《英语修辞学》第三章ppt
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英语写作修辞PPT课件
• Excretion: pass water, go to stool, see the stars, get some fresh air, see one’s aunt, wash one’s hands
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Stylistic
• Profession:
gardener—landscape-architect,
his arms stretched, as he would fly, grasps in
the corner. The welcomes ever smile, and
farewell goes out sighing.
--William
Shakespeare
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Metonymy
earn money and save it, you can just go and borrow it.
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Context
• For instance, the nuns who never take a bath without wearing a bathrobe all the time, when asked why, since no man can see them, they reply, “Oh, but you forget the good God.” Apparently they conceive the Deity as a peeping Tom, whose omnipotence enables Him to see through bathroom walls, but who is foiled by bathrobes. This view strikes me as curious.
2021/4/17
12
Stylistic
• Profession:
gardener—landscape-architect,
his arms stretched, as he would fly, grasps in
the corner. The welcomes ever smile, and
farewell goes out sighing.
--William
Shakespeare
2021/4/17
8
Metonymy
earn money and save it, you can just go and borrow it.
2021/4/17
15
Context
• For instance, the nuns who never take a bath without wearing a bathrobe all the time, when asked why, since no man can see them, they reply, “Oh, but you forget the good God.” Apparently they conceive the Deity as a peeping Tom, whose omnipotence enables Him to see through bathroom walls, but who is foiled by bathrobes. This view strikes me as curious.
修辞与翻译PPT课件
的。
• Ｂ：明喻又称 “显比”，“直喻”，“明比”，是 一种十分明显的比喻。明喻是本体 ，喻体 ，比喻词 都要出现的比喻 。本体与喻体之间在形式上具有非 常明显的相似 （或相类） 关系。 它的形式就是 ：
A 象 B。
• Similes in the Chinese language can usually be rendered by words like “象 ,好象,似 ,好似 ,如 ,如同 , 仿佛 ,犹如, 宛如 ,象 …一样(似的, 一般)”。
•
如今你看他们又结实又胖，脸上红扑扑的。
• Every bean has its black.
•
人皆有短处。
• The best is the enemy of Don’t trust him. He is an ambulance chaser. • 不要相信他，他是个惟利是图的人。
like a fowl and then went on walloping and kicking
him again till his nose and mouth were a bloody pulp.
• Today you see them bouncing, buxom, red as cherries.
• She had as high an opinion of herself as if she were a goddess, and treated like dirt.
• 接着他们用绳子五花大绑,把节振德捆得象个粽子似 的,又是一阵拳打脚踢。
• They give him a good cuff and kick, trusses him up
都有。
• Advice and correction roll off him like water off a
• Ｂ：明喻又称 “显比”，“直喻”，“明比”，是 一种十分明显的比喻。明喻是本体 ，喻体 ，比喻词 都要出现的比喻 。本体与喻体之间在形式上具有非 常明显的相似 （或相类） 关系。 它的形式就是 ：
A 象 B。
• Similes in the Chinese language can usually be rendered by words like “象 ,好象,似 ,好似 ,如 ,如同 , 仿佛 ,犹如, 宛如 ,象 …一样(似的, 一般)”。
•
如今你看他们又结实又胖，脸上红扑扑的。
• Every bean has its black.
•
人皆有短处。
• The best is the enemy of Don’t trust him. He is an ambulance chaser. • 不要相信他，他是个惟利是图的人。
like a fowl and then went on walloping and kicking
him again till his nose and mouth were a bloody pulp.
• Today you see them bouncing, buxom, red as cherries.
• She had as high an opinion of herself as if she were a goddess, and treated like dirt.
• 接着他们用绳子五花大绑,把节振德捆得象个粽子似 的,又是一阵拳打脚踢。
• They give him a good cuff and kick, trusses him up
都有。
• Advice and correction roll off him like water off a
《英语修辞学》第三章
Level One: words and phrases Level Two: sentence variety Level Three: organizing paragraphs into a complete text
Page 3
2. Choice of words
2. 1 Using suitable words
I wish you’d stop making _c_h_e_a_p__ jokes about my friends.
