国际会计学第六版chapter1共24页文档
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1国际会计(第一章总论)
国际会计 7
2019/3/25
南海公司事件
• 1710年，英国南海公司以发展南大西洋的贸易为名，获得了 专卖非洲黑奴到西班牙、美洲的30年垄断权。1720年初，南 海公司得到英国议会批准，把国家公债1000万英镑换作股票。 从此公司股票价格飞涨，一系列虚假的计划随之出台。但好 景不长，几个月后南海公司突然宣告破产，使广大股东和债 权人损失惨重。英国议会迫于压力，宣布对南海公司进行审 计，并聘请了当时有名的伦敦会计学校的教师斯耐尔先生执 行审查。对南海公司进行审计的斯耐尔先生成为世界上第一 位注册会计师。斯耐尔先生以“会计师”的名义提出了“查 账报告书”，从而宣告了独立会计师---注册会计师的诞生。 • 第一个注册会计师：英国的查尔斯•斯耐尔 • 第一个注册会计师专业团体：爱丁堡会计师协会 （返回）
此时，投资者需要了解有关外国公司的财务状况和经营成果， 以评估跨国投资风险并作出适当的给境外投资者 阅读和使用财务报告造成极大困难，不利于跨国投资 者的决策。因此，国际会计就成为适应国际投资活动 加速发展和促进全世界范围资本流动的一个必要工具。
2019/3/25
会计具有国际性----- “会计的历史是一种国际性 的历史”------（乔伊和缪勒）
目录
2019/3/25 国际会计 5
卢卡－巴其阿勒： 《关于算术、几何、比及比例概要》
• 该著作由五个论题组成： a 代数和算术 b 它们在商业中的应用 c 簿记 d 货币和兑换 e 纯粹几何学和应用几何学 • 在这部著作中未提出资产负债表和损益表的编制
因此，加强跨国公司内部经营管理，有效地规范监 督跨国公司经营活动，都有必要研究和协调不同国家 的会计和报告实务，从而成为国际会计产生的一个直 接诱因。
2019/3/25 国际会计 22
2019/3/25
南海公司事件
• 1710年，英国南海公司以发展南大西洋的贸易为名，获得了 专卖非洲黑奴到西班牙、美洲的30年垄断权。1720年初，南 海公司得到英国议会批准，把国家公债1000万英镑换作股票。 从此公司股票价格飞涨，一系列虚假的计划随之出台。但好 景不长，几个月后南海公司突然宣告破产，使广大股东和债 权人损失惨重。英国议会迫于压力，宣布对南海公司进行审 计，并聘请了当时有名的伦敦会计学校的教师斯耐尔先生执 行审查。对南海公司进行审计的斯耐尔先生成为世界上第一 位注册会计师。斯耐尔先生以“会计师”的名义提出了“查 账报告书”，从而宣告了独立会计师---注册会计师的诞生。 • 第一个注册会计师：英国的查尔斯•斯耐尔 • 第一个注册会计师专业团体：爱丁堡会计师协会 （返回）
此时，投资者需要了解有关外国公司的财务状况和经营成果， 以评估跨国投资风险并作出适当的给境外投资者 阅读和使用财务报告造成极大困难，不利于跨国投资 者的决策。因此，国际会计就成为适应国际投资活动 加速发展和促进全世界范围资本流动的一个必要工具。
2019/3/25
会计具有国际性----- “会计的历史是一种国际性 的历史”------（乔伊和缪勒）
目录
2019/3/25 国际会计 5
卢卡－巴其阿勒： 《关于算术、几何、比及比例概要》
• 该著作由五个论题组成： a 代数和算术 b 它们在商业中的应用 c 簿记 d 货币和兑换 e 纯粹几何学和应用几何学 • 在这部著作中未提出资产负债表和损益表的编制
因此，加强跨国公司内部经营管理，有效地规范监 督跨国公司经营活动，都有必要研究和协调不同国家 的会计和报告实务，从而成为国际会计产生的一个直 接诱因。
2019/3/25 国际会计 22
《国际会计学第六》PPT课件_OK
• To accomplish this, revenues are expressed in end of period purchasing power by multiplying $1,50 0 by 121/110 (110 is used as an expedient to reflect the fact that revenues are received uniformly ov er the year).
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• Revenues would be $1,500 received uniforml y over the period, expenses would be $1,000, and net income would be $500.
