英美概况美国unit10
英美概况美国部分初稿
《英美概况》讲稿——美国部分美国部分.........................................................第一章美国地理位置Geography................第二章美国人口种族Population，Race and Ethnic groups................第三章美国历史（一）American History(I)................第四章美国历史（二）American History(II)................第五章美国历史（三）American History(III)................第六章美国经济The Economy................第七章政治制度Political institution................第八章美国教育Education................第九章文化建筑和音乐Literature, Architecture and Music................第十章节日和假期Holidays and Festivals美国部分.........................................................第十三章美国地理位置Geography................第十四章美国人口种族Population，Race and Ethnic groups................第十五章美国历史（一）American History(I)................第十六章美国历史（二）American History(II)................第十七章美国历史（三）American History(III)................第十八章美国经济The Economy................第十九章政治制度Political institution................第二十章美国教育Education................第二十一章文化建筑和音乐Literature, Architecture and Music ................第二十二章节日和假期Holidays and Festivals英美概况精讲——美国部分Chapter 1 geography 地理位置1.Alaska and Hawaii are the two newest states in American. Alaska northwestern Canada,and Hawaii lies in the central Pacific.阿拉斯加和夏威夷是最近加入美国的两个新州。
英美概况美国unit10
Also, the social services in the U.S compare unfavorably with those in most industrialized societies.
4. Crime
Former President Nixon said that crime is America’s “number one enemy”. In 1970s, he was involved in the Watergate scandal, for which he was forced to resign from the presidency.
Americans are primarily a nation of immigrants, who or whose ancestors came from many parts of the globe.
---1. some as refugees from religious and political persecution (逃避宗教和政治迫害的难民)
Furthermore, the affluent majority seems indifferent to the problems of the poor. This raises some serious moral problems and inevitably creates fierce conflicts of interest and many political controversies.
英美概况美国篇
英美概况美国篇一、概况1.50 StatesIts forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.2.Races and Population在东部时间2006年10月17日早晨7点46分，美国人口总数突破三亿大关，这是美国人口史上具有里程碑意义的一刻。
3.06188亿（2009年，世界国家和地区第3名，次于中国、印度）3.The Composition of American Population1)The Majority:the descendants of immigrants from European countries, suchas France, Germany, Italy, Ireland, and Spain;“Pilgrim Fathers”;Potatofamine2)The Minorities:The African Americans: black slaves from Africa;Indians: thenumber of native Americans has been falling, no more than a million;TheHispanics: immigrants or descendents of immigrants from Latin America,such as Cuba and Mexico (Mexicans are the most numerous amongthem);Asian-Americans, from China, Japan and Korea;Morethan a millionChinese-Americans, most of whom live in Hawaii, on the West Coast and insome big cities;5 million Jews in America, many of whom went there duringthe Second World War and achieved great success in America.3)“The Melting Pot”:It means immigrants from different nations all over theworld have mixed to make up the American nation.“old immigrants”: cameto America before 1860;“new immigrants”, after 1860.The ImmigrationQuota Law was passed by the American government in 1924.二、Early History1.Columbus：1492 Christopher Columbus arrived at Salvador Island, thusdiscovered the “New World”.(Amerigo V espucci: named “America”)2.The first English permanent settlement:1607 The first group of English coloniescame to America and built their settlement of Charleston which later was expanded into the first English colony known as Virginia.3.Pilgrim Fathers:1620 Some English immigrants (Puritans) sailed into Plymouthon a ship called the “Mayflower”.102 Puritans, 60 days.Mayflower Compact, “one man one vote”, “one-man rule”4.The values of Puritans:hard work; commercial success; the importance ofeducation5.Thanksgiving:1621 Thanksgiving Day was first celebrated by the pilgrims of thePlymouth Colony.三、American Revolutionary1.The 13 English colonies in America1)The New England Colonies: Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, RhodeIsland, and Connecticut.2)The Middle Colonies: New Y ork, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland3)The Southern Colonies: Virginia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Georgia 2.“Common Sense”Thomas Paine: “Common Sense” .The pamphlet demanded complete independence from Great Britain and the establishment of a strong federal union.Within a few months reached a total of 120,000 copies.3.The founding fathers of US1)George Washington“Father of the Country”.First, he was the commander of the ContinentalArmy that won American independence in the Revolutionary War.Second, heserved as president of the convention that wrote the United StatesConstitution.Third, he was elected the first President of the United States.Inthe European war, he declared that the United States would remain neutral.2)John Adams(A federalist)The Alien and Sedition Acts:made it a crime for anyone to publish “false,scandalous, and malicious writing” about the government and its officials,and gave the president to deport any foreigners considered dangerous to thenation’s peace and safety.The real purpose: to silence the Democratic-Republican and check their growing power.The Acts made theFederalists very unpopular, who were defeated in the election of 1800 anddisappeared from political scene some 15 years later.3)Benjamin FranklinThe most famous American of the 18th century and one of the most famousand influential Americans who have ever lived.A greatest statesman, scientist, philosopher, diplomat.His services as a diplomat in France helped greatly inwinning the Revolutionary War.Franklin was the only person who signed allthe four of the most important documents in American history:TheDeclaration of Independence;The Treaty of Alliance with France;The Treatyof Peace with Great Britain;The Constitution of the United States.4)HamiltonHamilton’s contribution:Established a governmental-supported nationalbank;Created a new series of gold, silver, and coppercoins;Raised money bya tax on the manufacture of whiskey.5)JeffersonJeffersonian Presidency:The first Democratic-Republican President,“a bornpopular leader”.His inauguration marked the beginning of the peacefulpolitical transition from one political party to another in America.Jeffersonian Democracy:Jefferson advocated a nation of small farmers.Thenational government should be weak and be an advocate of individualrights.A truly democratic statesmanHe favored: “absolute acquiescence inthe decisions of the majority” ;He opposed:“every f orm of tyranny over themind of man.6)John Quincy Adamsthe Monroe Doctrine's chief author;the sixth President of the UnitedStates;the son of John Adams and Abigail Adams.As a diplomat, Adams wasinvolved in many international negotiations, and helped formulate theMonroe Doctrine as Secretary of State. Historians agree he was one of thegreatest diplomats in American history. Encouraged industry.7)“Virginia Dynasty”(Virginians, Democratic-Republicans)Thomas JeffersonJames Madison: “the Father of Constitution”.James Monroe (1817- 1825)“The Era of Good Feeling”: its relative peace, unity, and optimism about thefuture; nationalism.The Monroe Doctrine:“America for Americans”;“the manifestation of anunfriendly disposition toward the United States”.James Monroe first stated the doctrine during his seventh annual State of theUnion Address to Congress. It stated that further efforts by Europeancountries to colonize land or interfere with states in the Americas would beviewed by the United States of America as acts of aggression requiring USintervention.The Influences