智慧旅游外文翻译文献编辑
自助游中英文外文文献翻译2017
本科毕业设计（论文）中英文对照翻译(此文档为word格式,下载后您可任意修改编辑!)原文The Serendipity Finding and Independent TravelNorman W, Hallo JAbstractThe independent travel market is not homogeneous. As smart phones and mobile navigation devices became ubiquitous, independent travelers are now allowed to explore the destination without making detailed plans. The purpose of this study is to explore tourists' preferences for the level of structure vs. serendipity in their travel experience, and investigate how different styles of independent travel relate to other tourist behavior.Findings showed that independent travelers, overall, had a higher preference for serendipity than following a structured itinerary. Respondents who were more ‘serendipitous’ participated in more activities, particularly sightseeing and outdoor sports, while those who preferred ‘structured’ travel took part in fewer activities, in spite of their planning. As predicted, the ‘structured’ respondents spent more time on travel planning and were more likely to look for specific information, such as price and location. The ‘serendipitous’ respondents, however, did not wander without knowledge. Searching for more general information about the area, they in fact used more information sources than those who preferred ‘structured’ travel. Keywords: serendipity, independent travel, travel planning, information search Introduction Within tourism research, numerous typologies have emerged to classify tourists according to their travel behaviour, preference, and experiences (Uriely 2005) One fundamental distinction is the difference between tour groups and independent travellers (Madriga11995). In the past, joining package tours generally require less individual preparation, while independent travellers must engage in some level of planning and information search prior to their journey. The growing popularity of smartphones and mobile navigation devices, however, has increased the potential of personalized travel (Tumas and Ricci 2009). Independent travellers are now free to wander off and explore the destination with minimal planning and morespontaneity. The independent travel market can be further segmented into different groups, such as backpackers (e.g., Larsen 2011; O'Reilly 2006), bicycle tourism (e.g., Lamont 2009; Ritchie 1998), and self-drive tourism (e.g., Lane and Waitt 2007; Prideaux and Carson 2003). In addition to their choice of transportation and accommodation, independent travellers may also differ in the amount of structure and planning in their trips. While some like to check reviews and make reservations beforehand, others may prefer to discover hidden local gems and be surprised. This study is the first attempt to examine the concept of 'serendipity' as a travel style. The measurement for this new pattern of travel was developed based on the different activity styles of independent pleasure travellers by McKercher et al. (2006). Although it is labeled as'style ofindependent travel' (SIT) with two dimensions: structure and serendipity, travel style is a broad concept consisting of one's travel budget, choice of transportation, special interest activities, ypes of experience sought, and more. While previous typologies have identified other aspects of travel style, it is argued that mobile technology and increased global connectivity have made it easier for people to travel on the spur of the moment. Along with new technologies and social changes, tourists have also become more mature and experienced as they evolve into a 'new' style of tourists, who are more autonomous, flexible, environmentally sensitive, and enjoy the state of being a tourist rather than making a checklist of attractions tovisit (Stanciulescu et al. 2011). Therefore, it is necessary to investigate independent travellers' preference for structured or serendipitous experiences so as to better understand the complexity of independent travel and provide appropriate information to different types of tourists in this new era. Literature ReviewNovelty and Independent Travel People of different personalities make different choices when it comes to travel. Plog (1974) first proposed that traveler personality fell on a spectrum from allocentrism to psychocentrism. Being more confident and curious, allocentric personalities were more likely to choose exotic locations and independent travel. On the contrary, psychocentric travellers were more insecure, and would prefer to visit familiar destinations and join packaged tours (Plog 1991). Building on Plog's allocentrism-psychocentrism continuum, Madrigal (1995) considered travel style as one type of travel behaviour with two main categories: group tour and independent travel. Becken (2003) further categorized the tourists in New Zealand into six clusters: coach tourists, visiting friends and relatives tourists (VFR), auto tourists, backpackers, campers, comfort travellers. Although auto tourists, backpackers, campers, and VFR tourists were generally considered independent travellers, they displayed a range of different characteristics within independent travel. The allocentrism psychocentrism continuum initially depicts the contrast between mass group tourists and independenttravellers, but both travel styles could be further examined under the same continuum. Novelty has been identified as one of the main motivations for travel (Crompton 1979; Lee and Crompton 1992; Snepenger 1987). Basala and Klenosky (2001) developed a novelty-familiarity continuumto classify different travel styles, including novelty seekers, familiarity seekers, and the group in between- average travellers. Weaver et al. (2009) also used 'novelty' to segment tourists into three groups: 'thrill seekers,' 'change seekers,' and 'homebodies' who were not seeking anything but trying to escape boredom. Their findings indicated that 'change seekers' were more likely to choose fully-packaged tours while 'thrill seekers' would rather buy partially-packaged tours, and their preferences would vary based on the destination.DiscussionThe two dimension of SIT also illustrated the difference between general and specific travel information. When asked about the type of travel information one would search for through the Internet, people who were more serendipitous would look for more general information about the area, while structured independent travellers would focus on detailed information related to price, addresses and phones numbers, and on-line reservations. Even though serendipitous travellers spent less time on travel planning than structured travellers, it should be noted that both types went through the anticipation stage of travel (Oawson and Knetsch1966). For those who preferred more structure in their trips, the longer planning time might signify a higher level of anticipation, as they mapped out their itinerary and imagined what they would see and taste. Serendipitous travellers, on the other hand, searched for general maps and images of the area, so they still had some pre-trip expectations. As opposed to iconic attractions and signature dishes, perhaps what they looked forward to the most was to be surprised. Hyde and Lawson found that some independent travellers purposely did not read up on the destination so as not to be 'disappointed' (2003: 19). The expectancy disconfirmation model of customer satisfaction stressed the importance of expectation as a point of reference for service quality and satisfaction (Oliver 1980). Therefore, it would be interesting to further explore how structure and serendipity may relate to different levels of pre-trip expectations, which in turn may affect travel experience and satisfaction.译文意外的发现之旅与自助游作者：诺曼；哈洛摘要目前的自助旅游市场发展的并不是很完善。
旅游管理中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Tourism and the Environment: A Symbiotic RelationshipNowadays, with the improvement of people's living standards and the pursuit of higher spiritual life, tourism is developing rapidly, and it has an increasing proportion in the national economy. Tourism is getting more and more people's attention, followed by the impact of tourism on the ecological environment.The vigorous development of the tourism industry has multiple effects on the environment. They are both positive and negative. In order to adapt the development of tourism to the capacity of tourism resources, and promote the coordinated development of environment protection and tourism, and this paper will state the impact of tourism on the environment from three aspects:1 The negative impact of tourism on the environment;2 The positive impact of tourism on the environment;3 The countermeasure to against the negative impact of tourism on the environment.Tourism development can put pressure on natural resources when it increases consumption in areas where resources are already scarce.The negative impact of tourism on the environmentNegative impacts from tourism occur when the level of visitor use is greater than the environment's ability to cope with this use within the acceptable limits of change. Uncontrolled conventional tourism poses potential threats to many natural areas around the world. It can put enormous pressure on an area and lead to impacts such as soil erosion, increased pollution, discharges into the sea, natural habitat loss, increased pressure on endangered species and heightened vulnerability to forest fires. It often puts a strain on water resources, and it can force local populations to compete for the use of critical resources.1,Tourism causes the environmental pollution.When tourism products are manufactured during the production, it`s adverse to environmental impacts. At first, the development of tourism resources, improper planning of tourist construction, such as opening the way in mountains and destroying the wild plants freely; it will break the completeness of the coordination of ecological environment. The second is in the process of construction of tourist accommodation, the supply of water, electricity and other energy is in disorder. Waste water, waste gas and rubbish are not be cleaned timely, so these will be forming the ecological environment pollution.2,Tourism products affected adversely in consumption process.The most obvious phenomenon is that tourism products in consumption process impacts on the ecological environment pollution and destruction of ecosystems. Tourism products have direct contamination and indirect contamination for the environment of the tourist area.Direct contamination means the tourist’s pollution is generated by tourism activities, such as the sewage left by tourists, feces, garbage, waste bottles, waste paper, cans and other pollution on the ecological environment.Indirect contamination means the pollution of the atmosphere. Tourism can`t be separated from traffic. Transporting tourists from the residence to the scenic is necessary, and a variety of vehicles pour in, the air is full of automobile exhaust. The automobile exhaust is not only polluting the air, but also extremely is harmful to the human body. In addition, the acid rain has already leaded lots of trees to die in some areas. The decline in the quality of the environment embarrassed our environment.3,Historical and cultural heritage have been to damage to varying degrees.Driven by the economic interests, some notable tourist resorts are overload of tourists or made unauthorized construction, it will make a number of precious historical and cultural heritages, such as the unique monuments, natural environment and human landscape suffered destruction. Carving, graffiti, touching artifacts freely and discarding the litter arbitrarily will directly or indirectly lead to the destruction of the heritage. The example is too numerous, like on the walls of the palace in the Forbidden City, some flagstone walkways, the walls of theancient Great Wall and the tower also have tourists uncivilized blot.4,Traditional culture is simple.Rough business culture makes the connotation disappear and the degradation of the art form. In order to obtain economic benefits and cater to the need of tourists adventures, lots of tourist areas have to be given up traditional social, spiritual significance and artistic meaning. Changing the traditional forms of art and design freely lead the traditional culture to rough and simple commercialization. Traditional folk celebrations will not be held at specific time and specific place with specific manner, and it just be held by tourism demand anytime at anywhere, just like these celebrations` existence is based on the tourists demand rather than local social life. Local hand-making products with characteristics of local culture are turning to meet the need of public markets. Mass production and gradually moving towards the shoddy make the loss of traditional art and value.5,Directly or indirectly lead the moral standards in the tourist resort to decline.Tourists around the world have different moral values and way of life. Negative tourists` decadent consciousness and lifestyle