Page 5
(2) Be aware of the audience or readers and suit to the occasion:
E.g. Jack’s house was destroyed by fire. Jim went to comfort him and asked him to contact the insurance company. “Cheer up, my friend,” he said, “your insurance claim will be proceeding like a house on a fire, I’m sure.”
E.g. A man was killed and his son was seriously injured in an automobile accident. The boy was rushed to a hospital. The surgeon took one look at him and said, “This is my son! I can’t operate on him!”
For instance, when you are writing to children, you will certainly use different wording from what you would use in writing to university students even if the subject is the same. And when you write a formal legal document, you will have to use those formal set phrases as “upon termination of the trust”（在终止信托财产 时）, and it will be inappropriate for you to change it into such informal expressions as “by the end of” or “when / once the trust is over”. Similarly, although the need of “ exactness”（确切性） and “accuracy”（准确性） has been stressed in general cases（在一般情况下）， you should also note that on certain occasions（在某些场合）， you have to use vague language so as to moderate your tone（缓和语气） or to be more tactful（策略）, or roundabout （间接性）.
Page 3
2. Choice of words
2. 1 Using suitable words
I wish you’d stop making _c_h_e_a_p__ jokes about my friends.
Page 5
(2) Be aware of the audience or readers and suit to the occasion:
E.g. Jack’s house was destroyed by fire. Jim went to comfort him and asked him to contact the insurance company. “Cheer up, my friend,” he said, “your insurance claim will be proceeding like a house on a fire, I’m sure.”
E.g. A man was killed and his son was seriously injured in an automobile accident. The boy was rushed to a hospital. The surgeon took one look at him and said, “This is my son! I can’t operate on him!”
For instance, when you are writing to children, you will certainly use different wording from what you would use in writing to university students even if the subject is the same. And when you write a formal legal document, you will have to use those formal set phrases as “upon termination of the trust”（在终止信托财产 时）, and it will be inappropriate for you to change it into such informal expressions as “by the end of” or “when / once the trust is over”. Similarly, although the need of “ exactness”（确切性） and “accuracy”（准确性） has been stressed in general cases（在一般情况下）， you should also note that on certain occasions（在某些场合）， you have to use vague language so as to moderate your tone（缓和语气） or to be more tactful（策略）, or roundabout （间接性）.
现代英语修辞学
普通高等教育“十五”国家级规划教材现代英语修辞学Moder n English Rhetor ic胡曙中编著上海外语教育出版社图书在版编目(CIP)数据现代英语修辞学/胡曙中编著.—上海:上海外语教育出版社,2004ISBN7-81095-185-8Ⅰ.现…Ⅱ.胡…Ⅲ.英语修辞教材Ⅳ.H315中国版本图书馆CIP数据核字(2004)第014498号早在1982年,我的导师杨小石先生有意要编一本适合我国英语专业使用的英语修辞学教材,为此,他邀请了包括我在内的三位教师一起参加编写,我们商定了编写大纲,也作了具体的分工。
我当时只有35岁,对编写这么一本教材的困难程度并不清楚,但却凭着一股劲,居然勉强地完成了自己那一部分,但是由于他们未能完成自己的部分,我的那一部分最后也就不了了之了。