of Monroe Doctrine:It became a defining moment in theforeign policy of the United States and one of its longest-standing tenets,invoked by U.S. presidents, Calvin Coolidge, Herbert Hoover, John F.Kennedy, and others.4.Independence War1)The Causes of the War:The sharpening contradictions between Britain andthe colonies;The Unity of the colonies.2)Before the Independence War:1630 Boston was founded by a group of Puritans.1636 Harvard was founded.1682 Philadelphia was founded.1701 Detroit was founded by French.Y ale was founded.1733 Georgia, the last of thirteen English colonies, was founded.Spanish,French, Dutch and English colonists,only the English established permanentagricultural colonies(Religious reason;Economic reason).1765 The Stamp Act was passed.1766 The Stamp Act was repealed.1770 The Boston Massacre took place.1773 There appeared the event of the Boston Tea Party.1774 The first Continental Congress was held.3)Progress of the War(Time: 1775-1783):1775 Minute Men of Lexington and Concord counterattacked the invadingEnglish troops, marking the preclude of Independence War on April.Thesecond continental congress was called in May.The Battle of Bunker Hilltook place on June 17th(The bloodiest battle of the entire war;During thesecond Continental Congress;More than 1000 British soldiers and about 400Americans were killed or wounded).The delegates decided to resist, by forceif necessary; they asked King George III to prevent further hostile action byGreat Britain, to restore the peaceful relation.1776 The Declaration of Independence was signed andissued.The Battle ofTrenton took place.1777 The Battle of Saratoga took place, which marked the turning point ofthe war.It stopped the British invasion from Canada, and saved the NewEngland colonies.It helped convince France that it could safely enter the waron the American sideAfter the Americans’ victory at Saratoga, France agreedto enter into an open alliance with the United States.Americans benefitedfrom the direct assistance of a number of foreign volunteers like the Marquisde Lafayette.1778 The Battle of Monmouth took place on June 28th, which was the lastlarge battle in the North.1781 General Cornwallis and his 7000 men surrendered at Y orktown on Oct.19th, which was the real end of the war.1783 Paris Peace Treaty was signed between America and England on Sep.3rd.The last of the British left America.The War in the South：Victory at Y orktown in 1781: ended fighting in theRevolution and virtually assured success to the American cause.4)The Articles of Confederation《邦联条例》Adopted by Congress in 1777, and taken into effect in1781.The Articlesserved as the new nation’s const itution until the first government under theConstitution of the United States was formed in 1789.The Articles attemptedto balance the need for an effective national government with the traditionalindependence of each state.5)The Treaty of Paris1782 Parliament voted to end hostilities and begin peace talks.1783 TheAmericans and the British signed the Treaty of Paris, officially ending theRevolutionary War.Britain recognized the independence of its formercolonies and accepted the new nation’s borders.6)Postwar ProblemsNot a truly unified country.According to the Article of the Confederation, thefirst thirteen states were determined to have a weak national government.The federal governmentUnable to pay the high national debtLacked the means for raising money to provide for national defenseHad no power to regulate the nation’s tradeRevising the Article of the Confederation became an urgent issue.5.Constitutional Convention 17871787 The Constitutional Convention was called.12 States,except for Rhode Island,55 delegates, Philadelphia’s Independence Hall.Washington, was chosen aschairman.Benjamin Franklin helped ease some of the difficulties among the other delegates.1)Debates in Constitutional ConventionNorthern states:Strengthen the power of the federal government;Favoredprotective tariffs and free labor.Southern states:Protect the rights of states and demand a weak centralgovernment;Preferred low tariffs and slavery2)Controversy Over RepresentativesSmall states:demanded equal representation with large statesLarge states:argued for proportional representation reflecting the populationof each state3)CompromiseHouse of Representatives:in proportion to the population of the statesSenate:two representatives each from both the large and the small states4)The new Constitution was born on September 17, 1787, after 16 weeks ofdeliberation.Basic Ideas of the Constitution:Separation of powersChecks-and-balancesFederalismThe Bill of RightsTo restrict the central government and assure individual rights, 10Amendments were added to the document and became law in 1791.These ten amendments guaranteed individual freedom of speech, religion, thepress, the right to trial by jury, the right to bear arms, the right to securityfrom unreasonable searches and seizures and the right to avoidself-determination四、American Politics1. The election of American presidentThe President is elected by an Electoral College.In 1789, the Electoral College unanimously chose George Washington to be the first American president.2. The First Political PartiesA political division: appeared between those who favored a strong federalgovernment and those who opposed it.Federalist Party: Hamilton and his followers, chiefly NorthernersDemocratic-Republican Party: Jefferson and his followers, chiefly Southerners 3. Federalists vs Anti-FederalistsFederalist Party:favored a strong federal government and the interests of commerce and manufacturing over agriculture, and the new government on a sound financial basis.The Federalist Party generally backed Britain in The conflicts between France and Britain.Democratic-Republican Party:A weak central government;Sided with France; The present-day Democratic Party4. The principles of governmentThe government derives its power from the consent of the governed.The power of government must be limited by a fundamental law, the Constitution.The government should be granted adequate power for achieving its appropriate purpose.5. FederalismFederalism in the United States is the evolving relationship between state governments and the federal government of the United States.The federal government and the state governments are equal before the U.S.Constitution.Hamilton vs JeffersonIn 1790, the Federalist political party, lead by Alexander Hamilton, believed in a strong federal government, which is where the name came from.The Democratic-Republicans, or the Republican political party today, lead by Thomas Jefferson, believed in a weak federal government6. The power of federal governmentThe federal government is granted the power to deal with problems which no single state could deal with effectively.To coin moneyTo tax importsTo raise an army for national defenceTo manage foreign affairsTo take care of the general welfare of the American people To deal with the problems concerning more than two states7. Check-and-balance systemTo prevent one branch from becoming supreme, and to induce the branches to cooperate, governance systems that employ a separation of powers need a way to balance each of the branches.8. United States: Government Structure1)Constitution:three branches of American government and the functions ofthemExecutive Branch——President:Cabinet of Advisors;Heads of Major Government AgenciesThe Executive（The federal government refers to the branches as "branches of government", while some systems use "government" to describe the executive.）The