2005年西安外国语大学综合考试(含人文地理学概论、旅游地理学、城市地理学)考研真题-考研真题资料
人文地理学参考书目
人文地理学参考书目人文地理学作为地理学的一个重要分支，研究人类活动与地理环境的相互关系。
通过深入学习和研究人文地理学的相关书籍，可以更好地理解不同地域的人类行为和文化差异。
以下是一些值得参考的人文地理学书目，可以帮助你深入了解这一学科领域。
1.《人文地理学导论》（Introduction to Human Geography）作者：James M. Rubenstein出版年份：2017年这本经典教材提供了人文地理学的全面导论。
它介绍了人文地理学的基本概念和理论，涵盖了人口、城市、文化、社会等方面的内容。
通过案例研究和图表展示，读者可以深入理解人文地理学的重要概念和实践方法。
2.《社会文化地理学原理》（Principles of Social and Cultural Geography）作者：Peter Jackson出版年份：2008年这本书探讨了社会文化地理学在人类社会和文化方面的应用。
它深入研究了人类行为和感知如何受到地理环境和社会背景的影响。
通过对不同地理环境和文化景观的案例研究，读者可以了解地理空间如何塑造和被人类社会所塑造。
3.《文化地理学导论》（Introduction to Cultural Geography）作者：Timothy Oakes, Patricia L. Price出版年份：2008年这本书提供了对文化地理学的综合介绍。
它涵盖了文化地理学的核心概念，包括地理空间、地方认同、文化景观等方面的内容。
书中还详细讨论了文化多样性、全球化、城市化等重要议题，帮助读者理解当代世界中的文化地理现象。
4.《城市地理学导论》（Introduction to Urban Geography）作者：Paul L. Knox, Jon C. Sadler出版年份：2014年这本书着重讨论了城市地理学这一分支领域。
它介绍了城市发展的历史和理论，分析了城市与社会、经济、政治等因素之间的关系。
西安外国语大学考研真题—西安外国语学院试题目录清单
西安外国语学院语言学及应用语言学③318语言学2023年年④418现代汉语2023年年英语语言文学213二外法语2001-2002，2004-2023年年214二外德语2002-2023年年215二外日语2001-2023年年③311英语专业基础2001-2002，2023年年基础英语2003-2004英语专业综合2003-2023年年翻译与写作2002英语翻译2001英语写作2001俄语语言文学213二外法语2001-2002，2004-2023年年214二外德语2002-2023年年215二外日语2001-2023年年③312俄语基础2023年年④412俄语综合2023年年法语语言文学214二外德语2002-2023年年215二外日语2001-2023年年③313法语基础2023年年④413法语综合2023年年德语语言文学213二外法语2001-2002，2004-2023年年215二外日语2001-2023年年第 1 页/共 2 页③314基础德语2023年年④414德语综合（含翻译与写作）2023年年日语语言文学213二外法语2001-2002，2004-2023年年214二外德语2002-2023年年③315日语基础2023年年④415日语综合（含日语翻译与写作）2023年年外国语言学及应用语言学213二外法语2001-2002，2004-2023年年214二外德语2002-2023年年215二外日语2001-2023年年③311英语专业基础2001-2002，2023年年基础英语2003-2004英语专业综合2003-2023年年④422英语专业综合（商务英语方向）2004-2023年年(2004有答案)翻译与写作2002英语翻译2001英语写作2001人文地理学③317区域经济学2023年年④417综合考试（含人文地理学概论、旅游地理学、城市地理学）2023年年旅游管理③321管理学原理2023年年④421综合考试（含旅游学概论、旅游经济学、中国历史文化）2023年年。
人文地理学概论
人文地理学概论人文地理学是一门研究人类与地理环境相互作用关系的学科，它探讨了人类如何适应和改变地理环境，以及地理环境如何影响人类社会和文化的发展。
人文地理学涉及了地理学、社会学、人类学等多个学科的知识，通过对人类活动和地理环境的相互关系的研究，揭示了人类社会的多样性和地理环境的复杂性。
一、人文地理学的起源和发展人文地理学的起源可以追溯到古代希腊的地理学家，如荷马和赫西俄德斯。
然而，现代人文地理学的发展始于19世纪末20世纪初的欧洲，特别是德国和英国。
德国地理学家弗里德里希·拉策尔和英国地理学家埃尔伯特·里特尔是人文地理学的奠基人。
他们强调地理环境对人类社会和文化的影响，并提出了人文地理学的基本概念和方法。
二、人文地理学的基本概念和方法人文地理学的基本概念包括地理环境、地理空间、地理景观和地理区域等。
地理环境是指地球表面的自然和人文要素的总和，包括地形、气候、土壤、水资源等。
地理空间是指地球表面上的各个位置和区域，它是人类活动的舞台。
地理景观是指地球表面上的各种自然和人文要素的组合，如城市景观、农田景观等。
地理区域是指地球表面上具有一定特征和相互联系的区域，如城市区域、文化区域等。
人文地理学的研究方法主要包括实地调查、统计分析和比较研究等。
实地调查是人文地理学的基本方法，通过直接观察和实地考察，获取地理环境和人类活动的实际情况。
统计分析是人文地理学的重要方法，通过对大量数据的收集和整理，揭示出地理环境和人类活动之间的规律和关系。
比较研究是人文地理学的常用方法，通过对不同地区和不同文化之间的比较，探讨地理环境对人类社会和文化的影响。
三、人文地理学的研究领域人文地理学的研究领域非常广泛，涉及了人类社会和文化的方方面面。
其中，城市地理学是人文地理学的重要分支，研究城市的形成、发展和变化。
农村地理学是人文地理学的另一个重要分支，研究农村地区的经济、社会和文化特征。
旅游地理学是人文地理学的新兴分支，研究旅游活动对地理环境和人类社会的影响。
陕西师范大学陕师大《808人文地理学+602高等数学1》2016考研资料(历年真题+答案+参考书笔记)
（1）风水要素：地质地貌 风水术十分重视建筑物的顺磁、地势利用和防止滑坡、地陷等地质地貌因素，与现代 地质地貌学有关的风水理论比如龙脉理论、人和建筑的磁性感应理论。
2
（2）风水要素：气候 风水术注重建筑物的采光取暖、通风顺气、保持温度适应、避免雷击等气候效应。例 如在地势允可的条件下北半球建筑更适宜朝南，座山连丘以阻冬季风，东、南方以开阔平 地、河池为主配合夏季风进入，房屋类型适应降水强度。此外传统风水术更加注重风的作 用，认为风对气场的稳定与否与气场的强弱凶吉变化关系最为密切。具体调风技术有改变 门窗方位、建围设屏、以风调水等等。 ……………… （5）风水要素：土壤 风水术认为土气强弱和凶吉对人的健康、容颜肤色、生儿育女等都有影响，如秀才村、 长寿乡、地方病等由于当地的土壤结构、湿润状况、色泽强弱有较强联系。医学地理也揭 示出地方病的病理机制与土壤中的稀有化学元素相关。
课程《人文地理学》电子教案(全)
精品课程《人文地理学》电子教案（第一部分）第一章：人文地理学导论1.1 人文地理学的定义与发展历程1.2 人文地理学的研究对象与方法1.3 人文地理学的重要理论与观念1.4 人文地理学的研究意义与价值第二章：人口地理学2.1 人口地理学的基本概念与理论2.2 人口的分布与迁移2.3 人口增长与人口问题2.4 人口政策与人口规划第三章：城市地理学3.1 城市地理学的基本概念与理论3.2 城市的形成与发展3.3 城市空间结构与城市功能3.4 城市化与城市问题第四章：经济地理学4.1 经济地理学的基本概念与理论4.2 农业生产与农业地理4.3 工业生产与工业地理4.4 服务业与服务业地理第五章：文化地理学5.1 文化地理学的基本概念与理论5.2 语言与文字的地理分布5.3 宗教与宗教地理5.4 饮食、服饰、建筑与节庆习俗的地理分布精品课程《人文地理学》电子教案（第二部分）第六章：政治地理学6.1 政治地理学的基本概念与理论6.2 国家与领土的地理分布6.3 政区划分与政府治理6.4 国际关系与地缘政治第七章：社会地理学7.1 社会地理学的基本概念与理论7.2 社会阶层与社区地理7.3 种族、民族与种族地理7.4 社会问题与社会地理第八章：旅游地理学8.1 旅游地理学的基本概念与理论8.2 旅游资源的分类与评价8.3 旅游者的行为与旅游市场8.4 旅游规划与旅游地理第九章：环境地理学9.1 环境地理学的基本概念与理论9.2 自然环境与人文环境的相互作用9.3 环境问题与环境治理9.4 可持续发展与地理环境第十章：地理信息系统（GIS）10.1 GIS的基本概念与原理10.2 GIS的数据采集、处理与分析10.3 GIS在人文地理学中的应用案例10.4 GIS的未来发展趋势与展望重点解析重点解析：1. 人文地理学的定义与发展历程、研究对象与方法、重要理论与观念、研究意义与价值。
2. 人口地理学的基本概念与理论、人口的分布与迁移、人口增长与人口问题、人口政策与人口规划。
人文地理学：第一章 绪论
区域学派
费根、康斯坦丁诺夫、瓦秀金 经济学派
目录
第一节 人文地理学的学科性质与特点 第二节 人文地理学的发展历程 第三节 人文地理学的研究任务和发展趋势
第一节 人文地理学的学科性质与特点 1. 人文地理学的研究对象
1.1 人文地理学的直观印象
1.2 地理学中的人文地理学
汉语中的“地理”一词最早见于《周易·系辞》：仰以观于天文，俯以察于地理，是故知 幽明之故。 英文中的geography一词源自希腊文geo（大地）和graphein（描述），描述地球表面 的科学。最早使用"geography"的人为埃拉托色尼，他此用词来表示研究地球的学问。
域活动、经济地域活动、政治地域活动、旅游地域活动及各种人类地域 活动的复合等。 人文地理学研究涉及自然、人文、技术方面的内容，需要借助专门研究 成果（人口学、旅游学等）其本身服务。部门人文地理学的各个分支学 科更能说明这一问题。所以人文地理学又是一门边缘学科。 全球气候变化、区域环境变化和快速城市化中不断完善 交叉学科
人文地理学的学科分支
2. 人文地理学的学科性质和特点 2.1人文地理学的学科性质
（1）人文地理学是地理学的一个重要分支 地理学的研究对象是人地关系地域系统，而人文地理学承担地理学研究对象中的
一部分，即研究人类活动地域系统。 二分法：人文、自然 三分法：人文、经济和自然 四分法： 自然地理学、历史地理学、区域地理学和人文地理学（英国学者弗里曼）
2.1人文地理学的学科性质
（2）人文地理学属于社会科学的范畴 人文地理学的研究对象是人类活动地域系统（人文环境），而
人类活动地域系统是由人类创造的，受社会经济规律制约，尤 其是受地域性社会经济规律制约。 从这个意义上讲，人文地理学属于社会科学。
人文地理学概论
第一章绪论一（10）人文地理学与地理学的关系？1、人文地理学在地理学中的地位和作用。
人文地理学是以人地关系的理论为基础，探讨各种人文现象的地理分布、扩散和变化，以及人类社会活动的地域结构的形成和发展规律的一门学科。
又称人生地理学。
它是地理学的两个主要分支学科之一，“人文”二字与自然地理学的“自然”二字相对应，泛指各种社会、政治、经济和文化现象，也有一些学者认为仅指社会文化现象。
人文地理学一般有广义与狭义之分，广义的人文地理学包括社会文化地理学、政治地理学、经济地理学等，狭义的人文地理学则指社会文化地理学。
人文地理学的发展对于地理学的发展有重要作用。
人文地理学同经济学、人口学、政治学以及环境科学、生态学、区域科学、行为科学结合，可以为解决世界性的资源短缺、人口危机、自然灾害、环境污染和生态平衡以及城市问题等作出贡献，尤其是对于国家和地区的经济发展规划起到重要作用。
人文地理学的分支学科和研究课题中，有许多也是其他学科的基本研究内容之一。
如经济地理学对于经济学、人口地理学对于人口科学、城市地理学对于城市科学、政治地理学对于政治学、军事地理学对于军事科学、民族地理对于民族学、语言地理对于语言学、宗教地理对于宗教学、人种地理学对于人类学，都是不可缺少的组成部分。
在现代社会发展中，人类的作用（尤其是人的素质）和科学技术的作用日益显著，使得地理学人文化的趋势加强。