从那时到现在,时间过去了20多年。
在这20多年中,我读了一些书,作了一些研究,从《英汉修辞比较研究》、《美国新修辞学》到《英语修辞学》,我走了过来。
坦诚地说,前面走过的路不都是一步一个脚印的,但就在这步履艰难的过程中,我逐渐知道了什么是英语修辞,知道了如何来阐释和应用英语修辞。
现在奉献给大家的这本《现代英语修辞学》,承蒙教育部和有关专家的厚爱,被确定为普通高等教育“十五”国家级规划教材。
我把这本书写成一本英语修辞学的入门书,是想回答许多学生提出的问题:“什么是英语修辞学?”“英语修辞学是不是就是研究英语写作?”“英语修辞学是英语专业的课程,还是语言学的课程?”我希望我的这本书能较为满意地回答这些问题。
在这儿,我想概括一下本书的各章内容和目的:第0章导论解释英语修辞的种种意义,并说明本书的目的———对英语修辞现象的描述、应用和阐释第1章影响修辞活动的要素论述信息、使用场合、受话者之间的关系,说明语气如何反映其间的关系第2章词汇的修辞描述英语选字遣词的修辞规律及其应用第3章句子的修辞描述英语连词组句的修辞规律及其应用第4章 段落的修辞 描述英语段落构成的修辞规律及其应用第5章 语篇的修辞 描述英语语篇构成的修辞规律及其应用第6章 语篇的种类 描述语篇的种类及其特点第7章 语体 描述作为修辞活动综合体的语体特征第8章 修辞手段 描述修辞布局和辞格的规律第9章 理论阐释 简述主要的英语修辞理论第10章 传统与发展 回顾英语修辞学的传统,预测其发展本书主要适合英语专业高年级学生和研究生使用。
修辞格与翻译PPT课件
❖As close as an oyster 守口如瓶
❖As sure as a gun
千真万确
❖As cool as a cucumber 泰然自若
❖As mute as a fish
噤若寒蝉
❖As blue as the great sea
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CHENLI
❖(3) as if; as though
❖ 婚姻像是一个被包围的城堡：外边的想要进去，里边的想 要出来。
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CHENLI
❖(2) as
❖As the lion is king of beasts, so is the eagle king of birds.
❖鹰是鸟中之王，犹如狮是兽中之王。
❖Love goes towards love, as schoolboys from their books;
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CHENLI
❖The pain of separation ❖The light of learning ❖A vicious circle ❖Room for negotiation ❖An angry sky ❖Graves yawned ❖Killing half-an-hour ❖Shoulder of the hill 山脊 ❖Friendly river ❖Laughing valleys
2
CHENLI
❖Rhetoric 修辞学
❖Rhetoric is the art of discourse, an art that
aims to improve the capability of writers or speakers that attempt to inform, persuade, or motivate particular audiences in specific
英语修辞学 Onomatopoei apotrophe pun
注释：Cuckoo 布谷鸟的 叫声 jug-jug 夜莺 pu-we to-witta-woo 泛指各种鸟 鸣 形象的烘托出春天欢乐 的气氛，让人读后难忘
Onomatopoeia
杜甫的《登高》一是一著例。“风急天高猿啸哀，渚清沙白鸟飞回，无 边落木萧萧下，不尽长江滚滚来。万里悲秋常作客，百年多病独登台。 艰难苦恨繁霜鬓，潦倒新停浊酒杯。” The wind so swift, the sky so wide, apes wail and cry, Water so clear and beach so white, birds wheel and fly. The boundless forest sheds its leaves shower by shower, The endless river rolls its waves hour after hour. 作者当时流落夔州，重九登高，心中有无限悲凉之情。前四句，作者为
• O Nature, how hair is thy face, And how lights is thy heart. • “You Heavens, give me that patience, patience I need!” 上帝，赐予我耐力，我梦寐以求的耐力吧 ！ -- Shakespeare: King Lear
Apostrophe
Expressed by persons
• O Captain! My Captain; our fearful trip is done. The ship has weather’d every rack, the prize we sought is won… --- Walt Whitman
"Blue Moon, you saw me standing alone Without a dream in my heart Without a love of my own." (Lorenz Hart, "Blue Moon")
Onomatopoeia
杜甫的《登高》一是一著例。“风急天高猿啸哀，渚清沙白鸟飞回，无 边落木萧萧下，不尽长江滚滚来。万里悲秋常作客，百年多病独登台。 艰难苦恨繁霜鬓，潦倒新停浊酒杯。” The wind so swift, the sky so wide, apes wail and cry, Water so clear and beach so white, birds wheel and fly. The boundless forest sheds its leaves shower by shower, The endless river rolls its waves hour after hour. 作者当时流落夔州，重九登高，心中有无限悲凉之情。前四句，作者为
