研究生英文文献讲解共28页文档
(完整word版)研究生英语系列教程_多维教程_探索
Unit 1 Travel LanguageText1 The Academie Francasie has for decades been the watchdog over the French language. A few years ago, French sensitivity to the influx of English words became so great that law for the purification of French was adopted。
The law covers even technical applications。
For example，in theory, it is now compuslory in France to refer to the Boeing 747 as a gros-porteur, leasing as credit-bail，etc。
the list is very long and detailed and applies to all facets of life. Mr. Chirac，the French President, might well expand on this list and come up with some new French terms for words such as “internet” or “byte stream” just to name a couple。
The mind boggles at what the world might face。
2 Unfortunately （or perhaps not)，the English language is not so protected. Quite apart from the unforgivable deviations from the king’s English prevlent in America，where “honour" is commonly written as “honor” and “night” as “nite," many well-tested has also been give new meanings，making communication somewhat difficult. For example, the boot of a car has become to be called a trunk – a word reserved in England for the main part of a tree。
英文文献-Introduction讲义
Chapter 2. Introduction2.1Introduction to Introduction2.2Build a Model of Introduction2.3Establishing the Narrowed Research Topic2.4Establish the Need/Gap2.5State the Purpose of Your Research2.6State Value of Research2.7Outline the Research2.8Moves and Steps of Introduction2.9Tenses in Introduction2.10Exercises2. _______________________________________________________________Suppose you were writing an article titled “A novel vacuum cleaning and floor mopping robot”. How d o you plan to write the Introduction part? Brainstorm with your teammates and write d own a list of the key information.three questions:1.How do writers normally start the Introduction?2.What type of information shoul d be in my Introduction, and in what order?1.__________ What is the context of this problem?2.__________ Why is this research important?3.__________ What is the gap in our knowledge this research will fill?4.__________ What steps will we take to try and fill this gap or improve the situation?5.__________ Is the study limited to a specific geographical area or to only certain aspects of the situation?6.__________ Is there any factor, condition or circumstance that prevents the researcher from achieving all his/herobjectives?7.__________ In considering his/her method, model, formulation or approach, d oes the researcher take certainconditions, states, requirements for granted?research problem.•Do I introduce the topic in the first sentence?••••your work explores an area/issue/question that has previously not been explored, or not been explored in detail, in not explored in the way that you are going to use. There are four ways to demonstrate that you are adding to the•••••--claiming centrality (why this field of study is important) AND/OR --moving from general to specific AND/OR--reviewing relevant items of previous research AND/OR--describing the background AND/OR--definition of key words•Move 2: _________________________--indicating a gap OR--raising a question OR--continuing a previously developed line of inquiry OR--counter-claiming (disagreeing with an existing/accepted approach) •Move 3: _________________________--outlining purpose/setting objectives AND/OR--announcing present research (methodology) AND/OR--announcing principal findings (results) AND/OR________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________∙Too much detail, and hence too long.∙Repetition of words, phrases or ideas.∙Unclear problem definition.∙Poor organization.Now review your list of Introduction for the article “A novel vacuum cleaning and floor mopping robot”. How d o you improve it into a better one?often used in the opening sentences. For example:1.Tungsten is a heavy metal with several unique physical and mechanical properties. (Effects of tungsten onenvironmental systems, Nikolay Strigul, et. al.)2.When analyzing hydraulic networks, it is usually possible to identify three types of variables. (FuzzyApproach for Analysis of Pipe Networks, Roberto Revelli and Luca Ridolfi, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,1.Earlier studies carried out on 0.5 Cr-0.5Mo-0.25V steel showed notch strengthening for shallow notches andtendency towards notch weakening for sharp notches. (Effect of Multiaxial State of Stress on Creep Rupture Behaviour of 2.25Cr-1 Mo Steel, Sunil Goyal et al. / Procedia Engineering 55 ( 2013 ) 510 – 516)2.However, the vast majority of these studies have been confined to suspensions with millimeter- ormicron-sized particles. (Mechanisms of heat flow in suspensions of nano-sized particles (nanofluids), P.Keblinski, et. al. , International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 45 (2002) 855-863)3.Nair (1982) notes in his study that another one of the reasons for lack of widespread use of more rigorousmathematical programming techniques is that is sometimes difficult (if not impossible) to isolate a problem for optimization using this technique. (A Practicing Engineer's View at Benchmark Problems in Structural Optimization, K. Mueller, et. al., 20th Analysis & Computation Specialty Conference) (computer science) Note that comparable options exist in the clauses.1.The effects of tungsten on environmental systems have not been investigated extensively and publisheddata are fragmentary. (Effects of tungsten on environmental systems, Nikolay Strigul, et. al.)