人文地理学地位的提高，将使地理学的发展进入一个新的阶段。
二（11）二战以来，西方人文地理学发展特点当代西方人文地理学与前期相比，无论在研究方向还是研究内容、方法上都有一些新的变化，总的来看，具有以下主要特征：（1）理论与哲学方法论的多元化。
第二次世界大战以后，地理学吸收了近代科学的哲学方法论作为理论研究的指导，推动了人文地理学的革新在人地关系理论的研究方面，为了解决人类发展所带来的一系列问题，人地协调论，可持续发展观成为现代人文地理学的理论基础当代人文地理学在哲学方法论上表现出多元化趋向。
第一讲旅游地理学概论
代表人物：英国科波克（Coppock J T）和美国克莱门特 （Clement H G ）
（3）20世纪60年代中至现在
背景：全球经济持续快速发展 特点：主动参与和多样化的旅游研究 成果：旅游资源的评价；旅游地与旅游区域的开发研
国内外旅游地理学研究方法比较
80.00% 70.00% 60.00% 50.00% 40.00% 30.00% 20.00% 10.00% 0.00%
69.10% 33.99%
描述性
16.451%9.40%
10.09%8.60%
概念性
构造模型
国外 国内
39.47%
2.90% 数理统计
（二）旅游地理学的研究方法（续）
二、旅游地理学的研究内容
（一）地理学的旅游系统观点 （二）旅游地理学研究内容简析 （三）国外旅游地理学主要研究内容 （四）国内旅游地理学主要研究内容
（三）国外旅游地理学主要研究内容
旅游吸引物 旅游者行为 旅游空间分布 旅游影响 旅游地发展研究
阅读教材第12至第 14页，了解国外旅 游地理学研究的主
的估算、旅游产品的开发、旅游企业发展布局。
第一讲 旅游地理学概论
教学内容
一、旅游地理学的研究对象和研究方法 二、旅游地理学的研究内容 三、旅游地理学与相关学科的关系 四、旅游地理学的发展简史
四、旅游地理学的发展简史
（一）国外旅游地理学发展简史 （二）国外旅游地理学的发展趋势 （三）中国旅游地理学的发展 （四）中国旅游地理学的发展趋势
（二）旅游地理学研究内容简析
2005年西北大学中外城市建设史考研真题
2005年西北大学中外城市建设史考研真题2005年西北大学中外城市建设史考研真题名词解释：坊里草市闾里建筑十书居住组团兰斯塔德二、简要回答简述“广亩城市”的规划思想及其产生的原因。
简述西方国家城市内城衰落的社会经济和环境原因。
北宋京城汴梁的街道与唐长安城的街道相比有何特点?为什么？中国古代城市按城市性质可以分为那几类？举例说明各类城市产生的条件。
三、分析论述题每题二十五分分析马丘比丘宪章产生的社会经济原因、主要内容及其对现代城市规划建设的指导作用。
图１位陕西佳县县城平面图（中建史上有），分析城市可能因何而生，城市的主要功能是什么？城市的地形条件对城市发展的影响。
如果继续发展扩大，将会面临哪些城市建设问题。
2004年西北大学中外城市建设史考研真题一、名词解释5/40街坊（宋至明清）宇文凯城与市（古代）建筑十书广亩城市郊区购物中心场所二、简要回答1、画出西安半坡村原始村落示意图，并说明该村落的建设和布局特点。
2、中国古代城市按政治及行政管理意义可以分为那几类？并说明各类城市的主要职能，每一类至少写出五个城市的名称（古代名称）。
4、简述1944年由阿伯克龙比主持编制的大伦敦规划的规划方案，（包括交通组织、绿化等）。
5、简述由巴西名建筑师科斯塔（L.Costa）规划设计的巴西新首都巴西利亚规划的主要特点及其存在的问题。
三、论述题每题２５分１、根据图一（清代北京平面图，书上有），说明明清北京城市的形制及布局特点。
明清北京城的城市布局艺术反映了何种思想？与现代城市布局思想相比，这种布局艺术是否可借鉴？为什么？２、分析论述西方近现代城市规划的三个主要流派的代表人物霍华德（１１７页）、科布西埃（１３０页）、沙里宁（１２７页）的规划思想，说明他们在规划理念上的差异。
他认为我国当前城市规划建设应采用何种理念？为什么？2005年西北大学城市规划原理考研真题一、名词解释５／３０管线工程综合容积率（446页）人口毛密度户室比（建筑设计规范名词上有）规划原理书上也有，不太明晰居住小区绿化覆盖率二、简答１、简述城市道路系统空间布局的几种类型，并比较个类型的优缺点。
人文地理-旅游方向考研招生38
(601)高等数学
见招生简章
(807)自然地理学、人文地理学
湖南师范大学
(013)资源与环境科学学院
(04)文化和自然遗产研究与旅游规划
(732)人文地理学
见招生简章
(851)区域经济学
中山大学
(370)地理科学与规划学院
(01)区域发展与旅游规划
高等数学（B）
地理学基础
华南师范大学
《人文地理学》（第二版）陈慧琳等科学出版社
(826)经济地理学
《经济地理学》（第二版）李小建等高等教育出版社
西南林业大学
(008)生态旅游学院
(03)旅游与社会文化
(712)自然地理学
(829)人文地理学
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云南师范大学
(018)旅游与地理科学学院
(01)区域旅游开发与管理
(722)中国地理
见招生简章
见招生简章
哈尔滨师范大学
(017)地理科学学院
(03)旅游规划与管理
(634)地理学基础
见招生简章
(834)地理信息系统
见招生简章
华东师范大学
(131)资源与环境科学学院地理学系
(06)旅游规划与旅游GIS
602)高等数学(B)
a.高等数学（函数、极限、连续、一元函数微积分、多元函数微积分、无穷级数、常微分方程）；b.线性代数（行列式、矩阵、向量、线性方程组、矩阵的特征值和特征向量）。
招生单位
院系所名称
研究方向
考试范围
首都师范大学
(018)资源环境与旅游学院
(02)旅游规划
(601)高等数学(通用)
高等数学（上、下册）,高等教育出版社（第四、五版）,同济大学
人文地理知识点内容整理归纳
人文地理知识点内容整理归纳人文地理探讨各种人文现象的地理分布、扩散和变化，以及人类社会活动的地域结构的形成和发展规律的一门学科，是地理学的两个主要分支学科之一。
这次小编给大家整理了人文地理知识点内容整理归纳，供大家阅读参考。
人文地理知识点内容整理归纳一.发展简史人文地理学的发展经历了知识积累、学科形成和理论演变、学科分化，以及理论和方法的革新等过程。
按其发展顺序，可分为古代、近代、现代三个阶段。
古代阶段古代阶段是人文地理知识的积累时期，以片断记述为主，出现了各种关于人地关系的论述。
在中国古籍中，载有许多关于人地关系的论述，其中既有《礼记·王制》篇中“广谷大川异制，民生其间者异俗”这种带有地理环境决定论的思想;又有《孟子·公孙丑下》中主张“天时不如地利，地利不如人和”人定胜天的思想;也有东汉时期王充的《论衡·明雩》篇中“夫人不能以行感天，天亦不能随行而应人”的主张人、地各有规律，反对人地关系绝对化的思想。
不过中国古代并没有产生系统表述人地关系思想的人文地理著作来。
在西方，地理学一直是把地球作为人类的家乡来研究，古希腊、罗马学者如希罗多德、斯特拉波等，都在其著作中对各地的人文地理现象作过论述。
中世纪的西欧形成一些相互隔离、闭关自守的君主制国家，经济、文化处于衰落状态，人文地理学的发展相应处于停滞状态。
与此同时，阿拉伯国家的地理学获得较大发展，伊德里西等学者在著作中记述了不少人文地理现象。
近代阶段15～17世纪，欧洲航海者开辟新航线以及“发现”新大陆后，欧洲各国陆续出版了各种地理著作，其中有不少篇幅是关于世界各地人文地理的描述，大多偏重于种族、聚落等方面的研究，对于人文地理学的发展起到巨大促进作用。
现代阶段在19世纪里，地理学开始形成自然和人文两大分支，近代科学地理学的奠基人洪堡德和李特尔，分别为自然地理学和人文地理学的研究创立了早期理论。
从此，人文地理学出现一系列理论，各分支学科陆续建立并形成了体系。
真题西安外国语学院英语专业基础2005
/thread-2407892-1-1.html 大家论坛 英语专业考研资料下载真题：基础英语：各校基础英语真题资料汇总英美文学各校英美文学真题汇总二外：英研二外资料——日语法语德语俄语西班牙语等汇总辅导书系列：英语专业考研名校全真试题基础英语07到年真卷与解析下载英语专业考研核心词汇.pdf.宫玉波.09版星火英语专业考研名校全真试题精解英汉互译20122011英语专业考研名校全真题精解英汉互译.rar郭棲庆2010年出版星火英语专业考研考点精梳与精炼英美文化英语专业考研考点精梳与精练北京外国语大学英美文化.rar郭栖庆.2009年版2010年英语专业考研考点精梳与精练英美文化.rar郭栖庆09年出版星火英语专业考研考点精梳与精炼英美文学2010年英语专业考研考点精梳与精练北京外国语大学英美文学.rar郭栖庆09年出版传播学原理2009年版张国良孙亦丽--大学英语精读学习精要--第一二三册pdf下载高级英语第二册教材及教师用书第一册rar下载语言学资料：英语专业考研考点精梳与精练上海外国语大学语言学.pdf.黄任.09版《英语语言学基础》学习指南-温洪瑞主编1999年08月版pdf[韩礼德语言学文集]唐纳德•韩礼德扫描版英语句法与语用研究.rar下载语言学名著选读pdf英语专业考研考点精梳与精练上外语言学pdf下载英语语言文学典型例题与全真题解析.rar下载英语语言学考点测评英美概况导读中文版胡壮麟《语言学教程》修订版笔记新编英国文学教程——高等学校英语专业系列教材下载英语语言学资料华中师范大学语言学课本教程2010版戴伟栋语言学笔记liguistics--胡壮麟超赞的笔记2007年上外英语语言文学专业英汉互译2005年上外英语语言文学专业翻译试卷有答案辽宁大学语言文学之英语专业基础课真题英美文学、文化资料：星火英语专业考研考点精梳与精炼英美文化英语专业考研考点精梳与精练北京外国语大学英美文化郭栖庆09版2010年英语专业考研考点精梳与精练英美文化郭栖庆09版大家论坛-英语专业考研论坛-公益论坛免费下载各种资料！/thread-2407892-1-1.html星火英语专业考研考点精梳与精炼英美文学2010年英语专业考研考点精梳与精练北外英美文学.rar郭栖庆09版漫话英美文学英美文学史考研指南常耀信英语专业考研英语国家文化考点测评王佐良：欧洲文化入门[1992][完整]DJVU王守仁：英国文学选读[2001][完整]DJVU陶洁：美国文学选读[2000][完整]DJVU[美国文学经典].Classics of American Literature英美文化基础教程学习手册—朱永涛—下载新编英国文学教程——高等学校英语专业系列教材下载《新编英国文学教程》下载高教版《英美文学选读》课文译文《英国文学简史》中文版英国文学主要作家作品汇总《英美文学史》之英国文学作家作品大全《美国文学简史》上中文版英国文学史考试要点英美文学部分作家的介绍和评论外国文学史图表版笔记整理英国文学部分作品分析英美文学超全题库十套考研英美概况练习题含答案南京师范大学2002年2003年语言学之英美文学考研真题.pdf翻译资料：全日制翻译硕士专业学位MTI研究生入学考试指南外事翻译口译和笔译技巧.rar下载汉语成语典故谚语与歇后语英语翻译全国68所院校英汉互译试题分析英语专业考研翻译超全面的笔记~英语专业考研各大院校题型对比分析pdf英语修辞手法经济学人文本许渊冲与翻译艺术.张智中.扫描版散文佳作108篇汉英英汉对照报刊英语单词精华经济指标名词解释大家论坛-英语专业考研论坛-公益论坛免费下载各种资料！/thread-2407892-1-1.html真题：基础英语：各校基础英语真题资料汇总英美文学各校英美文学真题汇总二外：英研二外资料——日语法语德语俄语西班牙语等汇总辅导书系列：英语专业考研名校全真试题基础英语07到年真卷与解析下载英语专业考研核心词汇.pdf.宫玉波.09版星火英语专业考研名校全真试题精解英汉互译20122011英语专业考研名校全真题精解英汉互译.rar郭棲庆2010年出版星火英语专业考研考点精梳与精炼英美文化英语专业考研考点精梳与精练北京外国语大学英美文化.rar郭栖庆.2009年版2010年英语专业考研考点精梳与精练英美文化.rar郭栖庆09年出版星火英语专业考研考点精梳与精炼英美文学2010年英语专业考研考点精梳与精练北京外国语大学英美文学.rar郭栖庆09年出版传播学原理2009年版张国良孙亦丽--大学英语精读学习精要--第一二三册pdf下载高级英语第二册教材及教师用书第一册rar下载语言学资料：英语专业考研考点精梳与精练上海外国语大学语言学.pdf.