翻译的语言对比规律

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翻译中的语言对比和对等性

翻译中的语言对比和对等性

翻译中的语言对比和对等性随着全球化的进程,人与人之间的交流越来越频繁。

在这种情况下,翻译这一行业也越来越重要。

无论是在商业、政治还是文化领域,翻译都发挥着重要的作用。

但是,在翻译过程中,语言对比和对等性是一个需要注意的问题。

本文将探讨这个问题。

语言对比语言对比是指两种语言在语言结构、语法、词汇等方面的差异。

不同的语言之间差异很大,这就给翻译造成了很大的难度。

其中,不同语言的语法结构是最大的差异之一。

比如,在中文中,一个句子中主语与谓语之间没有任何标点符号,而在英语中,主语与谓语之间通常有一个动词。

例如,“我喜欢吃苹果”在英语中应该是“I like to eat apples”或“I like eating apples”。

另外,不同语言的词汇含义也有所不同。

虽然每个语言都有自己的翻译词典,但有时候一个词的翻译并不能完全涵盖它在原文中的意思。

因此,语言对比是翻译中面临的最大问题之一。

在翻译过程中,翻译人员需要综合考虑语法、词汇和语言结构等因素,尽量准确地传达原文的意思。

对等性对等性是指翻译中的原文和译文在表现效果上的一致性。

在翻译中,对等性越高,原文和译文越接近,越容易被读者理解。

有时候,由于语言差异或者翻译人员经验不足等原因,译文与原文之间的对等性会变得很低。

这时候就需要对翻译进行修订,以提高翻译的质量。

在实际翻译中,对等性往往是翻译质量的一个重要评价标准。

如果翻译与原文在表现效果上没有很高的对等性,那么就很难达到预期的翻译效果。

语言对比与对等性的关系语言对比和对等性在翻译中常常是相互制约的。

对于语言差异较大的语种,如果翻译人员只顾着保持译文和原文在表现效果上的一致性,那么可能会舍弃很多原文中的细节或者特点,这就会导致翻译的失真。

比如,中文中有许多成语和俗语,这些成语和俗语具有很强的文化元素,翻译人员需要对这些成语和俗语进行妥善的处理,以免翻译意思的发生偏差。

但是,在翻译成英语或者其他语言时,这些成语和俗语的表达方式可能与原文不同,这就需要翻译人员在语言对比的基础上把握对等性。

中英语言翻译对比

中英语言翻译对比
History is made by the people.
句子结构
汉语强调意合,多短句而结构简单;英语强调形合,多长句而结构复杂。
Increased cooperation with China is in the interests of the United States. 同中国加强合作,符合美国的利益。 Association with the good can only produce well, with the wicked, evil. 近朱者赤,近墨者黑。 吃苦在前,享乐在后。 Be the first to bear hardships and the last to enjoy comforts. 在解决环境问题时,不仅要考虑各国的眼前利益,还要考虑全世界的长远 利益。 When we tackle environment problems, consideration should be given to both the immediate interests of various countries and the long-term interests of the whole world.
In line with latest trends in fashion, a few dress designers have been sacrificing elegance to audacity.
肯定与否定
汉英逻辑思维差异的另一个方面体现在话语表达时肯定与否定的运用。
Students, with no exception, are to hand in their papers this afternoon. 今天下午,学生统统要交书面作业。
中英的逻辑差异体现在很多方面,以下是几种典型差异:

翻译的语言对比规律

翻译的语言对比规律

• Ordered! Oh, everything is ordered when a person has to find some way out when he has been stupid. → 命中注定!啊,一个人干出了傻事情,要 替自己找理由,那就什么都是命中注定! 那
不能“一刀切” 不能“一刀切”
语境义 Context
• Thing (东西) 东西) • I believed then that I would die there, and I saw with a terrible clarity the things of the valley below. → 这时我觉得我要死在那儿了,而下面山谷里的景致 景致却看得异常清晰。 景致 • When I am finished, things will be precisely as they were before… → 每次做完之后,一切 一切都依然如故…… 一切 • What I fine thing for our girls! (Pride and Prejudice) →真是女儿们的好福气 福气啊。 福气 • The large mammalian brain is the most complicated thing, for its size, known to us. → 大型哺乳动物的大脑,就其体积而言,是我们所知晓的最复杂的机体 机体。 机体
英汉翻译中对代词的处理
• • • • 删去不译 如实保留 换成所指代的名词 “其”、“之”等汉语代词的灵活运用
• I must confess that with their repetition, and perhaps because of their very inconsequence, chores can in the end evoke a mild sort of satisfaction. → 我必须承认,正由于其反复性,或许还由于其无关紧要, 其 其 家务事到头来还能给人带来些许的满足感。