can easily make some tourist area residents to lose the virtue of simplicity. It induces desire for venality and worship of money, which ruins the local social climate and affects the stability of the social order. Tourism makes environmental pollution and destruction, which almost is occurred in the process of tourism development, construction and tour operation. Tourism, as a source of pollution and industrial pollution, has "three wastes" in facilities` emissions, which is waste gas, waste water, and waste ballast. The inappropriate layout also causes environmental pollution.6,The pollution on the environment has two aspects of tourism: tourism supply-side and tourism consumers.The environmental pollution of tourism consumers is occurred in the flow of tourists, such as the large population bring crowded and confusion, destructive behavior on the environment, trampling by a large number of the population makes the soil changing, temporary stay of too many people bring exceeded production and living materials consumption and energy use, the atmospheric pollution, noise pollution and visual pollution. Analysis form the tourist point to view environmental pollution, it can be seen that tourism, as a source of pollution, has its own particularity unlike other pollution sources.People who come to enjoy the scenic beauty often litter the places with polythene and left over food without thinking about its adverse impact on the environment. The Dal Lake which was once pristine has lost its nature due to tourist pressure and is now covered with animal carcasses, sewage and weeds. The lake has shrunk as it was unable to handle the pollution caused by constant tourist influx.Tourism industry often involves construction of hotel and lodges. These lodges are created near or on the banks of a lake or a river. The sewage water flows into lake water or sea, polluting its marine ecosystem. Hotel owners who have vested commercial interests does not even take into account the unfavourable consequences on environment. Construction of jetties alters the wave pattern of the lake depositing silt in it. Introduction of mechanized boards to cash in on tourists damages the flora and fauna of ecosystem as the both leave tresses of oil, petrol and diesel in the water. (Roy, 2010)“EDUCATION - tourists provide an endless supply of people from around the world that can be targeted and educated on everything from forest stewardship to local history and plans for the future.FUNDRAISING - a tourist provides an easy target for fundraising. Tourists pay fees for everything from camping sites and park entry fees, to licenses for fishing and hunting. The more tourists in a controlled area, means the more money that can be collected for things like education, policing and maintenance of national wilderness areas.ACTION - tourists visiting an area do so for many reasons. Maybe they are looking for someplace quiet where they can commune with nature or perhaps they want to see a piece of history. Whatever the reason, when that tourist returns home, s/he will remember the experience and may feel compelled to do something positive for the environment to help save that area.” (Stushnoff, 2009)For example: Physical Environment impact on tourism.Tourism has effects beyond the fuel burnt simply getting on holiday in the first place and many of them are much more immediately visible than the more sinister and intangible threat of emissions. In many places, the physical environment can be heavily affected by the passage of tourists, especially for popular destinations, where the sheer weight of numbers of people visiting can simply prove too much. Often as a tourist venue becomes better known, a round of building work follows the accompanying expansion of the original settlement, usually to the detriment of the local environment –which can often have been the reason for its popularity in the first place. More hotels and more restaurants inevitably mean more strain on the local infrastructure, but they also mean more light pollution too. This is not simply about no longer being able to see the stars so easily. In some parts of the world – the Greek Islands being a well-known case – restaurants along the beaches are very popular tourist draws, but their light-spillage confuses hatching sea-turtles. The young hatchlings are programmed to head for the brightest thing they can see –in nature, the water’s edge – and safety. When they follow their age-old instinct today, they are as likely to be heading in exactly the opposite direction – and Tavernas offer no refuge from cats or predatory gulls. (Evans, 2012)The positive impact of tourism on the environment:In order to survive and develop, people always need to exploit natural resources. Lots of development activities on the environment is damaging the environment`s health, but orderly tourism activities can be part of the sustainable use of natural resources, and reduce the ecological damage of resource development. The healthy development of the tourism industry to promote environmental protection mainly has following aspects.“The International Ecotourism Society has defined Ecotourism as the “responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the welfare of local people”. The Australian Commission on National Ecotourism Strategy defines ecotourism as”nature-based tourism that involves education and interpretation of the natural environment and is managed to be ecologically sustainable”.In modern times, eco tourism has been expected to help in achieving the following also: involve travel to natural destinations, minimize impact on natural resources, build up environmental awareness, provide impetus and financial support for conservation, financially benefit and empower local people and inculcate respect for local culture.” (Parameswaran, 2012)1,The healthy development of the tourism industry can promote the launching of the environmental protection.Optimizing the industrial structure and protecting of the ecological environment.Rational plan for the healthy development of the tourism industry can replace resource consumption and heavy pollution of traditional industries to achieve the purpose of reducing pollution emissions. Some agricultural regions return farmland to forests, wood to grass and field to lake. On the one hand, local farmers receive more income; on the other hand, these measures can protect the environment and maintain the ecological balance.2, Improve the Environmental Quality.Obviously, one of the foundations for the development of the tourism industry is to have a beautiful and high-quality environment, no tourist wants to go to a place with very bad ecological environment. Tourists want the pure air and water quality, beautiful environment and ecology, green forest and earth. All of these will supervise the tourism management regulate the tourism development mode and improve the quality of green tourism products and development projects of the environment, such as planting more trees in the tourist area, closing forest and raising flowers. All these measures means the rise of the of tourism ecological environment quality.3,Improve the infrastructure and service facilitiesTourism development can improve the local infrastructure, such as airports, railwaystations, bus stations, roads, communications, water systems and sewage treatment systems. It also can contribute to the building of local entertainment, scenic attractions, accommodation and catering services, so as to improve the standards of the local economy and the living environment for local people.4,Protect the environment, natural landscapes and historical monuments.Good environment, natural resources and precious cultural relics are important factors to attract tourists. In order to attract more tourists and increase their level of satisfaction, many scenic areas, wildlife areas, and historical and cultural monuments are developing, we also concern about the issue of environment protection. Lucrative tourism can raise funds through appropriate tourism development; and these funds can be put into the construction of tourism environment, so as to make the Scenic environment and wildlife areas receive better protection, the maintenance and restoration of historical and cultural monuments.5,Beautify the living habitat environment.The development of tourism promotes to green the land and environmental cleanup, and to get the efficacy of beautification of the living environment. During the tourism development process, promoting afforestation, developing the horticultural projects or the design and construction of ecological building and expanding green area, air pollution, noise pollution, water pollution, garbage pollution and other environmental problems can be controlled forcibly, like the Nanjing Confucius Temple, the majority cultural heritage of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, reflects the history and culture of China. For many years, the water quality in Qinhuai River is poor and serious pollution, almost everyone know the dilapidated houses by the river`s two sides. In recent years, this region emphasis on the natural environment restoration and improvement of the river ecosystem in the tourism development process, Nanjing citizens take some action, such as river regulation and waste collection, through the implementation of renovation projects, seek the greening of the Qinhuai River, purify and beautify the riverbanks to re-experience the the Qinhuai clean water and better living environment.6,Strengthen people's awareness of environmental protection.Tourism environmental protection, as a systems engineering, requires government tourism management department, department of tourism operators, residents and tourists to participate. Good tourism promotion of government travel management department can improve the tour operator, environmental protection consciousness of destination residents and tourists.A good environment is an important requirement for tourism development. Tourism development can bring good economic benefits, and help local people out of poverty andbackwardness. After appreciating the good environmental benefits to produce their life, people's environmental awareness will be enhanced unprecedented.For tourists, the travel is a short-term way of life. It`s a kind of longing of escaping their day-to-day working and living environment to the unfamiliar environment. Good tourism activities are impressed, and the beautiful environment let them to beautify our environment and feel the close relationship between the environments and improving the quality of life, finally we should to promote environmental awareness and focus on environmental protection. In fact, in recent years, understanding the nature, observing the nature and the opportunity to experience the nature is popular. These activities will let them realize that the natural environment is the source of beauty and the basic conditions of human beings to create a better life; they can feel aesthetic pleasure during the natural process. The tourists will feel grateful of plants and trees of nature and bound their travel behavior, and to raise awareness of environmental protection.Environmental management departments and the tour operator sector also constantly aware of the importance of the environment during the process of planning and development of tourism projects. It is the basis for the survival of the tourism industry and an important factor for sustainable development of tourism. Government should take all the measures to protect the natural environment, advance environmental protection planning in tourism planning, and take measures in accordance with the importance of the different levels of management with graded protection. The positive interaction between tourism development and environmental protection concept is gradually able to establish and implement.Tourism to Local DevelopmentTourism could have a tremendous beneficial impact on local economies, but many hotels source their food and cleaning products from abroad rather than purchasing them from local producers. An Oxfam study found that hotels in St. Lucia imported more than 70 percent of their produce every year. Local farmers cannot compete internationally and have suffered from a decline in the banana trade, but Oxfam and other organizations are encouraging hotels to source food from local farmers, and by doing so keeping the tourist income within the community and supporting farmer's efforts to diversify their crops. For some hotels and restaurants, shopping locally adds a more authentic flavor to the products that they offer tourism and is a selling point in itself. For example, the Ocean Terrace Inn in St. Kitts prides itself on serving food made using locally sourced ingredients.Tourism to the environmentTourism can be harmful to the environment in a variety of ways. Cruise ships sailing through the Caribbean dump waste into the sea; one 2002 study found that a ship carrying2,000 