Myths and legends of china 中国神话故事英文PPT幻灯片课件
Chinese mythology 中国神话传说 英文版的
Chinese MythologyChinese mythology (中国神话) is a collection of cultural history, folktales, and religions that have beenpassed down in oral or written tradition. These include creation myths and legends and myths concerning the founding of Chinese culture and the Chinese state. Like many mythologies, it has in the past been believed to be, at least in part, a factual recording of history.Historians have conjectured that the Chinese mythology began in the 12th century BCE. The myths and legends were passed down in oral form for over a thousand years, before being written in books such as Shan Hai Jing. Other myths continued to be passed down through oral traditions like theater and song, before being recorded as novels such as Hei'an Zhuan - Epic of Darkness (literally Epic of the Darkness). This collection of epic legends is preserved by a community of Chinese Han nationality, inhabitants of the Shennongjia mountain area in Hubei, and contains accounts from the birth of Pangu up to the historical era.Imperial historical documents and philosophical canons such as Shangshu, Shiji, Liji, Lüshi Chunqiu, and others, all contain Chinese myths.Creation mythsChinese creation myths explain the legendary beginnings of the universe, earth, and life.Early Chinese texts recorded fragments of creation stories. The Zhuangzi and Huainanzi cosmogonically mention Hundun. The Shujing and Guoyu describe the separation of Heaven and Earth during the legendary era of Zhuanxu. The Huainanzi and Chuci say that Nüwa created the first humans from yellow clay and repaired the fallen pillars of Heaven (cf. Axis mundi).One of the most popular creation myth in Chinese mythology describes Pangu 盤古separating the world egg-like Hundun 混沌"primordial chaos" into Heaven and Earth. However, none of the ancient Chinese classics mentions the Pangu myth, which was first recorded in the (3rd century CE) Sanwu Liji三五歴記"Record of Cycles in Threes and Fives", written by Three Kingdoms period Daoist author Xu Zheng. Derk Bodde paraphrases.Heaven and Earth were once inextricably commingled (hun-tun) like a chicken's egg, within which was engendered P'an-ku (a name perhaps meaning "Coiled-up Antiquity"). After 18,000 years, this inchoate mass split apart, what was bright and light forming Heaven, and what was dark and heavy forming Earth. Thereafter, during another 18,000 years, Heaven daily increased ten feet in height, Earth daily increased ten feet in thickness, and P'an-ku, between the two, daily increased ten feet in size. This is how Heaven and Earth came to be separated by their present distance of 9 million li (roughly 30,000 English miles). (1961:382-3)The (ca. 4th century BCE) Daodejing suggests a less mythical Chinese cosmogony and has some of the earliest allusions to creation.There was something featureless yet complete, born before heaven and earth; Silent – amorphous – it stood alone and unchanging. We may regard it as the mother of heaven and earth. Not knowing its name, I style it the "Way." (tr. Mair 1990:90)The Way gave birth to unity, Unity gave birth to duality, Duality gave birth to trinity, Trinity gave birth to the myriad creatures. The myriad creatures bear yin on their back and embrace yang in their bosoms. They neutralize these vapors and thereby achieve harmony. (tr. Mair 1990:9)Later Daoists interpreted this sequence to mean the Dao "Way", formless Wuji "Without Ultimate", unitary Taiji "Great Ultimate", and binary yin and yang or Heaven and Earth.The (ca. 4th-3rd centuries BCE) Taiyi Shengshui "Great One gave birth to water", a Daoist text recently excavated in the Guodian Chu Slips, offers an alternate creation myth, but analysis remains uncertain.The (ca. 120 CE) Lingxian靈憲, by the polymath Zhang Heng, thoroughly accounts for the creation of Heaven and Earth.Before the Great Plainness (or Great Basis, Taisu 太素) came to be, there was dark limpidity and mysterious quiescence, dim and dark. No image of it can be formed. Its midst was void; its exterior was non-existence. Things remained thus for long ages; this is called obscurity (mingxing溟涬). It was the rootof the Dao. … When the stem of the Dao had been grown, creatures ca me into being and shapes were formed. At this stage, the original qi split and divided, hard and soft first divided, pure and turbid took up different positions. Heaven formed on the outside, and Earth became fixed within. Heaven took it body from the Yang, so it was round and in motion; Earth took its body from the Yin, so it was flat and quiescent. Through motion there was action and giving forth; through quiescence there was conjoining and transformation. Through binding together there was fertilization, and in time all the kinds of things werebrought to growth. This is called the Great Origin (Taiyuan 太元). It was the fruition of the Dao. (tr. Cullen 2008:47)The Neo-Confucianist philosopher Zhou Dunyi provided a multifaceted cosmology in his Taiji tushuo太極圖說"Diagram Explaining the Supreme Ultimate", which integrated the Yijing with Daoism and Chinese Buddhism.Zhou's Taiji tushuo diagramMajor concepts and figuresSome myths survive in theatrical or literary formats, as plays or novels. Important mythological fiction which is seen as definitive records of these myths include:•Verse poetry of ancient states such as Lisao by Qu Yuan of the Chu state.•Fengshen Bang (封神榜), or Investiture of the Gods, a mythological fiction dealing with the founding of the Zhou dynasty.•Journey to the West, by Wu Cheng'en and published in the 1590s, a fictionalised account of the pilgrimage of Xuanzang to India to obtain Buddhist religious texts, in which the pilgrims encounter ghosts, monsters, and demons as well as the Flaming Mountains.•Baishe Zhuan, a romantic tale set in Hangzhou involving a female snake who attained human form and fell in love with a man.Shangdi (上帝)Shangdi (上帝, pinyin: Shàngdì, Wade-Giles Shang Ti, lit. "High Sovereign") refers to a god or a powerregarded as the spiritual ultimate by the Chinese people during the Shang Dynasty.[1] According to Yanxia Zhao, evidence shows that Shangdi was probably more transcendental than immanent, only workingthrough lesser gods.[2] During the Zhou Dynasty, Shangdi was associated with Heaven (天Tiān).