施工阶段的安全文明管理(外文翻译)

Construction stage safety civilization management1 Research content and purposeAt present China's production safety situation is still grim, especially the building area of the multiple casualties situation has not fundamentally reversed, construction safety is extremely stern; production safety foundation is weak, guarantee system and mechanism is not perfect; safety production supervision and management mechanism, team construction and supervision work also needs to be strengthened、With China's implementation of the "going out" strategy, the overseas engineering construction requirements of construction enterprises toward the safety and high quality fast and efficient direction, but the due to the overseas projects in surveying, design, petitive bidding system and construction exists some defects or mistakes, especially the construction environment and conditions for overseas and domestic different is formed many unsafe factors、Some governments of developed countries on safe and civilized construction management and supervision ineffective, at the same time, the security incident victims pensation is relatively low, so as to project management are real will "safety first" self psychological suggestion and safe and civilized management psychological orientation proposed higher requirements、 And in the preparation of the overseas project safety assurance program, sometimes due to lack of understanding in the engineering field, easy to cause the of dangerous source judgement is not accurate or not in place, and psychologically cannot accuray to ensure the safety of the positioning of the feasibility of the program、By exploring the harmful factors in the construction process and construction process was studied in unsafe, uncivilized between factors and employee of contradiction and the law of the unity of opposites, making better use of these rules to formulate a scientific, reasonable, effective all safe and civilized production tube system, to improve and perfect the measures of safety and technological civilization, to prevent and eliminate various harmfulfactors in the process of construction to the conversion of the casualty of a series of management work, to protect workers' safety and health, ensure safety in production、 Due to the construction of the unsafe factor is relatively more, a little careless, it may occur accident、 In recent years, occurred throughout the country in the construction work accidents and serious casualty statistics ls us that construction of the security situation is still very grim、 However, construction safety problems with everything else, has its own objective law、It objectively resides in the entire construction activity、 Since so, naturally, be it analysis to understand, master rules of it, take the organizational and technical measures to pre control, in order to achieve the purpose of construction safety、 However, there are still many problems in the management of the security civilization、Therefore, we focus on the construction stage of the construction safety civilization management, the construction of the various aspects of the construction plan, the status quo of the safety and civilization management、Through the safety awareness of the management, the system of planning, to the project safety detailed analysis of the content、 There are some unpredictable problems during the process of preparation, which is the main problem in the management of safety civilization、、Lay a good foundation for further implementation、、 According to the occurrence of the settlement of the accident, there is no accident occurred, record the safety civilization management improvement measures, improve the safety and civilization management、As generally work arrangements properly was period of management is relatively lax, cross process serious and plicated, and safety problems in this period is often risks and security alert frigidity, may not out of the big problem, but small problems and small risks constantly、 So strengthen safety education and training, the unknown engineering safety civilization management summary, learning、Through the research on the safety civilization management of the construction stage, the danger identification, the risk assessment and the risk control of the modern safety civilization management are discussed in three aspects、、 The aim is to better and more secure the work done、 Do early workafter the reduction of risk, and further strengthen the construction project risk management, and thus promote the faster development of China's construction projects、2 Status quo of safety civilization managementIn recent years, with the continuous improvement of the market economy and the mon improvement of people's life, construction industry has bee one of the fastest developing industries、 The petition of the market is increasingly fierce, so that the benefit of the enterprise to pete in the target, so to the management to benefit has bee the consensus of entrepreneurs、 And safety is the premise of the benefit, because the safety results determine the size of the benefit、End over the years the party and the government attaches great importance to production safety work, determine the safety production policy of "safety first, prevention first", promulgated a series of production safety laws and regulations and standards, the purpose is to protect the safety and health of laborers, control and reduce all kinds of accidents, improve the level of safety management, promote the establishment of harmonious society、The construction industry is the risk of production activities, unsafe factors, is the accident prone industry、 In recent years, the death rate of China's construction industry is the highest in all industries, after the mining industry, the loss is huge, distressing、 Although the mandatory implementation of the construction enterprise safety production license system, strengthen the construction market access control, and to further strengthen the construction enterprise construction site safety inspections, but accidents still occur from time to time、 I believe that the number of casualties mainly determined by the characteristics of the construction industry、The safety civilization management is a science, is a professional, policy, mass, and a very strong work、The safety civilization management of the enterprise is mainly embodied in the following