• O Nature, how hair is thy face, And how lights is thy heart. • “You Heavens, give me that patience, patience I need!” 上帝，赐予我耐力，我梦寐以求的耐力吧 ！ -- Shakespeare: King Lear
Apostrophe
Expressed by persons
• O Captain! My Captain; our fearful trip is done. The ship has weather’d every rack, the prize we sought is won… --- Walt Whitman
"Blue Moon, you saw me standing alone Without a dream in my heart Without a love of my own." (Lorenz Hart, "Blue Moon")
英语修辞学(Rhetoric).ppt
Division of Rhetoric
Communicative Rhetoric 交际修辞 (Negative Rhetoric 消极修辞) -- To add to people’s knowledge; accurate, plain; Aesthetic Rhetoric 美学修辞 (Positive Rhetoric 积极修辞) -- To get people affected, or moved; vivid, brilliant, colorful.
The three uses of similes:
Descriptive描述型明喻; Illuminative启示型明喻 ; Illustrative说明型明喻;
;
Descriptive 描述型
Her lips were red, her locks 头发were yellow as gold. Pop looked so unhappy, almost like a child who’s lost his piece of candy. The big black flies hit us like bombs.
What is Rhetoric?
Why Do We Learn Rhetoric?
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
To understand the author’s intention better. To find out the common ways people know the world and ways people express themselves. To appreciate the beauty, explicit or not, of the language. To learn how to achieve an effective communication.
《修辞与翻译》课件
新闻报道的修辞与翻译
总结词
新闻报道的语言客观、准确，翻译时应注重信息的准确 传递。
详细描述
新闻报道的语言客观、准确，修辞手法相对较少。在新 闻报道的翻译中，译者需要注重信息的准确传递，避免 因修辞手法的不当运用而导致信息的误传。同时，译者 还需要注意新闻报道的语言风格和语体特点，保持译文 的客观性和准确性。
反语的翻译
反语是指用反义词或具有相反含义的词来表 达意思，在翻译时需要理解反语的含义，并 转化为目标语言中的相应表达。
修辞在翻译中的重
03
01
修辞的运用可以使译文更加自然、流畅，符合目标 语言的表达习惯，提高译文的易读性。
02
通过修辞手法，可以更好地处理句子的语序、语气 和节奏，使译文更加地道，易于理解。
《修辞与翻译》ppt课 件
目录
• 修辞与翻译的概述 • 常见修辞手法在翻译中的应用 • 修辞在翻译中的重要性 • 翻译中的修辞技巧与策略 • 修辞与翻译实践案例分析 • 总结与展望
修辞与翻译的概述
01
修辞的定义与功能
修辞的定义
修辞是一门研究语言使用和表达的艺 术，旨在通过特定的表达方式来增强 语言的表达效果和说服力。
提高译者修辞素养的重要性
1 2
提升译文质量
具备良好修辞素养的译者能够更准确地把握原文 意义，运用恰当的修辞手法传达原文的情感和意 图，提高译文质量。
增强跨文化交流能力
修辞素养有助于译者更好地理解和应对不同文化 背景下的语言差异，增强跨文化交流能力。
3
培养综合素质
修辞素养的提升有助于译者培养创新思维、批判 性思维等综合素质，提高职业竞争力。
转换语言风格
根据目标读者的需求和接受 度，对原文的语言风格进行 适当的转换，以使译文更加 贴切自然。
英语修辞学 Lecture 1 Introduction of English Rhetoric
移就/转喻
词语修辞格： Semantic Figures of Speech
Synaesthesia 通感 hyperbole/overstatement understatement 低调陈述 Irony 反语 Oxymoron 矛盾修饰法 Paradox 隽语 Euphemism 委婉语 pun 双关
Category 1
交际修辞（Communicative Rhetoric）： 无论说话或写作，把思想感情表达得明白、 通顺，要求在选词择句时，语意明确、文理 通顺、结构妥贴、语言平易好懂，这样才能 正确地说明客观事物，表达主观意愿，完成 交际任务。 美学修辞（Aesthetic Rhetoric）：要求语 言表现得生动、形象，富于说服力和感染力， 最大限度地发挥语言的表达功能，给人以美 的享受。
Parallelism/parallel structure Repetition 反复 Antithesis 对照/对偶 层进 Climax Anti-climax 突降 Ellipsis 省略 Inversion / anastrophe 倒装
排比
Category 2
Passive rhetoric: How to choose the proper words and sentences to express the ideas, and make the language: accuracy, euphonic, and coherent. Active rhetoric: How to apply the figures of speech properly so as to make the content more exact, vivid and lively. It mainly concerns the usage of the figures of speech.