passengers and 1,000 crew generated the same amount of waste as a small city. This waste, including oil residues, harms marine ecosystems, including coral reefs. Groups such as the Caribbean Tourism Organization are promoting more sustainable tourism projects that attempt to reduce the impact of tourism on the local environment, while the United Nations' Caribbean Environment Program supports this effort with the Cartagena Convention. The Convention aims to protect the Caribbean's delicate marine environment by establishing a series of protocols on combating oil spills, creating protected areas and dealing with pollution from the land. (Media, 2002)The countermeasure to against the negative impact of tourism on the environment.1,Cleaning the contaminated tourism ecological environment.It is necessary to clean the contaminated tourism ecological environment; regardless of t he reason for the pollution is tourism and non-tourism. There must be effective control measur es for the development of tourism in the tourist area in order to fundamentally clean up the are a. For instance, relocating the polluting factories in the tourist area and prohibiting the develo pment of industrial pollution.2,Reconstruction of the ecological environment has been destroyed.In the existing tourist areas and developing tourist area, if a part of tourism ecological en vironment has been damaged, it is affecting the entire aesthetic characteristics of the ecologic al environment. It should be doing construction in the region corresponding ecological enviro nmental. For example, if the tourist area water is contaminated, it should be cleaned up; if the area is lack of green plants, it should be planted. During the reconstruction of the ecological e nvironment, the environmental characteristics of the area should be noticed. It is important to maintain stable ecosystem. So the green plants should be selected to the benefit of the tourist area.3,Application of the tourism ecological environment capacity theory.The destruction and pollution of tourism activities should be avoided. In tourism plannin g and management, tourism overload is the fundamental reason to the tourism pollution of eco logical environment. Tourism activities undermine the development of the tourism industry. S o the tourist ecological capacity should be appropriately controlled during the tourism develop ment and management.4,To take the necessary measures to slow the ecological environment destruction.The sudden natural destruction of tourism ecological environment can be forecasted, but cannot be avoided. But the destruction of nature can be mitigated by certain measures, such as offsite migration of rare and endangered flora and fauna protection, artificial reforestation an d so on.So if one wants to enjoy nature one must preserve it, otherwise all the exotic destinations will become extinct and the world will not be a beautiful place to live in. Eco friendly tourism should be promoted all over the world and if marvels of nature should be preserved, tourism should take into account the principle and process of sustainable consumption.旅游和环境:一个共生关系如今,随着人民生活水平的提高,追求更高的精神生活,旅游业发展迅速,在国民经济比例不断上升。
在线旅游外文文献翻译最新译文资料
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英语作文-人工智能在智慧旅游领域的应用前景与发展趋势
英语作文-人工智能在智慧旅游领域的应用前景与发展趋势The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into the travel industry has marked a significant shift towards what is now known as smart tourism. This concept revolves around the customization and enhancement of the travel experience through the use of AI technologies. The potential applications of AI in this field are vast, ranging from personalized travel recommendations to autonomous transportation, all aimed at making travel more convenient, enjoyable, and efficient.AI's role in smart tourism is multifaceted. One of the most noticeable applications is in the realm of data analysis. AI algorithms can sift through vast amounts of data to identify patterns and preferences, which can then be used to tailor travel suggestions to individual tastes. For instance, an AI system might analyze a traveler's past destinations, activities, and reviews to recommend a personalized itinerary for a future trip.Another area where AI is making strides is in customer service. Chatbots and virtual assistants, powered by AI, are becoming increasingly sophisticated and are able to handle a wide range of queries from travelers. These AI assistants can provide real-time information on flight schedules, hotel availability, local attractions, and even offer language translation services. This not only enhances the customer experience but also reduces the workload on human staff.AI is also transforming the way travelers explore destinations. Augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR), both driven by AI, allow tourists to experience attractions in an immersive way before even setting foot in the location. This can help travelers make more informed decisions about their itineraries and can even serve as a tool for destinations to showcase their offerings.In terms of transportation, AI is at the forefront of developing autonomous vehicles, including self-driving cars and drones. These technologies could revolutionize how tourists move around, offering safer and more efficient means of transport. Moreover, AIsystems can optimize routes and manage traffic flow, which is particularly beneficial in reducing congestion in tourist-heavy areas.The hospitality sector is also benefiting from AI through the optimization of operations and energy management. AI systems can predict peak times and adjust staffing and resources accordingly. Additionally, smart energy systems can reduce costs and the environmental impact of hotels and resorts by intelligently managing heating, cooling, and lighting.Despite these advancements, the development of AI in smart tourism is not without its challenges. Concerns regarding privacy and data security remain paramount, as the collection and analysis of personal information are integral to the functioning of AI systems. There is also the need to ensure that AI does not replace human interaction entirely, as the human touch is still a valued part of the travel experience.In conclusion, the future of smart tourism, powered by AI, is promising. It holds the potential to create highly personalized and efficient travel experiences. As technology continues to evolve, the travel industry must navigate the challenges and embrace the opportunities presented by AI to remain competitive and meet the ever-changing expectations of travelers. The trajectory is clear: AI is set to become an indispensable part of the travel landscape, driving innovation and offering travelers a glimpse into the future of tourism. 。
智能旅游的英文作文初一
智能旅游的英文作文初一Title: Smart Tourism。
In today's rapidly advancing world, technology plays an integral role in almost every aspect of our lives,including travel and tourism. Smart tourism, characterized by the integration of technology to enhance the travel experience, has become increasingly prevalent. From booking accommodations online to using GPS navigation systems, technology has revolutionized the way people travel. Inthis essay, we will explore the concept of smart tourism and its implications.One of the most noticeable aspects of smart tourism is the convenience it offers to travelers. With the advent of smartphones and mobile applications, travelers can plan their trips with ease. They can research destinations, book flights, reserve accommodations, and even purchase tickets to attractions—all from the palm of their hand. This accessibility has empowered travelers to take control oftheir journeys and customize their experiences according to their preferences.Moreover, smart tourism has transformed the way people navigate unfamiliar places. GPS navigation systems, such as Google Maps, have become indispensable tools for travelers. Gone are the days of fumbling with paper maps or getting lost in unfamiliar streets. With GPS technology, travelers can effortlessly navigate their way around cities, find nearby points of interest, and discover hidden gems. This not only saves time but also reduces the stress associated with getting lost in a foreign environment.In addition to navigation, technology has also enhanced the way people experience attractions and landmarks. Augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) technologies have opened up new possibilities for immersive travel experiences. Museums and historical sites now offer interactive AR tours, allowing visitors to delve deeperinto the history and significance of each exhibit. Similarly, VR simulations enable travelers to explore destinations virtually before they even set foot in them,providing a preview of what to expect and enhancing anticipation.Furthermore, smart tourism has revolutionized the way people share their travel experiences. Social media platforms such as Instagram, Facebook, and Twitter have become virtual travel journals, where people document their adventures through photos, videos, and posts. This not only allows travelers to share their experiences with friendsand family but also serves as a source of inspiration for others. Through social media, people can discover new destinations, learn about hidden gems, and connect withlike-minded travelers from around the world.However, despite the numerous benefits of smart tourism, there are also challenges and concerns that need to be addressed. One of the main concerns is the issue of over-tourism, where popular destinations become overcrowded with tourists, leading to environmental degradation, cultural erosion, and strained infrastructure. To mitigate this problem, stakeholders in the tourism industry need to implement sustainable practices and promote responsibletravel.Another challenge is the digital divide, where not everyone has equal access to technology. While smartphones and the internet have made travel more accessible to many people, there are still marginalized communities who lack access to these resources. It is essential to bridge this gap by ensuring that technology is accessible to all and that no one is left behind in the digital age.In conclusion, smart tourism has transformed the way people travel, offering convenience, accessibility, and immersive experiences. From planning trips to navigating unfamiliar places, technology has revolutionized every aspect of the travel experience. However, it is crucial to address the challenges and concerns associated with smart tourism, such as over-tourism and the digital divide, to ensure that travel remains sustainable and inclusive for all. By harnessing the power of technology responsibly, we can create a future where travel is not only smarter but also more enriching and sustainable for everyone.。
在线旅游中英文对照外文翻译文献
在线旅游中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文:The business model innovation of online travel in E-commerceenvironmentU GretzelAbstractOnline travel industry as the combination of tourism and the Internet, have different characteristics with the traditional tourism. In this process,the Internet is always playing an important role in the world. With the progress of the society, the Internet technology perfect fusion together with the traditional commerce, has given rise to a new economic form, namely the electronic commerce. Electronic commerce appeared was penetrated into society at an alarming rate of all walks of life, to bring all walks of life the subversive, new changes. The speeding up of the modernization process, making online travel services and online travel services business model also have different characteristics and features. Keywords: e-commerce, online travel, business model1 IntroductionCompared with a previous any technological revolution in the computer network is widely used for the symbol of the social impact of modern science and technology revolution in both depth and breadth is unprecedented, it is in the human into the information age also created a new industry, information technology industry. Electronic commerce if it shows strong vitality and influence, its impact on the society as a whole both in breadth and in depth are far more than any time before the scientific and technological achievements. On the one hand, it forced firms to transfer the line of sight to the traditional business constraints, across the existing competition boundaries to create a new market. On the other hand, it also create conditions for the adjustment of enterprise business model. Enterprise business model, its essence is business modeldesign and implementation of business model of systemic framework and tools. Therefore, in this with differentiation, personalized for the demand of the mainstream market environment, companies can create, practice its strategy is essentially refers to the enterprise business model innovation is valid.The biggest characteristic is to customers of tourism demand elasticity, sensitive to the environment. The