商务英语时文中概念隐喻翻译研究
关联理论视角下的商务英语隐喻汉译
关联理论视角下的商务英语隐喻汉译前言商务英语是在跨文化交流和商务合作中使用的英语。
商务英语翻译是一项富有挑战性的任务，汉译的质量直接影响到商务活动的成败。
本文将从关联理论的视角出发，探讨商务英语中的隐喻，分析汉译隐喻的难易程度，并提供一些在翻译过程中有所帮助的技巧。
关联理论概述关联理论是指两个或多个概念之间的连接。
其中一个概念能够自然地引起另一个概念。
关联理论还可以推导出语言中的隐喻结构。
当使用语言时，我们通常不是将单词和词组直接拼接在一起，而是通过隐喻的方式构建出含义。
隐喻是一种常见的语言现象，也是商务英语中翻译中常见的难点。
商务英语中的隐喻隐喻在商务英语中被广泛应用。
下面是商务英语中一些常见的隐喻及其含义：1.打破沉默：在商务活动中，如果双方不开口，就无法达成协议。
这时就需要打破沉默。
在商务英语中，“打破沉默”通常指建立联系，揭示真相，或者寻求帮助。
2.揭秘玄机：商务活动中，有时需要通过收集信息来发现市场机会、风险、或者竞争对手等信息。
在商务英语中，“揭秘玄机”通常是指揭开某个领域的秘密，寻找隐藏的机会或处于劣势的情况。
3.打通绿色通道：当商务活动中需要紧急完成某些事情，而常规程序需要很长时间时，可以考虑使用“打通绿色通道”的方式。
在商务英语中，“打通绿色通道”通常指以更快的方式完成事情，通过人际关系或特殊渠道获得优先处理。
汉译隐喻的难易程度隐喻的概念极具主观性，其含义与文化背景、语境有关。
对于母语为汉语的人来说，汉译中的隐喻不是那么容易理解。
假设一个英语母语者翻译公司文化中的“热带鱼”，那么他可能会用“tropical fish”这个词，但实际上，这个鱼应该用“珍珠鱼”这个词来翻译更为贴切。
因此，在汉译隐喻时，需要特别注意文化差异。
汉译隐喻并不是一件容易的事情。
在一些情况下，隐喻的含义与英语原文不同，因此更难翻译。
因此，在翻译商务英语时，应该避免直译，而应该根据文化背景和语境来翻译。
在商务英语翻译中应用关联理论的技巧以下是在商务英语翻译中应用关联理论的一些技巧：1.分析每个隐喻：在商务英语中，每个隐喻都可能存在文化差异。
商务英语中的隐喻及其翻译原则
- 225 -校园英语 / 翻译探究商务英语中的隐喻及其翻译原则曲阜师范大学翻译学院/崔娜【摘要】隐喻是商务英语中常见的语言现象，商务英语中的隐喻大多蕴含着英美国家的文化信息，因此，其翻译是一个复杂并值得关注的问题。
本文探讨了隐喻在商务英语中的应用及其分类，论述了商务英语中隐喻的翻译原则。
【关键词】商务英语 隐喻 翻译原则一、引言商务英语作为一种传播知识与信息的工具,简练易懂成为其特征与前提；而修辞正是实现这一前提的关键。
在所有的修辞手法中,隐喻在极大程度上影响了商务英语词汇的来源及其叙述特征。
二、商务英语中的隐喻1.隐喻。
Webster ’s New World Dictionary 解释：“a figure of speech containing an implied comparison in which a word or phrase ordinarily and primarily used for one thing is applied to another ”。
即：隐喻是一种隐含着比喻的修辞格。
其通常和基本用法是：表述某一事物的词或词组被用来比喻另外的一种事物。
2.隐喻在商务英语中的应用。
一些词汇被赋予新意应用到商务英语领域很大程度上依靠于隐喻化，如：(1)一些日常用语通过隐喻被借用到商务领域而具有了新的商务意义。
head 原指人或者动物的一种器官；在商务英语中head 指公司或团体的负责人。
对这两种意义，其指代对象在位置和功能上具有明显的相似性。
正是在这个相似点的基础上，head 被隐喻化，意义发生了转移。
(2)一个领域的术语被用于另一领域产生新的词义。
如:economic recovery ，recovery 一词在医学领域指人身体恢复健康，此处用在商务领域指经济的复苏。
3.商务英语中隐喻的分类。
本文从表现隐喻的词汇的词性出发将商务英语中的隐喻分为名词性隐喻，动词性隐喻，形容词性隐喻和介词隐喻。
商务英语中的隐喻及其具体翻译分析
商务英语中的隐喻及其具体翻译分析隐喻是修辞手法的一种，其在商务英语中的运用尤为重要，因为它可以使语言更加生动活泼，增强文字的表达力和说服力。
在商务交流中，隐喻的使用可以帮助人们更好地理解抽象、复杂的概念，同时也可以增强交流双方的感情共鸣。
在翻译隐喻时，要结合上下文和语境进行分析，灵活运用译文技巧，保证原意不变的使译文自然流畅。
本文将从商务英语中常见的隐喻入手，进行具体的翻译分析，帮助读者更好地理解和运用隐喻，并帮助翻译者更好地应对商务英语翻译难题。
一、商务英语中常见的隐喻1. Time is money.这是商务英语中一个常见的隐喻，它意味着时间就是金钱，也就是说时间就是价值、财富。
在商务场合中，时间非常宝贵，每一分钟都可能关系到利益的得失。
这个隐喻用来形容时间的宝贵和珍贵，提醒大家合理利用时间，增强工作效率。
2. The ball is in your court.这个隐喻源自体育运动中的球类比赛，意思是“轮到你做决定了”，也就是说责任或者决策权在某人手中。
在商务英语中，这个隐喻常用于提醒对方该他们做出决定或者行动了，同时也可以带有一定的压力意味。
3. Break the ice.这是一个常见的表达，它的隐喻意义是“打破僵局”或者“破冰”。
在商务场合中，这个隐喻常用于形容在初始时期的交流，希望通过一定的方式或者话题来破除尴尬和局促，促进交流和合作。
5. A golden opportunity.这个隐喻指的是“一个极好的机会”，意味着一个稀有难得的机会，可能会带来巨大的回报。
在商务英语中，这个隐喻常用于形容具有潜力和价值的商机，以及需要抓住的发展机遇。
1. “Time is money." 翻译为“时间就是金钱。
”这个隐喻在华文化中同样有相应的表达：“一寸光阴一寸金”、“时光就是金钱”。
在翻译时可以使用类似的隐喻表达，同时也可以相应加入例句或者情景来增强表达效果。
2. “The ball is in your court.” 翻译为“现在轮到你了。
商务英语中的隐喻及其具体翻译分析
商务英语中的隐喻及其具体翻译分析隐喻是一种常见的修辞手法，也是商务英语中经常用到的语言表达方式。
隐喻通过比较或象征的方式来传达某种含义，使得语言更加生动和丰富。
在商务交流中，隐喻常常被运用来描述商业活动、市场行情、管理策略等场景，因此对于商务专业人士来说，了解隐喻的使用和翻译是十分重要的。
本文将就商务英语中的隐喻及其具体翻译进行分析和探讨。
一、隐喻在商务英语中的应用1. 商务活动在商务活动中，隐喻常常被用来形容和解释商业行为和市场现象。
当人们说“市场竞争如同一场马拉松比赛”时，就是用隐喻来比喻市场竞争的激烈程度和商业运作的复杂性。
这样的比喻不仅生动形象，而且能够更好地传达思想和观念。
2. 管理策略在描述管理策略和运营方式时，隐喻也经常被运用。
一个企业的管理者可能会说：“我们需要打破沉闷的局面，吹响新的号角”。
这里的“打破沉闷”和“吹响新的号角”都是隐喻，用来形容改革和创新的管理策略。
这样的隐喻让管理理念更加生动和具体，更容易引起共鸣。
3. 财务状况财务报表和数据分析中，隐喻也经常被用来形容企业的财务状况。
当人们说“公司的财务状况像一条起伏不定的曲线”时，就是用隐喻来形容公司的盈亏变化。
这样的隐喻能够让复杂的财务数据更加直观和容易理解。
1. 直译在商务英语中，有些隐喻可以直接翻译成中文而不失其原意。
“市场竞争如同一场马拉松比赛”，直接翻译成中文“市场竞争激烈”即可。
这样的翻译既保留了隐喻的意义，又让读者更容易理解。
2. 意译在翻译隐喻时，有些情况下需要进行意译来保持原意的表达。
“吹响新的号角”在中文中可以翻译为“提出新的计划”或“展开新的行动”，这样的意译虽然不是直译，但可以更好地表达原文的含义。
3. 省略有些隐喻在翻译成中文时可以省略部分修辞表达，只保留其直观的意义。
“财务状况像一条起伏不定的曲线”可以翻译为“公司的财务状况变化较大”，省略了原文中的比喻，但仍然能够传达出同样的含义。
1. 上下文理解在翻译商务英语中的隐喻时，需要充分理解上下文和语境，以确保翻译的准确性和流畅性。
商务英语中的隐喻及其具体翻译分析
商务英语中的隐喻及其具体翻译分析1. 引言1.1 引言商务英语中的隐喻在商务沟通中起到了至关重要的作用，它可以帮助人们更加生动形象地表达自己的想法和观点，从而增强沟通效果。
通过隐喻的使用，人们可以更好地传递自己的意图，使得商务交流更加直观和易懂。
研究商务英语中的隐喻及其具体翻译分析对于提高商务沟通的质量和效率具有重要意义。
本文旨在探讨商务英语中的隐喻及其翻译原则，分析隐喻在商务沟通中的应用，并通过具体翻译实例进行深入剖析。
本文将讨论隐喻在商务沟通中可能遇到的挑战，并提出相应的应对策略。
通过对商务英语中隐喻的研究和分析，可以帮助人们更好地理解和运用隐喻，提高商务沟通的效果和水平。
1.2 研究目的研究目的是为了探讨商务英语中隐喻的使用情况及其翻译策略，帮助研究者更好地理解隐喻在商务沟通中的作用和影响。
通过分析隐喻在商务英语中的具体应用，揭示隐喻在商务交流中的重要性和隐喻翻译的复杂性。
通过研究隐喻的翻译原则和应对策略探讨如何有效地处理隐喻翻译中可能遇到的困难，提高翻译质量和准确性。
最终旨在为商务英语翻译者提供实用的指导，帮助他们更好地应对商务沟通中的隐喻使用，促进商务交流的顺利进行。
2. 正文2.1 商务英语中的隐喻商务英语中的隐喻是指在商务交流中运用隐喻手法进行言外之意的传达。
隐喻在商务英语中起到了提升语言表达的效果和增加沟通效果的作用。
通过隐喻，表达者可以用富有创意和生动的语言来传达自己的观点和意图，从而更好地引起听者的兴趣和共鸣。
在商务英语中，隐喻常常运用在商务谈判、商务会议、商务信函等场景中。
通过巧妙运用隐喻，可以使得商务交流更加生动有趣，同时也能够让双方更好地理解彼此的意图和需求。
隐喻还可以帮助缓解商务交流中的紧张气氛，增进双方的关系。
商务英语中的隐喻翻译需要遵循一定的原则，包括保持原意的完整性、适应目标语言的文化背景和语言习惯、保持语言风格的一致等。
在翻译实践中，翻译人员需要灵活运用不同的翻译技巧和策略，确保隐喻在翻译过程中得到准确传达。
英文商务语篇当中的概念隐喻研究
- 224-校园英语 / 语言文化研究英文商务语篇当中的概念隐喻研究湖北理工学院/丁顺晶【摘要】商务语篇的理解对大部分人来说比较具有抽象概念，但这些抽象概念都可用概念隐喻表达出来。
本文通过实际案例的分析，相对的归纳并总结出英语商务语篇中的三大概念隐喻。
这些概念隐喻都源于人们自身的社会经验，并根据熟悉的概念创出具体的抽象概念。
并依据概念隐喻的理论，发现商务英语篇中的隐喻概念在整体范围和本体范文中存在的系统。
概念隐喻在商务语篇中呈现的是网络系统。
这两种特征在一定程度上解释了概念隐喻的生产过程和理解方式的具体操作。
【关键词】概念隐喻 英语商务 映射人类的思维是隐喻性的，并且多数隐喻都是基于隐喻概论。
美国的语言学家Chomsky 率先提出了在商务领域中隐喻的概念并进行深入研究，并写出了一系列相关的著作。
“承认隐喻在人类思维里的作用不会影响语言的逻辑性、严密性。
反之能使语言更容易表达，更附有哲理和客观事实，理性的思维表达也在人类思考范围，人们表达的内容至少是理智的考虑下提出”。
Fran Boers 提出了在经济语篇中的概念隐喻模式运用到本国英语经济教学领域中。
而经济学家在运用逻辑、例证等方式表达或说明时，也经常引用隐喻。
广为人知的就是一个隐喻就是“亚当”。
史密斯在《国富论》中提到“invisible hand”比喻市场力量。
所以概念隐喻的研究已经不是语言修辞的问题了，而是更近一层需要研究与探讨的课题之一。
一、概念隐喻理论传统的语言学是将隐喻被看成一种语言形式上的修辞手法，是装饰词语的手段之一。
但是近年来研究发现，它不仅是一种语言形式，一种修辞手段，还是一种认知现象。
“Metaphors We Live By”一书中有指出隐喻本身是基于身体经验的一种“隐喻概念体系”的本体思维。
是帮助人们认知、语言、行动和思维的基础发挥。
概念隐喻在生活中无处不在，不光在语言表达中，也在思维和行动中，我们在进行思考和行为的日常中，就形成了在概念隐喻系统中的依赖，大脑的思考和身体的行动能力在本质上也是有隐喻性的。
商务英语中的隐喻及其具体翻译分析
商务英语中的隐喻及其具体翻译分析1. 引言1.1 商务英语中的隐喻及其具体翻译分析商务英语中的隐喻是一种常用的修辞手法，通过比喻、象征等方式表达意义，使文本更加生动有趣，增加阅读的趣味性和吸引力。
隐喻在商务英语中的应用广泛，能够让信息更加简洁明了，提高沟通效率。
隐喻的翻译策略在商务翻译中起着至关重要的作用，翻译者需要灵活运用对等翻译、解释翻译等方法，准确传达原文的意思。
在商务沟通中，隐喻可以增加信息的表现力和吸引力，帮助双方更好地理解和沟通。
隐喻的翻译也是一个挑战，翻译者需要综合考虑语言、文化等多方面因素，选择适当的翻译策略，确保译文通顺地传达原文的内涵。
隐喻的具体翻译分析涉及到各种具体情境和实践，通过分析案例可以更好地理解隐喻在商务英语中的运用方式和翻译方法。
通过对隐喻的翻译分析，可以帮助提升商务英语沟通的效果，增加文本的质感和说服力。
2. 正文2.1 隐喻在商务英语中的应用隐喻在商务英语中的应用广泛而深远，它能够帮助人们更准确地传达信息、表达观点和建立共鸣。
在商务交流中，隐喻常常被用来解释复杂的概念或情况，使之更易理解。
将市场比喻成战场，产品比喻成武器，竞争对手比喻成敌人，客户比喻成盟友，在商务谈判中充满了各种隐喻的运用。
隐喻还可以用来激励员工、建立团队合作氛围。
把企业比喻成一艘航船，每个员工是船上的一名船员，只有全体船员团结一致，才能使船航行更远。
这样的比喻可以增强员工的凝聚力和归属感，激发他们更积极地投入工作。
隐喻在商务英语中的应用不仅能够丰富语言表达，更重要的是能够加深理解、凝聚共识、促进沟通。
在商务交流中，灵活运用隐喻是非常重要的技巧，可以帮助人们更好地传递信息，取得更好的交流效果。
2.2 隐喻的翻译策略翻译隐喻需要对原文中的隐喻概念有深刻理解。
理解隐喻的语言意义和象征含义是成功翻译的基础。
熟悉不同语言文化的特点也是至关重要的，因为隐喻往往具有文化特定的意义。
翻译隐喻时要注意保持隐喻的形象和比喻性质。
商务英语中概念隐喻的翻译要点分析-最新教育资料
商务英语中概念隐喻的翻译要点分析随着社会的不断进步，促进了信息化时代的发展，当前人们获取信息的最主要方式就是通过新闻，能够使人们对政治、经济和文化等方面的内容进行理解。
当前，商务新闻报道形式普遍，英语作为国际化语言的重要组成部分，成为商务新闻的主要报道语言。
但是，在观看商务新闻时，有些人会受语言障碍的影响，无法理解其中的内容。
因此，为了更好地实现商务新闻的表达，在新闻中融入概念隐喻理论是当前的最新应用，受到了人们的广泛关注。
一、概念隐喻理论概述最早提出隐喻理论的是亚里士多德，他主要是将隐喻的概念运用于一种事物上来进行表达。
隐喻是由两个主体共同组成的，两者之间具有一定的差异性。
后来，随着社会的发展和人们认知观念的不同，实现了对隐喻概念创新，对传统概念的隐喻修辞方式进行改革，并提出隐喻是由两个思想构成的，两者之间是一个统一的整体，相互影响，相互作用，实现了对这一理论的完善。
在使用隐喻过程中，需要结合喻体自身的特点，将特性发挥到主体上，需要主体暂时失去自身的特性，以喻体的形式进行表达。
近年来，相关部门加强了对隐喻的研究，对传统隐喻所表达的思想提出挑战。
主要是希望通过感知的语言来实现对东西的传递，并且隐喻发挥的作用不仅仅是需要通过语言的形式进行表达，而是被当作一种认知行为，能够将实际中的两个事物进行有效的联系，实现对另外一个领域的理解。