[3] By thetime of the Han dynasty, the influential Confucian scholar Zheng Xuan declared that "Shangdi is another name for Tian." Shangdi remains chiefly synonymous with Heaven in modern Chinese thought.First mentionThe earliest references to Shangdi are found in Oracle Bone inscriptions of the Shang Dynasty (ca. 1600 –ca. 1046 BC). Shangdi is first mentioned in Chinese Literature in the Five Classics, allegedly compiled by Confucius in the 6th century BC. The Wujing was a collection of five books that represented the pinnacle of Chinese culture at that time. The oldest parts of the Wujing were first written around 1000 BC, apparently relying on older texts. All of the five classics include references to Shangdi:Occurrences of Shangdi (上帝) in Wujing (五經)char pinyin English occurrence書經 Shujing Classic of History 32 times詩經 Shijing Classic of Poetry 24 times禮記 Liji Classic of Rites 20 times春秋 Chunqiu Spring and Autumn Annals 8 times易經 Yijing Classic of Changes 2 timesOther classics mention Shangdi as well. Another "Classic" collection, the Four Books (四書, pinyin: SìShū), mentions Shangdi also, but it is a later compilation and the references are much more sparse andabstract. The highest number of occurrences appear in the earliest references; this pattern may reflect increasing rejection of Shangdi over time.One of the five books in the Wujing is the Classic of History, (書經, pinyin: Shujing), aka Book of History, aka Esteemed Book (尚書, pinyin: Shangshu). The Shujing is possibly the earliest narrative of China, andmay predate the European historian Herodotus (about 440 BC) as a history by many centuries. This implies that Shangdi is the oldest deity directly referenced by any Chinese narrative literature. The Shujing itself is also divided into 5 parts, and those parts were actually considered books as well. However, the number of books or "documents" is a division that varies depending on the version or compilation. Therefore, quoted references may not match in different compilations.The 2nd of the 5 "books" inside the Shujing is called the "Book of Yu" (虞書, pinyin: Yushu). Yu, in this title, is a location, not the popular hero Yu (禹). This "book" has 4 "chapters"; and the 1st "chapter" is called the "Canon of Shun" (舜典, pinyin: Shun Dian). Emperor Shun was the predecessor to the heroic Da Yu (大禹), or Great Yu, the first emperor of the Xia Dynasty. About the third sentence is the first mentionof Shangdi. And, as it was mentioned in the previous section how yearly sacrifices to Shangdi were made by Emperor Shun, the Chinese belief in Shangdi may have been regarded as predating the Xia Dynasty.WorshipFrom the earliest eras of Chinese history, Shangdi was officially worshipped through sacrificial rituals. Shangdi is believed to rule over natural and ancestral spirits, who act as His ministers. Shangdi is thought to be the Supreme Guide of both the natural order and the human order. The ruler of China in every Chinese dynasty would perform annual sacrificial rituals to Shangdi at the great Temple of Heaven in the imperial capital. During the ritual a completely healthy bull would be slaughtered and presented as an animal sacrifice to Shangdi. It is important to note that Shangdi is never represented with either images or idols. Instead, in the center building of the Temple of Heaven, in a structure called the "Imperial Vault ofHeaven", a "spirit tablet" (神位, or shénwèi) inscribed with the name of Shangdi is stored on the throne,Huangtian Shangdi (皇天上帝). During an annual sacrifice, the emperor would carry these tablets to thenorth part of the Temple of Heaven, a place called the "Prayer Hall For Good Harvests", and place them on that throne.[4]Jade Emperor)Jade Emperor in a Ming Dynasty ink and color painting on silk, 16th century.The Jade Emperor (Chinese: 玉皇; pinyin: Yù Huáng or 玉帝Yù Dì) in Chinese folk culture, is the rulerof Heaven and all realms of existence below including that of Man and Hell, according to a version of Taoist mythology. He is one of the most important gods of the Chinese traditional religion pantheon. In actual Taoism, the Jade Emperor governs all of the mortals' realm and below, but ranks below the Three Pure Ones.The Jade Emperor is known by many names, including Heavenly Grandfather (天公Tiān Gōng) which is used by commoners; the Pure August Jade Emperor, August Personage of Jade (玉皇上帝Yu Huang Shangdi or 玉皇大帝Yu Huang Dadi); the Xuanling High Sovereign; and his rarely used, formal title, Peace Absolving, Central August Spirit Exalted, Ancient Buddha, Most Pious and Honorable, His Highness the Jade-Emperor, Xuanling High Sovereign (太平普度皇靈中天至聖仁義古佛玉皇大天尊).There are many stories in Chinese mythology involving the Jade Emperor.OriginIt was said that the Jade Emperor was originally the crown prince of the kingdom of Pure Felicity and Majestic Heavenly Lights and Ornaments. At birth, he emitted a wondrous light that filled the entire kingdom. When he was young, he was kind, intelligent and wise. He devoted his entire childhood to helping the needy (the poor and suffering, the deserted and single, the hungry and disabled). Furthermore, he showed respect and benevolence to both men and creatures. After his father died, he ascended the throne. He made sure that everyone in his kingdom found peace and contentment. After that, he told his ministers that he wished to cultivate Tao on the Bright and Fragrant Cliff.After 1,550 kalpas, each kalpa lasting for 129,600 years, he attained Golden Immortality. After another one hundred million years of cultivation, he finally became the Jade Emperor. (Using the given figures, this period before his becoming the Jade Emperor lasted for a total of about 200,880,000 years.)Vanquishing evilOne of the myths describes how the Jade Emperor became the monarch of all the deities in heaven. It is one of the few myths in which the Jade Emperor really shows his might.In the beginning of time, the earth was a very difficult place to live; a much harsher place to live in than itis now. People were having tremendous difficulty coping with existence; not only did they have to deal with harsh conditions, but also with all kinds of monstrous beings. At this time, there were also not many gods or deities to protect them. Furthermore, a lot of powerful, evil demons were defying the immortals of heaven. The Jade Emperor was still at the time an ordinary immortal who roamed earth to help as many people as he could. He was, however, saddened by the fact that his powers were limited and could onlyease the sufferings of humans. He decided to retreat in a mountain cave and cultivate his Tao. He passed 3,200 trials, each trial lasting about 3 million years.Unfortunately, a powerful, evil entity—a demon of sorts, which dwelt on earth—had the ambition to conquer the immortals and gods in heaven and proclaim sovereignty over the entire universe. This evil entity also went into retreat and meditation to expand its power, though later than the Jade Emperor. He passed through 3,000 trials each trial lasting for about 3 million years too. After it passed its final trial, it felt confident that no one could defeat it anymore. It re-entered the world again, and recruited an army of demons with the purpose of attacking heaven.The immortals, being aware of the threat, gathered themselves and prepared for war. The gods were unable to stop the powerful demon and it defeated them all.Fortunately, the Jade Emperor finished his cultivation in the midst of this war. He was changing the land to make it more liveable for men and repelling all kinds of monstrous beasts. Suddenly, he saw an evil glow emitting from heaven and knew something was amiss. He ascended and saw that a war was going on, he saw that the demon was too powerful to be stopped by any of the gods present. He went up and challenged the demon, and a battle ensued between them. Mountains shook and rivers and seas toppled; however, the Jade Emperor stood victorious due to his deeper and wiser cultivation, not for might but for benevolence. After defeating the demon, all the other demons were scattered by the gods and immortals.Because of his noble and benevolent deeds, the gods, immortals and humans proclaimed the Jade Emperor the supreme sovereign of all.CreationJade EmperorThe world started with 無極(wuji: nothingness) according to the