中级微观经济学(英语) 20161010

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微观经济学Microeconomics-精品课件

• 参考教材：黄亚钧郁义鸿主编《微观经济学》，高等教育出版社，2003年。
• 参考书目： • [美]H.范里安著《微观经济学：现代观
点》，上海三联书店上海人民出版社， 1994年； • [美]平狄克鲁宾费尔德著《微观经济学》，中国人民大学出版社，1997年。 • 黎诣远《微观经济分析》，清华大学出版社
13、He who seize the right moment, is the right man.谁把握机遇，谁就心想事成。21.7.1421.7.1 401:18:2501:18 :25July 14, 2021
•
14、谁要是自己还没有发展培养和教育好，他就不能发展培养和教育别人。202 1年7月 14日星期三上午1时1 8分25 秒01:18:2521.nomic Man 经济人
• 如果说，稀缺是社会存在的经济概括，那么，经济人这个概念就是对社会意识的经济学概括。
• 经济学并不研究稀缺本身，而是研究在稀缺条件下人的行为，也就是研究经济人的行为。
© copyrights by Changde Zheng 2004. Economic college，Southwest University For Nationalities.
ii) Scarcity means that to have more of some things there must be less of others (Opportunity Cost): Production Possibilities Frontier
iii) Scarcity implies choice
•
15、一年之计，莫如树谷；十年之计，莫如树木；终身之计，莫如树人。2021 年7月上午1时1 8分21. 7.1401:18July 14, 2021

中级微观经济学课件

Economic Profit versus Accounting Profit
销售收入（美元）90000, 减：售出货物的成本40000,毛利50000, 减：显性成本：广告10000,折旧10000,水电煤气 3000,财务税2000,杂费5000,计30000。会计利润（考虑隐性成本前的利润）20000,
∂L/∂l = w - λ(∂f/∂l) = 0 ∂L/∂k = v - λ(∂f/∂k) = 0 ∂L/∂λ = q0 - f(k,l) = 0
Lee, Junqing
Department of Economics , Nankai University
Lee, Junqing
Department of Economics , Nankai University
Lee, Junqing
Department of Economics , Nankai University
Definitions of Costs
z
Definitions of Costs
It is important to differentiate between accounting cost and economic cost
z
z
the accountant’s view of cost stresses out-ofpocket expenses, historical costs, depreciation, and other bookkeeping entries economists focus more on opportunity cost
z
Cost-Minimizing Input Choices
we could examine how a firm would choose k and l to maximize profit

中级微观经济学英文课件 (1)

Modeling Apartment Demand
u Demand: Suppose the most any one person is willing to pay to rent a close apartment is $500/month.
Then
p = $500 QD = 1.
u Suppose the price has to drop to $490 before a 2nd person would rent.
u a higher price for close apartments.
Market Equilibrium
p
pe 100
QD,QS
Market Equilibrium
p
Higher demand
pe 100
QD,QS
Market Equilibrium
p
Higher demand causes higher
Market Equilibrium
p
pe 100
QD,QS
Market Equilibrium
p
Higher incomes cause
higher willingness-to-pay
pe 100
QD,QS
Market Equilibrium
p
Higher incomes cause
higher willingness-to-pay,
equilibrium is unaffected by the tax. u Price and the quantity of close
apartments rented are not changed. u Landlords pay all of the tax.