英语修辞格译法ppt课件
United we stand, divided we fall. 合则存，分则亡。
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（三）句式修辞格(syntactical rhetorical devices)
句子结构上的修辞格主要是指通过句子结构的 布局或变化来达到一定的修辞手法。这类辞格 主要包括 repetition反复, rhetorical question设问, antithesis对偶, apostrophe倒装，parallelism排比, climax层递 等。例如：
（转喻）,transferred epithet（转移修饰）,
personification（拟人）, hyperbole（夸张）,
irony（反语）, euphemism（委婉语）, pun（双
关）, oxymoron（矛盾修辞法）, zeugma（轭式
搭配法）, contrast （对照）等。
8
（1）The baby was brought up on the bottle.
这个婴儿是喝牛奶或羊奶长大的。（metonymy── 用奶瓶代奶）
（2）Some mute inglorious Milton here may rest.
某个沉默的、无名诗人也许在此长眠。
（antonomasia──用米尔顿代诗人）
6
Assonance是在一句话或在一个诗行中间，有两 个或更多的词具有相同的元音。例如：
With this faith we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope. 怀着这个信念，我们能把绝望的大山凿成希望 的磐石。
sweet sorrow 忧喜参半 (不是甜蜜的悲伤)； proud humility 不卑不亢 (不是骄傲的谦卑)
20
（三）句式修辞格(syntactical rhetorical devices)
句子结构上的修辞格主要是指通过句子结构的 布局或变化来达到一定的修辞手法。这类辞格 主要包括 repetition反复, rhetorical question设问, antithesis对偶, apostrophe倒装，parallelism排比, climax层递 等。例如：
（转喻）,transferred epithet（转移修饰）,
personification（拟人）, hyperbole（夸张）,
irony（反语）, euphemism（委婉语）, pun（双
关）, oxymoron（矛盾修辞法）, zeugma（轭式
搭配法）, contrast （对照）等。
8
（1）The baby was brought up on the bottle.
这个婴儿是喝牛奶或羊奶长大的。（metonymy── 用奶瓶代奶）
（2）Some mute inglorious Milton here may rest.
某个沉默的、无名诗人也许在此长眠。
（antonomasia──用米尔顿代诗人）
6
Assonance是在一句话或在一个诗行中间，有两 个或更多的词具有相同的元音。例如：
With this faith we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope. 怀着这个信念，我们能把绝望的大山凿成希望 的磐石。
sweet sorrow 忧喜参半 (不是甜蜜的悲伤)； proud humility 不卑不亢 (不是骄傲的谦卑)
Lecture one 英语修辞学绪论 Introduction
Introduction:examples
Caesar:
I came, I saw, I conquered.
2.We eat books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.