• Net income of $500 represents the amount t hat could be withdrawn from the firm and le ave the owners with their original investment intact.
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Why are Financial Statement Potentially Misle ading
During Periods of Changing Prices?
• During periods of inflation, revenues are based on the general purchasing power of the current period.
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• Deducting expenses based on historical purchasing power from revenues that expressed i n currency of current purchasing power yields a nonsensical index of performance.
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• Revenues would be $1,500 received uniforml y over the period, expenses would be $1,000, and net income would be $500.
• Net income of $500 represents the amount t hat could be withdrawn from the firm and le ave the owners with their original investment intact.
2021/9/2
6
Why are Financial Statement Potentially Misle ading
During Periods of Changing Prices?
• During periods of inflation, revenues are based on the general purchasing power of the current period.
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• Deducting expenses based on historical purchasing power from revenues that expressed i n currency of current purchasing power yields a nonsensical index of performance.
国际会计学第六版cha
Terminology 6.2 BANKGROUND AND TERMINOLOGY(P127-129)
• Conversio n
• Translation
• Act of exchanging • one type of
money • or security for • another
It is simply a change in monetary expression.
Spot & Foward exchange rate
Bid quote 买方出价
• Is what the foreign exchange dealer would pay you for foreign currency.
ask quote 卖方报价
• Is the rate at which the dealer would sell you foreign currency.
currency translation differ from the
current rate method? What is the relationship between
currency translation and inflation?
Why do Firms Translate? 〔P127〕
Types of Transaction Rates
Spot transactions: the physical exchange of one currency for another in which delivery takes place immediately. 〔P128〕
Factors:
Learning Objectives
国际会计学第六版chapter课件
Have a basic understanding of the following selected corporate financialdisclosure practices: (a) disclosures of forward-looking information, (b) segment disclosures, (c) social responsibility reporting, (d) special disclosures for nondomestic financial statement users, and (e) corporate governance disclosures.
3
Development of Disclosure
Voluntary disclosure
Voluntary disclosures are increasing as investors demand more detailed and timely information.
But managers’ incentives for disclosure aren’t always aligned with those of investors.
International Accounti. Meek
Chapter 5: Reporting and Disclosure
1
Learning Objectives
Distinguish voluntary and mandatory disclosure and the applicable regulatory measures.
Disclosure regulations and third party certification can improve the functioning of capital markets.
3
Development of Disclosure
Voluntary disclosure
Voluntary disclosures are increasing as investors demand more detailed and timely information.
But managers’ incentives for disclosure aren’t always aligned with those of investors.
International Accounti. Meek
Chapter 5: Reporting and Disclosure
1
Learning Objectives
Distinguish voluntary and mandatory disclosure and the applicable regulatory measures.
Disclosure regulations and third party certification can improve the functioning of capital markets.
国际会计学第六版chapter2共26页
7
Development (contin)
Taxation
Must companies record revenues and expenses in their accounts to claim them for tax purposes?
Are financial accounting and taxation the same? Or are they different?
Code law
Laws are all-embracing. Accounting tends to be prescriptive and
procedural. Accounting focuses on legal form. Accounting standards and procedures are
incorporated into national laws.
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6
Common law
Laws develop on a case-by-case basis. Accounting develops from experience and
judgment. Accounting tends to be flexible, adaptive,
Extensive disclosures.
Banks
Conservative earnings for creditor protection. Less extensive disclosures.
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5
Development (contin)
Legal system
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国际会计学第六版cha(1)
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2
Have a basic working knowledge of accounting classifications and how they compare with one another.
Explain the difference between the “fair presentation” and “legal compliance” orientations of accounting and identify nations in which each is prevalent.
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Development
Sources of finance – who, how many, how close? Equity markets
Profits measure how well managers have run the company.
Accounting is used to assess cash flows, risks, and to value the firm.
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Political and economic ties
Accounting ideas and technologies are transferred through conquest, commerce, and other forces.
Inflation
Extensive disclosures.
Banks
Conservative earnings for creditor protection. Less extensive disclosures.
国际财务管理第六版中文版第一章
114其他目标发生在安然世通和环球电讯等公司的一系列丑闻中公司管理人员在监管不力的情况下以牺牲股东利益为代价追求个人利益这些灾难使人们沉重认识到公司治理的重要性也就是说建立一种监控公司管理层和股东之间关系的财务法律架构
国际财务管理
Sixth Edition
EUN / RESNICK
1-0
Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
1-5
Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
What’s Special about “International” Finance?