通过隐喻的运用，改变了人们对新事物的认识，促进了人们思维的扩展。
概念隐喻在我们的生活中被广泛运用，最主要的应用领域就是商务新闻。
二、商务英语中概念隐喻的翻译要点（一）结构隐喻结构隐喻在应用过程中，主要是通过一种概念去理解另一概念的方式，而实现两者概念之间的相互叠加。
人们在认知的过程中，会使人们不自觉的融入自身的经验，实现对熟知概念的理解和运用。
结构隐喻在商务英语中应用较为广泛，能够快速的商务英语中的语法结构进行理解，具有简单明了的优点，并且还可以通过借助源域的形式实现对英语概念的了解，可以取得良好的认知效果，有利于人们对商务英语中的内容进行良好的把握。
从语境关联视角谈商务英语中隐喻的翻译
从语境关联视角谈商务英语中隐喻的翻译商务英语中隐喻的翻译是在商务活动中不可或缺的一部分，因为它能
够更加清晰地表达一个含义，使人们能够更好地理解那些牵涉到商业合作
的概念。
隐喻是以一个假设来表达某种概念的情况，当我们翻译隐喻时，
必须确保有效地传达原始的意思，这样才能保持文字的表述有层次性及准
确性。
为此，我们在翻译隐喻时应该考虑当前情境，尽可能多地使用同义
词来向读者传达原句的信息。
这样，潜台词的翻译才能够起到良好的效果，而不会使读者产生困惑、疑惑。
此外，在商务英语翻译中，地道的语言也至关重要，因此，隐喻翻译
中也应该注意准确性，能够使用行业术语和简洁的表达，让读者能够更加
轻松地理解原句的意思，从而使文章保持语言、表达、概念等方面的一致性。
总之，隐喻在商务英文翻译中十分重要，要想翻译得好，就必须牢记
有效地表达原句的意思，把握好翻译的节奏和语境关联，尽可能使用更加
地道的语言，切忌“偷梁换柱”。
商务英语中的隐喻及其具体翻译分析
商务英语中的隐喻及其具体翻译分析【摘要】商务英语中的隐喻在商务交流中扮演着重要角色，通过比喻和隐喻进行沟通可以使信息更加生动形象且有效传达。
本文首先介绍了隐喻的概念以及在商务英语中的作用，然后详细探讨了商务英语中常见的隐喻，隐喻的翻译技巧和策略，并举例说明了隐喻在商务沟通和写作中的应用。
强调了隐喻在商务英语中的重要性，提出了提高隐喻运用水平的建议，并探讨了隐喻翻译对商务沟通的影响。
通过本文的研究和分析，可以更好地理解商务英语中的隐喻，并提高在商务交流中的应用水平，从而有效促进商务信息的传递和交流。
【关键词】商务英语、隐喻、翻译分析、作用、翻译技巧、翻译策略、商务沟通、写作运用、重要性、提高水平、沟通影响1. 引言1.1 什么是隐喻隐喻是一种修辞手法，是指借用某种事物来暗示另一种事物的比喻方式。
在商务英语中，隐喻被广泛运用，可以使得文本更具表现力和生动性，有助于提高沟通效果。
隐喻可以让读者更好地理解信息，也可以让文本更加富有启发性和想象力。
通过隐喻，作者可以用一个简明扼要的描述来传达复杂的信息，引起读者的共鸣和思考。
在商务英语中，隐喻经常用于描述市场情况、企业管理和团队合作等方面，帮助读者更好地把握商务信息和情况。
熟练掌握隐喻的运用技巧对于提高商务英语写作水平和沟通效果至关重要。
商务英语中的隐喻不仅仅是简单的文学修辞，更是一种可以帮助传达信息、引导思考的重要工具。
通过学习和运用隐喻，可以让商务交流更加生动有趣，更加富有感染力和说服力。
1.2 商务英语中的隐喻作用在商务英语中，隐喻扮演着非常重要的角色。
隐喻能够帮助我们更直观地理解和表达各种商务概念，使得信息传达更加生动和有趣。
通过隐喻，我们可以用熟悉的语言和形象来解释和描述抽象的商务概念，让复杂的概念变得更容易被接受和理解。
隐喻在商务英语中还可以帮助我们建立更紧密的沟通关系。
一些通俗易懂的隐喻不仅可以让我们更容易与他人共鸣，还可以在商务谈判或交流中化解尴尬和疏远感。
商务英语中的隐喻及其具体翻译分析
商务英语中的隐喻及其具体翻译分析引言隐喻是一种修辞手法，常常在日常生活和商务英语中使用。
在商务沟通中，隐喻的运用可以让信息更加生动、形象，增强语言的表达力和影响力。
由于文化背景、习惯、习语等因素的影响，隐喻的翻译常常存在一定的困难。
本文将通过具体案例分析商务英语中的隐喻，并探讨其翻译方法和技巧。
一、隐喻在商务英语中的具体应用1. Time is money.时间就是金钱。
这是一个经典的隐喻句型，在商务英语中经常使用。
它表达了时间的珍贵和宝贵，告诉人们应该善于利用时间，把握机会。
在商务交流中，这个隐喻经常被用来强调时间的紧迫性和重要性，以便更好地促成交易和合作。
2. He is a rising star in the company.他是公司里的一颗冉冉升起的明星。
这个隐喻用来形容某人在公司中的地位和发展前景。
在商务沟通中，这个隐喻经常被用来推荐或介绍新人或新员工，以突出其潜力和价值。
3. Our sales are soaring.我们的销售额飙升。
这个隐喻通过比喻的方式表达了销售额的迅猛增长。
在商务英语中，这个隐喻经常被用来强调公司业绩的改善和增长，以展示公司的实力和竞争力。
1. 直译法对于一些常见的隐喻，可以采用直译法进行翻译，保持隐喻的形象和力度。
比如“时间就是金钱”这个隐喻，可以直译成“Time is money”，保持了原文的表达方式和意义不变。
2. 意译法对于一些隐喻在目标语言中不太常见或不易理解的情况，可以采用意译法进行翻译，使隐喻更加贴近目标语言和文化。
比如“他是公司里的一颗冉冉升起的明星”这个隐喻，可以意译成“他在公司里是崭露头角的新星”，使隐喻更加易懂和自然。
3. 解释法对于一些隐喻的含义比较复杂或涉及特定文化背景的情况，可以采用解释法进行翻译，通过加入解释来呈现隐喻的意义。
比如“我们的销售额飙升”这个隐喻，可以通过解释来呈现其含义，比如“我们的销售额迅猛增长，业绩蒸蒸日上”。
论述商务英语中的隐喻及其翻译
Metaphors in Business English and the Translation论述商务英语中的隐喻及其翻译Abstract: Traditional studies limit m e ta p h o r as rhetorical and lexical means,with li t t le consideration to grammatical met aphor. Butgrammatical m e t a p h o r isused extensively in various written genres of English and hence becomes an important concept of Systemic-Functional Gra m ma r. The application ofgra m mat i cal m e t a p h o r is one of the important s tylistic features of business E ngl i shcontracts. This paper aims to analyze the functions of grammatical m e t a p h o r inbusiness Englishcontracts in the light of the Systemic-Functional Grammar and presents different ways of translation systematically.Key words: grammatical metaphor; business English contracts; transferenceContents1.Introduction (2)2.Metaphors in business English and their translation (2)2.1 Grammatical metaphor ............................................................................................................................................3...................2.1.1 Definition of Grammatical metaphor ..................................................................................................................4.................2.1.2 Common forms of metaphor ...............................................................................................................................4.................2.1.2.1 Metaphors consisted of tenors and vehicles. .......................................................................................................4..............2.1.2.2 Metaphors with vehicles only........................................................................................................................5....................2.2 Metaphors in business English..................................................................................................................................7..................2.2.1 Metaphor in the noun.s......................................................................................................................................8...................2.2.2 Metaphor in the verb.s.......................................................................................................................................9...................2.3 Translation of metaphor in business English ............................................................................................................1..2..............2.3.1 The understanding and recognition of the metaphor ...............................................................................................1..3.........2.3.2 The translation of metaphors.............................................................................................................................1.5................2.3.3 Application and translation of grammatical metaphor in the business English contract ..............................................1..8....2.3.3.1 The passive voice in contract English ..............................................................................................................1..9.............2.3.3.2 Modal verbs in contract Englis..h....................................................................................................................2.2...............2.3.3.3 Nominalization structure in contract English .....................................................................................................2..4...........2.3.3.4 Translation of nominalization structure in business English contract.s..................................................................2..7.......3.Conclusion (29)References (22)Abstract(Chinese) (22)1.IntroductionMetaphor is mainly intended to refer to a rhetorical means that based o n psychological associations and expressed by using A to replace B or compare A toB. The American psychologist R. W. Gibbs points out t h t a h t e cognitive process is using a familiar concept t o u nd ers ta nd t he incomprehensible, complex, abstract orless certain concepts. In the 1980s, people studied on metaphor from t h e perspective of cognitive psychology, and pointed out that m e t a p h o r is notjust arhetoric means. People believe that “Metaphorical language is a reflection of metaphorical thinking and the human understanding of the world in an ontological way of thinking, which is metaphorical conceptual systemof h u m a ncognition, thinking, language and even the base of the behavior.”