翻译的语言对比规律 I

翻译的语言对比规律 I
e.g. aluminum铝 America 美国 CIA(美国)中央情报局 zoology 动物学
2)部分或大部分对应
译语和原语词在意义上部分或大部分重叠, 这是英汉词语意义对应的主要表现。 e.g. parent 父亲或母亲 brother兄、弟 milk 奶(抽象);人奶,牛奶,羊奶(具体) morning 早晨、上午
3)语气词
汉语语气助词分类类: a. 陈述语气词: 的、了、呢(呐)、罢了、
而已、啦等 b. 疑问语气词: 吗、吧、呢、啦、啊、么等; c. 祈使语气词:吧、罢、呀、啊、啦等。
“My dear Mr. Bennet,” replied his wife, “how can you be so tiresome! You must know that I am thinking of his marrying one of them.”
5. I have tried all I could do to silence such a story. 我已经想尽办法去压下这个谣传了。
6. It was reported that the general was dead, but officials refused to confirm the story.
我还没有望见那座住宅,天早已暗下来了,只有 西边天际还剩下一抹朦胧的琥珀色的余辉,但是 我仍可借助皎洁的月光,看清小路上的每一颗石 子,每一片草叶。
“No, read it over first correctly, without a single mistake.”
不行,先给我准确的念一遍,不许有一个错。
1)概念意义(Conceptual Meaning):概念意义 是词义的核心,它直接地、明确地表示所指对象。 实际上也就是词典给词下的定义。