市场不完全Market Imperfections 法律限制商品、人员和资本的跨国自由流动 交易成本 运输成本 税收套利 有人甚至说，跨国公司是市场不完全所带来的 礼物。
国际财务管理的目标
本书的重点在于使读者具备全球管理人员的知 识储备。—but what goal should this effective global managhareholder wealth? or Other Goals?
Currency futures and options Multi-currency bonds Cross-border stock listings International mutual funds
1-17
Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
国际财务管理
Sixth Edition
EUN / RESNICK
1-0
Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
1-5
Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
What’s Special about “International” Finance?
市场不完全Market Imperfections 法律限制商品、人员和资本的跨国自由流动 交易成本 运输成本 税收套利 有人甚至说，跨国公司是市场不完全所带来的 礼物。
国际财务管理的目标
本书的重点在于使读者具备全球管理人员的知 识储备。—but what goal should this effective global managhareholder wealth? or Other Goals?
Currency futures and options Multi-currency bonds Cross-border stock listings International mutual funds
1-17
Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
国际会计 第一章
85400
75700 135500 171200 268200 366300 75700 135500 171200 268200 366300 34600 47100 68200 16700 24900 45300 54600 70500
中南美 13600 22400
全球*
3816
00
7805
00
3174 41219 721 151887
288546
13142 124177 13408 525609
资料来源：普化永道2001
国际化的货币、资本融资，客观上对贷款人或 筹资者提出了提供在国际间可比且可信的财务 信息的要求，大大加快了会计国际化的进程。 伴随着货币、资本市场的国际化，国际金融机 构，如国际货币基金组织、世界银行、国际性 的证券交易所快速发展，已经成为推动会计国 际化的重要力量。 在国际化货币、资本市场中，金融工具证券化 及其创新迅猛发展，推动了金融工具会计处理 的国际性研究，丰富了会计国际化的内容。
（一）会计的世袭遗产就是国际性的 （即会计具有能国际化的特性）
意大利式的复式簿记 英国的会计、审计方法 和会计职业界组织 美国的管理会计的概念和实务 、财务会计的 理论与实务 可见：在长期的历史进程中，会计的理论和 方法都有一种国际渗透的趋向，随商业活动 的扩展而传播。 思考：会计是随商业活动的扩展而传播的吗？
单ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้：百万美元
1999年 23963
总计
86335
欧洲
非洲/中东 亚太地区 拉美 总计
31526
1797 12235 878 57725
49873
1612 21687 5204 93134
68180
国际会计International Accounting(chapter1)
10
In debt-oriented capital market: Companies annual reports tends to be more matter-of fact. Cause:Bank financing is the main source of capital for companies in those countries.The banker providing the loan doesn’t mainly depend on the annual reports (2) Substantive level equity-oriented capital market : Since stockholders are the primary providers of capital, the companies try to put the best face on them. Debt-oriented capital market : There is a tendency to under report earnings. e.g. German firms’ earnings computed in acc. principles are lower than that computed in U.S. acc. principles
11
(二) the level of sophistication of financial instruments equity-oriented countries-----complex and innovative financial instruments Debt-oriented countries----relatively simple (三) the level of globalization of capital markets -----The influence will vary with the type of nondomestic firms that enter a country’s capital market If the entering firms are from a country with high financial reporting and disclosure requirements,this will raise the level of financial reporting e.g. U.S. firms list on the London Stock Exchange
国际会计学第六版chapter_6-42页文档资料
Is similar to a translation gain or loss as it results from a restatement process.
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Types of Translation Methods
Single rate method: applies a single exchange rate, the current rate, to all foreign currency assets and liabilities.
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2
How does a translation gain or loss differ from a transactions gain or loss?
Is there more than one way of translating financial statements from one currency to another? If so, what are they?
Preserves the original cost equivalent of a foreign currency item in the reporting currency.
Use of historical rates do not give rise to
translation gains or losses, which are
At the transaction date, each asset, liability, revenue, and expense denominated in a foreign currency is measured and recorded in the functional currency of the reporting entity at the spot exchange rate in effect on that date.
