited for the exercise of civil and politicalrights.B)men and women possess similar degrees of reasoning ability.C)women do not need to remain confined to their traditional family duties.D)the principles of natural law should not be invoked when considering genderroles.Passage 4 (Questions 53-56)The history of mammals dates back at least to Triassic time. Development was retarded. however, until the sudden acceleration of evolutional change that occurred in the oldest Paleogene. This led in Eocene time to increase in average size. larger mental capacity, and special adaptations for different modes of life. In the Oligocene Epoch, there was fun her improvement, with some appearance of some new lines and extinction of others. Miocene and Pliocene time was marked by culmination of severalgroups and continued approach toward modem characters. The peak of the career of mammals in variety and average large size was attained in the Miocene.The adaptation of mammals to almost all possible modes of life parallels that ofthe reptiles in Mesozoic time. and except for greater intelligence, the mammals do not seem to have done much better than corresponding reptilian forms. The bat is doubtless a better flying animal than the pterosaur. but the dolphin and whale ore hardly more fishlike than the ichthyosaur. Many swift-running mammals of the plains, like the horse and the antelope. must excel any of the dinosaurs. The tyrannosaur was a more ponderous and powerful carnivore than any flesh-eating mammal, but the lion or tigeris probably a more efficient and dangerous beast of prey because of a superior brain. The significant point to observe is that different branches of the mammals gradually filled themselves for all sorts of life, grazing on the plains and able to run swiftly (horse, deer, bison), living in rivers and swamps (hippopotamus, beaver). dwelling in trees (sloth, monkey). digging underground (mole, rodent), feeding on flesh in the forest (tiger) and plain (wolf), swimming in the sea (dolphin, whale, seal) and flying in the air (bat). Man is able by mechanical means to conquer the physical world and to adapt himself to almost any set of conditions.This adaptation produces gradual changes of form and structure. It is biologically characteristic of the youthful, plastic stage of a group. Early in its career, an animal assemblage seems to possess capacity for change, which. as the unit becomes old and fixed, disappears. The generalized types of organisms retain longest the ability to make adjustments when required, and it is from them that new, fecund stocks take origin---certainly not from any specialized end products. So, in the mammals. we witness the birth, plastic spread in many directions, increasing specialization, and in some branches. the extinction. which we have learned from observation of the geologic record of life is a characteristic of the evolution of life.53.In chronological order, the geologic periods are________ .A)Paleogene. Miocene, Triassic, MesozoicB)Mesozoic. Triassic, Paleogene. MioceneC)Miocene. Paleogene, Triassic, MesozoicD)Triassic', Mesozoic, Paleogene, Miocene54.From this passage, we may conclude that the pterosaur_______.A)resembled the batB)was a mammal that lived in the Mesozoic periodC)was a flying reptileD)evolved during the Miocene period55.That the mammals succeeding the reptile in geologic time were superior isillustrated by the statement that the__________.A)tiger has a brain that surpasses that of the tyrannosaurB)deer run. more swiftly than the lionC)whale is more fishlike than the ichthyosaurD)tiger is more powerful than the carnivorous reptiles56.The statements made by the writer are based on evidence ________A)found by studying fossil remainsB)found by comparing animals and reptilesC)found by going to different time periodsD)that cannot be definitely establishedPassage 5(Questions57-60)Socrates gives us a basic insight into the nature of teaching when he compares the art of teaching to the ancient craft of the midwife. Just as the midwife assists the bodyto give birth to new life, so the teacher assists the mind to deliver itself of ideas, knowledge, and understanding. The essential notion here is that teaching is a humble, helping art. The teacher does not produce knowledge or stuff ideas into an empty, passive mind. It is the learner, not the teacher, who is the active producer of knowledge and ideas.The ancients distinguish the skills of the physician and the farmer from those ofthe shoemaker and the house builder. Aristotle calls medicine and agriculture cooperative arts, because they work with nature to achieve results that nature is able to produce by itself. Shoes and houses would not exist unless men produced them; but the living body attains health without the intervention of doctors, and plants and animalsgrow without the aid of farmers. The skilled physician or farmer simply makes healthor growth more certain and regular.Teaching, like farming and healing, is a cooperative art which helps nature do what it can do itself --- though not as well without it. We have all learned many things without the aid of a teacher. Some exceptional individuals have acquired wide learning and deep insight with very little formal schooling. But for most of us the process of learning is made more certain and less painful when we have a teacher's help.One basic aspect of teaching is not found in the other two cooperative arts that work with organic nature. Teaching always involves a relation between the mind of one person and the mind of another. The teacher is not merely a talking book, a living phonograph record, broadcast to an unknown audience. He enters into a dialogue with his student. This dialogue goes far beyond mere "talk," for a good deal of what is taught is transmitted almost unconsciously in the personal interchange between teacher andstudent. We might get by with encyclopedias, phonograph records, and TV broadcasts if it were not for this intangible element, which is present in every good teacher-student relation.Speaking simply and in the broadest sense, the teacher shows the student how to find out, evaluate, judge, and recognize the truth. He does not impose a fixed content of ideas and doctrines that the student must learn by rote. He teaches the student how to learn and think for himself. He encourages rather than suppresses a critical and intelligent response.The student's response and growth is the only reward suitable for such a labor of love. Teaching, the highest of the cooperative arts, is devoted to the good of others. It is an act of supreme generosity. St. Augustine calls it the greatest act of charity.57.Socrates compares the art of teaching to the ancient craft of the midwifebecause______.A)both teaching and midwifery are lowly professionsB)the teacher delivers knowledge while the midwife delivers the babyC)both the body and the mind are of equal importanceD)both the teacher and the midwife playa helping role58.The skills of the physician and the farmer differ from those of the shoemaker andthe house builder in that_________.A)healing and fanning demand greater skillB)healing and fanning playa more important role in societyC)healing and farming need the cooperation of natureD)healing and farming command more respect59.The chief difference between a teacher and a farmer is that_________.A)teaching involves interaction between two mindsB)farming involves working with organic natureC)teaching transmits knowledge which is intangibleD)farming produces crops which are tangible60.According to the passage the role of a teacher is________.A)to evaluate, judge, and recognize the truthB)to make the student memorize what he teachesC)to impose his ideas and doctrines on the studentD)to encourage critical thinking in the student。

中南大学湘雅医院神经病学2001,2002,2004,2007,2008,2013--2019年考博真题

中南大学湘雅医院神经病学2001,2002,2004,2007,2008,2013--2019年考博真题
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中南大学湘雅医院
2007年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：神经病学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 一．名词解释（每个4分） 1．海马硬化 2．模糊效应 3．空泡脊髓病 4．Beevor征 5．Parinaud综合征
二．论述题（病都没有问题，但是具体的考察点并不十分确定）（每个8分） 1．Huntington病的发病机制、病理、生化、及临床特点、治疗 2．亚急性硬化性全脑炎的临床分期和临床表现 3．线粒体脑肌病的分型及临床特点 4．复杂部分性发作和失神发作的鉴别要点 5．颈内动脉系统TIA与椎基底动脉系统TIA的常见、特征性及可能症状
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中南பைடு நூலகம்学湘雅医院
2008年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：神经病学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 一、名词解释 1假性球麻痹 2.“镜像”动脉瘤 3. Lennox-Gastaut综合征 4Thomsen病 5. 模糊效应
二、问答题 1、 TIA的临床表现 2、 CJD的诊断标准 3、 Wilson病 4、 失神发作与复杂部分性发作的鉴别 5、 线粒体脑肌病的分型和临床表现
三．病例分析（每个20分） 1．男性，32岁。17天前出现走路不稳，家人描述走路呈醉酒步态，几日后出现 视物重影，几天后消失。无头痛、发热。发病10天前出现腹泻。查体：眼球固定 居中，眼球各方向运动不能；肌力5级，肌张力低下，深浅感觉基本正常；指鼻试 验和跟膝胫试验阳性。 问题： 1).可能诊断，诊断依据 2).辅助检查 3).鉴别诊断 4).治疗原则
三、病案分析题 1. Fisher综合征， 2. 脑梗
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2014年中南大学考博英语真题及详解【圣才出品】