中级微观经济学【英文】Intertemporal Choice

Shandong UniversityIntermediate MicroeconomicsYue QIAOContents1. Intertemporal Choice1. Intertemporal Choice2. Asset Markets2. Asset Markets3. Uncertainty3. UncertaintyIntertemporal ChoiceBudget constraint(1) (m 1,m 2) money in each time period is endowment, allow the consumer to borrow and lend at rate r(2) c 2= m 2+ (1 + r)(m 1−c 1)(3) note that this works for both borrowing and lending, as long as it is at the same interest rate(4) various forms of the budget constraint: future value, present value(5) preferences —convexity and monotonicity are very naturalIntertemporal ChoiceIntertemporal ChoiceComparative statics(1) if consumer is initially a lender and interest rateincreases, he remains a lender.Intertemporal ChoiceComparative statics(2) a borrower is made worse off by an increase in theinterest rateIntertemporal ChoiceComparative statics(3) Slutsky allows us to look at the effect of increasing theprice of today’s consumption (increasing the interest rate) a) change in consumption today when interest rateincreases= substitution effect + (m1−c1) income effectb) assuming normality, an increase in interest rate lowers current consumption for a borrower, and has an ambiguous effect for lenderc) provide intuitionIntertemporal Choice InflationIntertemporal Choice●Present value(1) if the consumer can borrow and lend freely, then shewould always prefer a consumption pattern with a greater present value.(2) Use of present value: the one correct way to rankinvestment decisions; linear operation, so relatively easy to calculate●Bonds●Installment loansAsset MarketIn the world of perfect certainty, all assets must have the same rate of return.(1) if one asset had a higher rate of return than another, who would buy the asset with the lower return?(2) Riskless arbitrage: a) two assets. Bond earns r, other asset costs p 0now. b) invest $1 in bond, get 1 + r dollars tomorrow. c) invest p 0x = 1 dollars in other asset, get p 1x dollars tomorrow. d) amounts must be equal, which says that 1 + r = p 1/p 0.(3) p 0= p 1/(1 + r)(4) think about the process of adjustment.Asset Market●Example from stock market(1) index futures and underlying assets that make up thefutures.(2) no risk in investment, even though asset values arerisky, because there is a fixed relationship between the two assets at the time of expiration.●Adjustments for differences in characteristics(1) liquidity and transactions cost(2) taxes(3) form of returns —consumption return and financialreturnAsset Market●But what determines the interest rate?(1) aggregate borrowing and lending behavior(2) consumption and investment choices over time●What do financial institutions do?(1) adjust interest rate so that amount people want toborrow equals amount they want to lend(2) change pattern of consumption possible over time.Example of college student and retiree(3) example of entrepreneur and investorsUncertaintyContingent consumption(1) what consumption or wealth you will get in each possible outcome of some random event.(2) example: rain or shine, car is wrecked or not, etc.(3) consumer cares about pattern of contingentconsumption: U(c 1, c 2).(4) market allows you to trade patterns of contingentconsumption—insurance market. Insurance premium is like a relative price for the different kinds of consumption.(5) can use standard apparatus to analyze choice of contingent consumption.UncertaintyUtility functions(1) preferences over the consumption in different events depend on the probabilities that the events will occur.(2) so u(c 1, c 2, π1, π2) will be the general form of the utility function.(3) under certain plausible assumptions, utility can be written as being linear in the probabilities, p 1u(c 1) + p 2u(c 2). That is, the utility of a pattern of consumption is just the expected utility over the possible outcomes.UncertaintyRisk aversion(1) shape of expected utility function describes attitudestowards risk..(2) draw utility of wealth and expected utility of gamble.Note that a person prefers a sure thing to expected value.。