Chinese creation myth, Jade Emperor was the head of the pantheon but not responsible to the creation process itself.According to another version of creation myth, the Jade Emperor fashioned the first humans from clay, but as he left them to harden in the sun, it rained, misshaping some of the figures, thus explaining the origin of sickness and physical abnormalities (The most common alternative Chinese creation myth states that human beings were once fleas on the body of Pangu.)The story above is also told as Nüwa, who fashions evil out of the mud from the Yellow River by hand. Those she made became the richer people of the earth. After getting lazy, she used a rope and swung it around. The drops that fell from the rope became the poorer humans.The princess and the cowherdIn another story[citation needed], popular throughout Asia and with many differing versions, the Jade Emperor has a daughter named Zhinü (simplified Chinese: 织女; traditional Chinese: 織女; pinyin: zhī nǚ orChih'nü, literally: weaver girl). She is most often represented as responsible for weaving colorful clouds in the heaven. In some versions she is the Goddess Weaver, daughter of the Jade Emperor and the Celestial Queen Mother, who weaves the Silver River (known in the West as the Milky Way), which gives light to heaven and earth. In other versions, she is a seamstress who works for the Jade Emperor.Every day Zhinü descended to earth with the aid of a magical robe to bathe. One day, a lowly cowherd named Niu Lang (Chinese: 牛郎; pinyin: niú láng) spotted Zhinü as she bathed in a stream. Niu Lang fellinstantly in love with her and stole her magic robe which she had left on the bank of the stream, leaving her unable to escape back to Heaven. When Zhinü emerged from the water, Niu Lang grabbed her and carried her back to his home.When the Jade Emperor heard of this matter, he was furious but unable to intercede, since in the meantime his daughter had fallen in love and married the cowherd. As time passed, Zhinü grew homesick and began to miss her father. One day, she came across a box containing her magic robe which her husband had hidden. She decided to visit her father back in Heaven, but once she returned, the Jade Emperor summoned a river to flow across the sky (the Milky Way), which Zhinü was unable to cross to return to her husband. The Emperor took pity on the young lovers, and so once a year on the seventh day of the seventh month of the lunar calendar, he allows them to meet on a bridge over the river.The story refers to constellations in the night sky. Zhinü is the star Vega in the constellation of Lyra east of the Milky Way, and Niu Lang is the star Altair in the constellation of Aquila west of the Milky Way. Under the first quarter moon (7th day) of the seventh lunar month (around August), the lighting condition in the sky causes the Milky Way to appear dimmer, hence the story that the two lovers are no longer separated in that one particular day each year.The seventh day of the seventh month of the lunar calendar is a holiday in China called Qixi Festival, which is a day for young lovers much like Valentine's Day in the West. In Japan, it is called Tanabata (star day), and in Korea, it is called Chilseok. If it rains on that day, it is said to be Zhinü crying tears of happiness in being reunited with her husband.The zodiacThere are several stories as to how the twelve animals of the Chinese zodiac were chosen. In one, the Jade Emperor, although having ruled Heaven and Earth justly and wisely for many years, had never had the time to actually visit the Earth personally. He grew curious as to what the creatures looked like. Thus, he asked all the animals to visit him in heaven. The cat, being the most handsome of all animals, asked his friend the rat to wake him on the day they were to go to Heaven so he wouldn't oversleep. The rat, however, was worried that he would seem ugly compared to the cat, so he didn't wake the cat. Consequently, the cat missed the meeting with the Jade Emperor and was replaced by the pig. The Jade Emperor was delighted with the animals and so decided to divide the years up amongst them. When the cat learned of what had happened, he was furious with the rat and that, according to the story, is why cats and rats are enemies to this day. The cat however, does have a place in the Vietnamese zodiac, replacing the rabbit.His predecessor and successorThe Jade Emperor was originally the assistant of the Divine Master of the Heavenly Origin, Yuanshi Tianzun. Yuanshi Tianzun is said to be the supreme beginning, the limitless and eternal creator of Heaven and Earth, who picked Yu-huang, or the Jade Emperor, as his personal successor. The Jade Emperor willeventually be succeeded by the Heavenly Master of the Dawn of Jade of the Golden Door (金闕玉晨天尊).[1] The characters for both are stamped on the front of the arms of his throne. In two folk automaticwriting texts in 1925 and 1972 Guan Yu became the 18th Jade Emperor in about 1840 AD,[2][3][4] however some have disagreed that Guan Yu has succeeded, and thus the Jade Emperor and Guan Yu are often worshiped separately.[5] In Tienti teachings, the current jade emperor has 55 predecessors.[6]Worship and festivalsThe Jade Emperor's Birthday is said to be the ninth day of the first lunar month. On this day Taoist temples hold a Jade Emperor ritual (拜天公bài tiān gōng, literally "heaven worship") at which priests and laymen prostrate themselves, burn incense, and make food offerings.Chinese New Year's Eve is also a day of worship as it is said to be the day the Jade Emperor makes his annual inspection of the deeds of mortals and rewards or punishes them accordingly. On this day incense is burned in the home and offerings are made to the Jade Emperor and also to Zao Jun, the god of kitchen who reports to the Emperor on each family.Yuk Wong Po Tin in A Kung Ngam, Hong Kong.A temple in Hong Kong is located at A Kung Ngam and is also called "Yuk Wong Po Tin" (玉皇寶殿YuHuang Bao Dian). In the mid 19th century, people from Huizhou and Chaozhou mined stones in the hill for the development of the central urban area. They set up a shrine to worship Yuk Wong. At the beginning of the 20th century, the shrine was developed into a small temple and was renovated many times. The latest renovation was in 1992.Tian ( or Heaven)Tian (Chinese: 天; pinyin: tiān; Wade–Giles: t'ien; literally "Sky or heaven, heavens; god, gods") is one of the oldest Chinese terms for the cosmos and a key concept in Chinese mythology, philosophy, and religion. During the Shang Dynasty (17–11th centuries BCE) the Chinese called god Shangdi (上帝"lord on high")or Di ("lord"), and during the Zhou Dynasty (11th–3rd centuries BCE) Tian "heaven; god" became synonymous with Shangdi. Heaven worship was, for thousands of years, the orthodox state religion of imperial China.In the Chinese philosophical systems of Taoism and Confucianism, Tian is often translated as "Heaven"and is mentioned in relationship to its complementary aspect of Dì (地), which is most often translated as "Earth". These two aspects of Daoist cosmology are representative of the dualistic nature of Taoism. They are thought to maintain the two poles of the Three Realms (三界) of reality, with the middle realm occupied by Humanity (人Ren).Chinese Bronze script for