2014年中南大学考博英语真题及详解【圣才出品】

2014年中南大学考博英语真题及详解Entrance English Examination for PhD Program Candidates (2014) B卷试卷一Part 1 Use of English ( 20%)Section A Vocabulary and Structure (10%, 每题0.5分)Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer thatbest completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter onAnswer Sheet with a single line through the center.1. The French and the Americans have a very different relationship to money,______ and ostentation.A) optimumB) opulenceC) obnoxiousD) obfuscate【答案】B【解析】句意：法国人和美国人对金钱，财富和炫耀之间的关系的看法非常不同。

opulence 财富；富裕。

optimum最适条件；最适度。

obnoxious可憎的，讨厌的。

obfuscate使暗淡；使模糊。

只有opulence与money，ostentation表达同类概念，因此答案选B。

2. One of the first ______ of reduced burning in Amazon rain forests was the chestnut industry: smoke tends to drive out the insect that, by pollinating chestnut tree, allow chestnuts to develop.A) casualtiesB) reformersC) criticsD) beneficiaries【答案】D【解析】句意：在亚马逊雨林中减少燃烧的第一个受益者是栗树工业：烟往往会赶走昆虫，通过给栗树授粉，可以让栗子树生长。

中南大学湘雅医院外科学(神外科)_神经外科2011,2013--2014,2017--2018年考博真题

中南大学湘雅医院外科学(神外科)_神经外科2011,2013--2014,2017--2018年考博真题
2.脑死亡诊断标准。
3.hunt hess分级。
4.胶质瘤复发、假性进展、放射性坏死的MRS和DWI表现。
5.肿瘤干细胞和其研究意义。
6.三叉神经痛的临床表现，治疗方法，手术指证。
7.伽马刀的定义和适应症。
8.颈动脉内膜剥脱术的适应症和禁忌征。
三、论述题（10*2分=20分）
1.听神经的典型临床表现和影像学特征及脑脊液鼻漏的途经。
中南大学湘雅医院
2017年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：外科学（神外科）_神经外科
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释（4*4分=16分）
kawase入路
假性进展
Duane综合征
Brown-Sequard综合征
二、简答题（8*8分=64分）
1.帕金森病的临床表现。
颈内动脉从岩舌韧带上缘入海绵窦。
2.岩斜坡脑膜瘤的分型及手术入路。
中南大学湘雅医院
2014年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：外科学（神外科）_神经外科
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分、
中南大学湘雅医院
2013年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：外科学（神外科）_神经外科
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分、
4、脑脓肿的手术治疗方法、手术方式的选择
5、癫痫的外科治疗方法和手术指征
6、正常压力性脑积水的定义、病因、治疗过程
7、病例题、41岁妇女，突发头痛，神清语利，四肢活动可，颈抵抗，脑膜刺激征阳性，CT及DSA图片如下、请诊断这个疾病，并说明这个疾病的临床表现成人和儿童有什么不同，外科对此病的干预方法都有什么？

中南大学神经病学2018年考博真题试卷

中南大学神经病学2018年考博真题试卷
5.Rasmussen syndrome
6.myotonic dystrophy
二、简答题（前4各15分，5题10分）
1.脑淀粉样血管病的经典及改良Bostห้องสมุดไป่ตู้n诊断标准？试述其早期诊断研究进展。
2.试述三种有RBD的常见的神经变性病，并阐述其病理特征和临床表现。
3.动态突变的定义、特征及常见疾病。
4.MUSK-MG的特点。与MG的“模仿者”疾病？从神经定位角度阐述鉴别。
5.你感兴趣的研究方向是什么？目前取得的进展有什么？你希望博士解决什么问题？
中南大学
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
中南大学
2018年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：神经病学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释（6*5分）（名词解释全是英文）
1.红核综合征
2.血管性认知功能障碍
3.突触核蛋白及突触核蛋白病
4.脑桥中央髓鞘溶解症

中南大学--年博士研究生入学考试英语试题的答案解析doc资料

中南大学--年博士研究生入学考试英语试题的答案解析doc资料

中南大学2008 年博士研究生入学考试英语试题参考答案与解析Paper OnePart I Using of EnglishSection One Vocabulary and Structure1【答案】A【解析】从题目中neither side 可以看出，是两方在讨论，所以应该是one side and the other side。

本句采用了岛状结构，起强调作用。

强调“双方在争论中没有达成协议”，因为双方都不愿让步。

所以正确答案是A 选项2【答案】D【解析】四个选项的意思分别是lightest 最轻的；furthest，最远的；smallest，最小的；faintest，模糊的。

the faintest idea 意思是，一点概念没有。

句意是，我对你的意思一点也不明白，你能再讲清楚点么？所以正确答案是 D 选项，如We haven't the faintest idea what the murderer looks like.（这个杀人犯长得怎么样我们连一点概念也没有。

）3【答案】A【解析】语法题。

it's no good doing something 的意思是，做某事无济于事。

这里的good 还可以替换成use，it 可以替换成there。

据此，可以推出正确答案是A 选项。

句意是，我还不知道什么时候可以去度假，现在做决定没有意义。

It’s no如good crying now!（现在哭也没用了！。

）4【答案】B【解析】四个选项的意思分别是give away 赠送，泄漏；give off 发出（光，声音等），散发出（气味）；give in 认输，投降；give up 停止，放弃。

句意是加装了防护过滤器以后，这烟囱已不再散发成股的废气到大气中去了。

根据句子意思推出正确答案是B 选项，如As motor vehicles burn fuel, they give off carbon monoxide as a waste.（汽车燃烧燃料时，会产生废气—一氧化碳。

中南大学湘雅医院神经病学2016年考博真题试卷

中南大学湘雅医院神经病学2016年考博真题试卷
中南大学
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
中南大学湘雅医院
2016年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：神经病学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或1.帕金森病的非运动症状有哪些？怎样针对性治疗?
2.癫痫持续状态的定义？美国抗癫痫协会做出的最新的癫痫持续状态定义是什么，针对不同的阶段给予什么治疗？
3.隐源性卒中的原因有哪些？
4.NMOSD定义是什么，2015年Neurology杂志发表的NMOSD的诊断标准是什么？
5.快速进展性痴呆的定义？有哪些病因？
6.系统性萎缩的影像学表现是什么？
7.请列举临床上常见的10中头痛
8.上、下运动神经元损伤的临床表现。
9.构音障碍的病因。
10.昏迷病人的查体应该注意哪些项目，分别提示什么？

各大名校神外考博试题(天坛、山大、湘雅、301、中山大学、协和、同济、珠江医院、)

各大名校神外考博试题(天坛、山大、湘雅、301、中山大学、协和、同济、珠江医院、)

各大名校神外考博试题(天坛、山大、湘雅、301、中山大学、协和、同济、珠江医院、)华中同济2007 博神外一名解(4×5')1. 弥散性轴索损伤2. 迟发性外伤性颅内血肿3. 先天性脑积水4. 颅内压增高二问答1. 颅内压增高的治疗原则(10')2. 听神经瘤的临床分期(10')3. 垂体瘤常用的两种手术方式的注意事项和适应症(20')首医天坛医院2007 博神外名词解释1. Gradinego syndrome2. 功能神经外科3. Nelson‘s syndrome4. GCS5. Von－Hippol－Lindau简答题1. CCF的临床表现2. 延髓网织细胞瘤手术并发症几防治3. 急性EDH和硬膜下血肿的临床鉴别要点4. 脑死亡的标准论述题1. 脑水肿种类病因特点2. 浅谈对神经肿瘤分子病理学的认识中山2009博神外1. 颅咽管瘤的术后并发症2. 脑水肿的分类和发病机理中山2008 博神外24、垂体源性Cushing‘s dise ase 内分泌学检查的临床意义。