(完整版)微观经济学(英文版)名词解释.doc

微观经济名词解释CHAPTER 1Scarcity : the limited nature of society ’ s resources.Economics : the study of how society manages its scarce resources.Efficiency : the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources.Equity : the property of distributing economic prosperity fairly among the members of society.Opportunity cost : whatever must be given up to obtain some item.Rational : systematically and purposefully doing the best you can to achieve your objectives.Marginal changes : small incremental adjustments to a plan of action.Incentive : something that induces a person to act.Market economy : an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services.Property rights : the ability of an individual to own and exercise control over scarce resources.Market failure : a situation in which a market left on its own fails to allocate resources efficiently.Externality : the impact of one person ’ s actions on the well-being of a bystander.Market power : the ability of a single economic actor (or small group of actors) to have a substantial influence on market prices.Productivity : the quantity of goods and services produced from each hour of a worker ’ s time. Inflation : an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy.Phillips curve : a curve that shows the short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment.Business cycle : fluctuations in economic activity, such as employment and production.CHAPTER 2Circular-flow diagram : a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households and firms.Production possibilities frontier : a graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technology.Microeconomics: the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in markets. Macroeconomics: the study of economy-wide phenomena, including inflation, unemployment, and economicgrowth.Positive statements Positive statements :claims that attempt to describe the world as it is. :claims that attempt to describe the world as it is.CHAPTER 4Quantity demanded : the amount of a good that buyers are willing and able to purchase.Law of demand : the claim that, other things equal, the quantity demanded of a good falls when the price of the good rises.Demand schedule : a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded. Demand curve : a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded.Normal good : a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to an increase in demand. Inferior good : a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to a decrease in demand.Substitutes : two goods for which an increase in the price of one good leads to an increase in the demand for the other.Complements : two goods for which an increase in the price of one good leads to a decrease in the demand forthe other.quantity supplied : the amount of a good that sellers are willing and able to sell.Law of supply: the claim that, other things equal, the quantity supplied of a good rises when the price of thegood rises.Supply schedule : a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied.Supply curve : a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied.Equilibrium : a situation in which the price has reached the level where quantity supplied equals quantity demanded.Equilibrium price: the price that balances quantity supplied and quantity demanded.Equilibrium quantit y : the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded at the equilibrium price.Surplus : a situation in which quantity supplied is greater than quantity demanded.Shortage : a situation in which quantity demanded is greater than quantity supplied.Law of supply and demand : the claim that the price of any good adjusts to bring the supply and demand for that good into balance.CHAPTER 5Elasticity a measure of the responsiveness of quantity demanded or quantity supplied to one of its determinants.Price elasticity of demand: a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change inthe price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price.Total revenue : the amount paid by buyers and received by sellers of a good, computed as the price of the good times the quantity sold.Income lasticity of demand : a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a changein consumers ’income, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in income.Crossprice elasticity of demand : a measure of how much the quantity demanded of one good responds to a change in the price of another good, computed as the percentage change in the quantity demanded of the first good divided by the percentage change in the price of the second good.Price elasticity of supply : a measure of how much the quantity supplied of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity supplied divided by the percentage changein price.CHAPTER 6Price ceiling : a legal maximum on the price at which a good can be sold.Price floor : a legal minimum on the price at which a good can be sold.Tax incidence: the manner in which the burden of a tax is shared among participants in a market.CHAPTER 7Welfare economics : the study of how the allocation of resources affects economic well-being.Willingness to pay : the maximum amount that a buyer will pay for a good.Consumer surplus : a buyer’ s willingness to pay minus the amount the buyer actually pays. Cost： the value of everything a seller must give up to produce a good.Producer surplus : the amount a seller is paid for a good minus the seller Eficiency : the property of a resource allocation of maximizing the total society.Euity :fairness of the distribution of well-being among the members of society.’ s cost. surplus received by all members ofCHAPTER 8Deadweight loss :the fall in total surplus that results from a market distortion, such as a tax. CHAPTER 10Externality : the uncompensated impact of one person Internalizing an externality : altering incentives so that’ s actions on-beingthe wellofabystander. people take account of the external effects of theiractions.Coase theorem : the proposition that if private parties can bargain without cost over the allocation of resources,they can solve the problem of externalities on their own.Transaction costs : the costs that parties incur in the process of agreeing and following through on a bargain.CHAPTER11Excludability: the property of a good whereby a person can be prevented from using it.Rivalry in consumption : the property of a good whereby one person’ s use diminishes other people’ s Private goods : goods that are both excludable and rival.Public goods : goods that are neither excludable nor rival.Common resources : goods that are rival but not excludable.Free rider : a person who receives the benefit of a good but avoids paying for it.Costbenefit analysis : a study that compares the costs and benefits to society of providing a public good. Tragedyof the commons : a parable that illustrates why common resources get used more than is desirable from thestandpoint of society as a whole.CHAPTER 13Total revenue : the amount a firm receives for the sale of its output.Total cost : the market value of the inputs a firm uses in production.profit : total revenue minus total cost.explicit costs : input costs that require an outlay of money by the firm.Implicit costs : input costs that do not require an outlay of money by the firm.Economic profit : total revenue minus total cost, including both explicit and implicit costs.Accounting profit : total revenue minus total explicit cost.Production function : the relationship between quantity of inputs used to make a good and the quantity of output ofthat good.Marginal product : the increase in output that arises from an additional unit of input.Diminishing marginal product : the property whereby the marginal product of an input declines as the quantityof the input increases.Fixed costs: costs that do not vary with the quantity of output produced.Variable costs : costs that do vary with the quantity of output produced.Average total cost : total cost divided by the quantity of output.Average fixed cost : fixed costs divided by the quantity of output.Average variable cost : variable costs divided by the quantity of output.Marginal cost : the increase in total cost that arises from an extra unit of production.Efficient scale : the quantity of output that minimizes average total cost.Economies of scale : the property whereby long-run average total cost falls as the quantity of output increases. Diseconomies of scale: the property whereby long-run average total cost rises as the quantity of output increases.Constant returns to scale : the property whereby long-run average total cost stays the same as the quantity of output changes.CHAPTER 14Competitive market : a market with many buyers and sellers trading identical products so that each buyer andseller is a price taker.Average revenue : total revenue divided by the quantity sold.Marginal revenue : the change in total revenue from an additional unit sold.Sunk cost: a cost that has been committed and cannot be recovered.CHAPTER 15Monopoly a firm that is the sole seller of a product without close substitutes.Natural monopoly : a monopoly that arises because a single firm can supply a good or service to an entire marketat a smaller cost than could two or more firms.Price discrimination : the business practice of selling the same good at different prices to different customers.CHAPTER 16Oligopoly : a market structure in which only a few sellers offer similar or identical products.Monopolistic competition : a market structure in which many firms sell products that are similar but not identical.Collusion : an agreement among firms in a market about quantities to produce or prices to charge.Carte : a group of firms acting in unison.Nash equilibrium : a situation in which economic actors interacting with one another each choose their best strategy given the strategies that all the other actors have chosen.Game theory : the study of how people behave in strategic situations.Prisoners ’dilemma : a particular "game" between two captured prisoners that illustrates why cooperation is difficult to maintain even when it is mutually beneficial.Dominant strategy : a strategy that is best for a player in a game regardless of the strategies chosen by the other players.CHAPTER 17Monopolistic competition : a market structure in which many firms sell products that are similar but not identical.。