penetration of the thorough application of the Internet and e-commerce is bound to have a significant impact on the development of the industry. Therefore, the enterprise can be in a whole new perspective of business model innovation as the starting point is the access to resources, improve ability and the key to achieve strategic competitive advantage.2 Literature reviewThe rise of online travel services and development, and changed from the wooden curve of the development of tourism industry and tourism enterprises operating mode and business process, influence is more, I want to focus ten online travel service management, the relationship of relevant interest groups, business model, sales, and pure way, successful experience and the development trend of the future.Fesenraaier (2008) analyzed the business situation and business models. Think there are three kinds of operation mode: general tourist information service website, online travel booking service agents, travelservice and travel products suppliers directly. Analyzes the travel website works in the United States, the U.S. travel sites is the brand cooperation, preferential prices, the network marketing, service fees and other measures to boost profits.Sigak (2007) discusses the social network such as the use and management of new technology of web 2.0, web 2.0 combined with online travel is a new innovation, will set up a new online travel business model, the use and management of web 2.0 will be to influence business decisions.Reuver, etc. (2008) studied the importance of online travel website domain name online, online domain influence consumer concern for its tourism website on the Internet, analyze the importance of the search engine's influence on online travel and tourism search engine.Olson (2010) through the travel sites, travel sites users and tourism service providers to three aspects of survey, reveals the most is a regional tourist destination travel website supplier organization, provides comprehensive local tourism information and online services. Analyzed the user's satisfaction, discuss the obstacles for realizing the online travel service lies in technology and finance, Internet speed is slow and high cost, and put forward the possible methods to improve the quality of service of online travel.Terwiech (2005) studied the NYOP consumer behavior, analysis to simulate the NYOP intermediate distributors and bargaining between a group of consumers buying and selling model.NYOP middlemen to accept potential buyers choose to accept orreject after quotation. Bargain buying and selling model through price discrimination to show us how to use this NYOP business model set limits the price the retailer and get a better profit.Fay (2004) studied the NYOP business model of repeated issue quotation. Enterprise’s single bid of Priceline it may cause repeated bidding procurement, paper studies the limit consumer the behavior is not conducive to the number of bid NYOP company's profits. Results show that the number of repeat for the impact on the profit is not unified, too high and too low will repeat to NYOP bidding behavior and the impact on profits.3 Online travel enterprise business model analyses3.1 The summary of online travel related3.1.1 The meaning of online travelOnline tourism is refers to the use of the Internet technology route query reservation and travel products, online services and other related tourism products, include sharing tourism process through the network or tourist experience, and the interactions between passengers. Specific include: tourism and the corresponding prepared; ongoing interaction and tourism after the sharing and review. In general, the online travel is the travel service industry and the combination of electronic commerce, with the "online" to serve "tourism", and got a new forms of operation in the service industry, in a narrow sense, tourism electronic commerce, broadly speaking is the online travel industry chain.3.1.2 The characteristics of online travelDepending on the technology of online travel refers to the network through online access and booking travel products, and can travel through the network to share or travel experience. Online travel and primarily due to the traditional tourism mode and refer to the difference of information, not in addition to no other difference. Online travel service is a kind of means, through the Internet or mobile Internet to facilitate everybody. No matter traditional website is now online travel agency, is with the nature of the agents, provide passengers with scenic area as the center of the related tourism products experience, the ultimate goal of all of them is to get benefits, to maximize profit.Online travel cost is low; the travel agency for the launch of advertising is increased, but the return on investment is small. It can take advantage of the Internet, reducing the costs of tourist information filtering. Through the vertical search engine, users can learn different price differences, price-sensitive online users will be able to buy relatively cheap travel products, as a result, passengers can travel through online channels to get product price, price advantage. Online travel to maximize the integration of the world in the fan of tourist information, diversified services to realized. Mobile network application is breakthrough space constraints, promoted the growth of online travel. The travel speed of network marketing, transmission range is wide,advertising effect is obvious. Tourism product differentiation, service content, the advantage of diversity and tourism users do not need to on-the-spot investigation, can through online access to other tourists travel information sharing. Network interactive advantage user confidence is in the tourism product, the tourism become a group of potential customers.3.2 The online travel business model and its operationOnline travel market size, and has huge potential, online travel companies in competition, many different kinds of business models, and to diversify its business model include:The agent service is business model. See this business model is more. The online travel companies act as the role of intermediate distributors, provide trading services for users and product suppliers, and draw a certain proportion in the trading commission. The business model of the lower trading revenues, but the income is stable.Single reservation mode, subdividing the individual content of tourism experience, have special only responsible for hotel reservation website, only responsible for car rental Booking website and only make a reservation for flight Booking website, etc., such as hotel reservation services only Agora and Booking, etc., only provide Avis car rental service.Social media everything is business model. The model through theInternet for reviews of tour and travel guides, tourism information sharing, novel share gathered a large number of the target group of social interaction, produce traffic, at the same time use the display of the contents and advertisements in mass effect, its main source of profits is content display and ads. This new online is travel enterprise profit model with on behalf of the enterprise.Users' bid mode is namely the NYOP business model. The business model pioneered in the United States, the main business hotel reservation, ticket booking, tankers, car rental and destination scenic area cooperation business, with the product quantity and relatively fixed price to get the corresponding goods, online travel service providers as intermediate distributors have pricing power, provide fuzzy information to consumers, the asymmetric information of earn commodity price bidding behavior. Income is higher; the model of single deal main profit source is the product of the difference.E-commerce development model is online tourism Commodity Exchange acceleration, goods online mall. Due to the traditional tourism holds the proportion of the resources, the advantage of electric business model makes the traditional travel agencies to consider online services, using the offline products online sales network, both online and offline sales channels. Tourism market in the future, there will be no difference between traditional tourism and online travel sites, online travelcompanies to offline channels, and traditional tourism enterprises start to online service channel, tourism enterprises double channels of the online and offline two-way integration of the business model inevitable trend. Related business model a relatively stable earnings, due to the power of the web, price difference is not obvious, profit space is small.4 ConclusionsOnline travel industry is the development trend of intelligent tourism and social services, so the development of online travel service business model to the intelligent and high quality of service development. Information to continue to strengthen, the advantages of using new technology to adapt to the needs of social development, meet people's needs, intelligent is means. Tourism is a service industry experience, the ultimate purpose is to improve the service and customer satisfaction, information into a consumer experience, no matter how tourism landscape changes, to serve the community for the purpose. Future, information technology will further development, the development of the online travel industry chain are built on the basis of the mobile network to develop, the online travel service from the user needs to have the necessary quality of service, moreover also requires attention to two-way integration of online and offline business.译文:电子商务环境下的在线旅游模式创新U Gretzel摘要在线旅游业作为旅游业与互联网的结合,有着与传统旅游业不同的特点。
旅游专业毕业论文外文文献及翻译--旅游业是世界上最大的产业之一-其他专业
外文翻译：旅游业是世界上最大的产业之一原文来源：Keywords network university remote learning HomeNet 电子商务包括如何建立客户关系网络将成为即将举行的为期一天的夏洛特周三重点。
旅游电子商务发展的世界小型和中型企业的胜利最新的策略，在11月15日夏洛特万豪城市中心。
这次活动将包括一个由八莫里西的营销总监赛恩特主持，全国的领先供应商的电子商务解决方案，谁将会是怎样的因特网正在改变的企业，挑衅性的研究一发表演说大和小，从开始既定的企业窗口。
旅游业是世界上最大的产业之一，它是一个互联网，自然伙伴，那里也是世界上最大的在线行业。
旅游业是增长最快发展中国家，它是一种最经济的重要组成部分。
，。
以社区为基础的旅游（CBT）的已被证明在发展中国家促进地方发展，特别是在贫穷的农村地区。
与此同时，信息与通信正在部署的技术在贫困社区发展中国家，开始表现出诱导地方发展的潜力。
本文介绍了引入电子商贸的行动研究倡议社区在三个亚洲的旅游业农村社区（电子CBT）的，以揭示其潜在的（CBT）的，社区发展。
电子CBT的目标是在CBT的重要和不断增长的市场发展中世界，对他们来说是重要的个人旅行的旅客组成，其组成部分的生活方式，谁寻求新的和真实的体验，是不是，，，针对大众市场。
建议描述了一个战略合作伙伴关系大学在香港及其他亚洲三所大学将与当地谁并为社区的发展最终传播旅游部门利益电子在这些国家间更广泛的农村人口CBT的。
CBT的。
“在电子商务获胜，是既要提供优质的客户服务和产品，它更是一个技术问题。
互联网开辟了特别为小型和中型企业知道如何提供顶尖的可能性和新市场，新领域电子服务，“莫里西说。
其他会议会议包括来自夏洛特的一些电子商务公司专家的介绍。
演讲内容包括一个有关电子商务行业发展趋势与法案MindBlazer，Wachovia证券塞莫内斯惠特利的小组讨论，公司也将是一个包括资金的基础上为讨论，，与乔治的小企业技术开发中心（SBTDC），霍华德和克里斯的保障科学飞行风险投资基金的第一凯利Lubert麦卡利斯特。
智能旅游的英文作文初一
智能旅游的英文作文初一英文：Smart tourism, also known as intelligent tourism, is a new trend in the travel industry. It refers to the use of advanced technology, such as artificial intelligence, big data, and the Internet of Things, to enhance the travel experience for tourists. As a frequent traveler, I have personally experienced the benefits of smart tourism.For example, when I visited Japan last year, I used a travel app that provided real-time translation services. This allowed me to communicate with locals easily and navigate the city without any language barriers. The app also recommended personalized travel itineraries based on my interests and preferences, making my trip more enjoyable and efficient.In addition, smart tourism has made transportation more convenient and efficient. For instance, in some cities,tourists can use mobile apps to book and pay for public transportation, such as buses and trains, without the need for cash or physical tickets. This not only saves time but also reduces the hassle of carrying and managing multiple tickets.Furthermore, smart tourism has improved the overall safety and security of travelers. Many destinations now use smart surveillance systems and emergency response apps to ensure the well-being of tourists. For instance, I once used an app that provided real-time updates on local safety alerts and allowed me to quickly contact emergency services if needed.Overall, smart tourism has greatly enhanced the travel experience for me and many other tourists. It has made travel more convenient, personalized, and secure. I believe that as technology continues to advance, smart tourism will become even more prevalent and beneficial for travelers around the world.中文：智能旅游，也被称为智慧旅游，是旅游业的一个新趋势。
智能旅游的英文作文高中