25、（Glasgow Liege Coma Scale ，GLCS）格拉斯哥-莱吉昏迷计分方法和临床意义。

中山2006 博神外20、丘脑下部损伤的症状及体征21、试画出Langfitt容积/压力曲线，试述Langfitt试验的过程及临床意义湘雅2005 博神经外科1、癌基因？RAS基因及其的致癌机理？2、抑癌基因？p53基因及其抑癌机理？3、神经干细胞形态，生长特性，及其应用前景？4、床突旁动脉瘤与后交通动脉瘤、脉络膜动脉瘤的鉴别？手术要点？5、DA VF的部位，分型，治疗原则？6、血网的毫发部位，病因，病理，CT及MRI表现，手术要点？7、多形胶母发病率，病理，CTMRI表现，治疗原则？8、DAI？临床和CT表现？病理？9、下丘脑损伤表现及处理？10、外伤或手术后代谢变化的特点及其处理？浙江大学2004 博神经外科一、名词解释1、Foster-Kennedy综合症2、弥漫性轴索损伤3、Brown-sequard、综合症4、运动障碍5、烟雾病二、简答1、WHO关于星形细胞肿瘤的病理分级2、脑水肿的分类3、脑脓肿的临床分期及相应的头颅CT表现4、Key-hole三、问答1、PD的外科治疗2、动脉瘤术中供血动脉的夹闭（夹闭前血供实验，术中监护等）3，高血压脑出血的外科治疗4，松果体区肿瘤的治疗5，垂体腺瘤的病理学分类及相应临床表现华中同济2005 博神经外科一、名解1.颅内压增高2.弥漫性轴索损伤二、问答1、简述急脑疝病理2、简述慢性硬膜下血肿的临床特点及处理原则3、简述脊髓髓内外病变的鉴别诊断4、简述出血性脑卒中的分级及外科治疗原则5、简述听神经瘤的分期及相应临床表现华中同济2004 博神经外科一名词解释（12分）1.头皮血肿2.蛛网膜下腔出血3.血管网状细胞瘤4.脑挫裂伤二问答题（48分）1.椎管内肿瘤的临床表现2.试述脑肿瘤的分类3.脑膜瘤的好发部位4.脑动脉瘤破裂后判断病情的Hunt分级5.脑损伤的分级6.髓母细胞瘤的生物学特点和临床表现7.颅内血肿的手术指征8.弥漫性轴索损伤的特点华中同济 2003 博神外一名词解释（12分）1.头皮血肿2.蛛网膜下腔出血3.血管网状细胞瘤4.脑挫裂伤二问答题（48分）1.椎管内肿瘤的临床表现2.试述脑肿瘤的分类3.脑膜瘤的好发部位4.脑动脉瘤破裂后判断病情的Hunt分级5.脑损伤的分级6.髓母细胞瘤的生物学特点和临床表现7.颅内血肿的手术指征8.弥漫性轴索损伤的特点华中同济2002 博神经外科一、名词解释（每题5分，共10分）1．Lucid interval2．Brown-Sequard’s syndrome二、问答题（共60分）1．试述垂体瘤的分类和临床表现。

中南大学博士研究生英语考试真题

中南大学博士研究生英语考试真题

中南大学博士研究生英语考试真题全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1South Central University Doctoral Graduate English Exam Part I: Listening ComprehensionSection A: Conversations1. What did the man do before he went to bed?A. He watched a movie.B. He read a book.C. He listened to music.D. He talked on the phone.2. How does the woman feel about the new project?A. Excited.B. Nervous.C. Confused.D. Disappointed.3. What is the woman planning to do tomorrow?A. Visit a friend.B. Go shopping.C. Attend a meeting.D. Clean the house.Section B: Passages4. Which airport has a new shuttle service?A. Heathrow Airport.B. JFK Airport.C. LAX Airport.D. Incheon Airport.5. What program did the speaker participate in?A. A charity event.B. A language exchange.C. A cooking class.D. A fitness challenge.6. What is the main purpose of the research mentioned?A. To improve public transportation.B. To reduce energy consumption.C. To increase agricultural productivity.D. To promote cultural understanding.Part II: Reading ComprehensionRead the following passages and answer the questions.Passage 1:The History of Music FestivalsMusic festivals have been around for centuries as a way for people to come together and enjoy live music. In ancient times, music festivals were often held as part of religious ceremonies, with musicians playing traditional instruments and singing hymns. As time went on, music festivals evolved into larger, more elaborate events featuring a variety of genres and performers.Today, music festivals are a popular form of entertainment around the world. From Coachella in California to Glastonbury in England, millions of people attend these events every year to see their favorite artists perform. In recent years, music festivals have also become a platform for promoting social causes and raising awareness about important issues.1. What was the original purpose of music festivals?A. To promote social causes.B. To showcase traditional instruments.C. To bring people together through music.D. To raise awareness about important issues.2. Where are some popular music festivals held?A. Asia.B. Australia.C. Europe.D. Africa.3. What is a modern feature of music festivals?A. Religious ceremonies.B. Traditional instruments.C. Social causes.D. Variety of genres and performers.Passage 2:The Importance of Time ManagementTime management is a crucial skill that every graduate student should possess. With the demands of coursework, research, and writing, it can be easy to feel overwhelmed and fall behind. By learning how to effectively manage their time, students can increase their productivity and reduce stress.One way to improve time management is to create a schedule and stick to it. This involves setting aside specific blocks of time for different tasks, such as studying, attending classes, and working on projects. By following a schedule, students can ensure that they are making progress towards their goals and deadlines.In addition, it is important for students to prioritize their tasks and focus on the most important ones first. This may involve breaking larger projects into smaller, more manageable tasks and setting deadlines for each. By staying organized and disciplined, students can ensure that they are using their time efficiently and effectively.4. Why is time management important for graduate students?A. To reduce stress.B. To increase productivity.C. To improve writing skills.D. To attend more classes.5. How can students improve their time management skills?A. By creating a schedule.B. By procrastinating.C. By ignoring deadlines.D. By multitasking.6. What is one benefit of prioritizing tasks?A. Increased stress.B. Improved organization.C. Decreased productivity.D. Lack of discipline.Part III: WritingWrite an essay of approximately 300 words on the following topic:Discuss the impact of technology on education. How has technology changed the way students learn and teachers teach?What are the benefits and challenges of using technology in the classroom?---This is just a sample of the kind of questions that may appear on the English exam for doctoral students at South Central University. It is important for students to prepare and practice their listening, reading, and writing skills in order to succeed on the exam and in their academic studies. Good luck to all the students taking the exam!篇2Mid-South University Ph.D. English Exam QuestionsPart I: Reading Comprehension (50 points)Directions: There are four passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished sentences. For each of them, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Passage OneQuestions 1-5World literature refers to literature that dates back over centuries and across borders. It includes stories, poems, and plays that have been passed down from generation to generation, reflecting the cultural and historical aspects of different societies. In today's globalized world, world literature plays a key role in fostering cross-cultural understanding and promoting diversity.1. What is the main topic of the passage?A. The importance of world literatureB. Historical aspects of literatureC. Cross-cultural understandingD. Globalization2. According to the passage, what does world literature encompass?A. Only plays and poemsB. Literature that is only a few decades oldC. Stories, poems, and plays from different culturesD. Literary works from a single country3. How does world literature contribute to diversity?A. By limiting exposure to different culturesB. By promoting understanding of other societiesC. By isolating cultural perspectivesD. By discouraging reading of international works4. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as a characteristic of world literature?A. Passing down stories through generationsB. Reflecting historical and cultural aspectsC. Limiting diversityD. Fostering cross-cultural understanding5. What is the author's tone in this passage?A. IndifferentB. ObjectiveC. NegativeD. PositivePassage TwoQuestions 6-10As technology continues to advance, the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on society becomes increasingly evident. From self-driving cars to virtual assistants, AI has the potential to revolutionize various industries and improve efficiency. However, there are concerns about the ethical implications of AI and its impact on job security.6. What is the main focus of the passage?A. The benefits of artificial intelligenceB. The ethics of AIC. Job security in the era of AID. The impact of AI on efficiency7. According to the passage, what can AI potentially revolutionize?A. The healthcare industry onlyB. The automotive industry onlyC. Various industriesD. The entertainment industry only8. What are concerns mentioned in the passage regarding AI?A. Its impact on efficiencyB. Its ability to create jobsC. Its ethical implicationsD. Its affordability9. What is the author's stance on AI based on the passage?A. SupportiveB. NeutralC. CriticalD. Indifferent10. Which of the following is NOT listed as an example of AI in the passage?A. Self-driving carsB. Virtual assistantsC. Online shoppingD. Personalized recommendations(Continued in Part II: Writing)篇3Title: South Central University Doctoral Graduate English Exam QuestionsIntroduction:The English exam for doctoral graduate students at South Central University is an important assessment that evaluates students' language proficiency and readiness for academic research in English. The exam covers various aspects of the English language, including reading comprehension, writing skills, listening comprehension, and speaking proficiency. In this document, we will provide a sample of the exam questions that students may encounter, as well as tips for preparing and performing well on the exam.Reading Comprehension:1. Read the following passage and answer the questions below:The concept of sustainable development has gained widespread attention in recent years as a response to the increasing environmental challenges facing our planet. Sustainable development aims to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meettheir own needs. It involves finding a balance between economic growth, social equity, and environmental protection.Questions:a) What is the definition of sustainable development?b) What are the three key components of sustainable development?c) Why is sustainable development important for future generations?Writing Skills:2. Write an essay on the following topic:"Discuss the role of technology in sustainable development. How can advancements in technology help address environmental challenges and promote a more sustainable future?"Listening Comprehension:3. Listen to the following audio clip and answer the questions below:(Audio clip: A conversation between two students discussing a recent environmental conference)Questions:a) What was the main topic of the environmental conference?b) What are some of the key ideas discussed during the conference?c) How do the students feel about the importance of environmental conservation?Speaking Proficiency:4. Prepare a 5-minute presentation on the topic "The Impact of Climate Change on Biodiversity." Use visual aids and examples to support your points.Tips for Preparation:- Practice reading and analyzing academic texts in English to improve reading comprehension skills.- Develop your writing skills by regularly practicing essay writing on a variety of topics.- Listen to English audio clips, such as lectures or podcasts, to enhance listening comprehension skills.- Engage in conversational English practice with peers or language exchange partners to improve speaking proficiency.Conclusion:The English exam for doctoral graduate students at South Central University plays a crucial role in evaluating students' language abilities and preparing them for academic research in English. By familiarizing themselves with the exam format and practicing different language skills, students can increase their chances of success on the exam. Good luck to all students preparing for the exam!。