中级微观经济学(全套课件233P) ppt课件

➢ 第二套房子将出租给愿付490美元的人，随着我们沿需求曲线向下移动，依此类推。
价格歧视（差别价格）垄断市场均衡
p p1 =$500 p2 =$490 p3 =$475
pe
123
S
得到住房的人与市场解决的情形正好一样，即这些人都是按超过 pe的价格租赁的人。但人们支付的数量不同。
QD,QS
--- John Maynard Keynes
精品资料
你怎么称呼老师？
如果老师最后没有总结一节课的重点的难点，你是否会认为老师的教学方法需要改进？你所经历的课堂，是讲座式还是讨论式？教师的教鞭
“不怕太阳晒，也不怕那风雨狂，只怕先生骂我笨，没有学问无颜见爹娘 ……” “太阳当空照，花儿对我笑，小鸟说早早早……”
一般垄断市场均衡
❖ 一般垄断者都要限制可能的
p
产量，从而使他的利润最大
化。
❖ 此时均衡价格Pe*高于竞争市
场的均衡价格pe的价格。
空置房 Pe*
pe
S
QD,QS
1.7.2 价格歧视（差别价东，他拥有所有的住房。或者我们把许许多多个别的房东看作是—个整体，把他们的行动看作是—个人的行动。
目的通过假设简化模型评估判断
1.1建立模型
经济模型的目的： ➢ 帮助提供关于经济现象的精确的洞察力 ➢ 因而：
不同的现象需要不同的模型。通过假设简化是必要的。案例：住房市场 ➢ 目的：住房价格由什么决定和谁将得到住房？ ➢ 通过假设简化模型所有的住房除了位置不同之外，在其他任何方面都是相同的外城区住房的价格是外生变量。有大量潜在的住房需求者和供给者，即住房市场是完全竞争的。
➢ 在出租房子时，房东可以决定依次把房子拍卖给愿出最高价的人。

中级微观市场均衡

当价格为4美元时：从价税α＝1.05/4=26.25% 与1.05美元的从量税效果相同。
示例:如果新鲜水果的短期供给曲线是完全无弹性的，需求曲线是向下倾斜的直线。从价税会对均衡价格和均衡数量有何影响？为什么？
S D1
D2
p* ap*
(1– a)p*
e1 e2
Q* Q, Quantity per time period
ts
t td
t
dt bd
bt bd
总税额＝tqt ad bc bdt t bd
税负和自价格弹性
P
S2
q
t S1
Ed q *
Pd
Pd P *
P*
P*
Ps
D1
Td
Pd
P*
qP * Ed q*
qt q*
同理得到：
Q
Ts P * Ps qP *
Esq*
td
两式相比得到： ts
Es Ed
部的税收,但产量不变
Ppd2 P1
PRODUCERS SHARE
ps
P2 - t
思考:假设在一个具有垂直需求曲线和向上倾斜的供给曲线的市场上征税,谁是最后的纳税者?
D
O
Q2 Q1
Q
思考
在一个具有水平供给曲线的市场上补贴的作用如何?在一个垂直供给曲线的市场上呢?
答:当供给曲线为水平时,补贴后,商品的需求量增加,补贴的好处全部由消费者得到;当供给曲线垂直时,补贴后,商品的需求量不变,补贴的好处全部由生产者得到.
S
收入、相关商品价格、偏好、消费者人数、
S’
预期等
P* P*’
e e’
引起供给变动的因素：