英汉对比翻译知识点总结

英汉对比翻译知识点总结

英汉对比翻译知识点总结翻译是一门复杂的艺术,尤其是英汉翻译,因为中英两种语言有着根本的差异。

对于翻译工作者来说,了解和掌握英汉两种语言的特点和规律是非常重要的。

在翻译过程中,需要考虑语言的语法、词汇、文化以及表达方式等方面的差异。

下面将对英汉翻译中的一些常见知识点进行总结和比较。

1.语法结构英汉两种语言的语法结构有很大的差异。

中文语法灵活,句子结构简洁,通常不需要使用冠词、时态、语气等。

而英语语法则更为严谨,句子结构复杂,使用了丰富的时态、语气和冠词等。

在翻译时,需要注意将英文句子中的时态和语气等信息准确地转化为中文,同时也要保持句子结构的自然流畅。

2.词汇中英两种语言的词汇差异也是翻译中需要关注的重点之一。

英语词汇丰富多样,有着丰富的同义词和近义词,而中文的词汇相对简洁,往往需要通过上下文来理解词义。

在翻译时,需要根据上下文和语境来选择合适的词语,保持译文的意思准确清晰。

3.文化背景文化背景是影响翻译质量的重要因素之一。

英汉两种文化有着不同的价值观、习俗、传统等,因此在翻译时需要考虑到文化差异。

有些词语、习惯用语或者成语在中英两种文化中可能有着不同的含义和使用方式,因此需要特别留意,以免产生误解或者歧义。

4.表达方式英语和中文的表达方式也有着一定的差异。

中文语言善于表达抽象意义,通过修饰词和成语来表达情感和意象。

而英语语言更注重直接的表达和逻辑推理。

在翻译时,需要根据原文的表达方式来选择合适的中文表达方式,以保持译文的准确和自然。

5.口语和书面语中英两种语言的口语和书面语也有着不同的风格和表达方式。

英语口语更为活泼自然,词汇量较大,而中文口语则更为简洁直接,词汇量较小。

在翻译时,需要根据文体和语境来选择合适的口语和书面语表达方式,以保持译文的自然流畅。

总之,英汉翻译是一项需要耐心、细心和专业知识的工作。

翻译工作者需要对比英汉两种语言的语法、词汇、表达方式以及文化背景等方面的差异,才能够做出高质量的翻译作品。

翻译的语言对比规律 III

翻译的语言对比规律 III

4. 顺向思维与逆向思维


不同的民族,在观察一些事物现象时,所取的角 度以及思维方式有时极为不同,况且,许多事物 都具有对立面,往往此一方面不好描述时,换一 个角度从另外一方面描述则更贴切。 所以,在英语中从正面来说的,可能在汉语中要 从反面来叙述更加恰当,有些时候英语的反说可 能要处理为汉语的正说才符合习惯。
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A wave of cigarette smoke accompanied him in. 他进门时带进来一缕香烟烟雾。 一缕香烟烟雾随着他飘进来。 Alarm began to take entire possession of him. 他开始变得惊恐万状。 The happiness- the superior advantages of the young women about her, gave Rebecca inexpressible pangs of envy.
I talked to him with brutal frankness。 我对他讲的话,虽然逆耳,却是忠言。 No year passes now without evidence of the truth of statement that the work of government is becoming increasingly difficult. 行政管理工作已变得越来越困难,年年都 证明确实如此。
1.抽象思维与形象思维 2.客体思维与主体思维 3.直线思维与曲线思维 4.顺向思维与逆向思维

1.抽象思维与形象思维
英语重视抽象思维,擅长使用抽象概念表 达具体事物。语言上英语常常使用大量涵 义模糊、指称笼统的抽象名词来表达复杂 的理性概念。 汉语重视形象思维,擅长使用形象的方法 表达抽象概念。语言上汉语更倾向于用具 体形象的词语来表达虚的概念。 翻译时常需要一个“化抽象为具体”的过 程

第二章 翻译中的语言对比分析

第二章  翻译中的语言对比分析

第二章翻译中的语言对比分析1.语义的差异1)词汇意义:完全对应;部分对应:不对应:一词多义tuberculosis The U.S.State Department The Pacific ocean marriage gun sister cousin beddo,overkillHe is a loose man.He is a loose woman.2)搭配能力to cut wheat to cut cake to cut finger-nailswear glasses and thick jersey3)词序方面A little ,yellow,ragged,lame unshaven beggar.2.词法差异英语——静态--- 综合性语言—词的关系靠词本身的形态变化来表现汉语——动态——分析性语言---词的关系靠词序或虚词/助词/量词等来表现1)英语名词化Don't believe him.You should know he is a good kidder.Would you like to take a walk with him?That Would be the confirmation that it Was in general use.2)英语介词优势,Mother is On the telephone with father.She is On maternity leave.,The failure gave me a heavy blow and l was at a loss about my future.3)英语中形容词,副词的动态特征I'm doubtful whether he is Still alive.Water is incompatible with fire.I must be Off now, for my sister IS expecting me.After staying in bed for a week,he iS now Up and about.4)英语中有动词时态的体现, 汉语无Mrs. Long has just been here,and she told me all about it." What was l talking Of?”said he, beginning again when they were all in the street.5)代词使用上的差异Money is a wonderful thing6)量词的增补表达法Before l arrived in sight of it,a11 that remained Of day was a beamless,amber light along the west;but l could see every pebble on the path,and every blade Of grass:by that splendid moon.P1ease go there and give it to him.7)增补语气词,汉语中有,英语中无“My dear Mr. Bennet,” replied his wife,“how can you be SO tiresome! You must know,that I’m thinking of marrying one of them/my daughters.3.句法的差异1) 形合与意合的差异The gate was opened, and the audience came crowding in.The more you give, the more you will get.If it insures a shop and then receives a suspicious claim, it will investigate the claim as ameans of protecting itself against false claims.It's easy to dodge a spear in the open, but hard to guard against an arrow shot from hiding.. ,A fall into the pit, a gain in your wit.Grasp all, lose all.Out of sight, out of mind.Man's warm blood makes it difficult for him to live along in the sea without some kind of warmth..With all its disadvantages this design is considered to be one of the best.2) 句序的差异Nothing has happened since we parted:As the weather was fine, we decided to climb the mountain.4.思维的差异1) 语篇的衔接与连贯Everywhere man is altering the balance of nature. He is facilitating the spread of plants and animals into new regions, sometimes deliberately, sometimes unconsciously. He is covering huge areas with new kinds of plants, or with homes, factories, slag-heaps and other productsof his civilization. He exterminates some species on a large scale, but favors the multiplicationof others,人类到处都在改变着自然界的平衡。