President（The President is both the head of state and government, as well as the military commander-in-chief and chief diplomat. The President, according to the Constitution, must "take care that the laws be faithfully executed," and "preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution."）The Vice President（Under the Constitution, the Vice President is President of the Senate.）The Secretary of State（The Secretary of State is the Chief Executive Officerof the United States Department of State, the most senior of all federal executive departments.The Secretary serves as the President's chief adviser on U.S. foreign policy.）Legislative Branch——Congress:House ofRepresentatives;SenateJudicial Branch——Supreme Court:9members2)State Governments:The United States was originally made up of 13English-American colonies.All the 50 states, which each represented by a star on the national flag, are “united”under the Constitution.The task of the state governmentTo look after the well-being of the residents and protect their natural rights.State assemblyGovernorIts own system of law courts3)Local governments:American local governments are not controlled by thefederal government, but by the state government.五、Expansion and Progress1. The Louisiana Purchase(One of Jefferson’s greatest achievements)Background:French control of Louisiana as a danger to the United States For the benefit of American agriculture and commerce by developing the Louisiana TerritoryThe action doubled the size of the United States.2. Lewis and Clark ExpeditionTime: 1804Target: the northern part of the Louisiana PurchaseAchievement:provided valuable information about the Indians, flora and fauna, the geography in the Western territory;gave the United States claim to the land to the Pacific Ocean.3. The Unsuccessful EmbargoDuring Jefferson’s second term, problems from the war between Great Britain and France arose.Congress passed the Embargo Act of 1807, which made it illegal for American goods to be exported to foreign countries.The embargo failed to bring about any change in British or French policy and became a disaster for the American economy.On the other side, it aroused indignation among Americans.4. The War of 1812(“Second War for Independence” )The British which had a strong navy continued to interfere with U.S. ships, force American seamen into British service, and violate the nation’s n eutral rights and coastal waters.In 1812 President Madison asked congress to declare war against Britain.the Treaty of Ghent:The war continued indecisively for nearly three years.Both sides agreed to the Treaty of Ghent (《根特和平条约》) on December 24, 1814, which brought peace and established a commission to settle boundary disputes.The Effects of the War of 1812Neither side won the War of 1812, but the war did have important effects on the United States:it increased national patriotism and helped to unite the United States into one nation;it practically ended Indian resistance in the Northwest and encouraged rapid settlement of the region.5. The Westward Movement1)Two frontiersThe west of early United States, the region between the Appalachian Mountains and Mississippi River. (Texas) The Great West (Far West), stretching from the MississippiRiver to the Pacific Ocean, can be subdivided into two sections: the territory between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains and the region between the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific coast.(California)2)PioneersDaniel Boone:the most famous pioneerWilderness Road: became a main route to the West for thousands of settlersPioneers included Easterners from both the North and South, and Europe.For seeking a better life, or in search of religious freedom3)Indians(“Trail of Tears”)As white people moved westward, native Americans east of the Mississippi River suffered a great deal.4)The Age of JacksonAndrew Jackson was a dominant figure of the early 19th century.He won fame as an Indian fighter and as a hero in the War of 1812.He was born into a poor family who lived in a log cabin.He gained support from Western farmers, frontiersmen, city laborers and craftmen.“Jacksonian Democracy”This term is used to describe the reforms and reform movements of the period from 1828 to 1850.He carried out the policy of equal political power for all, so by the end of the era, the United States was a more democratic nation than it had been before.The Rise of “Common man”President Jackson promised to end th e “monopoly” of government by the rich and to protect the interests of the “common man”.In order to protect the interests of the“common man”, Jackson launched a major crusade against the Second National Bank of the United States.The Rise of Middle ClassIn Jacksonian era, the majority of common men found opportunities in the relatively fluid society to achieve material success, as in those that preceded and followed it, established “middle class”respectability.The Start of Spoil SystemWhen Jackson became President, many wealthy Easterners held federalgovernment offices. Jackson dismissed many of these people from office, replacing them with his supporters.The spoil system is a practice where a political party, after winning an election, gives government jobs to its voters asa reward for working toward victory, and as an incentive to keep working forthe party—as opposed to a system of awarding offices on the basis of some measure of merit independent of political activity.Two New Parties :Two new parties took form during the age of Jackson.Democratic Party: under the leadership of JacksonNational Republicans(the Whigs): those who supported John Qunicy AdamsIndian removalThe most controversial aspect of Jackson's presidency was his policy regarding American Indians, which involved the ethnic cleansing of several Indian tribes.Many tribes and portions of tribes had been removed to Arkansas Territory and further west of the Mississippi River without the suffering and tragedies ofwhat later became known as the Trail of Tears.六、The American Civil War1.The North vs the South(Two-party system :Republican Party and DemocraticParty)The political conflict between the North and the SouthRepublican Party Founded in northern states in 1854 by anti-slavery activists, modernizers, ex-Whigs and ex-Free Soilers, the Republican Party quickly became the principal opposition to the dominant Democratic Party.It first came to power in 1860 with the election of Abraham Lincoln to the presidency; it presided over the American Civil War and Reconstruction.The North had more people, more raw materials for producing war supplies, anda better railway system.The South had more experienced military leaders and better knowledge of the battlefields because most of the war was fought in the South.2.Major Events About the Civil War1852 The novel entitled “Uncle Tom’s Cabin”was published.1854 The Republican Party was founded.Douglas Bill was introduced.1859 John Brown led the slaves’treason.1860 Abraham Lincoln was elected president.(Abraham Lincoln:As one of the greatest man in world history, and the most respected presidents in American history.Lincoln helped keep the American Union together during the Civil War and abolished slavery in the United States.A perfect example of a self-made man: how an honest and hardworking man in America can rise fromhumble origin to the nation’s highest office.)1861 The south Confederate Government was set up and the Civil War broke out.1862 The Homestead Bill was issued in May.