(Lakoff,G&Johnson, M.1980). Metaphor makes people recognize, acquire and know newkno wledge through the concept systems they’re familiar with, which is simpleand vivid. Metaphor has a feature of “to know new things through old things”, so t he m e t a p h o r is established onthe basis of similarity between thing s. M e t a p h o ris one of the most common languages in business English.2.Metaphors in business English and their translation2.1Grammatical metaphorGrammatical metaphor is an important means for people to understand the world. It can convert events, activities, emotions into entity. Grammaticalm e t a p h o r is animportant p art of the systemic-functional g r a m m a r. Itwas f o u n d e don the“Natura l grammatical Vie w”.In English,th e metaphor is a commonrh eto rical d evice,i t com es fro mt h e Greek wo rd“m etap h erein”,an d th is wo rdcanb e e xp lain eda s“Carryin gfro mo n e p lace t o a n o t h e r”.N o u no r n o u np h rase,verb or verb phrase, prepositional phrases and sentences can be used metaphors. Subject, predicate and predicative, attributive, appositive, object, and adverbial, can be used as the body of m e t a p h o r.Halliday 1 and Matthiessen 2 regarded language as a system composed of semantics, vocabulary, grammar and voice, which reflect with each other from the top to the bottom. Halliday also insist that the relationship between the meaning and wording is not arbitrary; there is a natural connection b etween t he formof syntax and the meaningof their codes,which means that different grammatical forms ma ke different expressions. Halliday distinguished the two reflect relationships. One of them is the congruent realization, which m ea n s that the language structure is a di r ect reflection of thereal world; another one is in congruent realization, in which way the language shows a distorted relationship instead of in a direct way. This inconsistency relationship is the procedure that the metaphor of language formed, which is alsothe transference of the language units in different grammatical domains. M.A.K.Halliday called this inconsistency metaphorical “Grammatical metaphor”.1 Michael Alexander Kirkwood Halliday (often M.A.K. Halliday) (born 13 April 1925, Leeds , Yorkshire, England) is a British linguist.2 Peter Matthiessen (born May 22, 1927, in New York ) is a three-time NationalBookAward- winning American novelist and non-fiction writer. City2.1.1Definition of Grammatical metaphorThe w ay our l a n g u a g e express everythingcanbeinvolved i nto t hr e e parts: theprocedure of an e vent, participants and the environment. The procedure is oftenbe expressed by a verb phrase, participants by a noun phrase and t h e environme nts by anadverb o r prepositional phrase. But the relationship o f reflectsbetw e e nthemcanbe inconsistent. The speakers ch o o se a inconsistent language form during their speaking, and this always convey a metaphorical meaning whichis different fromthe consistent style. This deviationinvocabulary syntax makes the “Grammatical metaphor”.In China, “metaphor” was firstly founded in The Book of Songs as theCh in e se wo rd“譬”.Th esain t s M o h ist firs t g ivet h e d e fin it io n o f m e tap h o r,th at i s,t he m e t a p ho r is describe A throughB, to m a ke a clearer understandingof A by t hem e a ns of analogy. Scholars of Qin D ynasty even r esearched on h ow to a p p ly themetaphor to persuade and communicate . Since the 1990s, the Chinese scholars’ research on the metaphor has gone to a deeper field. The achievements went outone after another.2.1.2Common forms of m etaphor2.1.2.1Metaphors consisted of tenors and vehicles.In some sentences there are tenors only, while others have both tenors and vehicles.a: Chairman Mao is like the Sun. ( 毛主席像太阳。
商务新闻英语中隐喻的翻译认知过程研究的开题报告
商务新闻英语中隐喻的翻译认知过程研究的开题报告一、研究背景隐喻作为语言中的典型修辞手段之一，在商务新闻英语中也得到了广泛应用。
商务新闻英语是描述商务活动和经济现象的具有专门用途的英语，在商业交流和商业活动中起着必不可少的作用。
商务新闻英语具有语言简洁、信息密度大、特定语体、专业词汇等特点，为了更好地传递信息，多采用隐喻等复杂语言形式来表达。
然而，由于隐喻的表达方式较为隐晦，存在主观性和多义性，给翻译带来了困难。
因此，本研究旨在探讨商务新闻英语中隐喻的翻译认知过程，为商务翻译提供一定的理论说明和实践指导。
二、研究问题1.商务新闻英语中隐喻的类型和特点有哪些？2.商务新闻英语中隐喻的翻译认知过程是怎样的？3.商务新闻英语中隐喻的翻译策略有哪些？三、研究目的与意义本研究的目的在于探讨商务新闻英语中隐喻的翻译认知过程，具体包括隐喻的类型和特点、翻译认知过程以及翻译策略，以提高商务翻译的质量和效率，避免翻译的误导和歧义。
同时，也可以加深人们对隐喻的认识和理解，对语言认知和跨文化交际有所帮助。
四、研究内容和方法1.研究对象：本研究的研究对象为商务新闻英语中的隐喻，以商务媒体报道和商务交流等为主要来源。
2.研究方法：（1）文献研究法：通过查阅相关的文献资料，分析商务新闻英语隐喻的特点和类型。
（2）实证分析法：选择具体的商务新闻英语隐喻实例，对其进行深入分析，了解其翻译认知过程和策略。
（3）对比分析法：对商务新闻英语隐喻的源语和目语进行比较和对照，找出其在翻译过程中的差异和问题。
五、预期研究结果本研究的预期结果为：揭示商务新闻英语中隐喻的类型和特点、探讨隐喻的翻译认知过程和相关策略，为商务翻译工作提供理论指导和实践经验，同时也可以促进隐喻的研究和语言认知方面的研究。
商务英语语篇中概念隐喻类型的认知研究
商务英语语篇中概念隐喻类型的认知研究A Cognitive Study of the Types of the Conceptual Metaphors in Business English Discourses摘要【摘要】隐喻研究已有两千多年历史。
20世纪80年代莱考夫和约翰逊打破了传统隐喻概念只是一种修辞现象的看法，将其定义为用某一领域的经验来说明或理解另一领域经验的认知机制。
本文在前人研究基础上，利用莱可夫概念隐喻理论通过具体分析其工作机制，特点与认知功能，引入商务英语语篇中概念隐喻现象进行系统完整的分类。
大体分为三类：结构隐喻，方位隐喻和实体隐喻，并对每一类型加以分析得出战争隐喻，健康隐喻，婚姻隐喻，生物隐喻，水的隐喻，戏隐喻剧，容器隐喻和拟人隐喻等具体分类。
在此基础上，本文归纳得出四种最为常见的概念隐喻在商务环境中的应用和含义。
本文的发现将作用于语言学本身的研究，促进商务经济的应用以及教学工作的进行。
I【关键词】概念隐喻；映射；商务英语语篇；分类A Cognitive Study of the Types of the ConceptualMetaphors in Business English DiscourseAbstract【ABSTRACT】The study of metaphor has been carried on since more than two thousand years ago. In the 1980s, Lakoff and Johnson gave a most provocative linguistic account of metaphor, which ran counter to the traditional opinion that metaphor was only a figure of speech and entitled it with the definition that it was a cognitive mechanism explaining or understanding one thing in terms of experience from a particular field to another. On the basis of previous research, the thesis here uses the conceptual metaphor of Lakoff and substantially analyzes the working mechanism of conceptual metaphor, its characteristics and cognitive function, and get a more integrated and systematic classification of the conceptual metaphor in the business English discourses. It can be mainly divided into three classifications: structural metaphor, orientational metaphor and ontological metaphor, which can be specified into war and physical fighting metaphor, health metaphor, love and marriage metaphor, organism metaphor, water metaphor, drama metaphor, container metaphor and personification metaphor and so on. The thesis then indicates 4 most familiar implications and applications of the conceptual metaphors about the business environment. The findings in the thesis can be applied to linguistics itself, international trade and English teaching.