第4章 翻译的语言对比规律

第4章  翻译的语言对比规律
这时我觉得我要死在那儿了, 而下面峡谷里的景致却看的 异常清晰。
In the end I had to have a caesarean, which just knocked me for six.
最后我只好做剖腹产,这下 可把我彻底摧垮了。
But to almost everybody she was a fine and picturesque country gir征。
Jane was as much gratified by this as her mother could be, though in a quieter way. 简和母亲一样,觉得非常得意, 只是不像母亲那样唧唧喳喳。
小试牛 刀
小试牛刀
I believe then that I would die there,and I saw with a terrible clarity the thing of the valley below.
2、“My dear Mr. Bennet,” replied his wife,“how can you be so tiresome! You must know that I am thinking of his marrying one of them.” “亲爱的贝内特先生,”太太 答道,“你怎么这么令人讨厌! 告诉你吧,我在琢磨他娶她们 中的一个做太太呢。”
不过,几乎在每个人看来, 她只不过是一个标致如画 的乡下姑娘而已。
Yet few knew, and still fewer considered this.
然而,这一点很少有人察 觉,更少有人关注。
That altered ,frightened, fat face told his secret well enough. 。 他的胖脸蛋下得走了样, 他心里的打算一看就知道。

翻译2

翻译2

化抽象为具体 化被动为主动
homework
Now that you are in for it, you must carry on. Cigarettes were the death of me. If you confer a benefit, never remember it; if you receive one, remember it always. Her sighs made it clear that she was unhappy. They had no running water where they lived. Nor did they have any conveniences of life such as gas and electricity.
关于家务事,第一点要说的就是它们 它们的重复性。 它们 它们差不多每天都有,而且做完后隔一段时间 它们 还得再做。 家务事的第一个特点,是反反复复。几乎天天 都有,而且做完之后,过一定时间又要重做一 番。
指示代词翻译处理: 指示代词翻译处理:
如实保留 删去不译 换成它所指代的名词 改成“其”,“之”之类的汉语代词。 如:“家务事的第一个特点即其反复性” 其
西方人喜欢抽象,中国人喜欢具体 英语句子主语:抽象名词或其他无生命 的东西;汉语的主语:人或有生命的东 西。 英语多用被动语态,而汉语多用主动
The forty years, 1840-1880, brought almost ten million migrants to America. My good fortune has sent you to me, and we will never part. 在1840至1880这四十年中,近一千万 近一千万 移民移居美国。 移民 我很幸运 我很幸运,能够得到你,让我们永不 分离吧。

第五章 翻译的语言对比规律

第五章 翻译的语言对比规律

第五章翻译的语言对比规律一、语义的差异(1)完全对应New York, mathematics, pneumonia, head, mouth, airport(2)部分或大部分对应1.I have no experience as a parent.2.She is my cousin.(3)完全或大部分不对应things 教材P68-69 S1-5如出一撤P1571.Opening/ closing speech2.bite off more than one can chew3.scratch one’s head4.scratch the surface5.my English stinks6.It all happened in the twinkling of an eye.7.He is well over forty.8.This hotel tries to create a homelike atmosphere9.He tried to concentrate on the news over the radio, but hiseyes kept on closing.10.H e shook his head.特别提醒P15911.A ll of us know he ( the speaker) is a busybody.12.(not ) for love or money13.O ur firm is on the rocks.14.H e was quite at fault.15.H is fingers are all thumbs.大同小异P1591.National minority2.Sum total3.License suspension4.You should think twice before doing it.5.Some students like to burn the midnight oil.6.I’ll eat my hat/head/boots if …7.In no case will they look on with folded arms.8.That night they had a heart to heart talk.9.The committee sat on our proposal for several months.搁置10.I didn’t enjoy hot weather in summer, but we have to livewith it, don’t we?但是没办法11.H e just clammed up and wouldn’t talk.拒不开口搭配P1611.sound sleep sound judgment准确判断2.heavy rain / snow; heavy weather恶劣天气3.keep a diary keep/ observe Spring Festival过春节keep hens/pets4.instant coffee/ instant noodle审视角度P162fire engine fire hose tear gas dump truckdust cover reading lampcombination lock placement test pocket moneynext-door neighbor broad jumpstop watch borrowed prosperity思维方式P1621.the rush to learn English rush hours Christmas rush,football craze2.he has no ear for music3.The noise gets on my nerves.4.have a butterfly in the stomach.心里紧张5.Words and figures differ on this check.差异悬殊P1641.The employee was summarily dismissed.2.The murderer was arrested red-handed.3.Bad habits die hard.4.What’s done cannot be undone.5.It’s better to be the safe side.还是稳妥点好6.My husband sends me flowers once in a blue moon.千载难逢7.Today we have reached a stage of realizing that rivers can bepolluted past praying for.现在我们意识到河流受到污染可能已到了无法挽救的地步。