(Homestead Bill 《宅地法》:The Homestead Act was one of several United States federal laws that gave an applicant freehold title to up to 160 acres (1/4 section, 65 hectares) ofundeveloped federal land outside the original 13 colonies. The original Homestead Act was signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln on May 20, 1862.)The Emancipation Proclamation was issued up on Sep. 22nd.(The Emancipation Proclamation consists of two executive orders issued by United States President Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War. The first one, issued September 22, 1862, declared the freedom of all slaves in any state of the Confederate States of America that did not return to Union control by January 1, 1863. The second order, issued January 1, 1863, named ten specific states where it would apply.) 1863 The Battle of Gettysburg took place and it was the turning point of the Civil War.(Gettysburg Address:The speech by U.S. President Abraham Lincoln and is one of the best-known speeches in United States history. It was delivered by Lincoln during the American Civil War, on the afternoon of Thursday, November 19, 1863, at the dedication of the Soldiers' National Cemetery in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.)1865 The South surrendered and the Civil War ended.President Lincoln was assassinated.(On the evening of April 14, 1865, Lincoln attended a performance at Ford’s Theater in Washington. A Southern actor named John Wilkes Booth shot the President in the head from the rear of thepresidential box.)3.Negative Effects of the Civil War1)The four years of bloody fighting between the North and South hadstaggering effects on the nation.2)About 360,000 Union troops and perhaps 260,000 Confederate troops died;no other war in American history has taken so many American lives.3)It caused enormous property damage, especially in the South where manySouthern cities, towns, plantations, factories and railroads lay in ruin.4.人物1)John Brown:an American abolitionist, who advocated and practiced armedinsurrection as a means to end all slavery. He led the Pottawatomie Massacrein 1856 in Bleeding Kansas and made his name in the unsuccessful raid atHarpers Ferry in 1859.Brown has been called "the most controversial of all19th-century Americans." Brown's actions are often referred to as "patriotictreason", depicting both sides of the argument2)General Robert Edward Lee:among the most celebrated generals inAmerican history He is best known for commanding the Confederate Armyof Northern Virginia in the American Civil War.3)General Ulysses Grant:the 18th President of the United States (1869–77) aswell as military commander during the Civil War and post-warReconstruction periods. Under the command of Grant, the Union Army4)Andrew Johnson:President Lincoln had announced his plan that was mild andgenerous to the South.When Johnson succeeded Lincoln and becamePresident, he tried to carry out Lincoln’s policy, but the radicals in Congressrejected his Reconstruction programs.The House of Representativesimpeached Johnson, but the Senate was one vote short of the two-thirdsmajority required to remove him from office.5.Reconstruction(1865-1877)The period in the United States history that followed the Civil WarThe process through which the South returned to the Union after their defeat.A time of bitter political quarrels and disappointed hopes1)Economic and Political ReconstructionReconstruction failed to solve the economic problem of either the blacks orthe South as a whole.Politically, Reconstruction made most Southerner whites firm supporters ofthe Democratic Party.No Racial Harmony:Reconstruction failed to bring racialharmony to theSouth.White Southerners remained loyal to their old social order andbelieved whites were superior to blacks, refused to share important politicalpower with blacks.2)Ku Klux Klan (KKK)Three distinct past and present right-wing US organizations. The currentmanifestation is splintered into several chapters and is widely considered ahate group. The first KKK flourished in the South in the 1860s, then died outby the early 1870s. The second KKK flourished nationwide in the early andmid 1920s, and adopted the costumes and paraphernalia of the first Klan. Thethird Klan emerged after World War II. Their iconic white costumesconsisted of robes, masks, and conical hats.3)“the Negro question”As the North gradually lost interest in Reconstruction and “the Negroquestion”, Southern whites regained control of their state governments andtook away many of the rights that blacks had won during Reconstruction.Bythe early 20th century, every Southern state had passed laws limiting votingrights. Such laws effectively prevented most blacks fromvoting.4)Confederate States into UnionCongress insisted that the Confederate States agree to follow all federal lawsbefore being readmitted to the Union.Between 1860 and 1870, all theConfederate States eventually met various requirements and all returned tothe Union by 1870.5)Constitutional AmendmentsThe 13th Amendment (1865) to the Constitution outlawed slavery throughoutthe United States.The 14th Amendment (1868) confirmed the citizenship of blacks.The 15th Amendment (1870) made it illegal to deny the right to vote on thebasis of race.6)Public schoolsSignificant achievement of the Reconstruction government was theestablishment of the first public school systems in the most states of theSouth.African Americans and white Republicans joined to build education atthe state level.But most schools attracted white students by educating blacksand whites seperately.七、America In the Twentieth Century1.World War Ⅰ。
英美概况美国部分修正版
PART TWO The United States of American1.Population, race and ethnic groups 人口和种族1)introduction 概要①the third most populous country in the world,with 255.5 million people.②a nation of immigrants.Immigration accounts for a major source of population growth.Thereare many racial and ethnic groups. Between 80% and 90% of immigration ot the United States now is from Asian and Hispanic counties.The first immigrants in American history came from England and Netherlands. Population movements are common in America.移民是人口增长的一个主要原因。
到目前80%-90%的移民来自亚洲和西班牙语国家。
美国历史上最早的移民来自于英格兰和荷兰。
人口迁徙在美国很普遍。
2)Black people and the Civil Rights Movement①blacks and slaverythe largest of the racial and ethnic minorities in the U.S., which 12.1 per cent of the population; the first blacks were brought to North America as slaves in 1619.美国最大的少数人种是黑人，占人口的12。
英美概况第2册unit10
• apt to be committed by persons of lower social and economic status
• the Serious Crime Index of the FBI • provides an indication of the rates and trends of certain crimes in the United States • the higher classes may actually have a higher rate of crime than the lower classes
• the FBI and the CIA • corporation: more concerned with their own profits than with social responsibility, and the quality or price of their products, or the truth of their advertising
Drug Abuse
• one of the most challenging social problems facing the nation • some obvious and measurable, some hidden and difficult to quantify
Crime
• There is a strong association between some forms of drug use and crime • the use of alcohol • Heroin addiction • illicit commerce • the Mafia
英美概况美国第十讲
Degree - one to two years of post-graduate specialized programs including business, journalism, sciences, humanities, mathematics Professional Degree - post-graduate doctoral degree obtained through a highly specialized course of study such as law (J.D.), medicine (M.D.), psychology (Ph.D.), business administration (M.B.A.), and engineering (M.Eng.)