智能旅游的英文作文高中英文：Intelligent travel, also known as smart travel, is a new trend in the tourism industry. It refers to the use of technology and data to enhance the travel experience, making it more convenient, efficient, and personalized. As a high school student, I have personally experienced the benefits of smart travel and I believe it has the potential to revolutionize the way we explore the world.One of the key aspects of intelligent travel is the use of mobile apps and websites to plan and book trips. For example, when I was planning a trip to New York City, I used a travel app that not only helped me find the best deals on flights and hotels, but also provided recommendations for activities and restaurants based on my interests and preferences. This level of personalization made the trip more enjoyable and stress-free.Another example of intelligent travel is the use of smart devices and wearables to enhance the travel experience. For instance, I recently invested in a smart luggage tag that allows me to track the location of my suitcase in real-time using my smartphone. This gives me peace of mind knowing that my belongings are secure and helps me avoid the stress of lost luggage.In addition to convenience, intelligent travel also contributes to sustainability. By using data and analytics, travel companies can optimize routes and reduce fuel consumption, leading to a smaller environmental footprint. This is important to me as a young traveler who wants to explore the world without harming the planet.Overall, intelligent travel has greatly improved the way I plan and experience trips. It has made travel more accessible, personalized, and sustainable, and I believe it will continue to shape the future of the tourism industry.中文：智能旅游，也被称为智慧旅行，是旅游业的一个新趋势。
关于智慧旅行的英语作文
关于智慧旅行的英语作文英文回答：Smart travel is a term used to describe the use of technology to improve the travel experience. This caninclude anything from using apps to book flights and hotels to using GPS to navigate your way around a new city.There are many benefits to using smart travel apps. For example, they can help you save time and money by findingthe best deals on flights and hotels. They can also helpyou avoid hassles by providing you with real-time updateson traffic and weather conditions. And they can even help you make new friends by connecting you with other travelers.However, it's important to remember that smart travel apps are not a replacement for common sense. It's still important to do your research before you travel and to be prepared for unexpected events. But used wisely, smarttravel apps can make your trip more enjoyable and stress-free.Here are a few examples of how I've used smart travel apps to improve my travel experiences:I used the Hopper app to book a flight from New York to Los Angeles. The app helped me find the best deal on a flight that fit my schedule.I used the Airbnb app to book an apartment in Paris. The app helped me find a great apartment in a convenient location.I used the Uber app to get around San Francisco. The app helped me get where I needed to go quickly and easily.I used the Google Maps app to navigate my way around London. The app helped me find the best routes and avoid traffic.中文回答：智慧旅行是一个用来描述利用技术改善旅行体验的术语。
智能旅游的英文作文高中
智能旅游的英文作文高中Smart tourism, also known as intelligent tourism, is a new trend in the travel industry. It integrates cutting-edge technology with travel experiences, providing tourists with more convenient and personalized services.Smart tourism makes use of various technologies such as big data, artificial intelligence, and the Internet of Things to enhance the travel experience. For example, tourists can use their smartphones to access real-time information about attractions, transportation, and weather, making their travel more efficient and enjoyable.One of the key benefits of smart tourism is the ability to personalize the travel experience. With the help of technology, travel companies can analyze the preferences and behavior of individual tourists, and provide them with customized recommendations and services. This not only makes the travel experience more enjoyable, but also helps tourists discover new and interesting destinations.In addition, smart tourism also contributes to the sustainable development of the travel industry. By using technology to optimize transportation and resource allocation, travel companies can reduce their environmental impact and promote responsible travel practices. This not only benefits the environment, but also ensures that future generations can continue to enjoy the beauty of the world.Overall, smart tourism is revolutionizing the way we travel, making it more convenient, personalized, and sustainable. As technology continues to advance, the possibilities for smart tourism are endless, and it is exciting to see how it will continue to shape the future of travel.。
智能旅游的英文作文初一
智能旅游的英文作文初一英文回答：Smart tourism is a trend that has emerged in recent years, combining technology and tourism to enhance the travel experience and make it more convenient and enjoyable for travelers. It encompasses a wide range of innovations, from mobile apps and virtual reality experiences to automated check-in and personalized recommendations.Here are some of the key benefits of smart tourism:Personalized experiences: Smart tourism enables travelers to tailor their trips to their specific interests and preferences. This is made possible by the use of data analytics and machine learning algorithms, which can analyze a traveler's past travel behavior and demographics to make recommendations for activities, attractions, and accommodations that are likely to appeal to them. For example, a traveler who has expressed an interest inhistory might be recommended a tour of a local historical site, while a traveler who is traveling with family might be recommended a family-friendly activity.Improved accessibility: Smart tourism can make travel more accessible for people with disabilities. For example, there are now many apps that provide real-time information on accessible transportation options and attractions. There are also apps that can translate menus and provide audio descriptions of attractions for people who are deaf or blind.Increased sustainability: Smart tourism can help to make travel more sustainable. For example, there are now many apps that can help travelers to find eco-friendly accommodations and transportation options. There are also apps that can help travelers to reduce their carbon footprint by tracking their emissions and providing tips on how to minimize their impact on the environment.More efficient travel: Smart tourism can help to make travel more efficient. For example, there are now many appsthat can help travelers to find the best deals on flights, accommodations, and activities. There are also apps that can help travelers to plan their itineraries and avoid crowds.Overall, smart tourism is a positive trend that is making travel more convenient, enjoyable, accessible, sustainable, and efficient. As technology continues to develop, we can expect to see even more innovative ways to use technology to enhance the travel experience.中文回答：智能旅游近年来兴起的一种趋势，它将技术与旅游相结合，旨在改善游客的旅游体验，让其更便利、更愉快。
英语作文-人工智能助力智慧旅游,提升旅游体验
英语作文-人工智能助力智慧旅游，提升旅游体验Artificial Intelligence Boosts Smart Travel, Enhancing Travel Experience。
In recent years, with the rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) technology, it has been widely applied in various fields, including the tourism industry. AI is playing an increasingly important role in smart travel, helping to enhance the overall travel experience for tourists. In this article, we will explore how AI is revolutionizing the way we travel and how it is contributing to a more intelligent and convenient travel experience.First and foremost, AI has greatly improved the efficiency and convenience of travel planning. With the help of AI-powered travel platforms and apps, tourists can easily search for and book flights, accommodations, and transportation. These platforms utilize AI algorithms to analyze vast amounts of travel data, providing personalized recommendations and itineraries tailored to the preferences and interests of individual travelers. By leveraging AI, tourists can save time and effort in planning their trips, ensuring a more seamless and enjoyable travel experience.Furthermore, AI has enhanced the quality of customer service in the tourism industry. Chatbots and virtual assistants powered by AI technology are being increasingly utilized by travel agencies, hotels, and airlines to provide instant and personalized customer support. These AI-powered virtual assistants can efficiently handle customer inquiries, provide real-time travel information, and offer personalized recommendations, significantly improving the overall customer service experience. Moreover, AI is also being used to analyze customer feedback and sentiment, enabling businesses to better understand and address the needs and preferences of their customers.In addition, AI has contributed to the development of smart tourism destinations. Through the use of AI-powered technologies such as facial recognition, augmented reality, and big data analytics, tourism destinations are able to offer innovative andimmersive experiences to visitors. For example, AI-powered facial recognition systems can streamline the entry process at tourist attractions and enhance security measures. Augmented reality applications powered by AI can provide interactive and informative experiences for tourists, allowing them to explore and learn about destinations in a more engaging and immersive way. Furthermore, AI-driven big data analytics enable tourism destinations to gain valuable insights into visitor behavior and preferences, allowing them to optimize their offerings and services to better meet the needs of tourists.Moreover, AI has revolutionized the way tourists experience cultural and language barriers when traveling abroad. AI-powered translation and interpretation tools have greatly facilitated communication between tourists and locals, breaking down language barriers and enabling more meaningful interactions. These tools utilize machine learning and natural language processing to provide accurate and real-time translations, allowing tourists to better engage with local cultures and communities.In conclusion, artificial intelligence is undeniably transforming the landscape of the tourism industry, revolutionizing the way we travel and enhancing the overall travel experience. From streamlining travel planning and improving customer service to creating smarter tourism destinations and overcoming language barriers, AI is playing a pivotal role in shaping the future of smart travel. As AI technology continues to advance, we can expect to see even more innovative applications that will further elevate the quality and intelligence of travel experiences for tourists around the world.。
英语作文-设计服务行业拓展智慧旅游解决方案助推旅游业发展
英语作文-设计服务行业拓展智慧旅游解决方案助推旅游业发展In the realm of tourism, the integration of smart technology is revolutionizing the way we explore and experience destinations. The service industry, particularly tourism, has been presented with a unique opportunity to harness the power of smart tourism solutions to foster growth and enhance the visitor experience.Smart tourism is an innovative approach that leverages technology to create more efficient operations, better resource management, and a personalized experience for tourists. It encompasses a wide range of applications, from artificial intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT) to virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR).One of the key components of smart tourism is the use of big data analytics. By analyzing large volumes of data, tourism operators can gain insights into traveler preferences and behavior, allowing them to tailor services and marketing strategies effectively. For instance, AI-powered chatbots can provide real-time assistance to travelers, offering recommendations and information based on their preferences and past behavior.Another aspect is the development of smart destinations. Cities and regions are becoming interconnected through technology, providing tourists with seamless access to services such as public transportation, accommodation, and attractions. Mobile applications can serve as digital guides, offering interactive maps, language translation, and payment solutions, all at the traveler's fingertips.Sustainability is also a crucial element of smart tourism. Technology can help monitor and manage the environmental impact of tourism activities. For example, IoT sensors can track energy consumption in hotels, while AI can optimize routes for sightseeing tours to reduce carbon emissions.Moreover, VR and AR technologies are creating immersive experiences that can enhance or even replace traditional tours. Visitors can explore historical sites and museums in new and engaging ways, sometimes even before they physically visit the destination.The benefits of smart tourism solutions extend beyond the traveler's experience. They also contribute to the local economy by creating jobs in the tech sector and fostering partnerships between technology providers and tourism operators.In conclusion, the service industry's expansion into smart tourism solutions is a strategic move that can propel the development of tourism. By embracing technology, destinations can offer enriched experiences, operate more sustainably, and ultimately, attract more visitors. The future of tourism lies in the intelligent integration of technology, where every journey becomes a seamless, interactive, and memorable adventure. 。