各校神经病学考博试题

各校神经病学考博试题

__________________，连接两侧海马的是__________________。
18.
支配颊肌运动的是__________________，管理颊部躯体感觉的是__________________，管理舌后
1/3 感觉的是__________________，管理舌前 2/3 味觉的是__________________。
_____________________ ， 下 行 纤 维 包 括 _____________________ 、 _____________________ 和
_____________________。
10.
与海马CA1区相接的是__________，与CA4相接的是__________，海马旁回与__________相接。海
马结构的主要传出纤维是__________，最终止于__________和__________。
11.
丘脑束又称__________区，包括__________、__________和__________，这些纤维分别进入丘脑
_____________________等核群。
12.
海 绵 窦 内 穿 行 的 结 构 有 __________ 、 __________ 、 __________ 、 __________ 、 __________ 和
1.名词 Gene array fMRI Event-related Potential Neural Plasticity 2.脊髓背角 C 纤维的主要突触递质是什么？请设计不同实验方法予以证实？ 3.根据目前帕金森病的研究进展，简述未来帕金森病的可能治疗措施。
A.
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B.
大脑前动脉

【考博真题】中南大学2019年博士研究生英语入学考试试题+答案

【考博真题】中南大学2019年博士研究生英语入学考试试题+答案

中南大学2019年博士研究生英语入学考试试题试卷一（A）Part I Use of English ( 20% )Section A V ocabulary and Structure ( 10%，每题0.5分)Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence, thereare four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completesthe sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet with a single linethrough the center.1.Johnson vows that if I the connection, he will settle in the village forthe rest of his life, and you know it is impossible to submit to such an extremitywhile any other alternative remains.A)stay on B)wait up C)indulge in D)persist in2.Paradoxically, Robinson's excessive denials of the worth of early works of sciencefiction suggest that she has become quite_________ them.A）offended by B) enamored ofC)unconvinced of D)encouraged by3.Even those who disagreed with Carmen's views rarely faulted her for expressingthem. for the positions she took were as _______ as they were controversial.A)thoughtful B)political C)subjective D)commonplaceually the first to spot data that were inconsistent with other findings, in thisparticular experiment she let a number of _________ results slip by.A)inaccurate B)verifiable C)redundant D)anomalous5.While Parker is very outspoken on issues she cares about, she is not ______; sheconcedes the strength of opposing arguments when they expose weaknesses inherentin her own.A)fickle B)arrogant C)fanatical D)unyielding6.Because no comprehensive _______ exist regarding personal reading practices. wedo not know. for example. the greatest number of books read in an individuallifetime.A)records B)instincts C)remedies D)proposals7.Before about 1960, virtually all accounts of evolution assumed most adaptation tobe a product of selection at the level of populations: recent studies of evolution, however. have found no ______this pervasive view of selection.A)departures from B)basis forC)bias toward D)precursors of8.As serious as she is about the bullfight. she does not allow respect to hersense of whimsy when painting it.A)inspire B)provoke C)suppress D)satisfy9.Whether you are male or female, if you your early and middle teenageyears you will probably recall many times when you stood in front of a mirror looking at yourself or worrying about your height, weight, or body shape.A)think back to B)considerate aboutC)trace backward D)in memory about10.Any government that governs the interests of the people is capable ofsolving various problems both at home and abroad.A)in association to B)by stick toC)in accord with D)in the case of11.The universal _________with all its profound and melancholy meaning assailedheavily Razumov, who, amongst eighty million of his kith and kin, had no heart to which he could open himself.A)aspiration B)inspiration C)attraction D) tenacity12.She is one of the few politicians who her principles, even though it makesher unpopular with the voters.A)strays around B)stays true toC)believes about D)conceals around13.To be sure I dawdled over a great many books that I had read before, and a numberof memoirs and ________, but I had no intense pleasure from reading in that time and have no passions to record of it.A)biographies B)novels C)documents D)fictions14.Ken his earlier poor performance by scoring two goals in the second half ofthe match.A)paid for B)shifted with C)redeemed D)stabbed into15.Philadelphia's rapid expansion in the nineteenth century gave it a wonderfully richlegacy of "Victorian" buildings and indeed the city has been described as "a museum of American Architecture".A)individually B)justly C)widely D)orderly16.The recent educational development has set the scene for our universities tothe notion that students are our most important clients.A)embrace B)refunding C)dispute D)interrupt17.It's hard to believe that in this country of, hunger could be a serious problem.A)productive B）prosperityC)promiscuous D)promptitude18.There can be no collapse in the property market because sellers have a real tosell if they can't make last year's prices.A)reluctance B)manipulationC)recommendation D)justification19.Even as it is, she was quite right: she was suffering and that was her _____, so tospeak, her capital which she had a perfect right to dispose of.A)rhythm B)fame C)asset D)morale20.I suppose it would be profanation to eat anything in this spick-and-span bower, soas I'm tremendously hungry, I propose an(a) ________," he added presently.A)postponement B)adjournmentC)adjustment D)compromiseSection B Cloze Test ( 10%，每题0.5分)Directions:There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.During recent years we have heard much about “race”: how this race does certain things and that race believes certain things and so on. Yet, the (21) phenomenon of race consists of a few surface indications.We judge race usually (22) the coloring of the skin: a white race, a brown race, a yellow race and a (23) race. But if you were to remove the skin you could not (24) anything about the race to which the individual belonged. There is (25) in physical structure, the brain or the internal organs to (26) a difference.There are four types of blood. All (27) are found in every race, and no type is distinct to any race. Human brains are the (28) . No scientists could examine a brain and tell you the race to which the individual belonged. Brains will (29) in size, but this occurs within every race. (30) does size have anything to do with intelligence. The largest brain (31) examined belonged to a person of weak(32). On the other hand, some of our most distinguished people have had(33) brains.Mental tests which are reasonably (34) show no differences in intelligence between races. High and low test (35) both can be recorded by different members of any race. (36) equal educational advantages, there will be no difference in average standings, either on account of race or geographical location.Individuals of every race (37) civilization to go backward or forward. Training and education can change the response of a group of people, (38) enable them to behave in a (39) way.The behavior and ideals of people (40) according to circumstances, but they can always go back or go on to something new that is better and higher than anything in the past.21.A) complete B)full C)total D)whole22.A) between B)from C)at D)with23.A) black B)green C)pink D)yellow24.A) speak B)talk C)tell D)mention25.A) something B)everything C)anything D)nothing26.A) display B)indicate C)demonstrate D) appear27.A) types B)ranks C)classes D)sorts28.A) same B)identical C)similar D)alike29.A) remain B)increase C)decrease D)vary30.A) Only B)Or C)Nor D)So31.A) ever B)then C)never D)once32.A) health B)body C)mind D)thought33.A) big B)small C)minor D)major34.A) true B)exact C)certain D)accurate35.A) results B)reports C)factors D)details36.A) Provided B)Concerning C)Given D)Following37.A) make B)cause C)move D)turn38.A) and B)unless C)though D)hence39.A) ordinary B)peculiar C)usual D)common40.A) change B)charge C)challenge D)cheerPart II Reading Comprehension ( 40%，每题2分)Directions: There are 5 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choicesmarked A, B, C and D. You should decide which is the BEST choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Passage 1 (Questions 41-44)The motivation for deep-space travel is shifting from discovery to economics. The past year has seen a flurry of proposals aimed at bringing celestial riches down to Earth. No doubt this will make a few billionaires even wealthier, but we all stand to gain: the mineral bounty and spin-off technologies could enrich us all.But before the miners start firing up their rockets, we should pause for thought. At first glance, space mining seems to sidestep most environmental concerns: there is (probably!) no life on asteroids, and thus no habitats to trash. But its consequences ---both here on Earth and in space---merit careful consideration.Part of this is about principles. Some will argue that space's "magnificent desolation" is not ours to despoil, just as they argue that our own planet's poles should remain pristine. Others will suggest that glutting ourselves on space's riches is not an acceptable alternative to developing more sustainable ways of earthly life.History suggests that those will be hard lines to hold, and it may be difficult