4. The Civil Rights Movement
One of the most import 1960s U.S. history. Rosa Park’s (罗莎· 帕克斯) spontaneous action (自发行为) in 1955 was believed to be the true beginning of the civil rights movement. The black students’ sit-in at a department lunch counter in North Carolina touched off (触发，激起) the nationwide civil rights movement.
2. Background
1. Why did Black Americans risk their lives breaking the law and defying the Ku Klux Klan? 2. Why did young people disobey their parents, school administrators, and civil and military authorities? 3. What brought women out of their homes into public demonstrations for Civil Rights, against the War in Vietnam and for their own liberation from male dominance?
美国课件10+文化 美国概况 英语国家概况 英美概况
Recommended movie
• The stories reinforced the idea. The idea is that all individuals, no matter how poor, were capable of becoming wealthy as long as they were honest and hard-working.
creed or religion. 4. Public schools are controlled by the state
and the local governments. 5. Attendance at school is compulsory. 6. Schooling should be enriched and not just
• D. Religious authorities: “Schools that teach facts but no values weaken the moral strength of the country. We can provide the wisdom and insight on which all teaching should be based.”
• B. Teachers: “What do parents know? We have been to college. We are the ones with the special training. We should make the decisions.”
英美国家概况Unit10Sports,HolidaysandFestivalsinBritai
英美国家概况Unit10Sports,HolidaysandFestivalsinBritai<i>英美国家概况参考译文翻译</i>Unit 10 Sports, Holidays and Festivals in Britain(英国的体育运动、节假日)一、本单元重点内容Sports体育:1. football (足球), “Football hooligans” (“足球流氓”) and the FA (足球协会)2. tennis (网球) and Wimbledon (温布尔登)3. cricket and “fair play” （板球与“公平竞争”思想）4. golf (高尔夫球)5. horse racing (赛马): the Grand National {（英国一年一度的）全国越野障碍赛马}the Royal Ascot (皇家阿斯科特赛马会)Holidays and Festivals节假日:1. Christmas (圣诞节) and Three traditions of Christmas (圣诞节的三大传统习俗)2. The Boxing Day and its traditions (节礼日(圣诞节后的第一个工作日)和其传统习俗)3. Easter (复活节)4. Bonfire Night (Guy Fawkes Night) and the traditions{篝火之夜(盖伊福克斯之夜)和其传统习俗}5. The Battle of the Boyne (博茵河战役)6. Orange Marches (“奥伦治游行”)7. St Patrick’s Day (圣帕特里克节) and The Christian Trinity (基督教的三位一体)8. Hogmanay (苏格兰的除夕)9. Burns Night (彭斯之夜)10. Halloween (万圣节前夜)11. The Eisteddfod (威尔士诗歌音乐比赛会)二、本单元重、难点辅导Sports1. football and “football hooligans“ in BritainFootball was invented in Britain.（足球运动起源于英国。
Unit10 英美概况——节日介绍
Why do they celebrate Easter?
Easter is a religious holiday that commemorates the resurrection(复活的）of 复活的） 复活的 Jesus Christ three days after his death by crucifixion(钉死在十字架上 some 2,000 钉死在十字架上) 钉死在十字架上 years ago. For Christians, Easter is a day of religious services and the gathering of family.
What happened on Easter Sunday?
It was on Easter Sunday that Jesus rose from death. Jesus had told his disciples(徒 徒 弟）before he was arrested that he would be crucified（钉在十字架上处死 ） and on the third day he would rise from the dead. Sunday was the third day from Good Friday (Good Friday, Holy Saturday, Easter Day) ，the second day after Good Friday.