智能旅游的英文作文
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I love traveling. It's so exciting to explore new places, experience different cultures, and try new foods. And now, with the advancements in technology, traveling has become even more convenient and enjoyable. Smart travel is the future, and it's changing the way we plan and experience our trips.Gone are the days of carrying around heavy guidebooks and maps. With just a few taps on our smartphones, we can access all the information we need. From booking flights and hotels to finding the best restaurants and attractions, everything is at our fingertips. It's like having a personal travel assistant in our pocket.One of the best things about smart travel is theability to customize our trips. We can choose the destinations, activities, and accommodations that suit ourpreferences. Whether we're looking for a relaxing beach vacation or an adventurous trek through the mountains,there's an app or website that can help us plan the perfect trip.But smart travel isn't just about planning. It's also about making our trips more seamless and hassle-free. For example, many airports now have self-check-in kiosks, allowing us to skip the long lines at the check-in counters. We can also use our smartphones as boarding passes, eliminating the need for paper tickets.Once we arrive at our destination, smart travel continues to enhance our experience. We can use translation apps to communicate with locals, making it easier to navigate foreign cities and order meals at local restaurants. We can also use ride-sharing apps to quickly and conveniently get around, avoiding the confusion ofpublic transportation.Another great feature of smart travel is the ability to discover hidden gems. Instead of relying on popular touristattractions, we can use apps and websites to find off-the-beaten-path destinations that are less crowded and more authentic. This allows us to truly immerse ourselves in the local culture and have unique experiences.Of course, there are some downsides to smart travel. It can be overwhelming to have so much information at our disposal, and it's easy to get caught up in the digital world instead of fully enjoying the present moment. It's important to find a balance and remember to put down our devices and truly experience the places we're visiting.In conclusion, smart travel is revolutionizing the way we explore the world. With the convenience of technology, we can plan and customize our trips, make our journeys smoother, and discover hidden gems. However, it's important to use technology wisely and remember to embrace the real world around us. So, let's embrace smart travel and embark on new adventures!。
如何做一个智慧旅行人作文
如何做一个智慧旅行人作文智慧旅行人。
英文回答：Traveling is an exciting and enriching experience that allows us to explore new cultures, meet new people, and create lasting memories. As a smart traveler, there are several things I do to ensure a smooth and enjoyable journey.Firstly, I always do thorough research before embarking on a trip. This includes researching about thedestination's culture, customs, and local attractions. By understanding the local customs, I can ensure that I respect the local traditions and avoid any cultural misunderstandings. Additionally, I make a list of must-visit places and plan my itinerary accordingly. This helps me make the most of my time and ensures that I don't miss out on any important attractions.Secondly, I always pack smartly. This means packinglight and only bringing essential items. I make a checklist of necessary items such as clothes, toiletries, and travel documents. I also make sure to pack a universal adapter and a portable charger to keep my electronic devices powered up. By packing light, I can avoid extra baggage fees and have more flexibility during my travels.Thirdly, I rely on technology to enhance my travel experience. I use travel apps and websites to book flights, accommodations, and activities in advance. This not only saves me time and effort but also allows me to find thebest deals and discounts. I also use navigation apps tofind my way around unfamiliar cities and use translation apps to communicate with locals who may not speak English. These technological tools make traveling more convenientand enjoyable.中文回答：作为一个智慧的旅行者，我会在旅行前做充分的准备。
设计服务行业拓展智慧旅游解决方案助推旅游业发展
设计服务行业拓展智慧旅游解决方案助推旅游业发展English Answer:Designing Smart Tourism Solutions to Boost the Development of the Service Industry。
As a document creator for Baidu Wenku, I would like to present a comprehensive solution for the development of the tourism industry through the implementation of smart tourism in the service sector. With the advancement of technology, the integration of smart technologies in the tourism industry has become a trend, offering immense opportunities for growth and improvement.Smart tourism refers to the use of innovative technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), big data, and the Internet of Things (IoT) to enhance the travel experience for tourists. By leveraging these technologies, the service industry can provide personalized and efficient services to meet the diverse needs of travelers.Firstly, the use of AI in the service industry can greatly improve the efficiency and quality of services. AI-powered chatbots can provide instant customer support, answering inquiries and assisting with bookings. Moreover, AI algorithms can analyze customer preferences and behavior to offer personalized recommendations and customized travel itineraries. This not only enhances customer satisfaction but also increases the competitiveness of service providers.Secondly, the integration of big data in the service industry enables better decision-making and planning. By analyzing large volumes of data, businesses can gain insights into customer trends, preferences, and travel patterns. This valuable information can be used to optimize marketing strategies, develop targeted promotional campaigns, and improve resource allocation. For example, hotels can adjust their room rates based on demand fluctuations, ensuring maximum occupancy and revenue.Furthermore, the Internet of Things (IoT) can enhance the overall travel experience by creating a connected and seamless environment. Smart devices such as digital key cards and wearable technology can enable easy access to amenities and services. Additionally, IoT sensors can collect real-time data on crowd density, weather conditions, and traffic patterns, allowing tourists to make informed decisions and avoid congested areas.In conclusion, the implementation of smart tourism in the service industry holds great potential for the development of the tourism sector. By embracing AI, big data, and IoT technologies, service providers can enhance customer satisfaction, optimize operations, and create a connected travel experience. It is crucial for businesses to adapt to these advancements to stay competitive in the rapidly evolving tourism industry.中文回答：设计服务行业拓展智慧旅游解决方案助推旅游业发展。
智慧旅游外文翻译文献编辑
智慧旅游外文翻译文献编辑文献信息：文献标题：Conceptual foundations for understanding smart tourism ecosystems（理解智慧旅游生态系统的概念基础）国外作者：Ulrike Gretzel, Hannes Werthner, Chulmo Koo, Carlos Lamsfus 文献出处：《Computers in Human Behavior》,2015,50(C):558-563字数统计：英文2250单词，13270字符；中文4336汉字外文文献：Conceptual foundations for understanding smart tourismecosystemsAbstract Using digital ecosystems and smart business networks as conceptual building blocks, this paper defines, describes and illustrates the idea of a smart tourism ecosystem (STE). It further draws on conceptualizations of smart technologies, smart cities and smart tourism to envision new ways in which value is created, exchanged and consumed in the STE. Technologies essential to the functioning of an STE are described and it is argued that data emerging from these technologies are the driver for new business models, interaction paradigms and even new species. Critical questions regarding the need for regulatory intervention and innovative research are raised.Key words:Smart tourism; Value creation; Smart technologies; Open innovation; Sharing economy; Tourism experience Touristic EcosystemEcosystems are generally defined as communities of interacting organisms and their environments (TheFreeDictionary, 2015), and are typically described as complex networks formedbecause of resource interdependencies. McCormack (2011) explains that ecosystems, like other kinds of systems, are comprised of elements,interconnections and a function/purpose, but are special types of systems in that their elements are intelligent, autonomous, adaptive agents that often form communities and also because of the way they adapt to elements being added or removed. Boley and Chang (2007) list four critical elements of ecosystems: (1) interaction/engagement; (2) balance; (3) loosely coupled actors with shared goals; and, (4) self-organization. This means that in ecosystems individual agents or groups of agents proactively form symbiotic relationships to increase individual benefits and to achieve shared goals; that local interactions determine the global behavior or state of the system; and, that balance is needed to prevent system collapse. The relationships and interdependencies ensure that resources are consumed effectively and sustainably. Considering ecosystems in their entirety rather than centering on specific actors/elements allows for more holistic perspectives, recognizes that small changes can have substantial effects, encourages a focus on complex relationships, emphasizes dynamic change, and acknowledges the importance of the physical environment or infrastructure that supports the system.Applied to the business world, the term ‘‘ecosystem’’ is used to describe the relationships among economic entities (producers, distributors, consumers, government agencies, etc.) that, through competition and/or cooperation, facilitate the creation and distribution of a product or service (Investopedia, 2015). There isa general understanding that the environment in which these entities operate, i.e. in and through which theyproduce, exchange and consume value, is rapidly changing and requires their relationships to co-evolve. Moore (1993) stressed that such an economic community often faces the arrival of new species, which requires realignment and redefinition of the relationshipsthatunderpin the system. While such new species can emerge out of nowhere through genetic mutations, it is more often the environmental changes that cause or at least facilitate dramatic shifts in power over resources.The idea of a touristic ecosystem is nothing new as the production of these touristic experiences has always required extensive coordination and collaboration among different industry players and government agencies (Mill & Morrison, 2002). How loosely coupled these agents typically are can be exemplified by the difficulty indefining what players actually belong to the tourism industry and in measuring the economic value contributed by tourism. The extensive reliance on digital infrastructure of such tourism systems has also been long acknowledged(Sheldon,1997). The both disruptive and creative power of technological innovation within tourism ecosystems has been discussed for both Web 1.0 (Werthner & Klein, 1999) and Web 2.0 (Benckendorff, Sheldon, & Fesenmaier, 2014). Information and communication technologies have been essential in tourism ecosystems for connecting the different players that add value to the experience. Werthner and Klein (1999) illustrated the fundamental technology-supported tourism value chain and its components (Fig. 1), with the Internet making it possible to completely circumvent traditional distribution channels.Fig. 1. The tourism system as a technology-supported value chain (Werthner & Klein, 1999).A special characteristic of a tourism ecosystem is the immense number of microorganisms (small or micro, often family owned and/or owner operated businesses). It is also often geographically defined but usually requires connections and interactions beyond the core area. Indeed,theterm ‘‘destination’’ pract ically refersto a tourism-based ecosystem. Destinations overlap with other ecosystems (e.g.residential) and have connections to their feeder markets. Further, tourism businesses are often embedded incomplex franchise systems or chains and tourism distribution channels involve a multitude of actors residing at the destination, the origin markets or somewhere completely different, which can make it difficult to delineate the system boundaries. Tourism ecosystems are also especially dynamic and on a global scale have witnessed the emergence of several completely new species within just the last ten years, with online travel agencies such as and Expedia, Google Flights, TripAdvisor (Sigala, 2015) and AirBnB being prominent examples. Changes are also occurring on the consumer side as new technologies changeconsumer behaviors, increase market transparency and facilitate social commerce. Tourism consumers have always been recognized