翻译的语言对比规律

翻译的语言对比规律
翻译的语言对比规律
一语义的差异 二句法的差异
一语义的差异
完全对应
aluminum
铝 New York 纽约
physics
物理 hand 手 She is a cat. 她是一个心地狠毒的女人
部分或大部分对应
Cat 完全不对应 Teenager 十三到十九岁的男女 青少年 ,十几岁的孩子
thing
例: As we resumed walking I blurted out , “It’s a lucky thing it happened that way . You wouldn’t have met mother.” 我们继续往前走,我又冒出一句话:“这样倒是 一件幸事。不然你就遇不上妈妈了。” 英语形合句不需要一刀切的全译成汉语意合句, 汉语也可以用形合句翻译成英语的形合句。 It will be no use to us , if twenty such should come since you will not visit them. 既然你不肯去拜访,即使搬来二十个,那对我们 又有什么用。
1.Ibelieved then that I would die there, and I saw with a terrible clarity the thing Of the valley below. 这时我觉的我要死在那儿了,而下面山谷里的景致却看得异 常清晰。 2.The large mammalian brain is the most complicated thing , for its size , known to us . 大型哺乳动物的大脑,就其体积而言,是我们所知晓的最复 杂的机体。
差异之四:语序之not

汉英语言对比中的语法差异与翻译技巧

汉英语言对比中的语法差异与翻译技巧

汉英语言对比中的语法差异与翻译技巧语言是人类交流思想、传递信息的工具,它具有不同的语法、词汇和表达方式,反映了不同的文化和背景。

汉英语是世界上最常用的两种语言,而这两种语言的语法差异也是翻译难点之一。

本文将探讨汉英语言对比中的语法差异和翻译技巧。

一、语法差异汉英语的语法结构有很大的差异,这影响到汉英翻译的难度和准确性。

以下是一些汉英语言对比中的典型语法差异:1.主谓宾语结构中文主谓宾语结构简单明了,尤其是动宾结构,常用在汉语中,通常不需要加语法助词。

而英文句子的主语和谓语顺序通常是固定的,而且英文中动词短语中的助动词、时间状语、动态状语等要素需要逐个译出,以保证语言的准确性。

例如:“李先生喜欢喝茶。

”在英语中应该翻译为“Mr. Li likes drinking tea.”。

需要注意的是,英文中的like后要加ing形式的动词,表示喜欢做某事。

2.语序汉英语的语序也不同,汉语是主语+谓语+宾语,而英语是主语+宾语+谓语。

在翻译中,语序的问题经常导致误译和难以理解。

另外,英文中形容词和副词都放在名词和动词之前,而中文中则相反,所以容易产生疑惑。

例如:“他吃了三个苹果,很快乐。

”就需要翻译成“He ate three apples, and he was happy.”,这样就能正确表达原意。

3.动词时态中文语言中没有时态的概念,而英语语言中,时态是非常重要的。

汉语的时间和状态主要是通过时间状语和状态状语来表达。

但英语中时态有多种形式,例如现在式、过去式、完成时和将来时,每一种时态都有对应的翻译规则。

例如:“我明天去上海。

”应该翻译为“ I will go to Shanghai tomorrow.”,将 v + 了的结构译为将来时。

二、翻译技巧1.理解原意无论是汉英还是英汉翻译,首先要理解源文的原意,根据文本的语境、内容、结构和目的,选取适当的翻译方法和技巧。

2.根据语境选择适当的翻译方式在翻译过程中,根据语境选择适当的翻译方式是非常重要的。

翻译的语言对比规律

翻译的语言对比规律
• 一种新型飞机---体积小,便宜,无人驾驶--正在越来越引起人们的注意。
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• 4. If North America and Europe renew their moral life, build on their culture commonality, and develop closer forms of economic and political integration to supplement their security collaboration in NATO, they could generate a third Euroamerican phase of western affluence and political influence .
• 5. At this stage there is only soft intelligence about the enemy intention. We should not shoot him for the hip.