The Story of the Gunpowder Plot & Guy Fawkes A group of Catholic（天主教的） conspirators aimed to 天主教的） blow up the Houses of Parliament in Westminster London while the King was present hoping to foment（挑起） （ a Catholic revolution. However, they were foiled（挫败） in （ their scheme when a guard discovered Guy Fawkes in
英美概况课件(美国)10+11
US House of Representatives
435 voting members each represents a congressional district serves for a 2-year term 6 non-voting members 5 delegates from the District of Columbia, Guam, Virgin Islands, and American Samoa, and Northern Mariana Islands (2-year term) resident commissioner from Puerto Rico (4year term)
US House of Representatives
Each party elects a whip. to ensure that the party's members vote as the party leadership desires
US House of Representatives
We will explore
Legislative branch bicameral Congress House of Representative Senate
Executive branch President Cabinet members and other officials Judicial branch Courts Federal courts the Supreme Court lower federal courts State courts
US House of Representatives
3 qualifications (1) be at least 25 years old; (2) have been a citizen of the United States for the past 7 years; (3) be (at the time of the election) an inhabitant of the state they represent Disqualification (Under the 14th Amendment ) a federal or state officer engages in rebellion or aids the enemies of the United States, is disqualified from becoming a representative
英美概况美国部分(修正版)
英美概况：美国部分美国是一个世界强国，也是世界上最发达的国家之一。
它是全球第三大面积的国家，也是人口最多的发达国家之一。
在全球政治、经济、文化和科技等多个方面都具有重要影响力。
本文将介绍美国的基本概况，包括历史、政治、经济、文化等方面的信息。
历史美国的历史可以追溯到17世纪初。
当时，欧洲人开始在美洲殖民，最初的定居点之一是弗吉尼亚州的詹姆斯敦。
在接下来的几个世纪里，欧洲的殖民者不断向西扩张，逐渐控制了整个北美洲。
在18世纪末，美国独立战争爆发，美国成功地获得了独立。
之后，美国逐步成为一个强大的国家，经历了艰苦的内战、两次世界大战、冷战等重要时期。
如今，美国已经发展成为一个全球超级大国。
政治美国是一个联邦共和制国家，由50个州和华盛顿特区组成。
美国的总统是国家最高领导人，其它重要政治职位包括国务卿、众议院议长、参议院议长等。
美国的政治体系强调三权分立，即立法、行政和司法。
除了国家政府外，各个州和地方政府也有很大的自治权力。
例如，州政府负责管理其内部的基础设施、教育、警力等方面的事务。
经济美国是世界上最大的经济体之一，并拥有世界上最先进的市场经济体系。
其国内生产总值(GDP)约为21万亿美元，占据了全球总GDP的近四分之一。
美国的经济以服务业和制造业为主。
其中，科技产业是美国经济的一个重要支柱，硅谷和纽约市的科技企业在全球范围内都有重要影响力。
美国的贸易额也非常高，是世界上最大的进口国和第二大出口国。
文化美国文化是世界上最多元化的文化之一，其核心价值包括自由、民主和平等。
美国拥有世界最顶尖的大学、艺术机构和博物馆，其中包括哈佛大学、纽约大都会艺术博物馆、洛杉矶县艺术博物馆等。
美国的音乐和电影产业也非常有名，好莱坞电影更是成为了世界的一张名片。
在日常生活中，美国人非常注重个人隐私和自由，热爱户外运动和旅游。
他们吃的食物和所喜欢的体育运动都各具特色，如热狗、汉堡包、冰淇淋、棒球等。
美国是一个多元化的国家，拥有着丰富的历史、政治、经济和文化。
本科英美概况第十周 Chapter 10 Land and People
本科英美概况第十周Chapter 10 Land and People###The foundation and source of the legal authority underlying the existence of the United States of America and the Federal Government of the United States.It provides the framework for the organization of the United States Government. The document defines the three main branches of thegovernment: The legislative branch with a bicameral Congress, an executive branch led by the President, and a judicial branch headed by the Supreme Court.Besides providing for the organization of these branches, the Constitution carefully outlines which powers each branch may exercise.It also reserves numerous rights for the individual states, thereby establishing the United States' federal system of government. It is the shortest and oldest written constitution of any major sovereign state.The federal government of the United States is the central United States governmental body, established by the United States Constitution. The federal government has three branches: the legislative, executive, and judicial.Through a system of separation of powers and the system of "checks and balances," each of these branches has some authority to act on its own, some authority to regulate the other two branches, and has some of its own authority, in turn, regulated by the other branches.The policies of the federal government have a broad impact on both the domestic and foreign affairs of the United States. In addition, the powers of the federal government as a whole are limited by the Constitution, which, per the Tenth Amendment, gives all power not directed to the National government, to the State level, or to the people. The seat of the federal government is in the federal district of Washington, D.C.### The White House### Washington MonumentWashington Monument with American flags circling the monument.Alone among the Founders of the United States, George Washington earned the title "Father of his Country" in recognition of his leadership in the cause of American independence.Appointed commander of the Continental Army in 1775, he molded a fighting force that won independence.In 1787 as President of the Constitutional Convention, he helped guide the deliberations to form a government that has lasted for more than 200 years. Two years later he was unanimously elected the first President of the UnitedStates.### Capital Hill###Lincoln Memorial### The Statue of Liberty , was presented to the United States by "the people of France" in 1886. Standing on Liberty Island in New Y ork Harbor, it welcomes visitors, immigrants, and returning Americans traveling by ship.