tian天"heaven" Chinese Oracle script for tian天"heaven" CharactersTian's modern Chinese character 天combines da大"great; large" and yi一"one", but some of the original characters in Shang oracle bone script and Zhou bronzeware script anthropomorphically portray a large head on a great person. The ancient oracle and bronze ideograms for da大depict a stick figure person with arms stretched out denoting "great; large". The oracle and bronze characters for tian天emphasize the cranium of this "great (person)", either with a square or round head, or head marked with one or two lines. Since Shang scribes cut oracle inscriptions on bone or shell, their characters often have straight lines where later bronze inscriptions have curved lines. Schuessler (2007:495) notes the bronzegraphs for tian, showing a person with a round head, resemble those for ding丁"4th Celestial stem", andsuggests "The anthropomorphic graph may or may not indicate that the original meaning was 'deity', rather than 'sky'."Besides the usual 天, tian "heaven" has variant Chinese characters. Two early examples are 兲(written with 王"king" and 八"8") and the Daoist coinage 靝(with 青"blue" and 氣"qi", i.e., "blue sky"). OriginsThe sinologist Herrlee Creel, who wrote a comprehensive study on "The Origin of the Deity T'ien" (1970:493–506), gives this overview.For three thousand years it has been believed that from time immemorial all Chinese revered T'ien 天, "Heaven," as the highest deity, and that this same deity was also known as Ti 帝or Shang Ti 上帝. But the new materials that have become available in the present century, and especially the Shang inscriptions, make it evident that this was not the case. It appears rather that T'ien is not named at all in the Shang inscriptions, which instead refer with great frequency to Ti or Shang Ti. T'ien appears only with the Chou, and was apparently a Chou deity. After the conquest the Chou considered T'ien to be identical with the Shang deity Ti (or Shang Ti), much as the Romans identified the Greek Zeus with their Jupiter. (1970:493)Creel refers to the historical shift in ancient Chinese names for "god"; from Shang oracles that frequently used di and shangdi and rarely used tian to Zhou bronzes and texts that used tian more frequently than its synonym shangdi.First, Creel analyzes all the tian and di occurrences meaning "god; gods" in Western Zhou era Chinese classic texts and bronze inscriptions. The Yi Jing "Classic of Changes" has 2 tian and 1 di; the Shi Jing "Classic of Poetry" has 140 tian and 43 di or shangdi; and the authentic portions of the Shu Jing "Classic of Documents" have 116 tian and 25 di or shangdi. His corpus of authenticated Western Zhou bronzes (1970:464–75) mention tian 91 times and di or shangdi only 4 times. Second, Creel contrasts the disparity between 175 occurrences of di or shangdi on Shang era oracle inscriptions with "at least" 26 occurrences oftian. Upon examining these 26 oracle scripts that scholars (like Guo Moruo) have identified as tian天"heaven; god" (1970:494–5), he rules out 8 cases in fragments where the contextual meaning is unclear. Of the remaining 18, Creel interprets 11 cases as graphic variants for da "great; large; big" (e.g., tian i shang天邑商for da i shang大邑商"great settlement Shang"), 3 as a place name, and 4 cases of oracles recording sacrifices yu tian于天"to/at Tian" (which could mean "to Heaven/God" or "at a place called Tian".)The Shu Jing chapter "Tang Shi" (湯誓"Tang's Speech") illustrates how early Zhou texts used tian"heaven; god" in contexts with shangdi "god". According to tradition, Tang of Shang assembled his subjects to overthrow King Jie of Xia, the infamous last ruler of the Xia Dynasty, but they were reluctant to attack.The king said, "Come, ye multitudes of the people, listen all to my words. It is not I, the little child [a humble name used by kings], who dare to undertake what may seem to be a rebellious enterprise; but for the many crimes of the sovereign of Hsiâ [Xia] Heaven has given the charge [tianming, see Compounds below] to destroy him. Now, ye multitudes, you are saying, 'Our prince does not compassionate us, but (is calling us) away from our husbandry to attack and punish the ruler of Hsiâ.' I have indeed heard these words of you all; but the sovereign of Hsiâis an offender, and, as I fear God [shangdi], I dare not but punish him. Now you are saying, 'What are the crimes of Hsiâ to us?' The king of Hsiâ does nothing but exhaust the strength of his people, and exercise oppression in the cities of Hsiâ. His people have all become idle in his service, and will not assist him. They are saying, 'When will this sun expire? We will all perish with thee.' Such is the course of the sovereign of Hsiâ, and now I must go and punish him. Assist, I pray you, me, the one man, to carry out the punishment appointed by Heaven [tian]. I will greatly reward you. On no account disbelieve me; —I will not eat my words. If you do not obey the words which I have spoken to you, I will put your children with you to death; —you shall find no forgiveness." (tr. James Legge 1865:173–5)Having established that Tian was not a deity of the Shang people, Creel (1970:501–6) proposes a hypothesis for how it originated. Both the Shang and Zhou peoples pictographically represented da大as。
Chineselegends中国神话传说
Chineselegends中国神话传说Chinese Myths and LegendsChinese legends reflect the dreams, history, and values of the Chinese people, and they link today with the past. Many of these tales are more than a thousand years old, but they are still popular today. In Chinese mythology, these gods and goddess who creates our creates the world, create our lives, and sacrifice themselves for us, represent the most valuable spirits or primitive dreams of Chinese people.Pangu Separates the Sky from the EarthIn the beginning there was nothing in the universe except a formless chaos. However this chaos coalesced into a cosmic egg for about 18,000 years. Within it, the perfectly opposed principles of Yin and Yang became balanced and Pangu emerged (or woke up) from the egg. Pangu is usually depicted as a primitive, hairy giant with horns on his head and clad in furs. Pangu set about the task of creating the world: he separated Yin from Yang with a swing of his giant axe, creating the Earth (murky Yin) and the Sky (clear Yang). To keep them separated, Pangu stood between them and pushed up the Sky. This task took 18,000 years; with each day the sky grew ten feet (3 meters) higher, the Earth ten feet wider, and Pangu ten feet taller. After the 18,000 years had elapsed, Pangu was laid to rest. His breath became the wind; his voice the thunder; left eye the sun and right eye the moon; his body became the mountains and extremes of the world; his blood formed rivers; his muscles the fertile lands; his facial hair the stars and milky way; his fur the bushes and forests; his bones the valuable minerals; his bone marrows sacred diamonds; his sweat fell as rain; and the fleas on his fur carried by the windbecame the fish and animals throughout the land.Nvwa Creates PeopleIt is said that Nvwa existed in the beginning of the world. She felt lonely and then the Goddess used the mud of the water bed to form the shape of humans. On the first day she created chickens. On the second day she created dogs. On the third day she