黄任.09版《英语语言学基础》学习指南-温洪瑞主编1999年08月版pdf[韩礼德语言学文集]唐纳德•韩礼德扫描版英语句法与语用研究.rar下载语言学名著选读pdf英语专业考研考点精梳与精练上外语言学pdf下载英语语言文学典型例题与全真题解析.rar下载英语语言学考点测评英美概况导读中文版胡壮麟《语言学教程》修订版笔记新编英国文学教程——高等学校英语专业系列教材下载英语语言学资料华中师范大学语言学课本教程2010版戴伟栋语言学笔记liguistics--胡壮麟超赞的笔记2007年上外英语语言文学专业英汉互译2005年上外英语语言文学专业翻译试卷有答案辽宁大学语言文学之英语专业基础课真题英美文学、文化资料：星火英语专业考研考点精梳与精炼英美文化英语专业考研考点精梳与精练北京外国语大学英美文化郭栖庆09版2010年英语专业考研考点精梳与精练英美文化郭栖庆09版大家论坛-英语专业考研论坛-公益论坛免费下载各种资料！/thread-2407892-1-1.html星火英语专业考研考点精梳与精炼英美文学2010年英语专业考研考点精梳与精练北外英美文学.rar郭栖庆09版漫话英美文学英美文学史考研指南常耀信英语专业考研英语国家文化考点测评王佐良：欧洲文化入门[1992][完整]DJVU王守仁：英国文学选读[2001][完整]DJVU陶洁：美国文学选读[2000][完整]DJVU[美国文学经典].Classics of American Literature英美文化基础教程学习手册—朱永涛—下载新编英国文学教程——高等学校英语专业系列教材下载《新编英国文学教程》下载高教版《英美文学选读》课文译文《英国文学简史》中文版英国文学主要作家作品汇总《英美文学史》之英国文学作家作品大全《美国文学简史》上中文版英国文学史考试要点英美文学部分作家的介绍和评论外国文学史图表版笔记整理英国文学部分作品分析英美文学超全题库十套考研英美概况练习题含答案南京师范大学2002年2003年语言学之英美文学考研真题.pdf翻译资料：全日制翻译硕士专业学位MTI研究生入学考试指南外事翻译口译和笔译技巧.rar下载汉语成语典故谚语与歇后语英语翻译全国68所院校英汉互译试题分析英语专业考研翻译超全面的笔记~英语专业考研各大院校题型对比分析pdf英语修辞手法经济学人文本许渊冲与翻译艺术.张智中.扫描版散文佳作108篇汉英英汉对照报刊英语单词精华经济指标名词解释大家论坛-英语专业考研论坛-公益论坛免费下载各种资料！/thread-2407892-1-1.html。
人文地理学复习题终版
人文地理学复习题第一章1、论述人文地理学的学科性质及其意义学科性质：人文地理学是一门探讨各种人文现象的地理分布、扩散和变化以及人类社会活动的地域结构的形成和发展规律的学科，不仅是地理学最可信的科学成分，而且还是可以为人类家园的美好未来作出重要贡献的基础学科之一。
其研究主题是社会的空间组织和人与环境的关系，为地理学者提供了许多机遇和挑战。
意义：人文地理学的研究在现实中的应用能够很好的解决生产和生活中的实际问题，为人们的生产和发展起到积极的促进作用。
人文地理学应用领域丰富，主要有以下四种:①经济区划及其规划，其中分为经济区划（如经济带划分等）和国民经济与社会发展规划（“五年计划等”）。
②城市与区域规划，其中分为城市与区域研究、城镇体系与城市总体规划、旅游规划与管理。
③社会问题研究与分析，其中包含城市化问题（如城市化越来越集中、人口出生率越来越低）、贫困问题和区域不平衡问题。
④行政区划与地名学，分为行政区划和地名学两类。
2、概述人文地理学思想形成的发展过程人文地理学的发展经历了知识积累、学科形成、理论演变、学科分化以及理论和方法的革新等过程。
按其发展顺序，可以分为古代、近代、现代三个发展阶段。
古代阶段：相关古籍载有许多关于人地关系的论述，《礼记•王制》篇，地理环境决定论思想的论述；《孟子•公孙丑下》，人定胜天思想论述；中国东汉的王充的《论衡•明雩》主张人地各有规律，反对人地关系绝对化的思想。
古罗马，古希腊学者如希罗多德、斯特拉波等都在其著作中对各地的人文地理现象作过论述。
中世纪的西欧人文地理学的发展处于停滞状态，阿拉伯国家的地理学获得了较大的发展，伊德里西等学者在著作中记载了不少人文地理现象。
近代阶段：新航路的开辟对人文地理学的发展有很大的促进作用。
①德国李特尔研究创立了早期的理论，强调了自然界对人类历史的影响。
②德国拉采尔论述了人类作为环境的产物，其活动发展和分布受到了环境的严格限制。
③美国森普尔和亨廷顿等人强调地理环境对人类文明的决定性作用，形成系统的环境决定论。
2005年考研英语全真模拟试题及解析
2005年考研英语全真模拟试题及解析section ⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SH EET 1.(10 points)To produce the upheaval(激变) in the United States that changed and modernized the domain of higher education from the mid-1860’s to the mid-1880’s, three primary causes interacted. The 1 of a half dozen leaders in education provided the personal force that was needed. 2 , an outcry（呐喊） for a fresher, more practical, and more advanced kind of instruction 3 among the alumni（校友）and friends of nearly all of the old college and grew into a movement that overrode（压倒） all 4 opposition. The aggressive “Young Yale” mo vement appeared, demanding partial alumni control, a more 5 spirit, and a broader course of study. The graduates of Harvard College simultaneously 6 to relieve the college’s poverty and demand new 7 .Education was pushing toward higher standards in the East by 8 off church leadership everywhere, and in the West by finding a wider range of studies and a new 9 of public duty.The old-style classical education received its most crushing10 in the citadel（城堡） of Harvard College, 11 Dr. Charles Eliot,a young captain of thirty-five, son of a former treasurer of Harvard, led the 12 forces. Five revolutionary advances were made during the first years of Dr. Eliot’s 13 . They were the elevation and amplification of entrance requirements, the enlargement of the 14 and the development of the 15 system, the recognition of graduate study in the liberal arts, the raisingof professional training in law, medicine, and engineering to a postgraduate level, and the fostering(培养) of greater 16 in student life. Standard of admission were sharply advanced in 1872～1877. 17 the appointment of a dean（院长）to take charge of student affairs, and a wise handling of 18 , the undergraduates were led to regard themselves more as young gentlemen and 19 as young animals. One new course of study after another was 20 science, music, the history of the fine arts, advanced Spanish, political economy, physics and international law.1. ［A］uproar［B］threshold［C］emergency［D］emergence2. ［A］However［B］Moreover［C］Thereafter［D］Indeed3. ［A］ aroused［B］ arose［C］ roused［D］ incurred4. ［A］conservative［B］conventional［C］radical［D］profound5. ［A］ flexible［B］ liberal［C］ literate［D］ literary6. ［A］rallied［B］assembled［C］gathered［D］summoned7. ［A］resource［B］orientation［C］reserve［D］enterprise8. ［A］ putting［B］ taking［C］ growing［D］ letting9. ［A］ point［B］ meaning［C］ commitment［D］ sense10. ［A］ blow［B］ crack［C］ strike［D］ stroke11. ［A］ when［B］ where［C］ which［D］ that12. ［A］drastic［B］massive［C］extreme［D］progressive13. ［A］ administration［B］ manipulation［C］ regulation ［D］ institution14. ［A］subject［B］course［C］curriculum［D］syllabus15. ［A］elective［B］selective［C］subjective［D］objective16. ［A］diversity［B］maturity［C］seniority［D］versatility17. ［A］ By［B］ With［C］ Upon［D］ At18. ［A］ penalty［B］ code［C］ virtue［D］ discipline19. ［A］ little［B］ less［C］ much［D］ even20. ［A］ opened up［B］ set down［C］ brought up［D］laid downsection ⅡReading Comprehension--Part ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)Text 1Massive changes in all of the world’s deeply cherished sporting habits are underway. Whether it’s one of London’s parks full of people playing softball, and Russians taking up rugby, or the Superbowl rivaling the British