to persuade the public that such barren environments are worth preserving. After all, they exist in vast abundance, and even fewer people will experience them than have walked through Antarctica's icy landscapes.There's also the emerging off-world economy to consider. The resources that are valuable in orbit and beyond may be very different to those we prize on Earth. Questions of their stewardship have barely been broached---and the relevant legal and regulatory framework is fragmentary, to put it mildly.Space miners, like their earthly counterparts, are often reluctant to engage with such questions. One speaker at last week's space-mining forum in Sydney, Australia, concluded with a plea that regulation should be avoided. But miners have much to gain from a broad agreement on the for-profit exploitation of space. Without consensus, claims will be disputed, investments risky, and the gains made insecure. It is in all of our long-term interests to seek one out.41.The central claim of the passage is that space mining has positive potential but____.A)it will end up encouraging humanity's reckless treatment of the environment.B)its effects should be thoughtfully considered before it becomes a reality.C)such potential may not include replenishing key resources that are disappearingon Earth.D)experts disagree about the commercial viability of the discoveries it could yield.42.As used in the sentence underlined (Paragraph 4), "hold" most nearly means________.A)maintain B)grip C)restrain D)withstand43.According to the passage the off-planet economy such as the future of space miningin future _______.A)is inconsistent with the sustainable use of space resources.B)will be difficult to bring about in the absence of regulations.C)cannot be attained without technologies that do not yet exist.D)seems certain to affect Earth's economy in a negative way.44.Which of the following statements provides the best evidence for the answer to theprevious question?A)Some will argue that space's "magnificent desolation" is not ours to despoil, justas they argue that our own planet's poles should remain pristine.B)The resources that are valuable in orbit and beyond may be very different tothose we prize on Earth.C)One speaker at last week's space-mining forum in Sydney, Australia, concludedwith a plea that regulation should be avoided.D)Without consensus, claims will be disputed, investments risky, and the gainsmade insecure.Passage 2 (Questions 45-48)No one can be a great thinker who does not realize that as a thinker it is his first duty to follow his intellect to whatever conclusions it may lead. Truth gains more even by the errors of one who, with due study and preparation, thinks for himself, than by the true opinions of those who only hold them because they do not suffer themselves to think. Not that it is solely, or chiefly to form great thinkers that freedom of thinking is required. On the contrary, it is as much or even more indispensable to enable average human beings to attain the mental stature which they are capable of. There have been, and may again be, great individual thinkers in a general atmosphere of mental slavery. But there never has been, nor ever will be, in that atmosphere an intellectually active people. Where any people has made a temporary approach to such a character, it has been because the dread of heterodox speculation was for a time suspended. Where there is a tacit convention that principles are not to be disputed; where the discussion of the greatest questions which can occupy humanity is considered to be closed, we cannot hope to find that generally high scale of mental activity which has made some periods of history so remarkable. Never when controversy avoided the subjects which are large and important enough to kindle enthusiasm was the mind of a people stirred up from its foundations and the impulse given which raised even persons of the most ordinaryintellect to something of the dignity of thinking beings.He who knows only his own side of the case knows little of that. His reasons may be good, and no one may have been able to refute them. But if he is equally unable to refute the reasons on the opposite side; if he does not so much as know what they are, he has no ground for preferring either opinion. The rational position for him would be suspension of judgment, and unless he contents himself with that. he is either led by authority, or adopts, like the generality of the world, the side to which he feels the most inclination. Nor is it enough that he should hear the arguments of adversaries from his own teachers, presented as they state them, and accompanied by what they offer as refutations. That is not the way to do justice to the arguments. or bring them into real contact with his own mind. He must be able to hear them from persons who actually believe them; who defend them in earnest and do their very utmost for them. He must know them in their most plausible and persuasive form: he must feel the whole force of the difficulty which the true view of the subject has to encounter and dispose of; else he will never really possess himself of the portion of truth which meets and removes that difficulty. Ninety-nine in a hundred of what are called educated men are in this condition; even of those who can argue fluently for their opinions. Their conclusion may be true, but it might be false for anything they know: they have never thrown themselves into the mental position of those who think differently from them and considered what such persons may have to say; and consequently they do not, in any proper sense of the word, know the doctrines which they themselves profess. They do not know those parts of it which explain and justify the remainder; the considerations which show that a fact which seemingly conflicts with another is reconcilable with it, or that, of two apparently strong reasons, one and not the other ought to be preferred.45.The best title for this passage is_____________.A)The Age of ReasonB)The Need for Independent ThinkingC)The Value of RefutationD)How People Think46.According to the author, it is always advisable to_________.A)have opinions which can not be refutedB)adopt the point of view to which he feels the most inclinationC)be acquainted with the arguments favoring the point of view with which hedisagreesD)ignore the accepted opinions of the vast majority47.According to the author, which of the following statements is true?A)Most educated people study both sides of a question.B)Heterodox speculation will lead to many errors in thinking.C)The vast majority of people who argue fluently are acquainted with only oneside of an issue.D)It is wise to get both sides of a debatable issue from one's teachers.48.It can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most likely to agreewith which of the following statements?A)Excessive controversy prevents clear thinking.B)Periods of intellectual achievement are periods of heterodox speculation.C)The refutation of accepted ideas can best be provided by one's own teachers.D)In a period of mental slavery. no true intellectual thought is possible.Passage 3 (Questions 49-52)Contending for the rights of woman, my main argument is built on this simple principle, that if she be not prepared by education to become the companion of man, she will stop the progress of knowledge and virtue; for truth must be common to all, or it will be inefficacious with respect to its influence on general practice. And how can woman be expected to co-operate unless she knows why she ought to be virtuous? unless freedom strengthen her reason till, she comprehends her duty, and see in what manner it is connected with her real good? If children are to be educated to understand the true principle of patriotism, their mother must be a patriot; and the love of mankind, from which an orderly train of virtues spring, can only be produced by considering the moral and civil interest of mankind; but the education and situation of woman, at present, shuts her out from such investigations .... .Consider, sir, dispassionately, these observations---for a glimpse of this truth seemed to open before you when you observed, "that to see one half of the human race excluded by the other from all participation of government, was a political phenomenon that, according to abstract principles, it was impossible to explain." If so, on what does your constitution rest? If the abstract rights of man will bear discussion and explanation, those of woman, by a parity of reasoning, will not shrink from the same test: though a different opinion prevails in this country, built on the very arguments which you use to justify the oppression of woman---prescription.Consider---I address you as a legislator ---whether, when men contend for their freedom, and to be allowed to judge for themselves respecting their own happiness, it be not inconsistent and unjust to subjugate women, even though you firmly believe that you are acting in the manner best calculated to promote their happiness? Who made man the exclusive judge, if woman partake with him the gift of reason?In