created sheep. On the fourth day she created pigs. On the fifth day she created cows. On the sixth day she created horses. On the seventh day she began creating men from yellow clay. These humans were very smart since they were individually crafted. Nvwa then became bored of individually making every human so she started putting a rope in the water bed and lettings the drops of mud that fell from it become new humans. These small drops became new humans, not as smart as the first.Chang’E Flys to the MoonAccording to legend, Chang'e and her husband Houyi(后羿) were immortals living in heaven. One day, the ten sons of the Jade Emperor(玉帝) transformed into ten suns, causing the earth to scorch. Having failed to order his sons to stop ruining the earth, the Jade Emperor summoned Houyi for help. Houyi, using his legendary archery skills, shot down nine of the sons, but spared one son to be the sun. The Jade Emperor was obviously not pleased with Houyi's solution to save the earth: nine of his sons were dead. As punishment, the Jade Emperor banished Houyi and Chang'e to live as mere mortals on earth.Seeing that Chang'e felt extremely miserable over her loss of immortality, Houyi decided to journey on a long, perilous quest to find the pill of immortality so that the couple could be immortals again. At the end of his quest he met the Queen Mother of the West(西王母) who agreed to give him the pill, butwarned him that each person would only need half the pill to become immortal. Houyi brought the pill home and stored it in a case. He warned Chang'e not to open the case and then left home for a while. Like Pandora in Greek mythology, Chang'e became too curious: she opened up the case and found the pill just as Houyi was returning home. Nervous that Houyi would catch her discovering the contents of the case, she accidentally swallowed the entire pill. She started to float into the sky because of the overdose. Although Houyi wanted to shoot her in order to prevent her from floating further, he could not bear to aim the arrow at her. Chang'e kept on floating until she landed on the moon.While she became lonely on the moon without her husband, she did have company.A jade rabbit, who manufactured elixirs, also lived on the moon.Another companion is the woodcutter Wu Gang. The woodcutter offended the gods in his attempt to achieve immortality and was therefore banished on the moon. Wu Gang was allowed to leave the moon if he could cut down a tree that grew there.But as fast as he cuts into the tree, it heals itself, and he never makes any progress. The Chinese use this image of the cassia tree to explain mortal life on earth—the limbs are constantly being cut away by death, but new buds continually appear.。
关于中国神话故事的英语PPT
关于中国神话故事的英语PPT Title: Chinese Mythology: Unveiling the Mystical LegendsIntroduction:Chinese mythology is a treasure trove of captivating tales and ancient legends that have been passed down through generations. These mythical stories provide a glimpse into the rich cultural heritage and beliefs of the Chinese people. In this article, we will explore the enchanting world of Chinese mythology and discuss the idea of creating an English language PowerPoint presentation (PPT) as a means to share these captivating stories with the world.The Origin of Chinese Mythology:Chinese mythology traces its roots back thousands of years, merging legends, folktales, and religious beliefs. It is deeply intertwined with the Chinese worldview, values, and traditions. The stories often reflect the mystical relationship between humans, nature, and the divine.The Celestial Realm:In Chinese mythology, the celestial realm represents the highest planes of existence. It is adorned with celestial palaces and inhabited by deities. One prominent figure in this realm is the Jade Emperor, who is considered the ruler of all gods.Creation Myth:The creation myth in Chinese mythology revolves around Pangu, a cosmic being who emerged from chaos. Pangu created the world by separating Yin and Yang, creating the earth and sky. Pangu's incredible feat signifies the Chinese belief in the harmony and balance of opposing forces.Legendary Heroes:Chinese mythology is filled with legendary heroes whose exploits have become the stuff of legend. One of the most famous is Hou Yi, an archer who shot down nine of the ten suns that were scorching the earth, bringing much-needed relief to humanity. Another renowned hero is Nezha, a young deity known for his bravery and magical abilities.The Great Flood:The story of the Great Flood is prevalent in many cultures, and Chinese mythology is no exception. According to Chinese mythology, the world was once plagued by a disastrous flood caused by the wrath of the gods. However, a man named Yu the Great, known for his tireless efforts, successfully managed to control and redirect the floodwaters, becoming a symbol of resilience and determination.The Journey to the West:One of the most beloved and well-known tales in Chinese mythology is the epic Journey to the West. The story follows the adventures of the monk Tripitaka (also known as Xuanzang) and his disciples, Monkey King, Pigsy, and Sandy, as they embark on a perilous journey to obtain Buddhist scriptures. Their encounters with demons, gods, and supernatural creatures make for an enthralling narrative that embodies perseverance, friendship, and spiritual growth.The Significance of an English Language PPT:Creating an English language PowerPoint presentation about Chinese mythology allows us to transcend language barriers and introduce this captivating cultural heritage to an international audience. This PPT can serve as an educational resource for students, scholars, and anyone interested in learning about different mythological traditions. It would provide a comprehensive overview of the key mythological figures, stories, and cultural significance.Conclusion:Chinese mythology is a vast and intricate tapestry woven from diverse tales and legendary characters. Captivating and enlightening, these stories have the power totransport us to a world where gods, heroes, and mystical creatures roam. By creating an English language PowerPoint presentation, we can bridge cultures and share the wonders of Chinese mythology with a global audience, fostering a deeper appreciation for the rich cultural heritage of China. Let the enchantment of Chinese mythology unfold before our eyes and captivate our hearts.。
中国神话故事英文简介概述.ppt
The creator of the universe
3
According to legend, in the
beginning of the world , the
heaven and earth were
integrated into one body that is
just like an egg. And in the “egg”
Pangu slept fo he suddenly
woke up. Opening his eyes, he
found everything was blurred
and invisible. Angrily, he
grasped an axe and wielded it
8
9
It is said there were two deities, Gong Gong, the God of Water and Zhu Rong, the God of Fire, one day they fell in battle. They fought all the way from heaven to earth, causing turmoil everywhere. The God of Fire won, and in anger the God of Water struck his head against Buzhou Mountain .The mountain collapsed and down came the big pillar that held heaven from earth. The sky slanted to the northwest and the earth to the southeast, and so, since then, the sun, the moon and all the stars turn towards the west and all the rivers run southeast.