1.1 Etymology of Rhetoric
Francis Christensen: Grammar maps out the possible; rhetoric narrows the possible down to the desirable and effective. 伍海伦《英文修辞手册》论述： Grammar is the law of language, considered as language; rhetoic is the art of language, considered as thought. Grammar tells what is correct; rhetoric tells what is effective ans pleasing.
Introduction:examples
Kennedy: Don‟t ask what our country can do for you, just ask what you can do for your country.
Chuchill: I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat. Richard Nixon: Our destiny offers not the cup of despair, but the chalice of opportunity.
英语修辞学省名师优质课赛课获奖课件市赛课一等奖课件
➢ The commonest connectives are “like” and “as”. It is one of the commonest figures of speech in English.
(2) Four basic demands:
➢ It has the comparative words such as “like”, “as” or “as if”, etc. ➢ Two things involved in comparison: tenor and vehicle. ➢ The two things must be substantially different ➢ The two things should be similar in at least one quality.
5
2) Illuminative simile: try to give deeper insight into persons, things, ideas, even problems, through suggestive association, or to throw light on what would otherwise be inconceivable to ordinary people.
E.g. Even if you are busy as a beaver, it’s not as cute as a button or as American as apple pie to overuse clichés. It should be as plain as the nose on your face!
• Kings and bears often worry their keepers. • 国王跟狗熊一样，总使照顾者坐立不安。伴君如
(2) Four basic demands:
➢ It has the comparative words such as “like”, “as” or “as if”, etc. ➢ Two things involved in comparison: tenor and vehicle. ➢ The two things must be substantially different ➢ The two things should be similar in at least one quality.
5
2) Illuminative simile: try to give deeper insight into persons, things, ideas, even problems, through suggestive association, or to throw light on what would otherwise be inconceivable to ordinary people.
E.g. Even if you are busy as a beaver, it’s not as cute as a button or as American as apple pie to overuse clichés. It should be as plain as the nose on your face!
• Kings and bears often worry their keepers. • 国王跟狗熊一样，总使照顾者坐立不安。伴君如
现代英语修辞学之科技英语文学英语ppt课件
PPT 재능기부 블로그 책쟁이
The Stolen Child 被偷走的孩子 Where dips the rocky highland 那儿, 乱石嶙峋的地方 Of Sleuth Wood in the lake, 是史留斯湖中的高地, There lies a leafy island 一座枝叶葱郁的小岛上 Where flapping herons wake 苍鹭扇动羽翼 惊醒了沉睡的水耗子; The drowsy water-rats; There we've hid our faery vats, 那儿, 我们已藏好装满浆 果的魔桶, Full of berries 还有偷来的樱桃红润欲滴. And of reddest stolen chetries. 来吧, 人间的孩子! Come away, O human child! 到沼泽和荒地里来吧, To the waters and the wild 同精灵手牵手, With a faery, hand in hand, 这世界哭声太多,可你不懂. For the world's morefull of weeping than you PPT 재능기부 블로그 책쟁이 can understand.
名词化倾向
Large quantities of steam are used by modem industry in the generati on of power.
4
PPT 재능기부 블로그 책쟁이
Abstract Nouns 抽象名词 The generation of power for combustion the combustion of the fuel rapid movement off the fluid forced circulation the formation of steam pockets the dissipation of heat the use of firebricks(n. 耐火砖)
英语修辞学(讲稿)
Figures of speech (修辞)are ways of making our language figurative. When we use words in other than their ordinary or literal sense to lend force to an idea, to heighten effect, or to create suggestive imagery, we are said to be speaking or writing figuratively. Now we are going to talk about some common forms of figures of speech.第一部分：Figures of Resemblance and RelationshipSimile(明喻) Metaphor(暗喻) (隐喻) Metonymy(转喻) (借代)Synecdoche（提喻）Personification（拟人）Antonomasia （换称）一Simile(明喻)Simile：(明喻)It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic (特性)in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as...as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other. Simile is a comparison between two different things that resemble each other in at least one way. In formal prose the simile is a device both of art and explanation, comparing an unfamiliar thing to some familiar thing (an object, event, process, etc.) known to the reader.1. Simile通常由三部分构成：本体（tenor or subject）,喻体（vehicle or reference）和比喻词（comparative word or indicator of resemblance）。
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• 3 Figures of speech are an important part of our writing armory(宝库).