• 在目前,关于敌人的意图还只有不太充分 的情报,我们不能鲁莽行事。
2021/4/4
2021/4/4
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• 6) Qu Man and Yang Jie marry in a hotel courtyard with 85 people and a type of ceremony that is becoming common: Western, statues of Roman gods and scads of purple balloons are part of an event complete with the throwing of rice and confetti. At one point, the parents of both bride Qu and groom Yang are called up front to speak at the ceremony. It seems like no big deal. And that was not

英汉语言对比英汉语序

英汉语言对比英汉语序

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表达方式
由于英汉语序的不同,表达方式也存在差异。在写作过程中,需要根据目标读者的语言习 惯来调整语序,以使文章更加符合读者的阅读习惯。同时,注意语序的变化可以增强文章 的表达效果和感染力。
文化表达
语序的不同也反映了不同文化对表达方式的偏好。在写作中,通过合理安排语序,可以更 好地传达文化信息,增强文章的跨文化交流能力。
文化传递
语序的不同有时也反映了文化差 异。在翻译过程中,译者需要关 注语序背后所蕴含的文化信息, 尽可能在译文中保留这些文化元 素,以帮助读者更好地理解原文 的文化背景。
对写作的影响
逻辑性
英语和汉语的语序在写作中具有不同的逻辑性。英语倾向于使用主-谓-宾的结构,而汉语 则更注重意合,强调语义的自然流动。在写作时,需要根据目标语言的特点来组织语序, 以增强文章的逻辑性和可读性。
在汉语中,虽然主语、谓语和宾语的 语序也是主语-谓语-宾语,但在实际 运用中,常常会根据表达的需要进行 调整,使得句子的表达更加丰富和灵 活。
修饰语的位置
在英语中,修饰语通常紧跟在谓语之后,放在名词之前。这种语序使得句子结构更加紧凑,信息传递 更加高效。
而在汉语中,修饰语的位置则更加灵活,可以放在名词之前或之后,甚至可以重复出现以强调某个信 息点。这种语序使得汉语的表达更加丰富和细腻。
英汉语言对比-英汉语序
目 录
• 英汉语序的总体差异 • 英汉语序在句子层面的差异 • 英汉语序在词汇层面的差异 • 英汉语序在段落和篇章层面的差异 • 英汉语序的影响与启示
01 英汉语序的总体差异
主语-谓语-宾语的语序
英语中,主语、谓语和宾语的语序通 常是固定的,即主语-谓语-宾语。这 种语序有助于句子结构的清晰和逻辑 的严密。

翻译的语言对比规律 II

翻译的语言对比规律 II

Even if I were to be beaten to death, I will not tell. 打死我也不说。 A state which dwarfs its men, in order that they may be more docile instruments in its hands even for beneficial purposes will find that with small men no great thing can really be accomplished.

If parents were prepared for this adolescent reaction, and realized that it was a sign that the child was growing up and developing valuable powers of observation and independent judgment, they would not be so hurt, and therefore would not drive the child into opposition by resenting and resisting it. 如果做父母的对这种青少年的反应有思想准 备,并且认识到到这是一个显示孩子正在成长、正 在发展珍贵的观察力和独立的判断力的标志,他们 就不会感到如此伤心,所以也就不会因为怨恨和抵 触这种反应,而把孩子推到相反的方向。
一、英汉句法对比


3、英汉句式结构相同点
基本结构:主语+谓语+宾语 E.g. 1)A woman’s friendship ever ends in love. 女人的友谊最后总会变成爱情。