Football Cup Final as a televised spectator event in Britain, the patterns of players and spectators are changing beyond recognition. We are witnessing a globalization of our sporting culture…That annual bicycle race, the Tour de France, much loved by the French is a good case in point. Just a few years back it was a strictly continental affair with France, Belgium and Holland, Spain and Italy taking part. But in recent years it has been dominated by Colombian mountain climbers, and American and Irish riders. The people who really matter welcome the shift towardglobalization. Peugeot, Michelin and Panasonic are multi-national corporations that want worldwide returns for the millions they invest in teams. So it does them literally a world of good to see this unofficial world championship become just that.This is undoubtedly an economic-based revolution we are witnessing here, one made possible by communications technology, but made to happen because of marketing considerations. Sell the game and you can sell Coca Cola or Budweiser as well.The skilful way in which American football has been sold to Europe is a good example of how all sports will develop. The aim of course is not really to spread the sport for its own sake, but to increase the number of people interested in the major money-making events. The economics of the Superbowl are already astronomical. With seats at US$125, gate receipts alone were a staggering $10 000 000. The most important statistic of the day, however, was the $100 000 000 in TV advertising fees. Imagine how much that becomes when the eyes of the world are watching.So it came as a terrible shock, but not really as a surprise, to learn that some people are now suggesting that soccer change from being a game of two 45-minute halves, to one of four 25-minute quarters. The idea is unashamedly to capture more advertising revenue, without giving any thought for the integrity of a sport which relies for its essence on the flowing nature of the action.Moreover, as sports expand into world markets, and as our choice of sports as consumers also grows, so we will demand to see them played at a higher and higher level. In boxing we have already seen numerous, dubious world title categories because people w ill not pay to see anything less than a “World Title”fight, and this means that the title fights have to be held in different countries around the world!21. Globalization of sporting culture means that［A］ more people are taking up sports.［B］ traditional sports are getting popular.［C］ many local sports are becoming international.［D］ foreigners are more interested in local sports.22. Which of the following is NOT related to the massive changes?［A］Good economic returns.［B］Revival of traditional games.［C］Communications technology.［D］Marketing strategies.23. As is used in the passage, “globalization” comes closest in meaning to［A］“commercialization”.［B］“popularization”.［C］“speculation”.［D］“standardization”.24. Wha t is the author’s attitude towards the suggestion to change soccer into one of four 25-minute quarters?［A］ Favorable.［B］ Unclear.［C］ Reserved. ［D］ Critical.25. People want to see higher-level sports competitions mainly because［A］ they become more professional than ever.［B］ they regard sports as consumer goods.［C］ there exist few world-class championships.［D］ sports events are exciting and stimulating.Text 2Why should anyone buy the latest volume in the ever-expanding Dictionary of National Biography? I do not mean thatit is bad, as the reviewers will agree. But it will cost you 65 pounds. And have you got the rest of volumes? You need the basic 22 plus the largely decennial supplements to bring the total to 31. Of course, it will be answered, public and academic libraries will want the new volume. After all, it adds 1 068 lives of people who escaped the net of the original compilers. Yet in 10 year’s time a revised version of the whole caboodle, called the New Dictionary of National Biography, will be published. Its editor, Professor Colin Matthew, tells me that he will have room for about 50 000 lives, some 13 000 more than in the current DNB. This rather puts the 1 068 in Missing Persons in the shade.When Dr. Nicholls wrote to The Spectator in 1989 asking for name of people whom readers had looked up in the DNB and had been disappointed not to find, she says that she received some 100 000 suggestions. As soon as her committee had whittled the numbers down, the professional problems of an editor beg an. Contributors didn’t file copy on time; some who did sent too much: 50 000 words instead of 500 is a record, according to Dr. Nicholls.There remains the dinner party game of who’s in, who’s out. That is a game that the reviewers have played and will continue to play. Criminals were my initial worry. After all, the original edition of the DNB boasted: malefactors whose crimes excite a permanent interest have received hardly less attention than benefactors. Mr. John Gross clearly had similar anxieties, for he complains that, while the murderer Christie is in, Crippen is out. One might say in reply that the injustice of the hanging of Evans instead of Christie was a force in the repeal of capital punishment in Britain. But then Crippen was reputed as the first murderer