Page 6
2. Choice of words
2. 1 Using suitable words 1) Characteristic of English vocabulary: include over a half-million words, and thousands of new ones are added every year. 2) Principles of choosing words: To communicate our ideas precisely and effectively, we should choose the right words that are exact, fresh, vivid, and appropriate. E.g.
(2) Because he did not know either party, the arbitrator was able to take an uninterested view of the dispute.
(3) The businessperson has upheld a reputation for deception and deceit.
Page 9
2.2 Denotation and connotation
1) Definitions: 2) Denotation is the specific, direct, and literal meaning of a word, as
described in a dictionary definition. It is also called denotative meaning or explicit meaning. 3) E.g. A man was killed and his son was seriously injured in an automobile accident. The boy was rushed to a hospital. The surgeon took one look at him and said, “This is my son! I can’t operate on him!”
• 2. In the vast majority of cases, it is easy to judge whether a sentence is grammatical or not. It is far harder to say whether one version of a text is rhetorically superior to another.
• 3. Writing grammatically is of course a prerequisite, but it is only the first step. As an expert user of a language you must progress from mere grammatical competence to rhetorical competence.
Page 3
The difference between grammar and rhetoric
• 1. Grammar will tell you such things as where words can go and where they cannot; It will distinguish an acceptable sentence from an unacceptable one. It deals with matters of right or wrong, whereas rhetoric speaks in terms of better or worse.
Page 7
2. 1 Using suitable words
(1) Choose the most appropriate words: (2) E.g.
(1) Mother Teresa is notorious for her work with the poor and sick in India.
① a fond/ loving look, my fond/ loving mother ② A ______ mother may spoil her child. (fond/ love) ③ In spite of his failure, he has a _____ belief in his intelligence. (fond/ love)
(2) Words have historical and social connotations
(1) Words may have positive and negative connotations
E.g. She has a slender figure. She looked thin after her illness. The child has skinny, freckled legs with prominent knees. The old horse was bony.
Chapter Three The Three Levels of Rhetorical Operations: Choice of Words
• 1. Three levels of rhetorical operations • 2. Choice of words
2. 1 Using suitable words 2. 2 Denotation and connotation 2. 3 General words and specific words 2. 4 Abstract words and concrete words 2. 5 Short words and long words
Page 4
Read and comment upon the following paragraph
• 1. Before I went to school, I spent my time playing with my friends. When the weather was bad, I had to stay at home and my mother used to try to teach me to read and write. When I was five years old, I started my primary education. My family lived in a small town in Scotland. I used to go home when the bell rang for lunch. After I finished lunch, I quickly ran back to school. We used to play in the school playground before the afternoon classes began. When I was at primary school, I studied very simple subjects. The second world war started after I had been at primary school for three years. In 1942, I sat the entrance examination to junior secondary school.
Page 2
Rhetoric consists of two basic aspects:
a) Communicative rhetoric
emphasizes the choice of words and phrases, and selection of sentence patterns, organizing paragraphs and whole pieces of writing in such a way that ideas are expressed more clearly, more accurately and more appropriately and the best results are achieved in communication.
E.g. The sales drive is over and you can’t expect everything to be cheap/ so inexpensive. During times of mass unemployment, there is a pool of _____ labor for employers. I wish you’d stop making ____ jokes about my friends.
“Saw” is often used in reference to the wisdom handed down to us anonymously.
“Epigram” is often used in reference to a witty statement.