5翻译的语言对比规律(语义.词法.句法.思维)

5翻译的语言对比规律(语义.词法.句法.思维)

3) Non-correspondence or almost noncorrespondence
Teenager: 13至19岁的青少年 Clock-watcher: 老是看钟等下班的人 Dink = double income no kids 丁克家族
糖葫芦 文房四宝
Tanghulu, a sugar-coated fruit on the stick the four treasures of the study (writing brush, inkstick, inkstone and paper) 文明礼貌月 Socialist Ethics and Coursty Month 乌纱帽 an official post 五岳 the Five Sacred Mountains 五经 The Five Classics (The Book of Poetry, The Book of History, The Book of Changes, The Book of Rites and The Spring and Autumn Annuals)
linguistically is the contrast between
hypotaxis and parataxis.
Hypotaxis: Hypotaxis refers to a construction where constituents have been linked through the use of conjunction.
①Mr. Smith used to be an army officer, but he is in prison now. 史密斯先生过去是一个军官,而现在在监狱里。
2) Preference of use parts of speech

英汉语言特点对比与翻译

英汉语言特点对比与翻译

英汉语言特点对比与翻译世界因差异而丰富多彩,长期以来,英汉民族在价值观念、宗教信仰、民情风俗、历史背景、地理条件、社会制度、生活经验等方面存在着巨大差异,这些差异不仅给各自的文化载体打上了深深的烙印,形成了独具风格的语言与文化,同时也为这两种语言之间互译带来了重重困难。

本文主要在逻辑和语法两方面对英语和汉语的特点进行比较和分析,探寻英汉语言互译的策略与方法。

一、逻辑对比1. 主观与客观汉语在表达上注重主体意识,而英语强调倾向于客体。

因此,汉语常用人或物作主语,多用主动语态,有时还会省略主语。

英语则较多用非人称主语结构,被动句与主动句并重,主语一般不省略。

Eg: The news of any old pal’s death will invariably make me sad in my heart for a long, long time. 我每当听到一个旧友死去是消息,总要惆怅多时。

2. 动态与静态汉语中喜用动词,经常会有多个动词并列出现,英语则常常通过动词的派生、转化、弱化和虚化等手段,采用非动词的形式(如名词、介词、形容词、副词等)表达动词的意义,因而表达呈静态。

Eg : He is a good eater and a good sleep. 他能吃能睡。

3. 具体与抽象抽象表达法在英语里使用得相当普遍, 主要见于大量使用抽象名词,用来表达复杂的思想和微妙的情绪,英语中丰富的词义虚化手段,也大大方便了抽象表达法的使用。

与英语相比,汉语用词倾向于具体,常常以实的形式表达虚的概念,以具体的形象表达抽象的内容,往往采用如下的手段:用动词取代抽象名词;用范畴词使抽象概念具体化;用具体的词语阐释抽象的词义;用形象性词语使抽象意义具体化(如比喻、成语、谚语、歇后语等)。