as active contributors to the experience but are now formally conceptualized as value co-creators within tourism ecosystems (Vargo & Lusch, 2008). As such, Fig. 1 clearly shows a past generic tourism ecosystem based on the technology landscape at the turn of the millennium and it becomes very clear that it fails to mirror the complexities, nuances and blurred lines of contemporary tourism systems.Smart City‘‘Smart’’ is often applied as a pre fix to technological terms to indicate special capabilities, intelligence and/or connectivity, as in smart phone or smart card. Derzko (2006) identifies six aspects or levels of smartness for technology: (1) Adapting: modifying behavior to fit the environment; (2) Sensing: bringing awareness to everyday things;(3)Inferring: drawing conclusions from rules and observations;(4)Learning: using experience to improve performance;(5)Anticipating: thinking and reasoning about what to do next;(6)Self-organizing: self-generating and self-sustaining at the cellular or nano-technology level.Smart is increasingly also used to signify resource optimization through the use of advanced technologies (Gretzel, Koo, Sigala & Xiang, 2015b). H?jer and Wangel (2015) argue that it is notso much the individual technological advances but rather the interconnection, synchronization and concerted use of different technologies thatconstitutes smartness. The concept has been prominently applied to urban areas and summarized under the term ‘‘smart cities’’. A smart city then is a city that uses advancedinformation and communication technology (ICT) to optimize resource production and consumption.Piro et al. (2014:169) defi ne smart city as ‘‘an urban environment which, supported by pervasive ICT systems, is able to offer advanced and innovative services to citizens in order to improve the overall quality of their life’’. According to Harrison et al. (2010), a smart city connects its physical infrastructure with its ICT, social and business infrastructures to leverage the collective intelligence of the city. A healthy digital ecosystem that includes information-centric ICT platforms, sensor networks and wireless communication systems forms the fundamental base for such integration and data exchange (Piro et al., 2014). Properinformation dissemination is the key to smart city success. Smart cities use ICTs to collect, integrate and exploit data to allow for optimal use of physical infrastructure and other resources (Koo, Gretzel, Hunter & Chung, 2015). Sensor technology plays a critical role in delivering the real-time data and big data analytics is essential for processing, modeling and visualizing data so that it can be used to inform operational decisions. A critical component of the smart city is also support of intelligent interactions between the city and its inhabitants (Harrison et al., 2010). In the context of cities, several sub-areas or application domains of smartness have emerged, such as smart living, smart mobility, smart governance and smart economy (H?jer & Wangel, 2015). These concepts canbe directly applied to touristic destinations that often are indeed urban areas. In parts of the smart city literature tourism is actually seen as a service provided by the smart city and smart tourism is thus conceptualized as a goal for the smart city(TuandLiu,2014; Guo, Liu & Chai, 2014).Smart Tourism EcosystemSmart tourism then encompasses touristic activities that are informed and supported by smart technology (Gretzel, Sigala, Xiang & Koo, 2015a). A smart tourism ecosystem (STE) consequently can be defined as a tourism system that takes advantage of smart technology in creating, managing and delivering intelligent touristic services/experiences and is characterized by intensive information sharing and value co-creation. Collecting, processing and exchanging tourism-relevant data is a core function within the STE (Zhang, 2012). Guo et al. (2014) refer to this phenomenon as informatization of tourism as a result of smart technology integration. Rather than being a tourism business-centric ecosystem, the STE includes a variety of ‘‘species’’ such as touristic and res idential consumers, tourism suppliers, tourism intermediaries (travel operators and travel agents), support services (telecommunications, banking/payment services), platforms and media (Facebook, TripAdvisor, AirBnB, etc.), regulatory bodies and NGOs, transportation carriers, travel technology and data companies (Amadeus, Sabre, etc.), consulting services, touristic and residential infrastructure (pools, parks, museums, etc.) and companies typically assigned to other industries (medical services, retailing, etc.).In the literature, STEs are typically thought about as smart destinations because of the conceptual roots in smart cities. Lopez de Avila (2015) defined the smart destinati on as ‘‘an innovative tourist destination, built on an infrastructure of state-of-the-art technology guaranteeing the sustainable development of tourist areas, accessible to everyone, which facilitates the visitor’s interaction with and integration into hi s or her surroundings, increases the quality of the experience atthe destination, and improves residents’ quality of life.’’Fig. 2 provides a schematic representation of an STE, although it is difficult to capture its complexity. What becomes very obvious is its stark contrast to Fig. 1 in which consumers, producers and intermediaries can be clearly distinguished and a hierarchical ‘‘food chain’’ is visible. It is also very different from previous conceptualizations of STEs (Zhu et al., 2014) that only identified tourists, attractions, government, businesses and IT infrastructure as clearly distinguishable players tapping in various ways into the information the system produces. In the STE portrayed in Fig. 2, touristic consumers (TC) have resources and because of their ability to tap into the digital ecosystem can organize among themselves or mingle with the closely related residential consumer species (RC) and act like producers (a phenomenon often referred to as the sharing economy). Touristic and residential consumers produce data through social media activities or the use of location-based services and consume data produced by other species or the physical environment, often made palatable through mobile apps.Fig. 2. Smart tourism ecosystem. Note: TC = touristic consumer; RC = resident consumer; TS = tourism supplier; OS = other industry supplier; DMO = Destination MarketingOrganization.Tourism suppliers (TS) or other business-focused species can connect through smart technology and create new service offerings. Data/information is the main food source for STE speciesand effectively and efficiently turning it into enriched tourismexperiences ensures longevity. Data aggregators are particularly supported by the digital ecosystem and process data to create resources of value to other species. New players such as Couchsurfing emerge, which represents a new species of a platform that supports interactions among touristic and residential consumers through reputation mechanisms and communication tools. It is also clear that the system is open, with players from other industries/ecosystems being able to tap into resources or form beneficial relationships (for instance in the case of medical tourism). Also, the roles different actors take on are fluid and might change depending on the experience or situation, with lines becoming increasingly blurred (e.g. touristic and residentconsumers marketing destinations through their social media entries, resident consumers acting as producers by renting out resources to tourists, or companies from other industries suddenly taking on core tourism services). Indeed, telecommunicationscompaniesand banking/payment support services represent suppliers from other industries (OS) and are important predators in the STE but also feed the system with critical information and offer opportunities for enhanced value creation. Government agencies play a role in the STE not only with respect to their typical tourism-related agendas but also in regards to ensuring data openness while atthe same time regulating data privacy (Buhalis & Amaranggana, 2014),although the shared-value economy proposed byPorterand Kramer (2011) hints at opportunities for STEs to be self-regulating in this respect. Traditional and non-traditionalmedia sources (e.g. bloggers) also serve as regulating agents and contribute valuable information to the STE. Destination Marketing Organizations (DMOs) fulfil traditional information brokerage, marketing and quality control functionswhileintermediaries of all kinds facilitate transactions through innovative usesofdata and devices.It is important to recognize that an STE cannot be created but the necessary technological and regulatory foundations canbeand have to be available for the tourism ecosystem to become smart. The review of the literature has indicated that some technologies seem to be instrumental to STE success. Mobile and wireless technologies play an important role in an STE due to thehigh mobility of its consumer species (Lamsfus et al., 2015). Social media are also prominent (Xiang and Gretzel, 2010) in that consumer species are highly motivated to produce, share and consume social contents (Hunter, Chung, Gretzel & Koo, 2015). Intelligent systems are also needed to support the complex interactions in an STE which surpass human processing capacities (Gretzel, 2011) and location-based and sensor technology provide important data to make these systems context-aware (Lamsfus et al., 2013).中文译文：理解智慧旅游生态系统的概念基础摘要本文以数字生态系统和智能商务网络为概念构建模块，定义、描述和阐述了智慧旅游生态系统（智慧旅游生态系统）的概念。
智慧旅游宏观环境分析
生产要素条件： 合理利用资源优 势，升级旅游产 品体系
需求条件： 旅游企业立足国内市 场需求，大力开拓国 际市场
支撑产业与相关产业： 完善旅游自身产业体系， 培植旅游产业簇群
政府行为： 做好政策护航， 打造良好产业环境
4、智慧旅游 还将推动传统 的旅游消费方 式向现代的旅 游消费方式转 变，并引导游 客产生新的旅 游习惯，创造 新的旅游文化。
中国信息化旅游业（智慧旅游）竞争力分析
钻石模型
机遇 企业战略 企业结构 竞争对手
生产要素
需求状况
相关产业和辅 助产业的表现
政府
借助波特的理论精华和架构，结合旅游业自身特点 在以下各方面为智慧旅游发展做积极努力：
法律因素 Legal
PESTEL分析模型
政治、法律环境
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《旅游法》第二十一条指出：旅游发展规划主要包括旅 游业发展的总体要求和发展目标、旅游资源保护和利用 的要求和措施、旅游产品开发重点、旅游服务质量、旅 游文化建设、旅游形象宣传和市场推广、旅游基础设施 和公共服务设施的建设需求等内容。 第二十六条对旅游行政管理部门必须建立旅游公共信息 和咨询平台提出了明确的要求。在发展智慧旅游的初期， 应当看到以往在旅游信息化建设方面的不足，加快补课， 以尽快适应和推进旅游信息化与产业化的融合，加快信 息化对传统旅游业的改造提升，使智慧旅游建设的基础 更加扎实。大力推进智慧旅游建设，是《旅游法》的要 求，要围绕进一步完善旅游公共服务体系建设加快推进 项目建设。
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文献信息：文献标题：Conceptual foundations for understanding smart tourism ecosystems（理解智慧旅游生态系统的概念基础）国外作者：Ulrike Gretzel, Hannes Werthner, Chulmo Koo, Carlos Lamsfus 文献出处：《Computers in Human Behavior》,2015,50(C):558-563字数统计：英文2250单词，13270字符；中文4336汉字外文文献：Conceptual foundations for understanding smart tourismecosystemsAbstract Using digital ecosystems and smart business networks as conceptual building blocks, this paper defines, describes and illustrates the idea of a smart tourism ecosystem (STE). It further draws on conceptualizations of smart technologies, smart cities and smart tourism to envision new ways in which value is created, exchanged and consumed in the STE. Technologies essential to the functioning of an STE are described and it is argued that data emerging from these technologies are the driver for new business models, interaction paradigms and even new species. Critical questions regarding the need for regulatory intervention and innovative research are raised.Key words:Smart tourism; Value creation; Smart technologies; Open innovation; Sharing economy; Tourism experienceTouristic EcosystemEcosystems are generally defined as communities of interacting organisms and their environments (TheFreeDictionary, 2015), and are typically described as complex networks formed because of resource interdependencies. McCormack (2011) explains that ecosystems, like other kinds of systems, are comprised of elements,interconnections and a function/purpose, but are special types of systems in that their elements are intelligent, autonomous, adaptive agents that often form communities and also because of the way they adapt to elements being added or removed. Boley and Chang (2007) list four critical elements of ecosystems: (1) interaction/engagement; (2) balance; (3) loosely coupled actors with shared goals; and, (4) self-organization. This means that in ecosystems individual agents or groups of agents proactively form symbiotic relationships to increase individual benefits and to achieve shared goals; that local interactions determine the global behavior or state of the system; and, that balance is needed to prevent system collapse. The relationships and interdependencies ensure that resources are consumed effectively and sustainably. Considering ecosystems in their entirety rather than centering on specific actors/elements allows for more holistic perspectives, recognizes that small changes can have substantial effects, encourages a focus on complex relationships, emphasizes dynamic change, and acknowledges the importance of the physical environment or infrastructure that supports the system.Applied to the business