中国传统文化：Myths and Legends
Ts'ang
Chie is a historiographer characterized by abundant literary knowledge, responsibility for keeping records and high frequency in dealing with characters. He is hereby regarded as the representative of historiographers who regulated original Chinese characters.
The
mountain god was so mighty that when he closed his eyes, night befell the earth and when he opened them, the world turned into daytime. He winked and winked, and days and nights occurred alternately.
As
the unique existing memorial temple of character creation in China, Ts'ang Chie Temple was approved by the State Council as one of the historical and cultural relics under state protection in June 2001.
The mountain god never slept and he always curled up there without eating, drinking or breathing. Once he breathed, there would appear the fierce wind and torrential rain; once he blew, there would be winter in a second with the sky filled with black clouds and heavy snow storms; once he sniffed, there would be midsummer in no time with scorching sun that could even melt the stones.
Myths and legends of china 中国神话故事英文PPT幻灯片课件
That’s all. Bye bye!
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天上的织女和诸仙女一起下凡游
戏，在河里洗澡，牛郎在老牛的帮助 下认识了织女，二人互生情意，后来 织女便偷偷下凡，来到人间，做了牛 郎的妻子。
但是好景不长，这事很快便让天
帝知道，王母娘娘亲自下凡来，强行 把织女带回天上。
他们的忠贞爱情感动了喜鹊，喜
鹊让牛郎织女走上鹊桥相会，王母娘 娘只好允许两人在每年七月七日于鹊 桥相会，由此形成了七夕节。
故事发生在秦朝，有一个
grabbed her husband.
叫孟姜女的女人，她马上要结婚
In the past year,her husband has not 了,秦始皇为了修长城，抓走了她
come back ， She decided to find her 的丈夫.
husband, after numerous difficulties and dangers she arrived at the foot of the the Great Wall,bue her husband had already died.
4
5
Meng Jiangnv’s
Bitter Weeping
This story happened during the Qin
Dynasty ，a woman named Meng Jiangnv,
She was going to get married,Qin
Shihuang in order to build the Great Wall,
Zhu Yingtai was married when, halfway to Liang Shanbo graves, graves. Suddenly, she jumped into the Liang Shanbo opened the coffin, two people into butterflies fly out.
中国古代传说故事英文翻译及讲解 PPT
An easier one
▪ Mythology can refer to the collected myths of a group of people and their collection of stories they tell to explain nature, history, and customs - or to the study of such myths. As a collection of explanatory stories, mythology is a vital feature of every culture.
▪ Folktale: If the hereditary story concerns supernatural beings who are not gods, and the story is not part of a systematic mythology, it is usually classified as a Fra bibliotekolktale.
General features of Chinese ancient myths
1. Mythical stories are entwined with history. ▪Fuxi, Shennong, Huangdi, Yu are both historical figures according to legend and important characters in mythical stories. 2. They sing the praises of labor and creation. ▪Suiren producing fire by drilling in wood, ▪Fuxi making nets fro catching fish and animals by imitating the web of spiders, ▪Shennong tasting all kinds of grass and plants, ▪Yu taming the flood …
中国古代传说故事英文翻译及讲解(课堂PPT)
▪Shennong tasting all kinds of grass and plants,
▪Yu taming the flood …
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3. They extol perseverance and self-sacrifice. ▪The story of Gun and Yu trying to tame the flood ▪“The Foolish Old Man Removes the Mountain” 4. They praise rebellion against oppression. 5. They eulogize the yearning for true love.
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General features of Chinese ancient myths
1. Mythical stories are entwined with history.
▪Fuxi, Shennong, Huangdi, Yu are both historical figures according to legend and important characters in mythical stories.
8
Chinese myths you know of…
9
General intro. of Chinese Myths
▪ Ancient Chinese myths were not recorded in a systematic way in any work, and only fragments of them are extant today.
16
精卫填海 Jingwei determines to fill
中国神话故事英文简介讲课讲稿
The creator of the universe
According to legend, in the beginning of the world , the heaven and earth were integrated into one body that is just like an egg. And in the “egg” Pangu slept for thousands of years. One day he suddenly woke up. Opening his eyes, he found everything was blurred and invisible. Angrily, he grasped an axe and wielded it with an effort. The heaven and the earth started to split. He feared that the heaven and the earth got integrated into one body again. So he decided to hold the heaven with his hands and feet.
It is said there were two deities, Gong Gong, the God of Water and Zhu Rong, the God of Fire, one day they fell in battle. They fought all the way from heaven to earth, causing turmoil everywhere. The God of Fire won, and in anger the God of Water struck his head against Buzhou Mountain .The mountain collapsed and down came the big pillar that heldห้องสมุดไป่ตู้heaven from earth. The sky slanted to the northwest and the earth to the southeast, and so, since then, the sun, the moon and all the stars turn towards the west and all the rivers run southeast.
中国古代神话英文版 PPT
Quafu Chasing After the Sun
One year, the weather was very hot.
So Kua Fu decided to catch the sun.
大家应该也有点累了，稍 was chasing for the sun.
Kua Fu dropped his stick when he died, and it became peach trees.
That's All Thank You
According to legend, in the beginning of the world, the sky and the earth were not separated, and there was only darkness and chaos.
Our ancestor Pangu，a giant, had been born and growing up in it for 108 000 years. One day, he suddenly woke up. Opening the eyes, he found that everything was blurred and invisible.