### Its LandThe United States of America is a federal republic on the continent of North America.The 50 U.S. states vary widely in size and population. The largest states in area are Alaska at 1,717,854 sq km, followed by Texas, and California.The smallest state is Rhode Island.The state with the largest population is California followed by Texas, and New York.1.The MountainsThe Rocky Mountains stretch more than 4,800 kilometers (3,000 miles) from northernmost British Columbia, in Canada, to New Mexico, in the United States.The Appalachian Mountains are a vast system of mountains in eastern North America.The range is mostly located in the United States, but extends into southeastern Canada. The Appalachian Mountains usually include areas in the states of Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, Maryland, W est Virginia, and North Carolina, as well assometimes extending as far south as northern Georgia and western South Carolina, as far north as Pennsylvania, and as far west as southern Ohio.The Great Smoky Mountains are portion of the Appalachian Mountain system, in western North Carolina and eastern Tennessee.The Great Smoky Mountains National Park, and parts of several national forests are located here. The mountains are named for the smoke-like haze characteristic of the region.Mount Rushmore, is a monumental granite sculpture, located in South Dakota. The Presidential Memorial represents the first 150 years of the history of the United States of America with 60-foot sculptures of the heads of former United States presidents (left to right): George Washington (1732–1799), Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826), Theodore Roosevelt (1858–1919), and Abraham Lincoln (1809–1865).###The lakes and RiversWater features, including lakes, rivers, and coastlines, have played an important role in the development of the United States.1.Mississippi RiverAs North America’s longest river, the Mississippi River flows 3,770 km from its source at Lake Itasca, Minnesota, to its mouth at the Gulf of Mexico.2. Ohio RiverThe Ohio River is one of the main tributaries of the Mississippi River, draining the northern portions of the Appalachian Mountains and the Midwest.3. Tennessee RiverTennessee River drains much of the southern Appalachian Mountains before it joins the Ohio River in western Kentucky.4. Missouri RiverMissouri River is a major tributary of the Mississippi. Its drainage basin encompasses most of the northern Great Plains region.5. Colorado RiverOriginating in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado, the Colorado River extends for 2,330 km to the Gulf of California in Mexico.During the settlement of the nation, immigrants moved westward across theUnited States and found a rich and varied natural environment.Large Cities in the United States (P. 148)The United States has dozens of major cities, including 11 of the 55 global cities of all types — with three "alpha" global cities: New York City, Los Angeles, and Chicago.1.New York2. Los Angeles3.Chicago###Its PeopleIn 2006 the U.S. Census Bureau estimated that the United States population had reached a milestone: 300 million people.This population count makes the United States the third most populous country in the world, after China and India.Nearly 5 percent of the Earth’s inhabitants live in the United States. Historically, this nation has attracted vast numbers of immigrants from around the globe.The population of the United States has become increasingly diverse in ethnic composition, characteristics, language, and religion.##Culture DiversityAlthough America’s culture is becoming more uniform, its society remains a diverse mix of ethnic, racial, and religious groups.The United States is a pluralistic society, meaning it is composed of many nationalities, races, religions, and creeds.The United States is certainly one of the most diverse countries of the world, both from a cultural and an environmental perspective. The land that is now the United States was home to diverse cultures when the first Europeans and Africans arrived.It was inhabited by a variety of Native American peoples who spoke more than 300 different languages. The Europeans and Africans added their own varying cultures to this diversity.The 13 colonies they founded along the eastern seaboard became the United States in the late 18th century.During the following century, the new nation added huge chunks of territory, and millions of immigrants arrived, mainly from Europe and especially during the years from 1860 to 1914.A second migration occurred in the Southwest,where Hispanics pushed northward from Mexico, leaving an indelible imprint.In addition, slaves were brought from Africa to work on agricultural estates in the South, where they formed a large percentage of the population.。
2024年度张奎武《英美概况》(第4版)笔记和课后习题详解
阐述美国经济制度的基础，如市 场经济、私有制等，以及产业结 构的现状与特点。
社会问题与挑战
探讨美国当前面临的社会问题， 如种族不平等、贫困、犯罪等， 以及政府和社会如何应对这些挑 战。
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课后习题详解：美国部分
1
简答题
回答关于美国历史、文化、社会等方面的 简答题，如“简述美国独立战争的背景和 结果”、“分析个人主义在美国文化中的 地位和影响”等。
阐述美国多元文化的特点，以及不同民族在美国社会中的融合过 程。
实用主义与创新精神
探讨实用主义哲学对美国文化的影响，以及创新精神在美国科技、 经济等领域中的体现。
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美国社会现状与特点
政治体制与权力结
构
分析美国政治体制的特点，包括 总统制、三权分立等，以及权力 结构中的利益集团、政党等因素。
经济制度与产业结
英美在国际事务中的影响力 分析英美在国际组织、全球治理等方面的作用和影响力。
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英美外交政策的异同点 比较英美在外交政策制定和实施上的相似性和差异性。
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课后习题详解：政治制度与外交关系部分
习题一
解释英国君主立宪制的基本原则和特 点。
习题二
分析美国总统制与英国君主立宪制的 异同点。
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过去几十年来，英美两国在文化领域的 交流活动不断增多。例如，英国皇家莎 士比亚剧团和美国百老汇的戏剧合作、 英国国家美术馆和美国大都会艺术博物 馆的艺术交流等。这些活动为两国人民 提供了更多了解和欣赏对方文化的机会。
随着全球化的深入发展，英美两国之间 的文化交流将继续加强。未来，两国可 以在数字创意产业、影视制作、艺术教 育等领域开展更多合作，共同推动世界 文化的繁荣和发展。
英美概况unit10British Sports课件
Football
Origin
Football was invented in Britain. Legends suggest that football derived from the “sports” of ancient warriors celebrating victory by kicking around the decapitated head of an enemy.