to be caught by telegraphy (he had tried to escape byship to America) .It is surprising to find Max Miller excluded when really not very memorable names get in. There has been a conscious effort to put in artists and architects from the Middle Ages. About their lives not much is always known.Of Hugo of Bury St Edmunds, a 12th-century illuminator whose dates of birth and death are not recorded, his biographer comments: ‘Whether or not Hugo was a wall-painter, the records of his activities as carver and manuscript painter attest to his versatility’. Then there had to be more women, too ( 12 percent, against the original DBN’s 3), such as Roy Strong’s subject, the Tudor painter Levina Teerlinc, of whom he remarks: ‘Her technique remained awkward, thin and often cursory’. That doesn’t seem to qualify her as a memorable artist. Yet it may be better than the record of the original DNB, which included lives of people who never existed (such as Merlin).26. The writer suggests that there is no sense in buying the latest volume［A］ because it is not worth the price.［B］ because it has fewer entries than before.［C］ unless one has all the volumes in the collection.［D］ unless an expanded DNB will come out shortly.27. On the issue of who should be included in the DNB, the writer seems to suggest that［A］ the editors had clear roles to follow.［B］ there were too many criminals in the entries.［C］ the editors clearly favoured benefactors.［D］ the editors were irrational in their choices.28. Crippen was absent from the DNB［A］ because he escaped to the U.S.［B］ because death sentence had been abolished.［C］ for reasons not clarified.［D］ because of the editors- mistake.29. The author quoted a few entries in the last paragraph to［A］ illustrate some features of the DNB.［B］ give emphasis to his argument.［C］ impress the reader with its content.［D］ highlight the people in the Middle Ages.30. On the whole, the writer’s tone towards the DNB was［A］ complimentary.［B］ supportive.［C］ disapproval.［D］ bitter.Text 3Surprisingly enough, modern historians have rarely interested themselves in the history of the American South in the period before the South began to become self-consciously and distinctively “Southern”-the decades after 1815. Consequently, the cultu ral history of Britain’s North American empire in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries has been written almost as if the Southern colonies had never existed. The American culture that emerged during the Colonial and Revolutionary eras has been depicted as having been simply an extension of New England Puritan culture. However, Professor Davis has recently argued that the South stood apart from the rest of American society during this early period, following its own unique pattern of cultural development. The case for Southern distinctiveness rests upon two related premises: first, that the cultural similarities among the five Southern colonies were far more impressive than the differences, and second, that what made those colonies alike also made them different from the other colonies. The first, for which Davis offers an enormous amount of evidence, can beaccepted without major reservations; the second is far more problematic.What makes the second premise problematic is the use of the Puritan colonies as a basis for comparison. Quite properly, Davis decries the excessive influence ascribed by historians to the Puritans in the formation of American culture. Yet Davis inadvertently adds weight to such ascriptions by using the Puritans as the standard against which to assess the achievements and contributions of Southern colonials. Throughout, Davis focuses on the important, and undeniable, differences between the Southern and Puritan colonies in motives for and patterns of early settlement, in attitudes toward nature and Native Americans, and in the degree of receptivity to metropolitan cultural influences.However, recent scholarship has strongly suggested that those aspects of early New England culture that seem to have been most distinctly Puritan, such as the strong religious orientation and the communal impulse, were not even typical of New England as a whole, but were largely confined to the two colonies of Massachusetts and Connecticut. Thus, what in contrast to the Puritan colonies appears to Davis to be peculiarly Southern-acquisitiveness, a strong interest in politics and the law, and a tendency to cultivate metropolitan cultural models-was not only more typically English than the cultural patterns exhibited by Puritan Massachusetts and Connecticut, but also almost certainly characteristic of most other early modern British colonies from Barbados north to Rhode Island and New Hampshire. Within the larger framework of American colonial life, then, not the Southern but the Puritan colonies appear to have been distinctive, and even they seem to have been rapidlyassimilating to the dominant cultural patterns by the last Colonial period.31. The author is primarily concerned with［A］ refuting a claim about the influence of Puritan culture on the early American South.［B］refuting a thesis about the distinctiveness of the culture of the early American South.［C］refuting the two premises that underlie Davis- discussion of the culture of the American South.