His flesh became the soil, his hair and furs the stars, flowers and trees. Even his sweat turned into rain and dew. Pangu created the rich and beautiful world with his body.
Angrily, he grasped an axe and wielded it with an effort. With a bang, the chaos was split all of a sudden. The light and clear air rose up to the sky, and the heavy and turbid to the earth. After it,Pangu propped up the sky with his head and stepped on the ground with his feet, fearing that they might close. The sky increased its height by 1 zhang daily, and the earth sank by 1 zhang Pangu grew with it.
中国古代传说故事英文翻译及讲解ppt课件
Chinese myths you know of…
9
General intro. of Chinese Myths
▪ Ancient Chinese myths were not recorded in a systematic way in any work, and only fragments of them are extant today.
▪ A myth is one story in a mythology.
7
Mythology of the world
▪ Greek mythology ▪ Roman mythology ▪ Mythology of the Norseman …… Each culture may create its own mythology in its efforts to understand the world and in its desire to cope with the inexorability of a given reality, when there was no scientific knowledge to assist them.
▪ Main collections of ancient myths: ▪ 《庄子》Zhuangzi ▪ 《列子》Liezi ▪ 《淮南子》Writings of Prince Huainan ▪ 《左传》Chronicles by Zuo Qiuming ▪ 《国语》Conversations from the States ▪ 《山海经》Book of Mountains and Seas
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General features of Chinese ancient myths
英文版中国神话故事
英文版中国神话故事Deep within the rich cultural heritage of China, lie enchanting tales that have captivated the imagination of countless individuals for generations. These myths and legends, often passed down through oral traditions andlater recorded in literary works, offer a window into the ancient world of gods, monsters, heroes, and fairies.One such tale that stands out is the legend of the Dragon King and the Jade Emperor. According to this story, the Jade Emperor, the supreme Deity in Chinese mythology, summoned all the gods and monsters of the heavens and earth to a grand assembly. Among them was the Dragon King, who was renowned for his power and wisdom. The Jade Emperor challenged the Dragon King to a contest of wisdom, promising him the rule of all the waters if he prevailed. The Dragon King accepted the challenge and, through his cunning and wit, outsmarted the Jade Emperor, earning the right to rule over all the rivers and oceans. This story is not only a testament to the Dragon King's cleverness and prowess but also a symbol of the respect and reverence accorded to water in Chinese culture.Another fascinating tale is the legend of Ne Zha, the god of war. According to legend, Ne Zha was born with a deformed body but possessed immense strength and courage. He was renowned for his bravery and became a general in the army of the Zhou dynasty, fighting valiantly against the oppressive Shang dynasty. His most famous feat was the conquest of the nine dragons, symbolizing the overthrow of the Shang dynasty's tyranny. Ne Zha's story is a powerful reminder of the importance of perseverance and courage in the face of adversity.The enchanted tales of ancient China are not just stories; they are areflection of the values, beliefs, and aspirations of the Chinese people. These myths and legends have been passed down through the ages, serving as a bridge between the past and the present, connecting generations of Chinese with their rich cultural heritage.These stories are often retold in modern times, notjust to preserve the cultural legacy but also to inspire and motivate people. The characters and themes from these myths and legends find their way into movies, books, andother forms of media, resonating with audiences across the globe.The enchanted tales of ancient China continue to captivate and inspire, serving as a reminder of the rich cultural heritage that has shaped the identity of the Chinese people. These myths and legends are not just stories; they are a part of our history, culture, andspirit.**中国古代神话故事的魅力**在中国丰富的文化遗产深处，隐藏着令人着迷的神话故事，这些故事代代相传，通过口头传统和文学作品记录下来，为无数人提供了探索古代神仙、怪兽、英雄和仙女世界的窗口。
中国神话希腊神话英文版资料PPT课件
It is said there were two deities, Gong Gong, the God of Water and Zhu Rong, the God of Fire, one day they fell in battle. They fought all the way from heaven to earth, causing turmoil everywhere. The God of Fire won, and in anger the God of Water struck his head against Buzhou Mountain .The mountain collapsed and down came the big pillar that held heaven from earth. The sky slanted to the northwest and the earth to the southeast, and so, since then, the sun, the moon and all the stars turn towards the west and all the rivers run southeast.
Pangu created the rich and beautiful world with his body.
Nuwa created man
It is said that Nüwa existed in the beginning of the world. She was a goddess had human face with a snake-like body. She felt lonely as there were no animals so she began the creation of animals and humans. On the first day she created chickens. On the second day she created dogs. On the third day she created sheep. On the fourth day she created pigs. On the fifth day she created cows. On the sixth day she created horses. On the seventh day she began creating men from yellow clay.
中国古代传说故事英文翻译及讲解幻灯片课件
Mythology
a system of hereditary stories of ancient origin which were once believed to be true by a particular cultural group, and which served to explain (in terms of the intentions and actions of deities and other supernatural beings) why the world is as it is and things happen as they do, to provide a rationale for social customs and observances, and to establish the sanctions for the rules by which people conduct their lives.
Terms differentiation
▪ Legend: If the protagonist is a human being rather than a supernatural being, the traditional story is usually not called a myth but a legend.
An easier one
▪ Mythology can refer to the collected myths of a group of people and their collection of stories they tell to explain nature, history, and customs - or to the study of such myths. As a collection of explanatory stories, mythology is a vital feature of every culture.
Myths and legends of china 中国神话故事英文 PPT
numerous difficulties and dangers she arrived at 丈夫.
the foot of the the Great Wall,bue her husband had already died.
一年过去了,她的丈夫还没回 来，她决定去找丈夫，经过千难
She sat on the ground and cried and cried. She 万险她才到了长城脚下，但是她
But good things never last, it will soon allow Heaven knows, where the Queen Mother personally, forced Weaver back to the sky.
They moved the magpie‘s true love, magpie’s to allow Myth path bridge to God, Queen Mother has to allow the two men to the bridge to meet the annual July 7， which formed a Qixijie
古时候，有一个姑娘叫祝英台，喜
欢写字读书，可是，那时候女子是不 允许外出读书的，于是祝英台就男扮 女装去读书并在半路遇见了梁山伯。
祝英台心生爱慕，于是向梁山伯暗
示，但他不明白。祝英台只能向梁山 伯坦白，后来，两人私定终身，可梁 山伯算错下聘的日子，被马文才抢先 一步，梁山伯抑郁而亡。
祝英台在出嫁之时，中途祭拜梁山
The story of White Snake ——白蛇传
Cowherd and weaver girl
Passed long ago, Weaver and the sky realm where the game together, bathe in the river, the story of the Weaver understanding with the help of the buffaloes, two disagree affective, but they took to descend Weaver came to earth, the story of a wife.