Page 10
Different kinds of connotations:
Connotation is the associative or suggestive meaning of a word. It often implies attitudes, emotions, ect. of the speaker or writer, and is also called implicit meaning. E.g. “Proverb” would be the appropriate word to use in reference to saying from tቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱe Bible.
Page 6
2. Choice of words
2. 1 Using suitable words 1) Characteristic of English vocabulary: include over a half-million words, and thousands of new ones are added every year. 2) Principles of choosing words: To communicate our ideas precisely and effectively, we should choose the right words that are exact, fresh, vivid, and appropriate. E.g.
(2) Because he did not know either party, the arbitrator was able to take an uninterested view of the dispute.
(3) The businessperson has upheld a reputation for deception and deceit.
Page 9
2.2 Denotation and connotation
1) Definitions: 2) Denotation is the specific, direct, and literal meaning of a word, as
described in a dictionary definition. It is also called denotative meaning or explicit meaning. 3) E.g. A man was killed and his son was seriously injured in an automobile accident. The boy was rushed to a hospital. The surgeon took one look at him and said, “This is my son! I can’t operate on him!”
• 2. In the vast majority of cases, it is easy to judge whether a sentence is grammatical or not. It is far harder to say whether one version of a text is rhetorically superior to another.
• 3. Writing grammatically is of course a prerequisite, but it is only the first step. As an expert user of a language you must progress from mere grammatical competence to rhetorical competence.
Page 3
The difference between grammar and rhetoric
• 1. Grammar will tell you such things as where words can go and where they cannot; It will distinguish an acceptable sentence from an unacceptable one. It deals with matters of right or wrong, whereas rhetoric speaks in terms of better or worse.
Page 7
2. 1 Using suitable words
(1) Choose the most appropriate words: (2) E.g.
(1) Mother Teresa is notorious for her work with the poor and sick in India.
① a fond/ loving look, my fond/ loving mother ② A ______ mother may spoil her child. (fond/ love) ③ In spite of his failure, he has a _____ belief in his intelligence. (fond/ love)
(2) Words have historical and social connotations
(1) Words may have positive and negative connotations
E.g. She has a slender figure. She looked thin after her illness. The child has skinny, freckled legs with prominent knees. The old horse was bony.
Chapter Three The Three Levels of Rhetorical Operations: Choice of Words
• 1. Three levels of rhetorical operations • 2. Choice of words
2. 1 Using suitable words 2. 2 Denotation and connotation 2. 3 General words and specific words 2. 4 Abstract words and concrete words 2. 5 Short words and long words
Page 4
Read and comment upon the following paragraph
• 1. Before I went to school, I spent my time playing with my friends. When the weather was bad, I had to stay at home and my mother used to try to teach me to read and write. When I was five years old, I started my primary education. My family lived in a small town in Scotland. I used to go home when the bell rang for lunch. After I finished lunch, I quickly ran back to school. We used to play in the school playground before the afternoon classes began. When I was at primary school, I studied very simple subjects. The second world war started after I had been at primary school for three years. In 1942, I sat the entrance examination to junior secondary school.
Page 2
Rhetoric consists of two basic aspects:
a) Communicative rhetoric
emphasizes the choice of words and phrases, and selection of sentence patterns, organizing paragraphs and whole pieces of writing in such a way that ideas are expressed more clearly, more accurately and more appropriately and the best results are achieved in communication.
E.g. The sales drive is over and you can’t expect everything to be cheap/ so inexpensive. During times of mass unemployment, there is a pool of _____ labor for employers. I wish you’d stop making ____ jokes about my friends.
“Saw” is often used in reference to the wisdom handed down to us anonymously.
“Epigram” is often used in reference to a witty statement.
Page 10
Different kinds of connotations:
Connotation is the associative or suggestive meaning of a word. It often implies attitudes, emotions, ect. of the speaker or writer, and is also called implicit meaning. E.g. “Proverb” would be the appropriate word to use in reference to saying from tቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱe Bible.