［D］ challenging the hypothesis that early American culture was homogeneous in nature.32. The passage implies that the attitudes toward Native Americans that prevailed in the Southern colonies［A］ developed as a response to attitudes that prevailed in Massachusetts and Connecticut.［B］ derived from Southerners-strong interest in the law.［C］ were modeled after those that prevailed in the North.［D］differed from those that prevailed in the Puritan colonies.33. The author argues that, in describing American culture during the Colonial and Revolutionary eras, historians ［A］ overestimated the importance of the puritans in the development of American culture.［B］did not attach enough importance to the strong religious orientation of the colonists.［C］failed to recognize undeniable cultural differences between New Hampshire and Rhode Island.［D］used Massachusetts and Connecticut as cultural models for the other American colonies.34. Which of the following elements of Davis book is theauthor in agreement with?［A］Acquisitiveness was a characteristic unique to the South during the Colonial period.［B］ There were significant differences between Puritan and Southern culture during the Colonial period.［C］ The Southern colonies shared a common culture.［D］ The Northern colonies shared a homogeneous culture.35. The passage suggests that by the late Colonial period the tendency to cultivate metro politan cultural models was a cultural pattern that was［A］ dying out as Puritan influence began to grow.［B］ self-consciously and distinctively Southern.［C］ spreading to Massachusetts and Connecticut.［D］ more characteristic of the Southern colonies than of England.Text 4During the last three years, many speculated high about the possible intrusions concerning the corporate computing systems and global computing infrastructure. Fortunately, such and many other frightening predictions did not come true. Surely, technology is the prime reason for this achievement but at the core lies the work environment and the human factor.We have seen that IT leaders in almost all areas have enormously reduced their expenses by adopting winning solutions provided by today’s security vendors. Does this mean technology alone is sufficient to deliver? No, in the truest sense, policies, their enforcement, along with education and training provide a winning combination to secure corporate computing.As far as technology is concerned, due credit goes to security vendors and service providers for shielding users in many ways,from desktop antivirus software to integrated security appliances. Also, myths about the role played by operating systems in security have finally died out. Almost all OS vendors such as Microsoft, IBM, Sun, Red Hat, etc. have earned trust and recognition with their installed systems, suggesting that security is not a feature of an operating system.The recently conducted 2003 InfoWorld Security Survey of more than 500 IT executives and strategists reveals that around 49 percent of reader respondents felt confidence in their systems-performance with fifty-two percent observing fewer than 100 attempts against their networks in the past year. This highlights the role of policies, enforcement, and positive culture in shielding away security breaches. In today’s IT culture, playing a black-hat is no longer desirable; rather it leads to quick apprehension and strict punishment with years to be spent behind the bars. Alternatively, one can earn both career and recognition by helping out the industry with ways and means of fighting security breaches and hostile attacks-this way of looking into the matter is rapidly gaining support by many.Training is another important concern for IT leaders-it includes training to avert human error and improve overall security practices. Unfortunately, a large part, 79 percent, of InfoWorld 2003 Security Survey respondents felt their corporation employees and users underestimated the importance of adhering to their company’s security policies. It’s critical not to underestimate the role of sound security practices since employees and users shape the needs for enterprise services.Two other elements must also be kept in consideration: rigorous education and awareness of security requirements andsignificant number of staff to monitor and enforce security practices in the enterprise, the need for which is stronger than ever since many enterprises today handle security internally. All this underscores greater demand for training and education for security related workers.36. Which of the following elements is the most critical to online security according to the author?［A］ IT culture.［B］ Desktop antivirus software.［C］ Operating systems.［D］ The efforts by online security vendors.37. An operating system is no guarantee of online security probably because［A］ some OS suppliers are not trustworthy.［B］ antivirus software is not updated in due time.［C］ it still fails to shield users from intrusions.［D］ some terminals are not installed with such a system.38. The 2003 survey reveals that［A］ hostile online attacks are still rampant.［B］ other elements than technology are at work for greater security.［C］ fighting online attacks is a never ending battle.