微观经济学英文版

Chapter 1: The Fundamentals of Economics（A. Introduction）
1.1 Scarcity and Efficiency
What is economics ?
Economics is the study of how societies use scarce resources to produce valuable commodities and distribute them among different people.
Microeconomics
Yan YAN
Chapter 1: The Fundamentals of Economics（A. Introduction）
You want to buy a clock in the grocery near the campus. The price is $20. A friend tells you that it is $10 in the supermarket in downtown. Would you buy the clock in the supermarket？
1) plot the straight-line relationship between all combinations of X and Y on a blank piece of graph paper.
2)let us say that you absolutely need 6 hours of leisure per day, no more, no less. On the graph, mark the point that corresponds to 6hours of leisure.

中级微观经济学英文

中级微观经济学英文Intermediate Microeconomics is a course in economics that builds upon the foundations of microeconomics and delves deeper into the analysis of individual markets and market participants. It explores topics such as consumer theory, producer theory, market structure, and welfare economics.Intermediate Microeconomics expands on the concepts introduced in introductory microeconomics, examining the behavior of consumers and firms in more detail. It explores the theory of the consumer, including utility maximization, indifference curve analysis, and the effects of income and price changes on consumption decisions. Producer theory is also covered, including production functions, costs of production, and profit maximization.Market structure is an important aspect of intermediate microeconomics. It examines different types of market competition, such as perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, and monopoly. The course analyzes the behavior of firms in each market structure, including pricing strategies, output decisions, and the impact of market power.Welfare economics is another key topic in intermediate microeconomics. It examines the efficiency and equity of markets and evaluates the benefits and costs of government intervention. The course explores concepts such as consumer and producer surplus, market failure, and the design of public policy.Overall, Intermediate Microeconomics provides a deeper understanding of the functioning of individual markets and the behavior of economic agents within those markets. It prepares students for further study in economics and equips them with the tools to analyze and understand real-world economic phenomena.。