(environment engineering)2.Radaj [9] developed a n approach based on Neuber’s micro-structural support hypothesis by suggesting anadditional fictitious radius r f at the notch, which allows the local stress to be analyzed directly withoutrequiring a stress concentration factor or fatigue notch factor [8]. (Fatigue strength assessment of Invar alloy weld joints using the notch stress approach, D.J. Oh, J.M. Lee, M.H. Kim, Engineering Failure Analysis 42 (2014) 87–99)(material mechanics)3.Rigorous mathematical programming optimization techniques are well established and numerous authorshave attempted to apply these techniques to practical structural engineering design problems with varying degrees of success. (A Practicing Engineer's View at Benchmark Problems in Structural Optimization, K.Mueller, et. al., 20th Analysis & Computation Specialty Conference)(computer science)4.It has long been recognized that suspensions of solid particles in liqids have great potential as improvedheat-management fluids. (Mechanisms of heat flow in suspensions of nano-sized particles (nanofluids), P.accidently.1.This paper presents a model-based input-output synchronizing technique for reducing sense axismeasurement drift resulted from the mechanical structure imperfections. (Input-Output Synchronization for Bias Drift Reduction of MEMS Gyroscopes, Afshin Izadian, et. al., 2008 American Control Conference) (electronic and automatic control)2.In accomplishing these two tasks, this paper hopes to point out how two modeling approaches initiallyappearing very similar are in fact qualitatively different.(Wong, C. (2014) A Novel Operational Partition between Neural Network Classifiers on Vulnerability to Data Mining Bias. Journal of Software Engineering and Applications, 7, 264-272.) (software engineering)You may ask whether you should use is, was,has been, or will be when you describe the present research. Indeed, both is and was is used in the Introduction. Very rarely can has been or will be appear.1.In this study, a fatigue assessment for various welded joints of Invar alloy in an LNG carrier was performedusing the notch stress approach. (Fatigue strength assessment of Invar alloy weld joints using the notch stress approach, D.J. Oh, J.M. Lee, M.H. Kim, Engineering Failure Analysis 42 (2014) 87–99)(material mechanics)2.Next, common structural engineering design and analysis software packages in the design office arediscussed, along with optimization techniques “built in” to the software. (A Practicing Engineer's View at Benchmark Problems in Structural Optimization, K. Mueller, et. al., 20th Analysis & Computation Specialty Conference) (computer science)3.To clarify the differences and similarities in each discipline, this study will examine the major academicvariations within the data mining field in relation to keywords, articles, books, courses offered, textbooks taught, and soft-ware used.( Data Mining Technology across Academic Disciplines, Lesley Farmer, et. al., Intelligent Information Management, 2011, 3, 43-48)(software engineering)4.In the present investigation, effect of notch on creep behaviour of 2.25Cr-1 Mo steel has been studied. Thedifferent notch acuities have been introduced to study the multiaxial state of stress. The creep rupture of the material under multiaxial state of stress has been explained based on the stress distribution around the notch estimated using FE analysis. (material science)Note that using the Past Simple tense when you present the results in the Introduction means that the findings are linked only to the present research, while using the Present Simple tense means that you believe your finding are convincing enough to be considered as accepted facts.1.After three semesters of use of this architecture we found that we could archive a single integratedarchitecture that would serve both courses. (VLabNet: The Integrated Design of Hands-on Learning in Information Security and Networking, Valerie J. H. Powell, et. al., Information Security CurriculumDevelopment Conference’2007)(computer science)2.With our multi-scale feature sharing network, we achieve the state-of-the-art performance (97:3%) on LFWbenchmark. (Learning Deep Face Representation, Haoqiang Fan, et. al., ) (electronic and automatic control)(1) Establish the topic: _____________________________________(2) General research problem: _____________________________________(3) Brief overview of previous research _____________________________________(4) Establish the gap: _____________________________________(5) The purpose of the research: _____________________________________2.Identify the moves and steps by the model of the Introduction to test if it complies with them.3.What do you think the structure of Introduction is like? Why is Introduction shaped like this?。
硕士英语 论文讲解ppt
Fracture network engineering for hydraulic fracturing Fracture network engineering for hydraulic fracturing The part one——Background
Society’s growing demand for energy and minerals(矿石) has motivated engineering industries to maximize the productivity of these resources and investigate the exploitation of new resources in increasingly challenging environments. Reservoir stimulations in, for example, tight-gas shales and engineered geothermal systems have ,become normal practice in the exploitation and development of these energy resources. The technologies use hydraulic fracturing to engineer the reservoir rock properties by inducing new fractures and enhancing the existing fracture network for permeability.