【KEYWORDS】conceptual metaphor；mapping process；business English discourse; classificationContentsIII1Introduction (1)1.1 Previous study of metaphor (1)1.1.1 The Comparison Theory of Aristotle (1)1.1.2 The Substitution Theory of Quintilianus (1)1.1.3 The Interaction Theory of I.A. Richards and Max Black (2)1.1.4 The classification of metaphor (2)1.1.5 The Conceptual Metaphor Theory of George Lakoff and Mark Johnson (3)1.2 Present study of metaphor (5)1.2.1 The study of metaphor to the linguistics and philosophy (5)1.2.2 The cross-discipline study of metaphor (5)1.2.2.1 The study of metaphor in the English teaching field (5)1.2.2.2 The study of metaphor for the business trade (6)1.3 The main content of the thesis (6)1.4 The significance of the thesis (7)1.5 The structure of the thesis (7)2 The Conceptual Metaphor in business English discourses (8)2.1 The classification of the familiar conceptual mapping pattern in business English discoursesand the effect and characteristics (8)2.1.1 Structural metaphor (8)2.1.1.1 War and physical fighting metaphor (8)2.1.1.2 Health metaphor (9)2.1.1.3 Love and marriage metaphor (9)2.1.1.4 Organism metaphor (10)2.1.1.5 Water metaphor (11)2.1.1.6 Drama metaphor (11)2.1.2 Orientational metaphor (11)2.1.2.1 More is up, less is down (12)2.1.2.2 Happy is up, sad is down (12)2.1.2.3 More is deep, less is shallow (13)2.1.3 Ontological metaphor (13)2.1.3.1 Entity and substance metaphor (13)2.1.3.2 Container metaphor (14)2.1.3.3 Personification (14)2.2 The familiar applications and implications of the conceptual metaphor in businessenvironment (14)2.2.1 Business is a game (14)2.2.2 Business is a journey (16)2.2.3 Business is a war (17)2.2.4 Business is an organism (18)3 Conclusion and the value of the Conceptual Metaphor (19)3.1 The summary and findings of the thesis (19)3.2 Limitations and suggested further research (20)References (21)Acknowledgements (23)1IntroductionSince the day “metaphor” was brought up from remote antiquity, heated discussio n on linguistic topic has engaged the intellectual mind and it has never been ceased. The earliest discourse on metaphor can be traced back to the era of Aristotle, whose view is called “Comparison T heory” together with its profound influence have intrigued and baffled people from generation to generation. After a rain of inspiration-provoking theories of metaphors aroused in the process of the development of metaphor in the following decades, there came the blooming period of the linguistics with the publication of George Lakoff and Mark Johnson‟s study Metaphors We Live By in 1980. Instead of being merely a figure of speech, its conception known as the “cognitive linguistic theory” brought metaphor to a cognitive stage.1.1Previous study of metaphorMetaphor was a topic initiated since Aristotle and Confucius. For quite a long time, metaphor was considered simply as a figure of speech with its ornamental function, the same to simile, personification, hyperbole and synecdoche, etc. Then it had experienced many main changes. In order to show a general view on the possible routes of how people process metaphor, 4 main theories of metaphor aroused by scholars during the development in the academic field are introduced here: The Comparison Theory of Aristotle, the Substitution Theory of Roman Quintilianus, the Interaction Theory of I.A. Richards & Max Black and the Conceptual Metaphor of George Lakoff & Mark Johnson.1.1.1The Comparison Theory of AristotleAs acknowledged, in the traditional rhetoric sense, the word metaphor can be ultimately dated back to the ancient Greek word metaphra: meta means …trans‟and pherein means …carry‟ (Ma, 2003).The first person on the study of metaphor in the western countries can be traced back to Aristotle, whose theory can mainly be found in Poetics and Rhetoric. This brilliant philosopher carried out his Comparison Theory which focuses on metaphor as the object is carried over or transferred to another object that somewhat looks like similes with the maker of comparison. In order to recognize metaphors, people firstly convert objects into simile, then engage in a comparison process to determine which properties are close related (Miller, 1979: 202-250). One famous saying is quoted here: “Metaphor is the transference of an alien term: transference from genus to species, from species to genus, from species to species, or by analogy” (Poetics, 1963:425).1.1.2The Substitution Theory of Quintilianus1The substitution view is considered as the most basic theory in the field of metaphor. Using one object to take the place of another composes its basic foundation. Black points out:According to a substitution view, the focus of a metaphor, the word or expression having a distinctively metaphorical use within a literal frame, is used to communicate a meaning that might have been expressed literally. The author substitutes a meaning that might have been expressed literally. The author substitutes M for L; it is the reader’s task to invert the substitution, by using the literal meaning of M as a clue to the in tended literal meaning of L. Understanding a metaphor is like deciphering a code or unraveling a riddle (Black 1962).The theory can be explained in another way that, getting some proper equivalent literal expression and hence the place of the original objects can be replaced with a function as a sort of decorative device.1.1.3The Interaction Theory of I.A. Richards & Max BlackThe publication of “The Philosophy of Rhetoric” by I. A. Richards has brought out a breakthrough achievement in the study of metaphor, in which the interaction theory is put forward. It is from then the metaphor has started to enter the cognitive and other scientific fields. Richards considered that, the fateful defect in traditional metaphor lies in its neglect of the basis on me taphor, which “calls for us to draw close attention on its intercourse between the individual thoughts and the transaction between different language environments”（Shu, 1998：10).The theory points out that there are two key components in a metaphor, the “topic” and the “vehicle”, which are closely related in a specific association, only certain attributes of the secondary term are invoked. It is believed “metaphor is a process of creating new meaning and a result of the interaction between two subjects. The associated commonplaces is mapped into the subject t o bring out the metaphor” ( Guo, 2007 :32).Some important linguistic and psycholinguistic models as the struct ure mapping model and Lakoff‟s Conceptual Metaphor Theory are considered as being developed under this view.1.1.4The classification of metaphorClassification from different scholars cited by Ma Jing in 2007: there are a great many of famous linguistic scholars have expatiate on the