this style, argue tyrants of every denomination, from the weak king to the weak father of a family; they are all eager to crush reason; yet always assert that they usurp its throne only to be useful. Do you not act a similar part, when you force all women, by denying them civil and political rights, to remain immured in their families groping in the dark?49.According to the passage, in order for society to progress, women must______.A)enjoy personal happiness and financial security.B)follow all currently prescribed social rules.C)replace men as figures of power and authority.D)receive an education comparable to that of men.50.In the passage, the author claims that freedoms granted by society's leaders have___.A)privileged one gender over the other.B)resulted in a general reduction in individual virtue.C)caused arguments about the nature of happiness.D)ensured equality for all people.51.The author would most likely agree with which of the following statements aboutwomen in the eighteenth century?A)Their natural preferences were the same as those of menB)They needed a good education to be successful in society.C)They were just as happy in life as men were.D)They generally enjoyed fewer rights than men did.52.The intention for the passage is to dispute the idea_____A)women seem to be not naturally suited for the exercise of civil and politicalrights.B)men and women possess similar degrees of reasoning ability.C)women do not need to remain confined to their traditional family duties.D)the principles of natural law should not be invoked when considering genderroles.Passage 4 (Questions 53-56)The history of mammals dates back at least to Triassic time. Development was retarded. however, until the sudden acceleration of evolutional change that occurred in the oldest Paleogene. This led in Eocene time to increase in average size. larger mental capacity, and special adaptations for different modes of life. In the Oligocene Epoch, there was fun her improvement, with some appearance of some new lines and extinction of others. Miocene and Pliocene time was marked by culmination of severalgroups and continued approach toward modem characters. The peak of the career of mammals in variety and average large size was attained in the Miocene.The adaptation of mammals to almost all possible modes of life parallels that of the reptiles in Mesozoic time. and except for greater intelligence, the mammals do not seem to have done much better than corresponding reptilian forms. The bat is doubtless a better flying animal than the pterosaur. but the dolphin and whale ore hardly more fishlike than the ichthyosaur. Many swift-running mammals of the plains, like the horse and the antelope. must excel any of the dinosaurs. The tyrannosaur was a more ponderous and powerful carnivore than any flesh-eating mammal, but the lion or tiger is probably a more efficient and dangerous beast of prey because of a superior brain. The significant point to observe is that different branches of the mammals gradually filled themselves for all sorts of life, grazing on the plains and able to run swiftly (horse, deer, bison), living in rivers and swamps (hippopotamus, beaver). dwelling in trees (sloth, monkey). digging underground (mole, rodent), feeding on flesh in the forest (tiger) and plain (wolf), swimming in the sea (dolphin, whale, seal) and flying in the air (bat). Man is able by mechanical means to conquer the physical world and to adapt himself to almost any set of conditions.This adaptation produces gradual changes of form and structure. It is biologically characteristic of the youthful, plastic stage of a group. Early in its career, an animal assemblage seems to possess capacity for change, which. as the unit becomes old and fixed, disappears. The generalized types of organisms retain longest the ability to make adjustments when required, and it is from them that new, fecund stocks take origin---certainly not from any specialized end products. So, in the mammals. we witness the birth, plastic spread in many directions, increasing specialization, and in some branches. the extinction. which we have learned from observation of the geologic record of life is a characteristic of the evolution of life.53.In chronological order, the geologic periods are________ .A)Paleogene. Miocene, Triassic, MesozoicB)Mesozoic. Triassic, Paleogene. MioceneC)Miocene. Paleogene, Triassic, MesozoicD)Triassic', Mesozoic, Paleogene, Miocene54.From this passage, we may conclude that the pterosaur_______.A)resembled the batB)was a mammal that lived in the Mesozoic periodC)was a flying reptileD)evolved during the Miocene period55.That the mammals succeeding the reptile in geologic time were superior isillustrated by the statement that the__________.A)tiger has a brain that surpasses that of the tyrannosaurB)deer run. more swiftly than the lionC)whale is more fishlike than the ichthyosaurD)tiger is more powerful than the carnivorous reptiles56.The statements made by the writer are based on evidence ________A)found by studying fossil remainsB)found by comparing animals and reptilesC)found by going to different time periodsD)that cannot be definitely establishedPassage 5(Questions57-60)Socrates gives us a basic insight into the nature of teaching when he compares the art of teaching to the ancient craft of the midwife. Just as the midwife assists the body to give birth to new life, so the teacher assists the mind to deliver itself of ideas, knowledge, and understanding. The essential notion here is that teaching is a humble, helping art. The teacher does not produce knowledge or stuff ideas into an empty, passive mind. It is the learner, not the teacher, who is the active producer of knowledge and ideas.The ancients distinguish the skills of the physician and the farmer from those of the shoemaker and the house builder. Aristotle calls medicine and agriculture cooperative arts, because they work with nature to achieve results that nature is able to produce by itself. Shoes and houses would not exist unless men produced them; but the living body attains health without the intervention of doctors, and plants and animals grow without the aid of farmers. The skilled physician or farmer simply makes health or growth more certain and regular.Teaching, like farming and healing, is a cooperative art which helps nature do what it can do itself --- though not as well without it. We have all learned many things without the aid of a teacher. Some exceptional individuals have acquired wide learning and deep insight with very little formal schooling. But for most of us the process of learning is made more certain and less painful when we have a teacher's help.One basic aspect of teaching is not found in the other two cooperative arts that work with organic nature. Teaching always involves a relation between the mind of one person and the mind of another. The teacher is not merely a talking book, a living phonograph record, broadcast to an unknown audience. He enters into a dialogue with his student. This dialogue goes far beyond mere "talk," for a good deal of what is taught is transmitted almost unconsciously in the personal interchange between teacher andstudent. We might get by with encyclopedias, phonograph records, and TV broadcasts if it were not for this intangible element, which is present in every good teacher-student relation.Speaking simply and in the broadest sense, the teacher shows the student how to find out, evaluate, judge, and recognize the truth. He does not impose a fixed content of ideas and doctrines that the student must learn by rote. He teaches the student how to learn and think for himself. He encourages rather than suppresses a critical and intelligent response.The student's response and growth is the only reward suitable for such a labor of love. Teaching, the highest of the cooperative arts, is devoted to the good of others. It is an act of supreme generosity. St. Augustine calls it the greatest act of charity.57.Socrates compares the art of teaching to the ancient craft of the midwifebecause______.A)both teaching and midwifery are lowly professionsB)the teacher delivers knowledge while the midwife delivers the babyC)both the body and the mind are of equal importanceD)both the teacher and the midwife playa helping role58.The skills of the physician and the farmer differ from those of the shoemaker andthe house builder in that_________.A)healing and fanning demand greater skillB)healing and fanning playa more important role in societyC)healing and farming need the cooperation of natureD)healing and farming command more respect59.The chief difference between a teacher and a farmer is that_________.A)teaching involves interaction between two mindsB)farming involves working with organic natureC)teaching transmits knowledge which is intangibleD)farming produces crops which are tangible60.According to the passage the role of a teacher is________.A)to evaluate, judge, and recognize the truthB)to make the student memorize what he teachesC)to impose his ideas and doctrines on the studentD)to encourage critical thinking in the student。