THale Waihona Puke nnisOriginTennis was invented in Britain Tennis owns its origins to the church
Wimbledon(温布尔登)
Wimbledon is a suburb in London . It is the place where the world’s best players gather to complete in the annual international tennis championship. It is one of the major events of the British sporting calendar and probably the most famous tennis event in the world
Hunting
A noble traditional sport A Blood sport---controversy
The End
British Sports
0903李小娥 2009103010331
Sports
Many international sports were introduced by the British who take their leisure time very seriously. There is widespread participation in sport in Britain. Popular sports in Britain: football, tennis, cricket, golf, horsing, racing, hunting, equestrianism
英美概况第十讲sports and scenic spots
❖MLB（Major League Baseball):美国职棒 大联盟
北美洲地区水准最高的职业棒球比赛。由国家 联盟和美国联盟在1902年成立。与职业篮球（ NBA）、美式足球（NFL）、冰上曲棍球（NHL ）并称美国四大职业体育竞赛。
Baseball
1. still be the great American game, even though many other countries are deeply involved with the game
A third one: the Negro League (黑人联盟) attended by African Americans
Hockey
American Scenery
1. the Southwest: the Painted Desert National Park (彩色沙漠国家 公园：in the middle north of Arizona, famous for its painted sand foothills)→Petrified Forest （石化森林国家公园）→ the Sunset Crater Volcano National Park (落日火山口国家公 园)→ Lake Mead → Hoover Dam
❖NFL: National Football League ❖NFC: National Football Conference ❖AFC: American Football Conference ❖NBA: National Basketball Association
Super bowl (美国超级职业橄榄球赛)
The Pacific Coast: Imperial Valley of California(加州 皇家河谷：most in California) → Olympic Peninsula
英美概况之美国战 文档全文预览
• General
• Robert E. Lee
• Lee’s Officers
• Stonewall Jackso n • J.E.B. Stuart
• Capitol(s)
• Birmingham AL • Richmond VA
Weapons
• Mini Balls • Grape Shot • Exploding Cannon Balls • Iron Ships
Reconstruction
• Lincoln’s Plan: Forgiveness • J o h n s o n ’ s P l a n : M a r i t a l Law • Impeaching Johnson • Jim Crow
The Nadir
• Nadir: the lowest point. • How could freedom be worse t h a n s l a v e r y ? • The Ku Klux Klan (KKK) • Laws and P r a c t i c e s a g a i n s t Blacks
• Highly Rural (Farmland) • Lower Population • “Home f i e l d advantage” • B e l i e v e d i n the War • Better Generals • B e l i e v e d God was on
• The C i v i l War ended with General Lee s u r r e n d e r i n g a t Appomattox C o u r t h o u s e , VA
余志远《英语国家概况》(2015年版)复习笔记和课后习题详解(第10章 美国人口)【圣才出品】
第10章美国人口10.1复习笔记【知识框架】Ⅰ.The American PopulationⅡ.ImmigrationⅢ.Population MovementⅣ.Racial and Ethnic Minorities1.White Americans2.African Americans3.Hispanicsn Americans5.Indians【重难点归纳】Ⅰ.Introduction1.As of August13,2014,the United States has a total resident population of 318,554,000,making it the third-most populous country in the world.2.It is very urbanized,with81%residing in cities and suburbs as of2014(the worldwide urban rate is54%).3.The total fertility rate in the United States for2013was1.87children per woman, which was lower than that of France,Australia and the United Kingdom.4.Whites constitute the majority of the US population.5.The American population almost quadrupled during the20th century,and immigrants and their US-born descendants are expected to provide most of the US population gains in the decades ahead.Ⅰ.简介1.截至2014年8月13日，美国常住人口318,554,000人，居世界第三位。
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1.3 A short history of African American
The Northern states had all outlawed (废除) slavery by 1830, but in the Southern states, it was ended by the Civil War Lincoln’s emancipation of slaves in 1863 (1863年林肯颁布的《解放黑奴宣 言》) and the 13th Amendment to the Constitution in 1865 （1865年 美国通过的第13条宪法修正案） ---But after the abolition of slavery, many states passed segregation(隔离) laws to keep the races apart in schools, housing, restaurants and public facilities, and institutionalized discrimination kept blacks in the lowest-paid jobs. （制度化的种族歧视使黑人只能干 一些收入最低的工作。）
3. Drug Abuse (滥用毒品)
Drug abuse in the U.S. has come to be regarded as one of the most challenging social problems facing the nation. The drug issue always excites strong emotions of Americans because drug abuse is perceived as a major threat to American society, particularly to its younger members. Drug abuse is a social problem because it has a wide range of social costs.
An example to explain the gap between theHale Waihona Puke poor and the rich
the richest fifth of American individuals and families owns more than three-quarters of the wealth in the U.S., whereas the lowest fifth owns only 0.2% of the wealth. The richest fifth of American families receives over 40% of the national income, whereas the poorest fifth receives only 5.2%.
1.2 Discrimination Against Blacks
Discrimination against blacks: In American society, any group other than the dominant white Anglo-Saxon Protestant majority is a minority group. The largest of the racial and ethnic minorities in the U.S. is the blacks who make up about 11.7% of the population. The myth of their racial inferiority was propagated as a justification for their continued subjugation. (所谓黑人种族低 劣的神话被广泛传播，并以此 作为永远奴役黑人的借口)
Sixteenth President 1861-1865
After 1960s, many American blacks began to have a new mood
(1) Blacks felt that the black community ought to coexist with other groups. (2) Blacks felt that “black is beautiful”. (3) Blacks felt more and more proud of themselves
Content
1. Racial Problems 2. Poverty as a social problem 3. Drug Abuse (滥用毒品) 4. Crime 5. the abuse of power 滥用职权
1. Racial Problems 1.1 a nation of immigrants
Though people all share a common American culture, the nation contains many racial and ethnic subcultures with their own distinctive characteristics. (虽然人们有共同的美国文化，但 美利坚民族包含了许多种族和少 数民族的亚文化群)。These differences have contributed to racial conflicts that have been a persistent social problem to American society.（这些差异造 成了在美国社会长期存在的种族 冲突）
the Black “Underclass
The majority of the blacks today have failed to share in the general gains(收获) of progress made recently. The urban ghettosnow contain a permanently impoverished (贫穷 的)“underclass” of habitually unemployed or underemployed black people. Many of them are young and unskilled. They live in cities where the unemployment rate for teenage black workers runs as high as 50% or about 8 times the rate for the American work force as a whole. This “underclass” could continue to persist, even in the absence of racial discrimination, in much the same way as other pockets of poverty persist— that is, for reasons of social-class inequality. Living in an environment of poverty, decay, crime, drug addiction, joblessness, and hopelessness, this ghetto underclass offers an explosive potential for the future.
Drug is closely related with
a. crime, b. automobile accidents c. serious effects on individuals physically and mentally d. the economic losses caused by drug abuse are great.
2. Poverty as a social problem
The U.S is one of the most wealthy countries in the world. Yet over 24 million people or about 10% of the population are living at or below the official poverty line, on incomes that the federal government considers insufficient to meet basic requirement of food, clothing, and shelter. There are millions more, living slightly above the poverty line, whose plight is not much better. Also, the social services in the U.S compare unfavorably with those in most industrialized societies. Furthermore, the affluent majority seems indifferent to the problems of the poor. This raises some serious moral problems and inevitably creates fierce conflicts of interest and many political controversies. Therefore, poverty in the U.S becomes a social problem.