classification of the metaphor, Aristotle, Black, Lakoff & Johnson and so on. It can be divided from the forms of expression: explicit metaphor, implicit/opaque metaphor; from the views of derivativeness: root metaphor, derivative metaphor; from the effect in cognition about the similarity: metaphor considering similarity as a basis, metaphor having a creation on similarity; from the view of parts of speech: nominal metaphor, verbal metaphor, adverbial metaphor, adjectival metaphor, prepositional metaphor; from the linguistic levels: phonological, syntactic, grammatical metaphor; from the view of novelty: dead metaphor, novel metaphor.As the carrying out of the great theory of conceptual metaphor by Lakoff & Johnson in 1980, with the cognitive system, they have made a scientific classification about metaphor. In this thesis, we will have a close look at La koff & Johnson‟s classification (structural metaphor, orientation metaphor, and ontological metaphor, which can also be divided into more types in details).1.1.5The Conceptual Metaphor Theory of George Lakoff & Mark JohnsonThe publication of George Lakoff and Mark Johnson‟s study Metaphors We Live By in 1980 challenged the powerful traditional theory in a systematic way and brought our linguistic study in to a new age---metaphorical cognition. For the sake of better understanding the conceptual metaphor, we should take a close look at its working mechanism, its types and characteristics, its functions and the problem still exists.1.1.5.1 The definition of the Conceptual Metaphor and its working mechanismGeorge Lakoff and Mark Johnson spoke of Conceptual Metaphor as the following:We have found, on the contrary, that metaphor is pervasive in everyday life, not just in language but in thought and action. Our ordinary conceptual system, in terms of which we both think and act, is fundamentally metaphorical in nature (Lakoff, Johnson, 1980:3).It shows metaphor reflects a mode of thought, which is not only simply a figure of speech. It is a method to express our thought and actions of great significance.According to the former study of the scholars, the Conceptual Metaphor embodies a cross-domain mapping in a conceptual system. The mapping system exists between constituent elements of the sourceand the target domain. A more abstract concept is often used as the target and a more concrete concept as3its source. The conceptual metaphor system originates from people‟s experience and bases on the social culture. In another way to say, “people used to employ a concrete source field to talk about an abstract target field” ( Ma, 2003:06).Figure 2.1 is presented below in order to concisely express the working mechanism in a much easier way about the mapping between two domains:Figure 2.1 Mapping of the Two DomainsA good point in case is when people mentioned the conception of “time is money”, they often use several words related the relationship between time and money to describe their opinion. For instance, “the business negotiation cost me two days; how do you spend your time?” These examples show the way to characterize a coherent system of metaphorical concepts and a corresponding coherent system of metaphorical expressions for those concepts.1.1.5.2 The characteristics of the Conceptual MetaphorMetaphor is omnipresent: it is a common phenomenon in ordinary language. According to the statistics, there is one third oral expression in our daily life and about 70 percent literary expressions embody the Conceptual Metaphor (Ma, 2003:106).Metaphor is conceptual and abstract in nature. It is a cognitive way exists in our thoughts and actions. Based on our experience and knowledge, the mapping system maps the original object into a abstract target domain, which has a cognitive system. “Metaphorical entailments can characterize a coherent system of metaphorical concepts and a corresponding coherent system of metaphorical expressions for those concepts” (Lakoff, Hohnson, 1980:9). Time is money; time is a limited resource, and time is a valuable commodity. These 3 conceptions are all metaphorical, which is described in the book of The Metaphor We Live By. They also illustrated several instances for each conception of time: Time is money (That flat tire cost me an hour). Time is a limited resource (I've invested a lot of time in her). Time is a valuable commodity (Thank you for your time).As for the asymmetry in metaphor, here comes S aeed‟s opinion about the directional tendency ofmetaphors. He presented that the comparison between the 2 domains is not symmetric. On the opposite, they only “transfer features from the source to the target”.The fifth is the cultural feature of metaphor. Metaphors are not arbitrary but are grounded in our daily life experience and can be affected by the culture. A good case in point is about the conception of “money”: Lakoff & Johnson pointed out “They are metaphorical since we are using our everyday experiences with money, limited resources, and valuable commodities to conceptualize time. This isn't a necessary way for human beings to conceptualize time; it is tied to our culture. There are cultures where time is none of these things” (Lakoff, Johnson, 1980:9).1.1.5.3 The cognitive function of Conceptual MetaphorIt is the approach to the observation of the world: As the cognitive tools, conceptual metaphor is the guide of the abstract thinking. In order to realize the other objects, people should get the apperception of themselves first, thus mapping the domain which they are quite familiar with to the domain which is abstract or unknown.Metaphor is a bridge between the unknown to the new. It can provide us with the new ways of observation of the world, but also show us the new point of view and creative thoughts. The “domino theory” proposed by many politicians and economists expound that “domino effect means one thing can cause a chain reaction which embodies the same nature” (Ma, 2003:107).Metaphor can evade the scientific interpretation of the original definition to make a imagination thus get a completed and overall cognition from a unique perspective. It is the way of metaphor to invent new conception and bring out new thoughts, which enrich our life.1.2Present study of metaphor1.2.1The study of metaphor to the linguistics & philosophy itselfTo the linguistics & philosophy itself, the study on Conceptual Metaphor can help us to probe deep and add to our understanding of how cognitive system works and enrich our corpora for the Conceptual Metaphor. It also show us a clear historic development steps of conceptual metaphor, such as the period of Aristotle, Quintilianus , I.A. Richards & Max Black and George Lakoff & Mark Johnson.1.2.2The