aspects:(1) Safety awareness、 Due to the leading enterprises for a long time the importance of construction safety understanding does not reach the designated position, grasping safety formalism serious, disregard for workers in theproduction of the legitimate interests of labor and social security, is not equipped with the necessary labor protection supplies, arbitrary extension of working time, workers in the long run, the working state of the overload, high strength, will lead to accidents、 In addition, the leadership of the security work seriously enough, the staff of the corresponding security awareness, it is easy to cause illegal mand, illegal operations, violation of labor discipline and safety accidents caused by、(2) The weak base of security civilization management、 The weak security and civilization management is mainly due to the weak safety consciousness of some people, the relationship between the safety and the speed, safety and the relationship between safety and benefit, security and stability、、 The weak safety management is mainly reflected in the weak: first, the research work of building safety technology is weak, and the key technology of building safety production is relatively lagging behind、The wide application of safety scientific and technological achievements is lack of market-oriented policy guidance and economic incentive measures、 Study on the construction of new technology, new products, new technology application and safety protection measures of synchronization; second, pared with the developed countries, our country security protection technology, protective equipment and machinery and equipment is still relatively backward、Standardization, stereotypes and industrialization degree is very low; three is the construction enterprise safety civilization management and construction team quality is generally low、The safety of the low quality of the cultural quality, safety and civilization management knowledge, safety and technical specifications, safety procedures, safety precautions and so on do not understand、 Can't manage the construction team、(3) The construction safety laws and regulations system is not perfect、There are some limitations to implement its security responsibilities; terms of punishment for violations of the law is not specific enough, operability is not strong; laws and regulations are not perfect, there is a problem of duplication and overlapping management; safety rules and regulations of theresponsibility is not clear, management objectives is not clear, resulting in production safety responsibility of implementation is not in place etc、、(4) The mechanism of the construction safety supervision and production is not perfect、 At present, the mechanism of the effective construction safety supervision and management in China has not been formed, and there is a big gap pared with the international advanced security management mode、、 The safety supervision mode and management means can't adapt to the growing scale of construction, and it is difficult to carry out the construction safety supervision work further、、 Mainly in the following three aspects: Construction unit safety civilization management problemThe exploration, design, construction and supervision of the construction engineering to the entity or individual contractor who is not qualified or qualified or even illegal、 Due to the layers of subcontracting, resulting in the construction management is not strict, security training is not in place and security investment or basic no、 And it will also make lower profits, and contractors in order to pursue the maximal profit will reduce his all unnecessary amount of spending, leading to safety hazards and accidents continue to occur、Investigation, design, engineering supervision and other units of the major security issuesSurvey, design units not in accordance with the requirements were survey or design, or change the survey and design documents, laws, regulations and mandatory standards, to survey the design defects, can not guarantee the building and construction personnel safety engineering supervision units not to the construction unit safety technical measures or special construction safety program for careful review, in the engineering construction nor of construction units to implement security measures of supervision seriously, find the hidden accident, nor does it take decisive measures to be rectification and elimination; detection unit to produce a false report、Safety problem of construction unitWith the increasing investment in infrastructure, the constructionenterprise access policy adjustment, making the number of construction enterprises continues to increase, the construction team continues to expand、Especially in recent years, the rapid development of individual construction industry, the construction enterprise has changed fundamentally、 But because the construction unit is the main body and the core position in the construction safety activity, the construction safety problem is mainly in the construction unit body、2、1 Government laws and regulations(1) The lack of building safety and civilization management system for the market economyConstruction of China's investment system changes the original building a safe and civilized production management has not adapt to the current construction methods, so has been dominated by the government of safe and civilized management appeared many loopholes in management, coupled with the construction safety laws and regulations is not perfect, the low efficiency of government supervision, social supervision system is not perfect, resulting in a safe and civilized management is not in place, suited to the laws of market economy, legal and economic means parallel building a safe and civilized management system has not been formed、 Therefore, the initiative construction safety civilization management initiative construction safety civilization management work first, early planning, early arrangement, do the whole process supervision and inspection、 Before the construction we put the project in the province Shuangyou site as the target management, improving the safety management measures and system in the project, acplish beforehand to prevent、Employees entering the construction site, the first production safety education and follow the operating rules of education; followed by a safety technical disclosure and each segment