［D］ new operating systems should be updated constantly to fight viruses.39. It is important that employees stick to their company’s security policies because［A］ they often make errors in operating their systems.［B］ everyone will have to follow the rules anyway.［C］ security breaches are often caused by their blunders.［D］ they are the ultimate users of the network.40. The word “underscore” in the las t sentence of the text probably means［A］ underestimate.［B］ ignore.［C］ emphasize.［D］ meet.section ⅡReading Comprehension--Part BDirections:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41～45, choose themost suitable one from the list A～G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Though most people don’t seem to realize it, it’s a disease, akin to alcoholism and drug addiction, and it has ruined more families and more relationships than statistics can accurately define. It’s gambling-and it’s one of the most underrated problems in America today.Richie Martine can attest to this fact. As he speaks, his eyes tell the story as they transcend the excitement of a racetrack photo finish and the disappointment of losing this month’s rent on a solitary basketball game. He’s excited, then subtle. 41) .Richie bets on anything, from the World Series to the presidential election. Hours before his sister delivered her first child, he attempted to bet his brother-in-law thirty dollars it would be a boy. 42) .He once admitted, “Over the last five years, I’ve lost at least twenty-five thousand dollars, and even though it hasn’t really broke me, I feel like I’m always chasing what I’ve lost.”43) . “I used to bring my ex-girlfriend to the racetrack and Atlantic City all the time,” he remembered, “but when I’d loseI’d snap at her all the way home. She couldn’t take it any more.”H is gambling habits started early when, as a young boy, he’d bet nickels with his father on TV bowling tournament. “We’d bet on every ball that went down the alley,” he recalled. “It was just for fun.” Though it seemed harmless at the time, it led to a more serious and distressing involvement in gambling. And this, he feels, has thrust upon his father strong feelings of guilt. “I’ve never blamed him for my problem and he knows it, but I don’t think he’ll ever be satisfied until I quit.”44) . “When I win, it’s like everything I touch turns to gold, but when I lose, I want to dig a hole and crawl right in it,” he said. It’s these sensations, these extremes of emotion, that give his life a sense of meaning and keep him in constant touch with his bookie.45) .Lately, however, he has taken some drastic steps towards rehabilitation. He has quit his day job and taken a night one in the hope of isolating himself from the world of racetracks and ballparks, which operate primarily at night. “What I don’t know won’t hurt me,” he says with a sad smile. He also hopes the changes in “work friends” will influence his habits.“It’s a no-win situation, just like alcohol and drugs,” he concludes. “And I’m tired of it.” The world of sports will never go away, nor will the excitement of winning and losing, but with a little luck and a lot of self-control he may suppress his disease-but don’t bet on it.［A］He freely admits his affliction, which he feels is an important step towards recovery, but the exhilarating world of taking chances is not an easy place to leave.［B］ His mood changes reflect a man whose very life goesfrom ecstatic highs to severe doldrums-depending on Sunday’s games.［C］In his mind, gambling is a fine art requiring skill, strategy, and most importantly, a little grace from Lady Luck.［D］ At times, the stench of losing becomes so unbearable he vows to rehabilitate himself. Every Monday morning, after a weekend of gambling away half of Friday’s paycheck, he takes an oath to change his destructive ways-so far without success. “Every time I’m ready to quit, I win a good buck. Then I’m right back where I started.”［E］But mainly he gambles on sports and, when playoff time arrives, Richie’s money usually departs.［F］His obsession with gambling has also had profound effect on several relationships.［G］ Gambling is to him a pleasurable activity. He goes to the racetrack, watches the pageantry of the horses, jockeys and silks, and enjoys the spectacle more because he has a $ 2 or $ bet on the outcome. He enjoys spending a day or two in Las Vegas or Atlantic City. But he goes only once every year or two, and sets himself a limit of $ 50 or $ 100 a day. When that’s gone, he walks around and sees the sights.section ⅡReading Comprehension--Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)46） In an era when headlines shout about the latest cancer scare, Ames has a different message: the levels of most man made carcinogens are generally so low that any danger is trivial compared with the levels of natural carcinogens.Ames is not a quack. At age 59, he is one of the nation’s most respected authorities on carcinogenesis. 47） His resume is packed with honors, including the Charles S.Mott Prize from the General Motors Cancer Research Foundation, one of the most prestigious awards in cancer research, and membership in the National Academy of Sciences. Even his critics say the Ames test-his simple, inexpensive laboratory procedure that helps determine whether a substance might cause cancer-is a remarkable achievement.But Ames slaughters sacred cows. He’s taking on the environmental movement, which some have called the single most important social movement of the 20th century. In April 1987, for instance, he and two colleagues, Renae Magaw and Lois Swirsky Gold, published a report in Science that ranked various possible cancer risks. 