adj. [地物] 地热的；[地物] 地温的
译文：例如，水库刺激了致密性岩体和工程地热 系统的产生，这些技术现已在新能源的开采和发 展中得到普遍应用。
研究生英文文献讲解
结论与分析 只考虑牛奶的类型的影响的前提下，在保藏期 间lactobacilli发酵的全脂酸奶的硬度、粘度 和凝聚性均高于脱脂酸奶。这个结果与以前的 一些研究结论一致即：脂肪的减少会导致质构 fragile，原因是蛋白胶联的变弱 添加PFPP时，脱脂酸奶的质构参数提高
结论
1，添加PFPP会显著的降低Vmax； 2，脱脂乳的滴定酸度要高于全脂乳的滴定酸 度，添加PFPP以后这种差异更加明显； 3，脱脂乳的益生菌数要高于全脂乳，添加 PFPP对益生菌数影响不大； 4，添加PFPP会提高脱脂酸奶的质构参数，但 是会降低全脂酸奶的firmness和consistency
passionfruitpeelpowder背景介绍实验部分乳粉蒸馏水稀释至浓度12gl添加pfpp7gl水浴8515min42接种2接种量cinacvmaxph45发酵至ph454冷藏4周ph值滴定酸度stm17lbmrs嗜酸乳杆菌mrs克林霉乳双歧杆菌rcm双氯青霉素firmnessconsistencycohesiveness结果与讨论1发酵过程中干物质ph和动力学参数的变化干物质含量的变化结果与讨论varghesemishra2008缓冲能力和发酵产品中的干物质成正比能够影响发酵的时间almeidatamimeandoliveira2009不同的乳酸菌对于营养物质的吸收具有不同的能力mccannfabreday2011胡萝卜细胞壁carrotcellwall的添加能够使乳酸菌发酵的酸奶发酵时间减少1h多种因素
结果与讨论
干物质含量的变化
无添加 PFPP
添加 PFPP
•13.04±0.12g/100g
•14.01±0.09g/100g
结果与讨论
英文文献讲解
Up-regulated
结论
甜杨PsG6PDH的组成性表达，不会影响 烟草的表型生长，而且在低温胁迫下可 以提高烟草的抗寒能力。因此，可作为 植物抗寒冻遗传改良的新的外源基因。
前景展望
1.由于植物抗寒冻性状受多基因控制，因此有必要从 多基因的作用层次上来探讨植物抗寒冻的作用机制。 2.采用生物信息学技术设计甜杨G6PDH基因的突变 体，研究G6PDH突变体及其活性，以及在转基因植 物中的抗性作用。经过改造可能会获得活性更强的 G6PDH。
背景介绍
甜杨中分离G6PDH基因
生物学分析
该基因可能编码胞质PsG6PDH 而且与基因胁迫有关
PsG6PDH的原核表达
验证了其编码框的完整性
导入烟草进行表达和分析
对其功能进行进一步鉴定
实验部分
实验部分
甜杨 高效稳定的离体培养体系的建立 总RNA的提取 基因组DNA的制备
G6PDH基因的分离和克隆
感谢大家的聆听！
（1）未经15℃低温驯化：培养温度直接从25 ℃下降 到4 ℃，每隔12h观察烟草的表型变化(结果如图Fig.4.a)
（2）经15 ℃低温驯化：培养温度先降至15 ℃后缓慢
下降到-4 ℃，按0.5 ℃/h逐步降低温度，在每处理温 度下24h，观察烟草的表型变化(结果如图Fig.4.b)
结果与讨论
(a). Without cold-acclimation
30 days old，将植株转入土壤，在植物培养箱 中under 15%，a 16/8h light/dark photoperiod for 1 month。 Used for cold tolerance assays and gene expression analyses
研究生外文文献翻译 中英完整版
Discussion about the application of the anchor bar on theslope constructionFu Ming Fu , Zhang TianAbstract:There are some advantages in strengthening slope with the anchor bar, such as low project cost, convenient for construction and so on. It not only meets the requirement of the reliability of the construction, but also is economic and reasonable for the construction.Key words: anchor bar; slope; strengthening1.IntroductionAnchor technique uses strata geotechnical’s shear strength around bolt to deliver structures pulling force or keep strata of the excavation own stability. Due to the use of the anchor rod, Anchor strata produce compressive zone and have reinforcement effect to strata, can enhance the strength of strata, improve mechanical properties of strata, make structure and stratum together formed a kind of work together complex. Anchor system can effectively sustain tension and shear, improve shear strength of the potential sliding surface, so it can effectively prevent slope to produce sliding damage.Fig 1 after excavation of the slope2.Project profileThe length of a slope is about 60m, the most slope height is about 23m,the angle up to 50°~ 75°, a five-layer frame structure buildings is far from about 1.5 to 4m at its base edge, its foundation is artificial bored pile and its bearing stratum is in weathered phyllite. Due to the strong weathering of rocks, it was chunky, loosely structured, multi-muddy filling. It has residual slope deposits of silty clay overlying and local folder with a pulpy, low strength. Slope hadcollapsed at various locations, it is vary dangerous to the building, so we need to reinforce the slope, and we use stone concrete retaining wall and bolt to support it.3.Bolt retaining and protecting design3.1Bolt design（1）all formation of anchor use whole length bond-type, the binder materials are ordinary cement mortar, the mortar strength grade is M30, the anchor length L is 10 meters, the slope height h is 9 meters. Anchoring section length is 5m.（2）According to the construction condition and the needs of the process, the layout form of anchor use quincunx, and in order to make the anchoring force in the role of surface rock surface with uniform, the two adjacent line bolts should be staggered arrangement.（3）The anchor’s number according to /3.24 per meter to calculation, the anchor length is L, a tolal of 252. The diameter of drilling holes is φ90,the number of drill according to (L-0.1)m per hole to calculation, M30 grout number according to average 0.052m3per hole to calculation.