cross-discipline study of metaphorThe study of metaphor covers a wide range of areas that is not only to the linguistics itself, but also has been extended into a cross-discipline field such as business trade and teaching field.1.2.2.1The study of metaphor in the English teaching fieldIn the teaching field, the study of Conceptual Metaphor can be profitable in the understanding of the5words, business reading course and business translation.1). Conceptual metaphor can be used in the words teaching field.Conceptual metaphor can be helpful in the teaching words and for the understanding of the abstract concepts. For instance, the word “stock”is explained by the Oxford dictionary as “the money lent to a government in return for interest; shares in the capital of a business company”. It is far away from people‟s understanding in this concept. Based on the vivid experience about stock, the conceptual metaphor here plays a key role for explaining the definition of “stock” just as “stocks are very sensitive creatures, they react to all kinds of influences, large and small”. By mapping human being characteristics into the concept of stock, thus it is much easier for us to get a much clearer definition.2). Conceptual metaphor can be used in the syntactic analysis of the sentences.Conceptual metaphor is the mapping process from the source domain to the target domain. “I t is a corresponding relationship, which is not only a one-way mapping but also a one-to-one correspondence based on the common experience, from which we can have the syntactic analysis of the sentences” Grady points out in 1999 (Grady, 1999).3). Conceptual metaphor can be used in appreciating the literature.The metaphor in literature is based on our daily common conceptual metaphor. According to Kovecses “I t is the processes of extension, specification, doubting and combining.1.2.2.2The study of metaphor for the business tradeAs for the business trade, the study of Conceptual Metaphor can make our more capable. When dealing with the business negotiation and other forms of business procedure, we will feel as clay in the hand of the potter. The conceptual metaphor is common in business discourses. Especially the cognitive function plays an extremely important part in understanding due to conceptual metaphor can stimulate the learners‟awareness of the key definition, pattern and problems exists in the discourses. What is more, conceptual metaphor can help to discover the value orientation cross-culturally and the difference in the habit of communication and behaviors, thus to decrease the frequency of misunderstanding and mistakes.1.3The main content of this thesisSince the high development in economy, business discourses can be found everywhere and become much more important day by day. Metaphor can be easily found in these discourses, and the study of which has developed rapidly in the past few decades. A cognitive study of conceptual metaphor is catching more and more attention due to the increased significance of business and communication. The thesis aims to analyze the conceptual metaphor in business English discourses by exploring its working mechanism,characteristics, classification and cognitive function, and get a more integrated and systematic classification about the typical conceptual metaphors according to analysis of the business English discourses.1.4The significance of the thesisAs in daily language, conceptual metaphors in business discourses are generally affected and deeply rooted in human experience. They can be classified and characterized by cognitive universality and cultural relativity. With the help of a more integrated and systematic classification about typical conceptual metaphors in business English discourses, a better understanding will be achieved. By probing the mechanism of the cognitive system, this study contributes to our understanding of conceptual metaphors in business English discourses, therefore enriching our corpora. The findings in the thesis can be applied to the understanding of terms in ESP teaching, like business reading course and business translation.1.5The structure of the thesisThis thesis applied conceptual metaphor theory of Lakoff and Johnson to analyze the conceptual metaphor phenomenon in the business English discourses.In the first part of the thesis, a concise review of pre-cognitive opinions to metaphor is stated briefly as the starting step in order to give a general view on the routes how people process metaphor.The thesis goes on in part two by exploring conceptual metaphor about its working mechanism, characteristics, classification and cognitive function, thus to get a more integrated and systematic classification.The findings, limitations, problems, and the value of the Conceptual Metaphor are exposed at the end of the thesis.2The Conceptual Metaphor in business Englishdiscourses2.1The classification of the familiar conceptual mapping pattern in business English discourses andthe effect and characteristicsNowadays, there exists a prevailing trend that conceptual metaphor has been used in many business discourses. Such articles can be easily found everywhere.George Lakoff & Mark Johnson mainly divided metaphorical concepts into three categories, which are also proposed in Lakoff‟s book Metaphors We Live By most frequently: structural metaphor, orientational metaphor, and the ontological metaphor (Xiong, 2006:55). 12 types of which in details will be put in the following, and 4 most familiar implications and application of the conceptual metaphor about the business environment will be indicated in the later part of the thesis.2.1.1Structural metaphorIn our daily life, we are used to using a familiar, easy-understanding, material concept to analogize an unfamiliar, deep, abstract and unknown concept. They have the same tenor but show the different vehicles. Through the mapping mechanism, readers can get a much vivid and easy-conceived imagination in mind thus to understand the concepts better.Here are 5 typical structural metaphors put in details in order to get a full comprehension: war & physical fighting metaphor, health metaphor, love & marriage metaphor, organism metaphor and water metaphor.2.1.1.1War and physical fighting metaphorIn a market economy, businessmen have to fight with each other in order to win a good market share and benefits by adopting kinds of strategies. Business is conceived as war among antagonists. The “war”metaphor has come into the business field to highlight the complex, bloody and fierce aspect of business competition (Shi, 2006:20).(1).Nowhere is the struggle by the Chinese government to wrestle down its high-flying economy being.(2). If yahoo invades Germany market, what will the result be?