and sub engineering safety technical disclosure, so that all staff familiar with the rules and regulations, consciously abide by the safety regulations and operating rules, improve the sense of self-protection、 Strengthen the intensity and extent of the supervision of the safety and civilization management objectives for effective control、(2) The law and regulations are more and more inplete and the execution is not enoughOur country law "environment and health" is too weak、 The emphasis on "environment and health" in the activity of architecture has bee a mon topic of international concern、 The target system of engineering construction has been shifted from the traditional "cost - cost - quality - time - to - Project" system to "cost - quality - time - environment and health" system、、The international standard organization has also developed the environmental management system、(3) The functional changes of the management department are lagging behind and the management of the vacuum isWith the deepening of the reform of our political system, the reform of the national institution, the enterprise reform, the enterprise has gradually separated from the industry administrative management, and has bee the independent action subject in the market、 With this adaptation, Ministry of construction and local construction administrative departments to bee the national construction safety special supervision of the performer, state production safety supervision and administration and the local production safety supervision and management institutions bee discharger of the state production safety supervision functions、The unsafe state of the unsafe behavior and the unsafe state of the material are the direct cause of the accident, which are directly related to the management、 So the management is the indirect cause of the accident、、 The unsafe behavior of human can be reduced or even eliminated through safety education, safety production responsibility system and security mechanism、 The unsafe state of the material can be controlled by improving the scientific and technological content of the safety, establishing the perfect equipment maintenance system, promoting the construction and safety of the civilization、To strengthen the safety inspection on the job site, we can find and stop the unsafe behavior and the unsafe state of the thing, so as to avoid the accident、One of the most mon defect management system is not perfect, the responsibilityis not clear, abiding by the law, the illegal mand, safety education is not enough, punishment is not strict, safety technical measures are not prehensive, security check enough、(4) The construction safety production management and professional construction safety production management separateAt present, China's construction safety civilization management is actually decentralized management, did not really do the industry management、 This has formed the construction safety civilization management standard, the management pattern is different, the casualty statistics data distortion, the management work responsibility is not clear、Pay attention to safety behavior norms according to the laws of science organization construction, ply with construction safety rules and standards, as a code of conduct to organize the construction of construction site to be constrained, regulate their behavior from two aspects: one is to require managers to strictly implement the construction administrative departments of the state and local issued by the construction safety and civilized management regulations and standards the implementation of the management system of the enterprise, before the construction of the relevant technical requirements for the construction safety to the crew and workers in detail, and signed by both parties confirmed that security staff daily inspections of implementation; two is to require the operation layer; safety protection for the outstanding construction site could cause accident、2、2 The characteristics of the construction safety civilization managementThe characteristics of construction are mainly determined by the characteristics of architectural products、 pared with other industrial products, building products is huge in size, plexity and diversity, overall hard, not easy to mobile, so that construction in addition to the basic characteristics of industrial production, but also has the following main features:(1) The fluidity of productionOne is the body construction with the buildings or structures locatedposition change and the transfer of production sites; the second is in the process of the construction of a project construction personnel and all kinds of machinery, electrical equipment with the construction site and along the construction of the object up, down, left and right flow, continue to turn shift operation places、(2) The product form is diverseDue to the natural conditions and uses of the building, the structure, modeling and material of the building are also different, and the construction method will be changed, it is difficult to realize the standardization、(3) Construction technology plexConstruction often need according to the structure of the building for many types of work with the operation, multi unit (earthwork, civil engineering, hoisting, installation, transportation, etc、) cross tie construction, the supplies and equipment are different, thus the construction organization and construction technology management has a higher request、Most of the construction industry is still manual operation, easy to make people fatigue, attention dispersion, so improper operation or mistakes more prone to occur, Rong Yi lead to accidents security、 This is manual labor and heavy manual labor and more、(4) Open and aloft operationsThe building product is huge, the production cycle is long, the construction is carried on frequently in the open air and the high place, is often influenced by the natural climate condition、 According to the national standard "high job classification" provides that there are more than 90% of the construction of higher operations、 The open operation of buildings accounts for about 70% of the total workload, and the impacts and hazards of natural conditions such as spring, summer, autumn and winter, and sunshine, wind, rain, snow and snow etc、(5) Low mechanizationAt present, the construction mechanization degree of our country is still very low, still