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16
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17
Types of Translation Methods
Single rate method: applies a single exchange rate, the current rate, to all foreign currency assets and liabilities.
Choi/Meek, 6/e
2
How does a translation gain or loss differ from a transactions gain or loss?
Is there more than one way of translating financial statements from one currency to another? If so, what are they?
Preserves the original cost equivalent of a foreign currency item in the reporting currency.
Use of historical rates do not give rise to
translation gains or losses, which are
At the transaction date, each asset, liability, revenue, and expense denominated in a foreign currency is measured and recorded in the functional currency of the reporting entity at the spot exchange rate in effect on that date.
国际会计学第六版chapter_1Introduction培训资料
Choi/Meek, 6/e
6
Contributing Factors
Accounting’s international heritage
Double-entry originates in the Italian city states.
Bookkeeping spreads to Germany and assists the spread of capitalism.
Choi/Meek, 6/e
2
What external and internal reporting issues arise when business and investing transcend national borders?
What is meant by the term, global capital markets, and what does development mean for capital market participants?
Consolidation of foreign accounts Accounting for foreign currency fluctuations Accounting for changing prices International planning and control Performance evaluation of foreign operations Financial risk management International taxation and transfer pricing
programs
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Contributing Factors (contin)
国际会计学第六版_cha
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AMF – Financial Markets Authority Supervises securities markets
OEC – Institute of Public Accountants Represents the accounting profession Members prepare financial statements, and provide tax, information systems, and management advisory services
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France
Overview
“The Plan” – national uniform chart of accounts (national accounting code)
Objectives and principles of financial reporting Definitions of elements Recognition and valuation rules Standardized chart of accounts Model financial statements
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CNCC – National Institute of Statutory Auditors
Members audit and give an opinion on financial statements
Must report criminal acts to the High Council of External Auditors
Develops recommendations for consolidated financial statements
国际会计学第六版chapter_1-24页精品文档
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Contributing Factors (contin)
Reporting issues associated with internationalization of capital markets
How to analyze and interpret foreign accounts? How to report to foreign readers? How to harmonize reporting standards
E.g., the e in p/e valuation multiples.
Internationalization of capital markets
Raising external finance abroad means that financial reports must increasingly travel internationally.
internationally?
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Other Chapter Exhibits
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Chapter Exhibits (contin)
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Chapter Exhibits (contin)
Choi/Meek, 6/e
What does international accounting diversity entail?
Does international accounting have a history?
What factors are contributing to the importance of international accounting as a field of study?
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Contris international heritage
Double-entry originates in the Italian city states.
Bookkeeping spreads to Germany and assists the spread of capitalism.
What is meant by the term, global capital markets, and what does development mean for capital market participants?
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2
What is International Accounting?
Domestic accounting: an information specialty providing information about a firm to users of that information as a basis for economic decisions.
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Dutch enhance income measurement.
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6
French use accounting for governmental planning and control.
Double entry assists the British in managing and controlling commercial interests in the colonies.
Consolidation of foreign accounts Accounting for foreign currency fluctuations Accounting for changing prices International planning and control Performance evaluation of foreign operations Financial risk management International taxation and transfer pricing
Accounting serves people and institutions whose decisions are international in scope.
Accounting diversity creates a demand for harmonization.
Choi/Meek, 6/e
3
International accounting (defined): same as above except that the firm being reported on is a multinational company with operations and transactions that cross national boundaries or an entity with reporting obligations to non-domestic readers.
Learning Objectives
How is international accounting distinct from domestic accounting?
What does international accounting diversity entail?
Does international accounting have a history?
8
Contributing Factors (contin)
Growth and spread of multinational operations
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Contributing Factors (contin)
Reporting issues when business transcends national boundaries
What factors are contributing to the importance of international accounting as a field of study?
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1
What external and internal reporting issues arise when business and investing transcend national borders?
Choi/Meek, 6/e
4
What Does International Accounting Diversity Entail?
Measurement principles Financial disclosure (corporate transparency) Auditing practices
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•Financial innovation
Identifying potential market risks Quantifying trade-offs associated with
alternative risk reduction strategies Measuring risk exposures Accounting for specific hedge products Evaluating the effectiveness of hedging
Accounting plays a major role in the U.S. industrial revolution.
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7
Contributing Factors (contin)
Paradox of international accounting
In many countries, accounting remains a nationalistic affair.