（4）The two adjacent rows vertical spacing of anchor take 2.55m, horizontal spacing take 2.55m. The dip angle of anchor: with the angle of horizontal line is 20°, and drilling down with this Angle.（5）Anchor use the steel bar, which is HRB400 level, 28mm diameter.3.2Anchor calculation（1）The calculation of lateral geotechnical pressure[1][2]When the supporting structure to leave in rock and earth mass direction migration until to the limit equilibrium state, the geotechnical pressure which is role in supporting structure called active geotechnical pressure. Its calculation method is as follows:For the slope which has no flare structure surface, generally speaking, failure is controled by rock mass strength, the calculation formula is same to the active soil pressure, but cohesive force C take zero, internal friction angle ϕuse eϕ(rock mass equivalent internal friction angle) instead of, according to the standard to selection; rupture angle is 45°+ϕ/2（ϕis rock mass internal friction angle, is estimationed by haircut at the standard of rock mass internal friction angle, reduction factor according to the standard to selection).According to the engineering survey, active rock pressure can calculation as follows:（2）the calculation of anchor tension design value a Q ak N N γ= (1)(2) In the formula: a N is anchor tension design value; ak N is anchor tension standard value; Q γis partial load factor, take 1.3; tk H is the horizontal tension standard value of anchor; αis the dip angle of anchor.Through the calculation, ak N =112.3kN a N =145.99kN（3）the calculation of anchor steel section area(3) In the formula: S A is the steel section area of anchor; ογ is slope engineering importance coefficient(the slope engineering importance coefficient of this project is level 1, take 1.1); 2ξis the tensile working conditions coefficient of anchor bar ( permanent anchor take 0.69, temporary anchor take 0.92); y f is the tensile strength design value of anchor bar(standard value k y f =400a MP , design value y f =360a MP ).According to the calculation, S A ≥0.5883210m -⨯,choose level 3 steel of 1φ28mm,S A =0.6153210m -⨯.（4）The calculation of anchorage body and rock mass anchoring lengthanchoring length should not only meet the requirements which the bond force of formation on mortar and the bond stress of mortar on steel, but also meet the requirements that the Structure design codes the Minimum anchoring length.(4) In the formula: a l is the anchoring length; D is the diameter of anchorage body; rb f is the bond strength eigenvalue of layer and anchorage body, through the experiment or local experience sure, or according to the standard to selection ( this engineering ’s rock mass uniaxial compressive 2222111209tan (45)2090.217175.77/2222e a aE H K kN m ϕγ︒==⨯⨯⨯-=⨯⨯⨯=cos tkak H N α=2a S yNA f ογξ≥1ak a rbN l Df ξπ≥strength is 7.46a MP , belong to soft rock, rock mass structural plane development, rb f take 300a KP );1ξis the bond working conditions coefficient of anchorage body and layer (permanent anchor take 1.00).According to the calculation, a l ≥4.3m, take a l =5.0m.（5）The anchoring length between anchor steel and anchor mortara l ≥ (5) In the formula: a l is the anchoring length between steel and mortar; d is the diameter of anchor bar; n is the number of steel;b f is the bond strength design value between steel and anchor mortar, through the experiment sure, or according to the standard take 2.40; 3ξ is the working conditions coefficient of steel and mortar bond strength(permanent anchor take 0.60）. According to the calculation, a l ≥2.1m ，take a l =5.0m.3.3 The construction technology and key points of anchorThe anchor ’s construction technology is as follows: build-up scaffold ——excavate and clear up the slope surface ——measures to fix position ——drill hole ——washing hole ——bolt put in a certain place ——grout ——colligation the end of the anchor ——flushing the slope surface ——pouring frame space ——Spray seed（1）This slope belong to rocky slope, after excavate the slope 10 cm to the underside of the frame space, set bolt and pouring frame space, then spray grass or seeds after borrowed soil 20 cm in the frame space.