2001-2008年中南大学博士试题(神经解剖学)

2001-2008年中南大学博士试题(神经解剖学)

论述题一、脑神经NⅢ、NⅦ、NⅨ、NⅩ的起核。

终核、纤维成分、神经行程、分支分布及功能。

二、锥体系的传统概念及修正。

三、构成锥体外系的主要结构、神经通路核功能概念。

四、海马结构的细胞构筑、主要的纤维联系和边缘系统的功能。

五、5-羟色胺能神经元在脑内的分布、神经通路、主要受体分型和多种神经功能。

六、多巴胺能神经元在脑内的分布、神经通路、受体分型和功能。

论述题一、神经之间的信息传递的结构基础。

（20分）二、脑神经的纤维成分及各成分的分布或支配器官。

（20分）三、上行网状激活系统的结构与功能。

（20分）四、瞳孔大小的调节及瞳孔对光反射的临床意义。

（20分）五、从外侧沟进入内囊经过那些结构？描述并解释内囊膝损伤可能出现的症状和体征。

（20分）论述题一、试述神经元细胞器的结构及其功能。

（20分）二、牵张反射的解剖学基础，生理功能及其临床意义。

（20分）三、脑桥小脑三角区肿瘤可能累及哪些结构？病人可能出现哪里症状和体征？（20分）四、人体各语言中枢的位置、功能及受损后表现。

（20分）五、周围神经的再生过程和影响因素。

（20分）论述题一、大脑皮质的细胞分层及皮质功能柱概念。

（20分）二、神经营养因子的概念及对神经元的作用。

（20分）三、脊髓灰质Rexed分层与解剖学神经核团的关系。

（20分）四、边缘系统中与学习和记忆高级神经活动有关的结构和机能学基础。

（20分）五、中枢神经损伤、修复与再生的研究进展。

（20分）一、简答题（每题10分，共60分）1.神经元的基本概念。

2.从发育的角度比较脑干内脑神经核机能柱的构成、位置核功能。

3.与脑干有关的内脏神经节的分类及纤维联系。

4.闸门学说的解剖学基础。

5.LTP的结构及分子基础核功能意义。

6.神经胶质细胞的分类及功能。

二、论述题（每题20分，共40分）1.分述脊髓前角、白质前连合、脊髓半横断损伤后可能出现的症状合体征及其解剖学基础。

2.试述大脑皮质语言中枢的定位、名称、纤维联系及功能。

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中南大学2011年外科学博士学位研究生入学考试试题长沙泰和医院神外-何承彪（2012年考博神外专业得分86分）公共题一、名词解释（每题4分）1、微创外科：是通过微小创伤或微小入路，将特殊器械、物理能量或化学药剂送入人体内部，完成对人体内病变、畸形、创伤的灭活、切除、修复或重建等外科手术操作，以达到治疗目的的医学科学分支，其特点是对病人的创伤明显小于相应的传统外科手术。

如电视腹腔镜技术。

1、新辅助化疗：是指在恶性肿瘤局部实施手术或放疗前应用的全身性化疗，又称早期化疗。

即在肿瘤患者确诊后，在术前或放疗前行两个疗程的正规化疗，休息一两周后行手术治疗或放疗。

理论点：术前或放疗前肿瘤血液供应和局部解剖尚未改变，从而可增加药物进入肿瘤组织内，增强抗肿瘤作用。

3、Systemic inflammatory response syndrome：即全身炎症反应综合征（SIRS）是因感染或非感染病因作用于机体而引起的机体失控的自我持续放大和自我破坏的全身性炎症反应。

它是机体修复和生存而出现过度应激反应的一种临床过程。

共同的特征性变化是血浆中炎症介质增多，而细菌感染并非必要条件。

具有下列临床表现即可诊断：1）体温>38o C或<36o C；2）心率>90次/分；3）呼吸急促>20次/分或过度通气，PaCO2<4.3kPa；4）白细胞计数>12×109/L或<4×109/L，或未成熟白细胞>10%。

4、肠功能障碍：是指肠实质与（或）功能的损害，导致蠕动、消化、吸收营养与（或）黏膜屏障功能出现障碍。

5、临界性肿瘤：少数肿瘤，形态上属良性，但常浸润性生长，切除后易复发，甚至可出现转移，从生物行为上显示良性与恶性之间的类型，故称交界性或临界性肿瘤。

诸如包膜不完整的纤维瘤、粘膜乳头状瘤、唾液腺混合瘤等。

二、问答题（每题5分）1、临床出现高血钾如何治疗？答：由于高钾血症有导致病人心搏突然停止的危险，因此高钾血症一经诊断，应积极予以治疗。

1、停用一切含钾的药物或溶液2、降低血钾浓度，可采取下列几项措施：1）促使K+ 转入细胞内①输注碳酸氢钠溶液：先静脉注射5% NaHCO3溶液60-100ml，再继续静脉滴注NaHCO3溶液100-200ml。

（这种高渗碱性溶液输入后可使血容量增加，不仅可使血清K+得到稀释，降低血钾浓度；又能使K+移入细胞内或由尿排出。

同时，还有助于酸中毒的治疗。

注入的Na+可使肾远曲小管的Na+、K+交换增加，使K+从尿中排出）。

②输注葡萄糖溶液及胰岛素：用25%葡萄糖溶液100-200ml，每5克糖加入正规胰岛素1U，静脉滴注。

可使K+转入细胞内，从而暂时降低血钾浓度。

必要时，可以每3-4小时重复用药。

③对于肾功能不全，不能输液过多者，可用10%葡萄糖酸钙100ml、11.2%乳酸钠溶液50ml、25%葡萄糖溶液400ml，加入胰岛素20U，作24小时缓慢静脉滴入。

2）阳离子交换树脂的应用：可口服，每次15g，每日4次。

可从消化道带走钾离子排出。

3）透析疗法：有腹膜透析和血液透析两种。

用于上述治疗仍无法除低血钾浓度时。

3、对抗心律失常：钙与钾有对抗作用，故静脉注射10%葡萄糖酸钙溶液20ml，能缓解K+对心肌的毒性作用。

此法可重复使用。

2、皮质类固醇用于治疗休克的主要作用机制有哪些？答：皮质类固醇可用于感染性休克和其他较严重的休克。

其作用主要有1）阻断a-受体兴奋作用，使血管扩张，降低外周血管阻力，改善微循环。

2）保护细胞内溶酶体，防止溶酶体破裂。

3）增强心肌收缩力，增加心排出量。

4）增进线粒体功能和防止白细胞凝集5）促进糖异生，使乳酸转化为葡萄糖，减轻酸中毒。

一般主张应用大剂量，静脉滴注，一次滴完。

为了防止多用皮质类固醇后可能产生的副作用，一般只用1-2次。

神外专业部分（70分）1、海绵窦有哪5个壁？在外侧壁内自上而下有哪几条重要的神经？颈内动脉从何处进入海绵窦？在此窦内分为哪5段？每段的走行方向如何？（10分）答：海绵窦有外侧壁、内侧壁、上壁、下壁和后壁等5个壁。

海绵窦外侧壁自上而下有：动眼神经、滑车神经、眼神经、上颌神经。

颈内动脉从岩舌韧带上缘入海绵窦。

颈内动脉在窦内可分为：后垂直段，后曲段，水平段，前曲段和前垂直段。

后垂直段：为从岩舌韧带上缘向上垂直走行部分；后弯段：为垂直段未端斜向前上走行；水平段：贴海绵窦水平向前前弯段：在前床突下、海绵窦前端先斜向前上然后向后走行至近侧硬膜环。