(3).The bank of England is flexing its muscles.As the above shows, economic activities are considered as war with the purpose of defeating others and take the leadership. Two companies and organizations fight with each others, which bring out many words related to war mapped to business. War is considered as the source domain and economy is the target.“Strategy is a significant entailment, which is translated literally from war to business. Strategies are adopted for military purposes and they are decisive factors for winning or losing a war” (Wu, 2007:47). If proper methods be employed by each party, it is easier for the team to win a battle. They are key points, especially in the process of producing, promotion, distribution and pricing.(1).Chinese companies have to face the strategic structural changes brought about by strong foreign companies‟ huge investment in China.(2).A more novel strategy to battle inflation is Treasury Inflation- Protected Securities.In the first example, strategic structural changes means the foreign companies had already made a careful thought-out consideration that Chinese part has to be ready to fight against. In the second one the “strategy” means the way should be prepared to deal with the inflation.2.1.1.2Health metaphorHealth is associated with life expectancy and life quality, while illness is associated with pain and death as the description of the metaphor “economics is health care”. Feng Wei pointed out “economic entity often is conceptually recognized as the poor patient who should be take good care of; the obstacles in business operation are understood as the “sickness, cancer or chronic disease; and the psychological problem are also reflected in economic conception” (Feng, 2007).Here are some examples:1).It suffered from even greater paralysis in decision-making.2).It left the economy stubbornly unstimulated.3).The affair is a paralysis of an over-centralized system.In the above sentences, the medicinal noun “paralysis” and the adverbial modifier “stubbornly un stimulated”are described as the problems exists in the economics. The Immobility or a low level of activity are considered as negative since active and energetic are the characters of healthy people and illness and injury typically undermine the patient‟s energy and mobility. More phrases are “a healthy, weak economy”, “economic recovery”, “chronic symptoms”, “prescription”, “remedy”, “cure” and so forth.2.1.1.3Love and marriage metaphor“The family has provided the main model or metaphor for understanding the rest of reality”(Cope-Kasten, 2001). Many descriptions of the relationship between family members and some marriage-related words are borrowed directly to the target domain of economy. The love and marriage metaphors are mainly used in constructing the conceptual understanding of companies merging. In the mapping mechanism, the lovers (the company) can pay his court to the company he is interested in; he can show his corporate willing to the one he is longing to; what is more, the wedding ceremony is equivalent to the contact signing operation.Here are some good points in view:1) How much longer will China and India keep their honey moon?2) It serves as a lesson that it can go wrong if corporate couples leap too hastily into each other‟s arms. Bnks were thought scrambling to the altar. The merger was touched by some as match made in heaven.In the first examples the honey moon means the sound cooperating development between China and India; while in the latter one the “corporate couples” also means the merging two companies.In English we can also find some other equivalents, such as “parent company”, “sister company” and so on, which showing the fixed allocations.2.1.1.4Organism metaphorIt is pointed out by Clancy (1989:92), the “organism” metaphor is “one of the most ancient ideas in human consciousness”. Business is described as a living entity with its own needs such as organism, which can be born, mature and die and exists depending satisfactions of needs to live. This is the same in a business operation; it needs many conditions and various purposes to operate in a sound way.Since plants animals and human beings are the three kinds that the livings exist, the organism metaphor can also be divided into three sub-level metaphors: the plant metaphor the animal metaphor, and the human being metaphor.Firstly, here comes the plant metaphor:1).I think the economy is going to continue to grow at a reasonable pace, something in the 3% range.2).Chinese authorities still recognize they need economic growth-they just want to manage it.3).If they can be lowered quickly and gently, the economy will continue to thrive.It can be said that the obvious feature of a plant is its prosperity for growth and this growth may vary widely under different circumstances, which shows certain factors contributing to and foster effective growth while others would impede or diminish it (White, 2003:136).Secondly, economic phenomena are also related to animals that people are familiar with for getting avivid image for understanding abstract ideas in business, just as “bear market”, “bull market”, “lame duck”, “butterfly market”and so on. What is more, here are also a wide variety of human metaphors and non-human business activities which based on the human experiences, such as the government protects its infant industry by subsidies and bank loans; China‟s steel industry is entering a new round of recession and orders for distribution are few.2.1.1.5Water metaphorAccording to Wu Qian in 2007 (Wu, 2007:47) “When water is put into a container, it can be made to flow into or out of the container freely. Hence when all the features are mapped onto the target domain of economy, the metaphor the capital or human resources is water comes into existence”, we can see that our knowledge of water initiated from the direct physical experiences since water is a necessity in our daily life with the image of fluidity and flowing. The same as the liquid, which can flow freely into and out of the market, capital is considered can use the metaphor of water. The water metaphor can describe the economic momentum in a better and clearer way:1) Because imports cannot be stanched as quickly as those funds can flow abroad, the current deficit would probably rise.2) Strong cash flow generation enable it to mitigate volatility in earnings.The “cash flow” in the above shows the water metaphor while there are many other different words about the water metaphor such as: “flooded”, “buoyant”, “a rising tide”, “make bubbles”, “floating interest rate” and so forth.2.1.1.6Dramatic metaphorThe business market are facing the changing phenomenon all the time, full of unpredictability, which is the same with the drama that is being filled with dramatic effect. Thus in business English discourses, dramatic metaphor is familiar and extremely plays an important role in economic articles.Such phrases are “still looking for a role”, “behind the scenes”, “be famous for her showmanship”, “see high drama in the smallest setback” and so on.2.1.2Orientational metaphorOrientational metaphor use the space as the source domain, by projecting the spatial structure into the pattern of the non-spatial concepts, the non-spatial concepts is then endowed with a dimensional orientation (Lan, 2005:122).It is proposed by Lakoff and Johnson that, such concepts refers to up and down, inside and outside, in the front and at the back, deep and sallow, in the center and at the edge and should be organized in one。