depend on a lot of manual operation、、 Construction machineryand machinery in the factory pared to the mechanical equipment is very different, its safety is much higher than the factory equipment, the probability of injury is naturally much higher、There are several aspects of the following features:A、 Use of different environmental conditions;B、 Operating object is different;C、 Operating location and operator;Take the crane as an example to discuss the mechanization of safety civilization management、In our country, with the increase of the number of the heavy machinery, the proportion of the injury accidents in the total industrial accidents is also increasing year by year、 The mon accidents of hoisting machinery are: the hanging falls, the impact of extrusion, the accident, the electric shock accident, the body dump accident、、 The total number of crane crashes accounted for about 33%, the impact of extrusion accounted for about 30%, electric shock accounted for about 10%, the accident accounted for about 8%, the body dumping accounts for about 5%、 The total number of the total number of injuries from the accident of the highest percentage of falling accident analysis:A、 Off the rope accidents: due to the load from a bundle of the hoisting rope shedding collapsibility casualties damage、B、Weight loss accident from heavy lifting rope or special sling from hook caused by prolapse、C、 Broken rope accident: hoisting rope and hoisting rope broken down due to the weight loss accident、D、 Hook broken accident: weight loss accident fracture caused by hook、E、 Hoisting wire rope problem、2、3 The work content of the construction safety civilization managementConstruction enterprises to do a good job security construction should pay attention to do the following several work:(1)Thinking;(2) Establishment of a safety production management system;(3) Establishing the safety and professional bodies and with full-time safety technicians;(4) Ensure that the workers are safe and secure;(5) Take the targeted safety measures;Safety technical measures should be aimed at the engineering features, in depth investigation and study、 Also do a good job of work safety technical disclosure、3 Security checkThe security check is found in time, eliminate hidden dangers of accidents, an effective way to nip in the bud、 The construction product volume is huge, the height operation is high, and then bined with the construction period, the technology plex and other factors, to the construction production brings a lot of unsafe factors、 Through the bination of leadership and mass security checks, can effectively find the problem, take measures to eliminate the accident before the occurrence of the accident、 Safety inspection can also summarize the good experience of the exchange of safety production, establish a typical, to promote the level of safety and civilization management、 Mobilize the masses for security checks, both to encourage the masses to participate in the enthusiasm of safety and civilization management, and can educate the masses to enhance awareness of the safety awareness of production, and consciously improve the safety of production、 In addition, the safety inspection can often give the neglect of the safety of the idea of knocking the alarm, and promptly correct illegal mand, illegal operations behavior、4 SummarySafety civilization management is a science, is a professional, policy, mass, and a very strong work、 With the continuous development of the economy, the continuous improvement of people's living standards, employees in the construction industry and the whole society are on the construction process of safe and civilized management level proposed requirements more and more high, the traditional management mode has not adapted to the requirements of the times、It is now in need of scientific and modern enterprise security and civilization management mode, and continuously improve the level of safety civilization management, the real safety civilization management work well、 The scientific use of PDCA circulation method, the pair of leaders of all levels of safety education and construction plan possible accident, the implementation of safe and civilized management plan, make safe and civilized management is better in the construction of perfect embodiment、 To inspect the construction process of the construction management plan, and find the problem that hidden and haven't met to solve, analyze and record, and put the security plan into the program、To reach a circular process、 Therefore, as the construction enterprise, we should study the status quo of the construction industry safety civilization, establish the new idea of safety civilization management, and establish new accord with the、Construction safety management civilization is the first human management, to strengthen the safety education and training, continuously improve the quality of security business, enhance security awareness, and to take effective measures to regulate people's behavior, to implement standardized operation, in construction process due to the plexity of the construction site personnel, dynamic and frequent, in project management, to take admission to tertiary education and the change of production and construction, timely safety education; bination of production safety skills training, in order to enhance staff safety consciousness of responsibility and security capabilities、Through the safety civilization management education and training, strengthen the construction safety and the implementation of the guarantee、Safety education is the most effective method in the safety civilization management、Both time and greatly reduce the cost、On the construction enterprise personnel, from the leadership to the construction workers are admitted to the education and training, the whole aspect to strengthen safety awareness、 A clear division of labor and management, the construction project without mistake, reduce the mistake、 Building a safe and civilized management is a very plex system engineering, we must use of scientific management methods,management methods, the establishment of new safe and civilized management mode to improve worker safety execution、 Only in this way, we can really make a safe and civilized management level to a new level、施工阶段得安全文明管理1、研究内容与目得目前我国得安全生产形势依然严峻,特别就是建筑领域伤亡事故多发得状况尚未根本扭转,建筑施工安全极其严竣;安全生产基础比较薄弱,保障体系与机制不健全;安全生产监督管理机构、队伍建设以及监管工作还待加强。