world, the term ‘‘ecosystem’’ is used to describe the relationships among economic entities (producers, distributors, consumers, government agencies, etc.) that, through competition and/or cooperation, facilitate the creation and distribution of a product or service (Investopedia, 2015). There isa general understanding that the environment in which these entities operate, i.e. in and through which they produce, exchange and consume value, is rapidly changing and requires their relationships to co-evolve. Moore (1993) stressed that such an economic community often faces the arrival of new species, which requires realignment and redefinition of the relationshipsthatunderpin the system. While such new species can emerge out of nowhere through genetic mutations, it is more often the environmental changes that cause or at least facilitate dramatic shifts in power over resources.The idea of a touristic ecosystem is nothing new as the production of these touristic experiences has always required extensive coordination and collaboration among different industry players and government agencies (Mill & Morrison, 2002). How loosely coupled these agents typically are can be exemplified by the difficulty indefining what players actually belong to the tourism industry and in measuring the economic value contributed by tourism. The extensive reliance on digital infrastructure of such tourism systems has also been long acknowledged(Sheldon,1997). The both disruptive and creative power of technological innovation within tourism ecosystems has been discussed for both Web 1.0 (Werthner & Klein, 1999) and Web 2.0 (Benckendorff, Sheldon, & Fesenmaier, 2014). Information and communication technologies have been essential in tourism ecosystems for connecting the different players that add value to the experience. Werthner and Klein (1999) illustrated the fundamental technology-supported tourism value chain and its components (Fig. 1), with the Internet making it possible to completely circumvent traditional distribution channels.Fig. 1. The tourism system as a technology-supported value chain (Werthner & Klein, 1999).A special characteristic of a tourism ecosystem is the immense number of microorganisms (small or micro, often family owned and/or owner operated businesses). It is also often geographically defined but usually requires connections and interactions beyond the core area. Indeed,theterm ‘‘destination’’ pract ically refersto a tourism-based ecosystem. Destinations overlap with other ecosystems (e.g.residential) and have connections to their feeder markets. Further, tourism businesses are often embedded incomplex franchise systems or chains and tourism distribution channels involve a multitude of actors residing at the destination, the origin markets or somewhere completely different, which can make it difficult to delineate the system boundaries. Tourism ecosystems are also especially dynamic and on a global scale have witnessed the emergence of several completely new species within just the last ten years, with online travel agencies such as and Expedia, Google Flights, TripAdvisor (Sigala, 2015) and AirBnB being prominent examples. Changes are also occurring on the consumer side as new technologies change consumer behaviors, increase market transparency and facilitate social commerce. Tourism consumers have always been recognized as active contributors to the experience but are now formally conceptualized as value co-creators within tourism ecosystems (Vargo & Lusch, 2008). As such, Fig. 1 clearly shows a past generic tourism ecosystem based on the technology landscape at the turn of the millennium and it becomes very clear that it fails to mirror the complexities, nuances and blurred lines of contemporary tourism systems.Smart City‘‘Smart’’ is often applied as a pre fix to technological terms to indicate special capabilities, intelligence and/or connectivity, as in smart phone or smart card. Derzko (2006) identifies six aspects or levels of smartness for technology: (1) Adapting: modifying behavior to fit the environment; (2) Sensing: bringing awareness to everyday things;(3)Inferring: drawing conclusions from rules and observations;(4)Learning: using experience to improve performance;(5)Anticipating: thinking and reasoning about what to do next;(6)Self-organizing: self-generating and self-sustaining at the cellular or nano-technology level.Smart is increasingly also used to signify resource optimization through the use of advanced technologies (Gretzel, Koo, Sigala & Xiang, 2015b). Höjer and Wangel (2015) argue that it is notso much the individual technological advances but rather the interconnection, synchronization and concerted use of different technologies thatconstitutes smartness. The concept has been prominently applied to urban areas and summarized under the term ‘‘smart cities’’. A smart city then is a city that uses advanced information and communication technology (ICT) to optimize resource production and consumption.Piro et al. (2014:169) defi ne smart city as ‘‘an urban environment which, supported by pervasive ICT systems, is able to offer advanced and innovative services to citizens in order to improve the overall quality of their life’’. According to Harrison et al. (2010), a smart city connects its physical infrastructure with its ICT, social and business infrastructures to leverage the collective intelligence of the city. A healthy digital ecosystem that includes information-centric ICT platforms, sensor networks and wireless communication systems forms the fundamental base for such integration and data exchange (Piro et al., 2014). Properinformation dissemination is the key to smart city success. Smart cities use ICTs to collect, integrate and exploit data to allow for optimal use of physical infrastructure and other resources (Koo, Gretzel, Hunter & Chung, 2015). Sensor technology plays a critical role in delivering the real-time data and big data analytics is essential for processing, modeling and visualizing data so that it can be used to inform operational decisions. A critical component of the smart city is also support of intelligent interactions between the city and its inhabitants (Harrison et al., 2010). In the context of cities, several sub-areas or application domains of smartness have emerged, such as smart living, smart mobility, smart governance and smart economy (Höjer & Wangel, 2015). These concepts canbe directly applied to touristic destinations that often are indeed urban areas. In parts of the smart city literature tourism is actually seen as a service provided by the smart city and smart tourism is thus conceptualized as a goal for the smart city(TuandLiu,2014; Guo, Liu & Chai, 2014).Smart Tourism EcosystemSmart tourism then encompasses touristic activities that are informed and supported by smart technology (Gretzel, Sigala, Xiang & Koo, 2015a). A smart tourism ecosystem (STE) consequently can be defined as a tourism system that takesadvantage of smart technology in creating, managing and delivering intelligent touristic services/experiences and is characterized by intensive information sharing and value co-creation. Collecting, processing and exchanging tourism-relevant data is a core function within the STE (Zhang, 2012). Guo et al. (2014) refer to this phenomenon as informatization of tourism as a result of smart technology integration. Rather than being a tourism business-centric ecosystem, the STE includes a variety of ‘‘species’’ such as touristic and res idential consumers, tourism suppliers, tourism intermediaries (travel operators and travel agents), support services (telecommunications, banking/payment services), platforms and media (Facebook, TripAdvisor, AirBnB, etc.), regulatory bodies and NGOs, transportation carriers, travel technology and data companies (Amadeus, Sabre, etc.), consulting services, touristic and residential infrastructure (pools, parks, museums, etc.) and companies typically assigned to other industries (medical services, retailing, etc.).In the literature, STEs are typically thought about as smart destinations because of the conceptual roots in smart cities. Lopez de Avila (2015) defined the smart destination as ‘‘an innovative tourist destination, built on an infrastructure of state-of-the-art technology guaranteeing the sustainable development of tourist areas, accessible to everyone, which facilitates the visitor’s interaction with and integration into his or her surroundings, increases the quality of the experience at the destination, and improves residents’ quality of life.’’Fig. 2 provides a schematic representation of an STE, although it is difficult to capture its complexity. What becomes very obvious is its stark contrast to Fig. 1 in which consumers, producers and intermediaries can be clearly distinguished and a hierarchical ‘‘food chain’’ is visible. It is also very different from previous conceptualizations of STEs (Zhu et al., 2014) that only identified tourists, attractions, government, businesses and IT infrastructure as clearly distinguishable players tapping in various ways into the information the system produces. In the STE portrayed in Fig. 2, touristic consumers (TC) have resources and because of their ability to tap into the digital ecosystem can organize among themselves or mingle with the closely related residential consumer species (RC) and act like producers (aphenomenon often referred to as the sharing economy). Touristic and residential consumers produce data through social media activities or the use of location-based services and consume data produced by other species or the physical environment, often made palatable through mobile apps.Fig. 2. Smart tourism ecosystem. Note: TC = touristic consumer; RC = resident consumer; TS = tourism supplier; OS = other industry supplier; DMO = Destination Marketing Organization.Tourism suppliers (TS) or other business-focused species can connect through smart technology and create new service offerings. Data/information is the main food source for STE speciesand effectively and efficiently turning it into enriched tourismexperiences ensures longevity. Data aggregators are particularly supported by the digital ecosystem and process data to create resources of value to other species. New players such as Couchsurfing emerge, which represents a new species of a platform that supports interactions among touristic and residential consumers through reputation mechanisms and communication tools. It is also clear that the system is open, with players from other industries/ecosystems being able to tap into resources or form beneficial relationships (for instance in the case of medical tourism). Also, the roles different actors take on are fluid and might change depending on the experience or situation, with lines becoming increasingly blurred (e.g. touristic and residentconsumers marketing destinations through their social media entries, resident consumers acting as producers by renting out resources to tourists, or companies from other industries suddenly taking on core tourism services). Indeed, telecommunicationscompaniesand banking/payment support services represent suppliers from other industries (OS) and are important predators in the STE but also feed the system with critical information and offer opportunities for enhanced value creation. Government agencies play a role in the STE not only with respect to their typical tourism-related agendas but also in regards to ensuring data openness while atthe same time regulating data privacy (Buhalis & Amaranggana, 2014), although the shared-value economy proposed byPorterand Kramer (2011) hints at opportunities for STEs to be self-regulating in this respect. Traditional and non-traditionalmedia sources (e.g. bloggers) also serve as regulating agents and contribute valuable information to the STE. Destination Marketing Organizations (DMOs) fulfil traditional information brokerage, marketing and quality control functionswhileintermediaries of all kinds facilitate transactions through innovative usesofdata and devices.It is important to recognize that an STE cannot be created but the necessary technological and regulatory foundations canbeand have to be available for the tourism ecosystem to become smart. The review of the literature has indicated that some technologies seem to be instrumental to STE success. Mobile and wireless technologies play an important role in an STE due to thehigh mobility of its consumer species (Lamsfus et al., 2015). Social media are also prominent (Xiang and Gretzel, 2010) in that consumer species are highly motivated to produce, share and consume social contents (Hunter, Chung, Gretzel & Koo, 2015). Intelligent systems are also needed to support the complex interactions in an STE which surpass human processing capacities (Gretzel, 2011) and location-based and sensor technology provide important data to make these systems context-aware (Lamsfus et al., 2013).中文译文：理解智慧旅游生态系统的概念基础摘要本文以数字生态系统和智能商务网络为概念构建模块，定义、描述和阐述了智慧旅游生态系统（智慧旅游生态系统）的概念。