2、试述颞叶沟回疝早、中、晚期的临床表现。

（10分）答：颞叶沟回疝是因颅内压高，将颞叶沟回或海马回疝入小脑膜切迹内，又称小脑膜切迹疝。

其临床表现为：早期临床表现1）颅内压增高表现：剧烈头痛，与进食无关的频繁的喷射性呕吐。

伴烦燥不安。

2）瞳孔变化：动眼神经受到刺激，表现为同侧瞳孔缩小，光反射迟钝。

3）意识状态：意识模糊，嗜睡，昏睡。

4）生命体征：尚稳定或血压升高。

5）肢体活动：对侧肢体的肌力减弱。

中期临床表现：1）瞳孔变化：因动眼神经受压麻痹，同侧瞳孔进行性扩大，光反射消失，眼球向下外斜视。

2）肢体功能：因同侧大脑脚底皮质脊髓束受压，上运动神经元受损，表现对侧偏瘫，肌张力增加，膝腱反射亢进，出现病理反射。

3）生命体征：开始出现紊乱，血压升高，脉压增大，心率变慢；呼吸不规则；体温升高。

4）意识状态：浅昏迷，昏迷。

晚期临床表现：呈深昏迷状，双侧瞳孔散大，光反射消失，角膜反射消失；生命体征极不稳定；双侧肢体全瘫；处于濒死状。

随时可因呼吸循环衰竭死亡。

3、何谓弥漫性轴索损伤？其CT所见主要是什么？（10分）答：弥漫性轴索损伤是指头部受到外伤作用后发生的，以轴索损伤为主要改变的一种原发性脑实质的损伤，以意识障碍为主要临床表现。

致伤机制是：受伤时头部产生旋转加速度或角加速度，脑组织内部发生剪应力作用，脑组织在受压及回位过程中，神经轴索和小血管损伤断裂。

其主要病理改变是：1）伤后数小时至数天出现轴索肿胀和轴索回缩球2）广泛性白质变性，小灶性出血临床表现：1）伤后有不同程度原发性昏迷，多数病人昏迷较深，呈持继性、时间长。

2）病人常发生瞳孔改变，可表现为双侧瞳孔不等，单侧或双侧散大，光反射消失，同向凝视或眼球分离。

特点为病情危重，昏迷时间长，伤残率和死亡率高。

CT扫描特点：可见大脑皮质与髓质交界处、神经核团与白质交界处、胼胝体、脑干等有单发或多发无占位效应出血灶及脑弥漫性肿胀、蛛网膜下腔出血，中线结构无明显移位。

4、简要说明髓母细胞瘤的病理及临床特征（不含影像学内容）（10分）答：髓母细胞瘤的病理学特征1）呈高度浸润生长，肿瘤生长迅速，瘤细胞易脱落，可随脑脊液在蛛网膜下腔播散种植，还可发生颅外转移。

该肿瘤对放疗较敏感。

2）属原始神经上皮肿瘤，其原始细胞起源于第四脑室顶部的神经上皮。

髓母细胞瘤在儿童髓母细胞瘤主要发生于小脑中线部位，起源于小脑下蚓部的绒球小结叶或上髓帆。

3）肿瘤的形态：髓母细胞瘤外观呈粉红色，质地软、脆；边界不清。

切面呈鱼肉状，半透明胶样，可见小坏死。

肿瘤钙化、囊变者少见。

肿瘤发生在小脑半球时，多为结节状，实性肿块。

4）镜下可见：瘤细胞常形成典型或不典型的纤维菊形团结构，具有一定的诊断意义。

临床特征：髓母细胞瘤的病程较短，早期症状缺乏特征，主要表现为颅内压增高和共济失调等小脑症状。

侵及脑干者常有复视及多种脑神经障碍，小脑扁桃体疝时常有颈强直、斜颈表现。

1）颅内压增高：由于小脑蚓部的肿瘤不断增长使得第四脑室和(或)中脑导水管受压，导致梗阻性脑积水形成颅内压增高。

临床表现为头痛、呕吐和眼底视盘水肿等。

2）小脑损害征主要为小脑蚓部损害引起的躯干性共济失调，肿瘤侵犯小脑上蚓部时病人向前倾倒；位于小脑下蚓部的肿瘤则多向后倾倒。

原发于小脑半球者可表现小脑性语言，3）脑瘤的转移症状肿瘤转移是髓母细胞瘤的主要特征。

肿瘤细胞发生脱落后可通过脑脊液循环沿蛛网膜下腔发生播散性种植脊髓，4)小脑危象：由于脑脊液循环障碍、小脑扁桃体下疝或肿瘤直接对脑干压迫的加重造成意识丧失、呼吸变慢和血压升高伴有双侧病理反射阳性，甚至去大脑强直等。

可在短时间内呼吸迅速停止而死亡。

5）其他表现：复视、面瘫、强迫头位、头颅增大及McCewen征、锥体束征、呛咳、蛛网膜下腔出血。

(1)复视：因颅内压增高导致双侧展神经不全麻痹表现为双眼球内斜视外展运动受限。

(2)面瘫：肿瘤直接侵犯第四脑室底面神经丘所致，较为少见。

(3)强迫头位：当肿瘤或下疝的小脑扁桃体深入椎管内时，刺激及压迫颈神经根造成病人的保护性位置反应。

(4)头颅增大及McCewen征：多见于年龄较小的病儿，因颅内压增高，颅缝分离所致。

(5)锥体束征：由于肿瘤体积增大向前压迫推挤脑干所致以双下肢出现病理反射较为多见。

(6)呛咳：肿瘤压迫脑干和(或)第Ⅸ、Ⅹ对脑神经时出现，临床检查呈咽反射减弱或消失。

(7)蛛网膜下腔出血：髓母细胞瘤的肿瘤出血是儿童非创伤性后颅凹蛛网膜下腔出血的主要出血来源之一5、颈静脉球体瘤常见的扩展途径有哪些？临床表现有何特征？答：颈静脉球体瘤常的扩展途径有：①沿咽鼓管和颅底骨孔分别进鼻咽部和颅底部。

②沿颈内动脉管生长可进入岩尖、海绵窦和中颅窝腔。

③沿颈内静脉和舌下神经孔进后颅窝。

④沿鼓室盖至中颅窝底，经迷路圆窗到内听道进桥小脑角。

临床表现特征：隐匿起病，进展缓慢；耳部症状通常为首发症状，典型为：搏动性耳鸣和听力下降，耳鸣与脉博相一致，压迫同侧颈静脉耳鸣即消失。

当肿瘤继续发展可出现：神经系统症状：1）面神经麻痹：为肿瘤侵及面神经所致，早期肿瘤受刺激面肌出现抽搐，晚期由于肿瘤压迫出现麻痹。

2）颈静脉孔综合征：为肿瘤侵及颈静脉孔向颅内生长所致。

表现为吞咽困难，声音嘶哑，饮水呛咳及斜方肌，胸锁乳突肌萎缩等。

3）其他颅神经受损症状：舌下神经麻痹常见，表现为舌肌震颤及萎缩，伸舌偏向一侧，三叉神经及外展神经受损出现面部感觉迟钝，眼球外告别受限，较少见；偶可出现Honer 征及视乳头水肿。

4）眼震及行走不稳为侵及迷路半规管及小脑所致。

5）晚期肿瘤向脑干中线部位生长，可出现颅高压症状，甚至脑疝而死亡。

神经内分泌症状：临床上约有1%的病人具有内分泌功能症状。

6、试述泌乳素垂体腺瘤的主要治疗方法。

答：泌乳素垂体腺瘤的主要治疗方法有手术治疗、立体定向放射外科治疗、药物治疗。

1）、手术治疗：目的是切除肿瘤、视通路减压、恢复和保持垂体功能及其他神经功能。

泌乳素垂体腺瘤的手术方式主要包括开颅手术及经蝶入路微创手术。

①开颅手术方式有：经额底入路、经颞叶入路（已少用）、经蝶骨翼前外侧入路②经蝶入路：目前常用经口鼻窦入路和单鼻孔入路的手术方法。

2）、立体定向放射外科治疗：多应用于肿瘤术后残留、复发的肿瘤、肿瘤距视神经和视交叉3-5mm而无视动能障碍者。

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