隐喻在商务英语中的应用及其翻译
（ Ｄ ｏ ｎ ａ ｌ ｄ Ｄ ａ ｖ ｉ ｄ ｓ ｏ ｎ ）是一 位在 隐喻 研 究方 面较 有 影 响的语 言 哲学 家 。
他 认为 隐喻 的理解 正如对 梦 的解释 一样 ，需要 梦者 与醒者 之 间的合
隐喻在商务英语 中的应用及其翻译
■王晓红 王晓为 东北农业大学文法学院
摘 要： 隐喻 作为一种 言语 现象在 日常生活 中无处不在 ，它从 本质上 已经渗透到人 们赖 以进行 思索和活动 的 日常生活。 隐喻 的研 究也 一直是 众 多语 言学者密切关注的热点之一 ，已经突破修 辞学的角度 开始扩展渗透到大 学英语 、商务英语 、外 贸英语等领
ｒ ｅ ｃ ｏ ｖ ｅ ｒ ｙ， ｅ ｃ ｏ ｎ ｏ ｍｙ ｄ ｉ ｓ ｅ ａ ｓ ｅ ” 。
隐喻 的工作机 制进行 重新 的诠 释 。Ｋ ｉ ｅ ￣ ｒ（ ２ ０ ０ ５） 深人 表 明 ， 语 境 的 方 法可 以使人 更容 易理解 最新 的与 隐喻研 究相 关 的哲学 和语 言学 理
然后再 用另一 种语言将 原语 中的意 思准确生 动地表 达 出来 。
四、结语
语 中 ，隐喻 又作为一 种言 语现 象被频 繁 的使用 并且 主要 以名词性 隐 喻 和动诃 胜隐喻 的方式 出现。
１ ． 名词性 隐喻 名 词 性 隐喻 是 指通 过 两种 事 物 之 间共 同 的某 种直 接 或 间接 的 特 点和 联 系 ，人们 或 运用 推 理来 理 解 深奥 难 懂 的事 物， 或 运用 通 过 商业 英语 的专 业 化的术 语来 熟 知其它 领域 的概 念 。例如 ： Ｔ ｈ ｅ ｂ ｕ ｂ ｂ ｌ ｅ ｅ ｃ ｏ ｎ ｏ ｍ ｙ ｗ ｉ ｌ ｌ ｂ ｅ ． ｂ ｒ ｏ ｋ ｅ ｎ ｉ ｎ ｔ ｏ ｐ ｉ ｅ ｃ ｅ ｓ ｂ ｙ ｔ ｈ ｅ ｗ ｏ ｒ ｌ ｄ ｉ ｆ ｎ ａ ｎ ｃ ｉ ａ ｌ ｃ ｉ ｒ ｓ ｉ ｓ ． 泡沫经 济将 会被世 界金 融危 机毁为 一旦 。Ｂ ｕ ｂ ｂ ｌ ｅ 原 意是 指水 中 的泡 沫， 肥皂 泡， 在 这里 经济被 比喻为泡 沫 ，暗示着虽 然 现阶段 经济 发展 表面上 很繁 荣 但 却像 泡沫 一样 脆弱 易碎 。为 了使 金 融危机 这种 的商业 问题 变得 更 易 于被人们 理解 和接 受 ，隐喻 的使用 将复 杂的经 济概 念变得 更通 俗
商务英语中隐喻及其翻译策略
商务英语中隐喻及其翻译策略【摘要】本文主要探究商务英语中的隐喻，提出翻译措施，助力于提高商务活动交流有效性。
研究过程中，以商务英语隐喻概述为切入点，将商务英语中隐喻分为方位隐喻、实体隐喻和结构隐喻，提出翻译原则及方式，从而为相关工作者提供参考。
【关键词】商务英语;隐喻;翻译前言隐喻研究最早可追溯至古希腊亚里士多德。
在认知语言学中，认为隐喻不仅属于语言现象，也是人们谈论思维的工具，其已经成为语言学研究热点。
特别是在当今社会，各种层次、门类交流深入，交流中隐喻作用及地位愈发突出，是否能够正常理解隐喻功能对于交流活动质量与进程具有直接影响。
隐喻是运用语言的普遍现象，商务英语属于专门用途英语组成部分，故也存在诸多隐喻。
因此，应当做好商务英语隐喻翻译，为顺利实施商务交流提供支持。
一、商务英语隐喻概述商务英语涉及领域众多，专业性较强，社会发展下拥有商务含义逐渐丰富，部分短语在商务英语和通用英语中意思不同，如Dosage and administration 中administration代表用量，不同于通用英语意思。
商务英语中常见一词多义情况，以认知语言学而言，均属于商务“隐喻”，隐喻概念体系是人们思维、认知、语言和行为的基础。
隐喻能够让人们以熟悉的概念体系掌握、认识新知识，优点在于生动、形象、间接，主要是由于隐喻通常“以旧知新”，是建立在事物相似性基础上，人们通过两类或两个对象属性相似点或相同点，由此及彼，从一个对象属性向另一个对象推理，以认识新事物，进而实现认知范围的扩大。
隐喻是语言运用中的普遍情况，理查兹作为英国修辞学家，曾说：“我们生活中每三句话极可能出现隐喻。
”商务英语也含有诸多隐喻，特别是在经济全球化与生产力进步下，国际交流中商务英语举足轻重，理解和翻译隐喻已经成为顺利展开商务活动的重点，需加强对隐喻翻译的理解，明确其结构与类型，方能更好地翻译隐喻。
二、商务英语的隐喻类型1.方位隐喻。
人类生存中方位空间作为基本概念，是任何自然地相互作用，以自然界空间方位等空间对称概念所架构的，即为方位隐喻。
从中英文化对比角度看商务新闻概念隐喻的英汉互译
ＺＨ Ｕ ｆ Ｍ ｎ
（ ｃｏｌ ｆ ｏｅ ｎＬｎｕｇｓ Ｊ ｎｓ ｎｖｒ ｔ， ｈｎｉ ｇ １０ ３ Ｃ ｉａ Ｓｈ ｏ ｏ ｒｉ ａｇ ａｅ ， ｉ ｇｕＵ ｉ ｓｙ Ｚ ｅｊ ｎ ２ １ ， ｈｎ ） Ｆ ｇ ａ ｅｉ ａ ２
Ａｂ ｔ ａ ｔ ｓ ｒ ｃ ：Ａｃ ｏ ｄ ｎ ｏ ｃ ｎ ｅ ｔ ａ ｔｐ ｏ ｈ ｏ ｙ，ｍｅ ａ ｈ ｒｉ ｏ ｎ ｙ ａｆｇ ｒ ｆｓ ｅ ｃ ｕ ｎ ｉ ｃ ｒ ｉ ｇ ｔ ｏ ｃ ｐ ｕ ｌｍｅａ ｈ ｒｔｅ ｒ ｔｐ ｏ ｓｎ ｔｏ ｌ ｉ ｕ ｅ ｏ ｐ ｅ ｈ ｂ ｔｉ ｔ ｓ
朱 敏
（ 江苏 大 学 外 国语 学 院 ，江 苏 镇 江 ２２ １ ） １０ ３
摘要 ： 概念 隐喻理论认为隐喻不仅 是一种 修辞手 段 ，而且也 是一种 思维方 式。隐喻大 量存在 于商务新 闻 中。
本文从 中英文化差异的角度来探讨商务新闻概念隐喻 的英 、汉互译 ，认 为隐喻 翻译与文化有 很大关系 ，隐喻
的隐喻》一书中一反 隐喻理论的传统观点，认为
隐喻 不仅仅是 一 种 语 言 修辞 乎 段 ，而且 也 是 一种 思维方 式 ，语 言能 反 映人 们 的概 念体 系 。作 者在 书 中提 出 “ 隐喻 ”不 仅 仅 指 隐喻 的语 言形 式 ，而 目指人们 思 维 行 为 的方 式 。在 Ｅ常 生 活 中 ，人 们 ｌ
商务英语中的隐喻及其具体翻译分析
商务英语中的隐喻及其具体翻译分析商务英语中的隐喻是指通过比喻和暗示的方式，将一个概念或事物与另一个概念或事物联系起来，以便更生动、形象地表达出某种意思。
隐喻可以增强语言的表现力和说服力，但也需要适当地解读和翻译。
1. Time is money.时间就是金钱。
此处将时间比喻为金钱，强调时间宝贵且不可浪费，翻译时可以用类似的比喻或者直接翻译成“时间宝贵”。
2. The ball is in your court.球在你这边了。
此处将“球”比喻为责任或决定权，表示某个决策权已交到对方手中，翻译时可以保留比喻或者直接翻译成“决定权在你手里”。
3. We need to cut through the red tape.我们需要破除条条框框。
此处将“红色的带子”比喻为无谓的规定和程序，表示需要消除官僚作风和繁琐程序的限制。
翻译时可以用类似的比喻或者直接翻译成“消除繁琐程序”。
4. Let’s touch base later.以后再联系。
此处将“规则棒球比赛中回到最初的安全点”比喻为回归或重要的联系，表示需要再次联系或者回归主题。
翻译时可以用类似的比喻或者直接翻译成“以后再联系”。
5. He is the apple of my eye.他是我心目中的宝贝。
此处将“眼中的苹果”比喻为最珍爱的人或事物，强调某个人或事物在自己心中的重要性。
翻译时可以用类似的比喻或者直接翻译成“我心中最珍爱的人”。
6. This project is a cash cow.这个项目是摇钱树。
此处将“奶牛”比喻为盈利的手段，表示这个项目可以带来丰厚的收益。
翻译时可以用类似的比喻或者直接翻译成“盈利的项目”。
总的来说，商务英语中的隐喻需要根据具体语境进行解读和翻译，保留比喻或直接翻译取决于具体情况。
掌握隐喻的使用和翻译，对于有效沟通和商务谈判非常重要。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
商务英语时文中概念隐喻的翻译研究
【摘要】本文从认知语言学的角度，探讨了概念隐喻的定义、分类及意义，并结合商务英语时文的特点，分析隐喻在其中的表现及背后的认知理解，指出三种翻译方法，即直译、意译和注释法，以期提高商务英语的翻译质量。
【关键词】商务英语时文概念隐喻翻译研究
概念隐喻是指存在于人们头脑里的一种经归纳形成的反映事物
本质的隐喻表达[1]。
他们认为隐喻是“跨概念域的映射”，即人们通常将同一认知模型中的较为熟悉的、具体的概念域（目标域）映射到不大熟悉的、抽象的概念域（源域）上，使后者更易被接受和理解。
lakeoff和johnson（1980）把概念隐喻分为三大类，即结构隐喻、方位隐喻和实体隐喻。
在商务话语中，人们借用大量相对具体、熟悉的日常用语来描述、讨论与商务有关的概念和事件。
可见，隐喻是商务类信息顺利沟通的载体，在商务话语中对隐喻进行分析理解具有重要的意义。
束定芳（2002）根据句法特征将隐喻划分为名词性隐喻和谓词性隐喻。
而隐喻主要是以名词和动词的方式出现[4]。
本文将根据收集的语料来研究商务英语时文中以名词和动词形式出现的隐喻。
1. 商务英语隐喻的翻译
翻译是语言形式转换及思维认知活动的结合，它是一个原语理解和目标语表达的过程。
“翻译中将一种语言变为另一种语言本身就
是一种喻化过程”[5]，其中包括译者对于原语诸多特征的选择，及用目的语相对应语言的表达。
newmark （2001）指出“隐喻翻译是一切语言翻译的缩影，因为隐喻翻译给译者呈现出多种选择方式：要么传递其意义，要么重塑其形象，要么对其进行修改，要么对其意义和形象进行完美的结合.林林总总，而这一切又与语境因素、文化因素密不可分。
”
2. 直译
当译入语的原域到目标域的映射方式与原语中的原域到目标域
的映射方式相似时，读者对于隐喻形象及喻义较为熟悉时，译者可采用直译，以便有效保留隐喻的内容信息，又保持了其修辞及文化特色。
the electricity failure caused the train service’s paralysis. 断电使火车运输瘫痪了。
（这里是比喻交通运输停滞不前完全无法正常行驶的状态，因此此处可直接采用忠实于原文的直译。
）
they went out of business when the internet bubble burst. 互联网泡沫破灭时，他们停业了。
（bubble作为专业的经济词汇，以为普通人所熟悉，直译成泡沫既体现水泡脆弱美丽但易破灭的特点，又传递出经济运行中的与经济基础相背离的价格膨胀的现象。
）3. 意译
当直译法造成理解与翻译障碍时，译者应采用意译法。
它强调信息的传递，既忠实于原文，但不拘泥于原文形式及修辞手法。
he made a complete diagnosis of the company’s daily running.他对公司日常运营问题做了彻底的调查分析。
（diagnosis从医学角度对人们的精神和体制状态做出的判断，这里形容针对公司所存在的某些问题进行的观察及分析，将熟悉的日常生活映射到不大熟悉的商业领域，使之更易理解、也更形象。
the stock market was on a spectacular bull run. 股票市场价格飙升。
（熊市、牛市，这是股票市场常见的术语，但若不熟悉此领域，有可能并不理解其内涵。
因此该处翻译直接处理成价格飙升，使信息得以顺利传递。
）
4.注释
当隐喻的喻体、喻义不易理解，则需要补充简短的注释，以补足直译或意译的语形或语义缺失。
the investment bank has emerged as the favourite pinata for anyone who wants to give wall street a mighty thwack. 这家投行对于任何希望给华尔街有力一击的人而言已然成了深受喜爱
的皮纳塔玩具。
（译者注：皮纳塔玩具是一种彩罐，墨西哥人圣诞节时将糖果等礼物盛于罐内，悬于天花板上，令蒙住眼的儿童用棒击破。
此处形容那些击垮华尔街的希望不堪一击。
）
america’s new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive. 除非银行把资产的价格定在买家感兴趣的价位，否则美国买完有毒资产的计划难以施行。
（译者注：有毒资产为银行的
不良资产，就是在市场情况良好的时候，资产面临的多方面的不良影响都被暂时掩盖了起来，而当危机降临的时候，潜在的所有因素就会积聚在一起爆发出来。
）
5.结语
概念隐喻是语言中普遍存在的现象，是人类赖以思维和行动的主要方式。
在商务英语中，概念隐喻通过源域向目标域的映射来实现对于较为抽象的商务现象及概念进行通俗易懂的描述，其背后的认知、理解过程对于翻译的质量有着密切联系。
因此，在翻译时，要结合商务英语时文的隐喻特点，结合上下文语境，正确理解其喻义，采用直译、意译及注释法等，选择恰当的词语译入。
【参考文献】
[1]lakoff， g. & johnson， m.metaphors we live by [m]. chicago： university ofchicago press， 1980.
[2]狄艳华，杨忠. 经济危机报道中概念隐喻的认知分析[j]. 东北师大学报（哲学社科版），2010（6）.
[3]束定芳. 论隐喻的运作机制[j]. 外语教学与研究（外国语文双月刊），2002（3）.
[4]陈振东，杨会军. 商务英语中的隐喻及其翻译[j]. 上海翻译，2007（1）.
[5]rr verbrugge， cognition and figurative language [m]. l. erlaum associates， 1980.
[6]peter newmark. approaches to translation[m]. 上海外语
教育出版社，2001.。