(完整版)微观经济学(英文版)名词解释

微观经济名词解释CHAPTER 1Scarcity : the limited nature of society’s resources.Economics : the study of how society manages its scarce resources.Efficiency : the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources.Equity : the property of distributing economic prosperity fairly among the members of society.Opportunity cost : whatever must be given up to obtain some item.Rational : systematically and purposefully doing the best you can to achieve your objectives.Marginal changes : small incremental adjustments to a plan of action.Incentive : something that induces a person to act.Market economy : an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services.Property rights : the ability of an individual to own and exercise control over scarce resources.Market failure : a situation in which a market left on its own fails to allocate resources efficiently.Externality : the impact of one person’s actions on the well-being of a bystander.Market power : the ability of a single economic actor (or small group of actors) to have a substantial influence on market prices.Productivity : the quantity of goods and services produced from each hour of a worker’s time.Inflation : an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy.Phillips curve : a curve that shows the short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment.Business cycle : fluctuations in economic activity, such as employment and production.CHAPTER 2Circular-flow diagram : a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households and firms.Production possibilities frontier : a graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technology.Microeconomics : the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in markets. Macroeconomics : the study of economy-wide phenomena, including inflation, unemployment, and economic growth.Positive statements: claims that attempt to describe the world as it is.Positive statements: claims that attempt to describe the world as it is.CHAPTER 4Quantity demanded: the amount of a good that buyers are willing and able to purchase.Law of demand: the claim that, other things equal, the quantity demanded of a good falls when the price of the good rises.Demand schedule: a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded. Demand curve : a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded.Normal good : a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to an increase in demand. Inferior good : a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to a decrease in demand.Substitutes : two goods for which an increase in the price of one good leads to an increase in the demand for the other.Complements : two goods for which an increase in the price of one good leads to a decrease in the demand for the other.quantity supplied : the amount of a good that sellers are willing and able to sell.Law of supply : the claim that, other things equal, the quantity supplied of a good rises when the price of the good rises.Supply schedule: a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied. Supply curve: a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied.Equilibrium : a situation in which the price has reached the level where quantity supplied equals quantity demanded.Equilibrium price : the price that balances quantity supplied and quantity demanded.Equilibrium quantit y : the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded at the equilibrium price.Surplus : a situation in which quantity supplied is greater than quantity demanded.Shortage : a situation in which quantity demanded is greater than quantity supplied.Law of supply and demand : the claim that the price of any good adjusts to bring the supply and demand for that good into balance.CHAPTER 5Elasticity a measure of the responsiveness of quantity demanded or quantity supplied to one of its determinants.Price elasticity of demand: a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price.Total revenue: the amount paid by buyers and received by sellers of a good, computed as the price of the good times the quantity sold.Income lasticity of demand: a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in consumers’ income, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in income.Crossprice elasticity of demand: a measure of how much the quantity demanded of one good responds to a change in the price of another good, computed as the percentage change in the quantity demanded of the first good divided by the percentage change in the price of the second good.Price elasticity of supply: a measure of how much the quantity supplied of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity supplied divided by the percentage change in price.CHAPTER 6Price ceiling: a legal maximum on the price at which a good can be sold.Price floor: a legal minimum on the price at which a good can be sold.Tax incidence: the manner in which the burden of a tax is shared among participants in a market.CHAPTER 7Welfare economics: the study of how the allocation of resources affects economic well-being.Willingness to pay: the maximum amount that a buyer will pay for a good.Consumer surplus: a buyer’s willingness to pay minus the amount the buyer actually pays.Cost：the value of everything a seller must give up to produce a good.Producer surplus: the amount a seller is paid for a good minus the seller’s cost.Eficiency: the property of a resource allocation of maximizing the total surplus received by all members of society.Euity :fairness of the distribution of well-being among the members of society.CHAPTER 8Deadweight loss: the fall in total surplus that results from a market distortion, such as a tax.CHAPTER 10Externality :the uncompensated impact of one person’s actions on the well-being of a bystander. Internalizing an externality: altering incentives so that people take account of the external effects of their actions.Coase theorem: the proposition that if private parties can bargain without cost over the allocation of resources, they can solve the problem of externalities on their own.Transaction costs: the costs that parties incur in the process of agreeing and following through on a bargain.CHAPTER11Excludability:the property of a good whereby a person can be prevented from using it.Rivalry in consumption: the property of a good whereby one person’s use diminishes other people’s use. Private goods: goods that are both excludable and rival.Public goods :goods that are neither excludable nor rival.Common resources: goods that are rival but not excludable.Free rider: a person who receives the benefit of a good but avoids paying for it.Costbenefit analysis: a study that compares the costs and benefits to society of providing a public good. Tragedy of the commons: a parable that illustrates why common resources get used more than is desirable from the standpoint of society as a whole.CHAPTER 13Total revenue: the amount a firm receives for the sale of its output.Total cost: the market value of the inputs a firm uses in production.profit :total revenue minus total cost.explicit costs: input costs that require an outlay of money by the firm.Implicit costs: input costs that do not require an outlay of money by the firm.Economic profit: total revenue minus total cost, including both explicit and implicit costs.Accounting profit: total revenue minus total explicit cost.Production function: the relationship between quantity of inputs used to make a good and the quantity of output of that good.Marginal product: the increase in output that arises from an additional unit of input.Diminishing marginal product: the property whereby the marginal product of an input declines as the quantity of the input increases.Fixed costs: costs that do not vary with the quantity of output produced.Variable costs: costs that do vary with the quantity of output produced.Average total cost: total cost divided by the quantity of output.Average fixed cost: fixed costs divided by the quantity of output.Average variable cost: variable costs divided by the quantity of output.Marginal cost: the increase in total cost that arises from an extra unit of production.Efficient scale: the quantity of output that minimizes average total cost.Economies of scale: the property whereby long-run average total cost falls as the quantity of output increases. Diseconomies of scale: the property whereby long-run average total cost rises as the quantity of output increases.Constant returns to scale: the property whereby long-run average total cost stays the same as the quantity of output changes.CHAPTER 14Competitive market: a market with many buyers and sellers trading identical products so that each buyer and seller is a price taker.Average revenue: total revenue divided by the quantity sold.Marginal revenue: the change in total revenue from an additional unit sold.Sunk cost: a cost that has been committed and cannot be recovered.CHAPTER 15Monopoly a firm that is the sole seller of a product without close substitutes.Natural monopoly: a monopoly that arises because a single firm can supply a good or service to an entire market at a smaller cost than could two or more firms.Price discrimination: the business practice of selling the same good at different prices to different customers.CHAPTER 16Oligopoly :a market structure in which only a few sellers offer similar or identical products.Monopolistic competition: a market structure in which many firms sell products that are similar but not identical.Collusion :an agreement among firms in a market about quantities to produce or prices to charge.Carte : a group of firms acting in unison.Nash equilibrium: a situation in which economic actors interacting with one another each choose their best strategy given the strategies that all the other actors have chosen.Game theory: the study of how people behave in strategic situations.Prisoners’dilemma: a particular "game" between two captured prisoners that illustrates why cooperation is difficult to maintain even when it is mutually beneficial.Dominant strategy: a strategy that is best for a player in a game regardless of the strategies chosen by the other players.CHAPTER 17Monopolistic competition: a market structure in which many firms sell products that are similar but not identical.。