48） Based on animal tests of nearly 1 000 chemicals, the data show that daily consumption of the average peanut butter sandwich, which contains traces of aflatoxin (a naturally occurring mold carcinogen in peanuts), is 100 times more dangerous than our daily intake of DDT from food, and that a glass of the most polluted well water in the Silicon Valley is 1 000 times less of cancer risk than a glass of wine or beer is. What he’s saying is that most cancer risks created by man are trivial compared with everyday natural risks, and it’s not clear how many of these are real risks. Both types distract attention from such enormous risk factors as tobacco.Ames’s cancer research began about 25 years ago over a bag of potato chips. Ames, then conducting research for the National Institutes of Health in Maryland, was reading the ingredients on the bag. 49） It struck him that no one knew what each chemical did to human genes, and there was no easy wayto find out.At that time, scientists testing for carcinogenicity had to set up time-consuming and costly lab experiments on rats and mice. 50）Armed with the knowledge that bacteria are sensitive to substances that cause mutation, and that carcinogens were likely to be mutagens, Ames developed a carcinogen test using bacteria. The Ames test was hailed as a major scientific development and is now used worldwide.section ⅢWriting--Part A51. Directions:There is an error in an English magazine that you feel must be corrected. Write a letter to the editorto1) point out the mistake,2) suggest correction, and3) express your interest in the magazine.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead. You do not need to write the address. (10 points) section ⅢWriting--Part B52. Directions:Study the following drawing carefully and write an essay in which you should1) describe the drawing,2) interpret its meaning, and3) give your comments.You should write about 160～200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points全真模拟试题一解析。
人文地理考研试题及答案
人文地理考研试题及答案一、单项选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 人文地理学主要研究的领域是：A. 自然环境B. 人类活动C. 经济活动D. 政治制度答案：B2. 人文地理学的研究方法包括：A. 定性分析B. 定量分析C. 统计分析D. 以上都是答案：D3. 人文地理学中的“文化景观”指的是：A. 自然景观B. 人造景观C. 人文景观D. 历史景观答案：C4. 以下哪项不是人文地理学的研究内容？A. 人口分布B. 城市化进程C. 气候变化D. 语言分布答案：C5. 人文地理学的研究对象是：A. 地理空间B. 地理实体C. 地理现象D. 以上都是答案：D6. 人文地理学中“区位理论”主要研究的是：A. 人口分布B. 城市发展C. 经济活动的空间分布D. 社会文化现象答案：C7. 人文地理学中“中心地理论”的提出者是：A. 韦伯B. 克里斯塔勒C. 哈格斯特朗D. 托勒密答案：B8. 在人文地理学中，“文化扩散”指的是：A. 文化在空间上的传播B. 文化在时间上的演变C. 文化在社会中的传播D. 文化在经济中的传播答案：A9. 人文地理学中“城市化”的定义是：A. 人口从农村向城市集中的过程B. 城市数量的增加C. 城市规模的扩大D. 城市化率的提高答案：A10. 以下哪个是人文地理学的研究方法？A. 遥感技术B. 地理信息系统C. 空间分析D. 以上都是答案：D二、简答题（每题10分，共40分）1. 简述人文地理学的主要研究内容。
答案：人文地理学主要研究人类活动与地理环境之间的关系，包括人口分布、城市化进程、经济活动的空间分布、文化景观、语言分布等。
2. 人文地理学的研究方法有哪些？答案：人文地理学的研究方法包括定性分析、定量分析、统计分析、空间分析、遥感技术、地理信息系统等。
3. 描述人文地理学中的“文化景观”。
答案：文化景观是指人类活动对自然环境的影响和改造所形成的景观，它包括人造景观、历史景观等。
《人文地理学》课件
人口地理学的研究领域包括人 口分布、人口迁移、人口社会 结构等。
城市地理
城市地理学主要研究城市的空间布局和发展规律，以及城市与周围地区之间的相互 关系。
城市地理学关注城市形态、城市内部结构、城市扩展和城市化等方面，探究城市发 展过程中的空间变化和社会经济问题。
城市地理学的研究领域包括城市形态、城市规划、城市社会空间等。
总结词
人文地理学在城市规划中发挥着重要作 用，它关注城市内部各功能区的空间布 局和相互关系，以提高城市居民的生活 质量和环境质量。
VS
详细描述
人文地理学通过研究城市的人口分布、交 通需求、土地利用、环境保护等方面，为 城市规划提供科学依据。它有助于合理规 划城市功能区划，优化城市空间布局，提 高城市的运行效率和居民的生活质量。
在旅游规划中的应用
总结词
人文地理学在旅游规划中具有重要价值，它 有助于深入挖掘旅游资源的文化内涵，提升 旅游目的地的吸引力和竞争力。
详细描述
人文地理学通过研究旅游资源的分布、特征 和演变，为旅游规划提供科学依据。它有助 于合理规划旅游线路和旅游景区，提升旅游 目的地的文化品质和旅游体验。同时，人文 地理学还关注旅游活动对当地社会文化和环
文化地理学关注不同地域的文化 特色、文化扩散和文化认同，探 究文化因素如何影响人们的空间
行为和社会结构。
文化地理学的研究领域包括文化 区、文化景观、文化生态学等。
人口地理
人口地理学主要研究人口现象 的地理分布和变化规律，以及 人口与环境之间的相互关系。
人口地理学关注人口数量、结 构、迁移和分布等方面，探究 人口因素对社会经济发展和环 境变化的影响。
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人文地理学的发展历程
古代人文地理学的发展
各校人文地理学考研试题汇总
安徽师范大学2007年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题专业:人文地理学、自然地理学、地理信息系统考试科目:人文地理学一、名词解释:(30分)民族人文地理学人口移动文化区地理物象二、简答:(45分)1 汉语的类型及分布.2 工业分布的影响因素.3 宗教景观类型及标志建筑.4 传统农业类型.5 中国的旅游资源类型.三、论述:(75分)1 购物行为空间影响因素.2 人口增长引起的资源环境问题及解决措施.3 经济全球条件下中国城市的发展趋势北京大学2005年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题人文地理学最后的五道大题1 阐述一下中国的都市区2 比较珠江三角洲和长江三角洲的异同3 城市土地的价值和价格4 城市的精明增长5 城市规划的实施程序北京大学2006年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题人文地理试题一. 名词解释1.区位因子2.空间相互作用3.原料指数4.芝加哥学派5.人本主义地理学6.人口迁移二.选择题三.问答(8选6)1.试用绝对成本相对成本,资源禀赋理论分析两国的国际贸易,各自从事什么分工.给你一个图表(略)，关于三种产品的投入要素和价值构成.2.图表(图表表达了从北美至欧洲至日本到其他国家)请用产品周期理论分析世界汽车工业分额的转移。
3.请举例说明价值链中的产业不同环节在空间上的分离4.城市规模和经济效益的争论有哪些？你认为他们之间的关系是什么？5.什么是郊区化，为什么说郊区化是大城市的一个重要转折，我国城市开始郊区化了没有？6.城市社会学社会区分析和生态因子分析有什么不足.7.影响购物决策的因素，空间…………8.什么是单位制度，改革开放以后，发生了什么变化。
对我国城市空间有什么影响?北京大学2007年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题人文地理学一、名词解释(还有4个):边际成本超额利润区位因子半城市化商业中心城市群二.分析1用国际投资贸易理论,分析一组关于美国和日本的投资数据2给一个中心地的图,让你说是克氏的还是廖氏的,然后说出k值,并计算2个更高级别中心地的边长.三.问答1文化地理学的5个核心理论,并举例说明.2说明我国城市化滞后的原因.四、论述(缺一个):1关于你的出生地的一些经济地理特征进行综述,并在规划中如何运用这些要素进行分析2我国现在有人从外国买电子废件,然后回过组装,然后卖,用人文地理的观点分析3从产业空间,居住空间,社会空间等角度出发,分析我国改革开放后城市空间的特点北京师范大学2002年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题(人文地理学)考试科目:人文地理学一、名词解释(4分/个)形式文化区刺激扩散地理物象同语线汤因北的文明起源说二、论述题.1、简述人口转变模式，并分析中国人口转变的特点。