（2）the slope should be payed attention to clean up, when construction. The anchor should be placed after wash hole, then put pressure (0.4MPa) and grout. After the mortar fully solidification, colligation steel, cast-in-place reinforced concrete frame space, bend the end of the anchor and bind point by point with the skeleton steel.（3）Before drilling, the hole should be measured to fix position and then do mark. Pitch deviation is less than 150mm, hole depth error is less than 50mm. Try not remold the surrounding rock, when drill. Before Put the anchor, it should be attentioned that blow wash clean the water of the hole and rock powder and so on, and rust removal the body of rod. When grouting, builders 3a bN n df ογξπshould attention the grouting pressure and mortar ratio.Fig 2 anchor field construction drawing4.ConclusionIt is economical to reinforcement slope with bolt, and use the normal equipment, It is not only achieve safe and also economy and rational.(1) Today bolt technology is widely used in the project. It is an effective reinforcement measures to constraints sliding soil with the combining of bolt and concrete slope protection.(2) We must be sure to do geological exploration work of the slope to find out the nature of the rock and hydrogeological situation before reinforcing slope by grouting bolt.(3) Due to the factors of engineering geological conditions, grouting pressure and construction technology, we should be given adequate attention to the quality of construction.Reference[1]Technical code for building slope engineering (JGJ 120-99). The People's Republic nationalstandards. Beijing: China Architecture & Building PRESS.[2] Ying-Ren Zheng, Zu-Yu Chen etc. Engineering Treatment of Slope & Landslide [M]. Beijing：China Communications Press，2007[3] LuoZhenHai. Talk shallowly the application of the anchor at the slope reinforcement[J]. FujianConstruction Science & Technology，2010,06:15-16浅谈锚杆技术在边坡工程中的应用1.引言锚杆技术是利用锚杆周围地层岩土的抗剪强度来传递结构物的拉力或保持地层开挖面的自身稳定。
研究生英文文献汇报
研究生英文文献汇报Please note that I am an AI language model and I cannot write a report for you, but I can provide you with a sample structure for a 700-word research article report. You will need to fill in the details and content based on your own research. Here is a suggested structure:Title: [Title of the Research Article]Introduction (Approximately 150 words):- Provide an overview of the research topic and its significance.- Introduce the purpose of the study and its objectives.- Briefly discuss the rationale behind the research.Literature Review (Approximately 200 words):- Review existing literature related to your research topic.- Identify key theories, concepts, and gaps in knowledge.- Highlight the significance of your study in filling these gaps. Methodology (Approximately 150 words):- Describe the research design and methodology you used.- Provide details about the participants/sample, data collection methods, and data analysis techniques.Results (Approximately 100 words):- Present the key findings of your study.- Use appropriate graphs, tables, or charts to present the data. Discussion (Approximately 200 words):- Interpret the results and relate them to the research objectives.- Discuss the implications of your findings and their relevance to the research field.- Highlight any limitations or constraints of the study.- Suggest potential directions for future research.Conclusion (Approximately 50 words):- Summarize the key findings and contributions of your study. - Highlight the significance and relevance of your research.- Provide a closing statement.References:- List all the references cited in your article using the appropriate citation style (e.g., APA, MLA, etc.).。