中级微观经济学

炫耀性消费的定义：如果消费者完全用价格来衡量他对于某种商品的需求程度，那么，他们将在商品价格低的时候买得少，而在价格高的时候买得多，那么，对该种商品的消费是炫耀性消费。
定位性商品：
Hirsh 则把这种商品称为定位性物品 Positional Goods，
D、需求定理“例外”的其他情况是表面上的
Q s =-c+dP s （c，d）＞0
（4）The Law of Supply 供给定理
A、三种表述：
文字表述：商品的供给量与价格成正相关；几何表述：供给曲线是向右上方倾斜的。数学表述：供给函数的导数为正，即：
dQ/dP＞0a）供BFra bibliotek、曲供线垂给直定于理的P 例外 S
横轴。
Q
b）供给曲线平行于横轴。 P
B、需求曲线的斜率（slope）
除个别的例外，需求曲线的斜率是负的（negative）。即需求数量与价格之间是负相关关系。在几何上是向右下方倾斜（slantwise）的。
C、需求曲线的斜率，可以因点（价格）的不同而发生变化。
当需求曲线是直线时，斜率在各点上相同。
D、几何表达的Marshall传统。
均衡价格即是由供需双方共同决定的价格。这时，商品的需求量等于该商品的供给量；此时，既无剩余也无短缺。虽然会有不少需求者与供给者对这个价格表示失望。
（2）The Equilibrium Price of Geometrical
Expression
均衡价格的几何表述
在均衡价格之外 P
S
的价位上，存在的
预期不佳，供给会减少。
预期良好，供给增加。
C、技术的变化（T）
在长期，技术的变化（T）会引起成本的改变，继而影响供给；

中级微观经济学英文课件 (3)

Extreme CaLeabharlann es of Indifference
Curves; Perfect Substitutes
u If a consumer always regards units of commodities 1 and 2 as equivalent, then the commodities are perfect substitutes and only the total amount of the two commodities in bundles determines their preference rank-order.
the or
statement x
y
thf~atyeither f~ x.
Assumptions about Preference Relations
u Reflexivity: Any bundle x is always at least as preferred as itself; i.e.
u Particularly, they are ordinal relations; i.e. they state only the order in which bundles are preferred.
p p
Preference Relations
u denotes strict preference; x y means that bundle x is preferred strictly to bundle y.
x f~ x.
Assumptions about Preference Relations
u Transitivity: If x is at least as preferred as y, and y is at least as preferred as z, then x is at least as preferred as z; i.e.

中级微观经济学课件

Marginal Revenue Curve
z
Marginal Revenue and Elasticity
z
When the demand curve shifts, its associated marginal revenue curve shifts as well
z
z
a marginal revenue curve cannot be calculated without referring to a specific demand curve
Department of Economics , Nankai University
Inelasticity
CONTENTS
The Nature of Firms Profit Maximization Marginal Revenue Short-Run Supply by a Price-Taking Firm Profit Functions Profit Maximization and Input Demand
z
if the demand curve slopes downward, eq,p < 0 and MR < p if the demand is elastic, eq,p < -1 and marginal revenue will be positive
z
Elastic
3 2 1
eq,p < -1
z
z
shows the revenue per unit yielded by alternative output choices
The marginal revenue curve shows the extra revenue provided by the last unit sold In the case of a downward-sloping demand curve, the marginal revenue curve will lie below the demand curve

中级微观经济学英文课件 (9)

Price-offer curve
Sell good 1, buy good 2
2
1
x1
Net Demands
x2
p1(x1 1) p2(x2 2 ) 0
Price-offer curve
Buy good 1, sell good 2
2
1
x1
Labor Supply
is
p1(x1 1) p2(x2 2 ) 0.
u That is, the sum of the values of a consumer’s net demands is zero.
Net Demands
uSuppose (1, 2 ) (10,2) and
p1=2, p2=3. Then the constraint is
2 1
Budget set
p1' x1 p'2x2 p1' 1 p'2 2
x1
Budget Constraints Revisited
x2
The endowment point is always on the budget constraint.
p1x1 p2x2 p11 p2 2
p1x1 p2x2 p11 p2 2 26.
u If the consumer demands (x1*,x2*) = (7,4), then 3 good 1 units exchange
for 2 good 2 units. Net demands are
x1*- 1 = 7-10 = -3 and x2*- 2 = 4 - 2 = +2.