Eg: I talk to him with brutal frankness. 我对他说的话,虽然逆耳,却是忠言。

4. 肯定与否定汉英逻辑思维差异的另一方面体现在表达时肯定与否定的运用。

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翻译的语言对比规律
Pronunciation
• • • • • 1. 磕头 Kowtow 2. 四十四只石狮子 Forty-four stone lions 3. A new kind of aircraft---small, cheap, pilotless---is attracting increasing attention. • 一种新型飞机---体积小,便宜,无人驾驶--正在越来越引起人们的注意。
• 3) The U.S. Constitution separates the federal government into three distinct branches (judicial, legislative and executive) with a system of “checks and balances” among their powers. • 美国《合众国宪法》将联邦政府分为三个 各司其职的部门(司法、立法和行政), 并在它们的权力上实行“制衡”制度。
• 露丝·凯利对朋友说过,由于她在堕胎和 节育方面的观点,她无法在卫生部或国际 开发事务部工作,况且,她还反对议会下 院有关胚胎研究的动议。她说过:“我是 个虔诚的天主教徒。显然,我有坚定的个 人原则。如果说这些是坚定的个人原则, 那么,在我的政治生涯中,我就得遵守。” 然而,在某些问题上,她采取的是自由主 义的态度。
• Another fan said Saakashvili-who has a reputation as a hothead-is a better president with his wife at his side. “Don’t worry, Sandra will keep him in line,” said Dzhaeni, another Tbilisi resident. “He must have done something right if he got her to be his wife.” •
句法的差异
• 1、英汉语言在形式上的最基本差异表现为: • 英语重形合 hypotaxis • 汉语重意合 parataxis
• 形合: • 指句中的词语或分句之间需要一种语言形 式手段(如连词或关联词)连接起来,表 达一定的语法意义和逻辑关系。 • 意合: • 指词语或分句之间不用语言形式手段进行 连接,句中的语法意义和逻辑关系通过词 语或分句的含义来表达。
• 5) Ruth Kelly has told friends she could not work in the Departments of Health or International Development, because of her views on abortion and birth control, and she opposed the Commons motions on embryo research. “I am a practicing Catholic, ” she has said. “Clearly I have strong personal principles. I would have to abide by them in my political career if they are strong personal principles.” On some issue, however, she takes a liberal line.
• 3. The landing must be super-soft, made at a velocity of 18 miles or so an hour. • 这次着陆一定是超级的软着陆,即着陆时 的飞行速度在每小时18英里(约29)公里 左右。 • *(宇宙飞船的着陆)飞行速度在32公里/小 时左右的;软着陆
• 4) Sandra Roelofs has said that she plans to keep living in the family’s modest flat near a McDonald’s restaurant in downtown Tbilisi, even though they are now entitled to move into a luxurious government residence. “She is Dutch, she doesn’t care about fancy houses and cars,” Malika, a 29-year-old civil servant in Tbilisi, said approvi汉语言的特点 英语又称“屈折语” inflectional language 汉语又称“非屈折语” non-inflectional language
• 4. Marijuana is usually regarded as a soft drug. • 大麻通常被看作是软性麻醉毒品。 • *(麻醉毒品)毒性较轻的;软性的 • 5. At this stage there is only soft intelligence about the enemy intention. We should not shoot him for the hip. • 在目前,关于敌人的意图还只有不太充分 的情报,我们不能鲁莽行事。
• for show. It signals she will not be an oldstyle daughter-in-law, subservient, powerless and dependent. She will negotiate when to leave her career and have a child. If she is like many brides today, she will have told her husband already that if he expects her to live with his family, he must find a different wife.
• 2) An American and his wife were driving in Canada and got lost. Finally they came into some city. They saw a gentleman on the sidewalk, so the gentleman pulled up to the curb, and the lady let down her window and asked: “Excuse me, sir. Where are we?” The gentleman on the street replied, “Saskatoon, Saskachewan.” The lady rolled up the window, turned to her husband and said, “We really are lost. They don’t even speak English here!”
• 4. If North America and Europe renew their moral life, build on their culture commonality, and develop closer forms of economic and political integration to supplement their security collaboration in NATO, they could generate a third Euroamerican phase of western affluence and political influence .
• 6) Qu Man and Yang Jie marry in a hotel courtyard with 85 people and a type of ceremony that is becoming common: Western, statues of Roman gods and scads of purple balloons are part of an event complete with the throwing of rice and confetti. At one point, the parents of both bride Qu and groom Yang are called up front to speak at the ceremony. It seems like no big deal. And that was not
• *(情报等)非百分之百可靠
Total
• 1. Mr. Smith was given a new Corvette by a Denver dealer and totaled it the next month. • 史密斯先生从丹佛的一个经销商处弄到了 一辆崭新的考文特牌汽车,一个月后,这 车子就撞得无法修理了。 • *彻底撞毁
• 2. Did you at least total the guy that hit you? • 对那个揍你的家伙,你至少已经向他报复 了吧?
• 3、词义对比的文化内涵
• 4、Exercises • 1) At a memorial in New York, a little boy left his football with a note for his lost father, “Dear Daddy, please take this to Heaven. I don’t want to play football until I can play with you again someday.” • 在纽约举行的一次追思会上,一个小男孩留下他 的足球和给他死去的父亲的留言:“亲爱的爸爸, 请将这个足球带到天堂去。我不想再踢足球了, 除非有一天能与您一起踢。”
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