中国神话故事英文版
中国神话故事英文版In Chinese mythology, there are countless fascinating stories that have been passed down through generations. These stories are filled with gods, goddesses, mythical creatures, and epic battles, offering a glimpse into the rich and colorful culture of ancient China. Today, let's explore some of the most famous Chinese mythologicalstories and legends, and delve into their English versions to share the magic and wonder with the world.One of the most well-known Chinese myths is the story of Nüwa and Fuxi, the creators of humankind. According to the legend, Nüwa, a goddess with a human's head and a serpent's body, and her brother Fuxi, a god with a human's head and a dragon's body, were the only two beings left after a great flood. They decided to create humans to keep each other company and to populate the earth. Nüwa and Fuxi used clay to mold the first humans, and from them, the human race was born. This myth explains the origin of humanity in Chinese culture and symbolizes the harmonybetween humans and nature.Another famous Chinese myth is the tale of the Monkey King, also known as Sun Wukong, from the classic novel "Journey to the West." Sun Wukong is a mischievous and powerful monkey who acquires incredible strength and magical abilities. He accompanies the Buddhist monk Tang Sanzang on a journey to retrieve sacred scriptures from India. Throughout their adventures, Sun Wukong displays his bravery, intelligence, and loyalty, making him one of the most beloved characters in Chinese literature. The story of the Monkey King has been adapted into various forms of media, including films, TV shows, and video games, and continues to captivate audiences around the world.The legend of Chang'e and Hou Yi is a romantic and tragic tale that is often associated with the Mid-Autumn Festival. According to the myth, Hou Yi was a skilled archer who saved the earth by shooting down nine of the ten suns that were scorching the land. As a reward, the Queen Mother of the West gave him the elixir of immortality. However, Hou Yi did not consume the elixir because he didnot want to live without his beloved wife, Chang'e. One day, Hou Yi's apprentice tried to steal the elixir, and in a desperate attempt to keep it out of his hands, Chang'edrank it and flew to the moon. Hou Yi was heartbroken and offered her favorite foods and fruits as a sacrifice, which eventually became the tradition of offering mooncakesduring the Mid-Autumn Festival.These are just a few examples of the captivating and enchanting stories that make up Chinese mythology. Eachtale is filled with symbolism, moral lessons, and cultural significance, offering a window into the beliefs and values of ancient China. Through their English versions, these myths can be shared and appreciated by people from allwalks of life, bridging the gap between cultures and celebrating the timeless beauty of Chinese folklore. As we continue to explore and preserve these stories, we honorthe rich heritage and legacy of Chinese mythology, ensuring that its magic and wonder will endure for generations to come.。
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中 国 神 话 与 传 奇
Myths and leg1 ends of china
Four folklore——民间四大传说
Cowherd and weaver girl ——牛郎织女
Meng Jiangnv’s Bitter Weeping ——孟姜女哭长城
Butterfly Lovers ——梁山伯与祝英台
天上的织女和诸仙女一起下凡游
戏，在河里洗澡，牛郎在老牛的帮助 下认识了织女，二人互生情意，后来 织女便偷偷下凡，来到人间，做了牛 郎的妻子。
但是好景不长，这事很快便让天
帝知道，王母娘娘亲自下凡来，强行 把织女带回天上。
他们的忠贞爱情感动了喜鹊，喜
鹊让牛郎织女走上鹊桥相会，王母娘 娘只好允许两人在每年七月七日于鹊 桥相会，由此形成了七夕节。
4
5
Meng Jiangnv’s
Bitter Weeping
This story happened during the Qin
Dynasty ，a woman named Meng Jiangnv,
She was going to get married,Qin
Shihuang in order to build the Great Wall,
一年过去了,她的丈夫还没 回来，她决定去找丈夫，经过千 难万险她才到了长城脚下，但是 她丈夫早就死了。
She sat on the ground and cried and
孟姜女顿时伤心的哭起来，
cried. She cried to where the the Great Wall collapse there. Pass by Qin Shihuang chose her to get her, Promise to bury her husband, Meng Jiangnu seen in her husband's family has no regret to suicide.
故事发生在秦and.
叫孟姜女的女人，她马上要结婚
In the past year,her husband has not 了,秦始皇为了修长城，抓走了她
come back ， She decided to find her 的丈夫.
husband, after numerous difficulties and dangers she arrived at the foot of the the Great Wall,bue her husband had already died.
Zhu Yingtai in love, and suggested to Liang Shanbo, but he did not understand. Zhu Yingtai only to Liang Shanbo frankly, later, two people to elope, Liang Shanbo wrong Xiapin days, Ma Wencai was the first step, the Liang Shanbo depression and died.
6
她哭到哪里长城塌到那里。路过 的秦始皇看上了她为了得到她， 答应找到她丈夫的尸体并下葬， 孟姜女在看到她丈夫的墓碑后别 就无遗憾的投河自尽了。
7
Butterfly Lovers
In ancient times, there was a girl named Zhu Yingtai, love to write books, however, when the woman is not allowed to go out to study, so Zhu Yingtai dresser to read and on the way he met.
But good things never last, it will soon allow Heaven knows, where the Queen Mother personally, forced Weaver back to the sky.
They moved the magpie‘s true love, magpie’s to allow Myth path bridge to God, Queen Mother has to allow the two men to the bridge to meet the annual July 7， which formed a Qixijie
8
古时候，有一个姑娘叫祝英台，
喜欢写字读书，可是，那时候女子是 不允许外出读书的，于是祝英台就男 扮女装去读书并在半路遇见了梁山伯。
祝英台心生爱慕，于是向梁山伯
暗示，但他不明白。祝英台只能向梁 山伯坦白，后来，两人私定终身，可 梁山伯算错下聘的日子，被马文才抢 先一步，梁山伯抑郁而亡。
The story of White Snake ——白蛇传
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Cowherd and weaver girl
Passed long ago, Weaver and the sky realm where the game together, bathe in the river, the story of the Weaver understanding with the help of the buffaloes, two disagree affective, but they took to descend Weaver came to earth, the story of a wife.