中级微观经济学课件

6
Market Demand versus Individual Demand
▪ The market demand is the sum of all the individual demands
for a particular good or service at each price.
▪ Suppose Joan and Kate are the only two buyers in the
12
P
$6.00 $5.00 $4.00 $3.00 $2.00 $1.00 $0.00
0
No. of Buyers
Suppose the number of buyers increases. Then, at each P, Qd will increase (by 5 in this example).
the price of one good leads to a decrease in the demand for the others. Example: computer and software, Coke and Hamburger
15
Tastes
▪ The most obvious determinant of your demand is your
price of one good leads to an increase in the demand for the other. Example: Coke and Pepsi, KFC and McDonalds.
▪ Complements: two goods for which an increase in
$6.00 $5.00 $4.00 $3.00 $2.00 $1.00

Lecture 10. Supply 范里安版《中级微观经济学》ppt

◊ A computer requires an operating system in order to run, and most hardware manufacturers sell their PCs with the OS installed.
◊ In the early 1980s, the OS producer commonly charge the PC manufacturer for each copy of the operating system.
$/output unit
Constant returns to scales Constant average costs Constant marginal costs
Horizontal supply curve
y
21
The Firm’s Long & Short-Run Supply Decision
7
The Firm’s Short-Run
Supply Decision
◊ Each firm is a profit-maximizer.
◊ In a short-run, the firm’s problem is
m y0 as(xy)p ycs(y)
(y)
(i)ds (y) dy
p
MCs
( y)
0
(ii)d
2s ( dy2
y)
0
at
y
ys*
ys*
y
8
The Firm’s Short-Run Supply Decision
Corner Solution
m y0 as(xy)p ycs(y)
(y)

中级微观经济学完整版

中级微观经济学完整版一、名词辨析1.规范分析与实证分析；实证分析（positive analysis）方法实证分析不涉及价值判断，只讲经济运行的内在规律，也就是回答“是什么”的问题；实证分析方法的一个基本特征它提出的问题是可以测试真伪的，如果一个命题站得住脚，它必须符合逻辑并能接受经验数据的检验。

规范分析（normative analysis）方法规范分析以价值判断为基础，以某种标准为分析处理经济问题的出发点，回答经济现象“应当是什么”以及“应当如何解决”的问题，其命题无法证明真伪。

2.无差异曲线与等产量线；无差异曲线是指这样一条曲线，尽管它上面的每一点所代表的商品组合是不同的，但消费者从中得到的满足程度却是相同的。

等产量线表示曲线上每一点的产量都相等，是由生产出同一产量的不同投入品组合所形成的曲线。

3.希克斯补偿与斯卢茨基补偿;希克斯补偿是指当商品价格发生变化后，要维持原有效用水平所需补偿的货币数量。

斯卢茨基补偿是指当商品价格发生变化后，要维持原有消费水平所需补偿的货币数量。

4.边际替代率与边际技术替代率；边际替代率是指，消费者在增加额外一单位商品X之后，若要保持满足水平不变而必须放弃的商品Y的数量。

边际替代率就等于无差异曲线在该点的斜率的绝对值。

边际技术替代率是指，当只有一种投入品可变时，要增加产量，企业必须投入更多的另一种投入品；当两种投入品都可变时，企业往往会考虑用一种投入品来替代另一种投入品。

等产量线斜率的绝对值就是两种投入品的边际技术替代率。

5.边际产出与边际收益产出边际产出（marginal putout），就是指在其他生产资源的投入量不变的条件下,由于增加某种生产资源一个单位的投入,相应增加的产出量。

当产出以产量表示时,即为边际产量;当产出以产值表示时,即为边际产值。

边际收益产出是指，额外单位劳动给企业带来的额外收益是劳动的边际产品与产品的边际收益的乘积。

6.显性成本与隐性成本；显性成本：是指厂商在生产要素市场上购买或租用所需要的生产要素的实际支出；隐性成本：是指厂商本身所拥有的且被用于该企业生产过程的那些生产要素的总价格。

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