大学英语一第一单元知识全梳理.doc

课文学习
一、阅读技巧
教师讲解:阅读技巧
正确的阅读习惯
要保证阅读的速度和准确性，就要采取正确的方法，摒弃那些不利于提高阅读效率的不良习惯，如头随着每行的开头到结尾左右摆动(head-moving )，手指指着每一个单词逐字往前移(finger-pointing ), 或在阅读时嘴巴随视线的移动而逐字默读或轻轻地将每个词读出声来(lip-reading )。

这些都是不良的阅读习惯,影响阅读速度。

T殳来讲，良好的阅读习惯应将头固定，手指离开书本,让眼睛来回移动，默读, 这样可以提高阅读速度。

阅读时，我们的双眼在对成行成句的文字进行扫描。

这种扫描是跳跃式而不是逐词进行的。

眼睛跳跃式地不断把成组的信息传送到大脑,由大脑完成真正的阅读和理解过程：对由眼睛传来的信息进行分类和识别,并将之组成连贯的句子思想。

这两个过程是同时进行的,因此,眼睛扫描的速度越快，阅读的速度也就相应加快，而且理解也就越准确和完整。

相反地，一目一词的阅读方式不仅速度慢，而且影响理解，无法形成完整的概念。

如果能以意群或句子为单位进行阅读，我们的阅读速度可以大幅度的提高。

所谓意群，指的是那些有意义的语法结构或词组。

高效的阅读是将眼睛从一组词移向另一组词，即一个意群一个意群地阅读。

如下面用斜线分隔开意群的段落：
Successful language learning/is active learning . /Therefore , /successful learners/do not
wait/for a chance/to use the language ; /they look for such a chance . /They find people/who speak the language/and they ask these people/to correct them/when they make a mistake ./They will try anything/to communicate . /They are not afraid/to repeat/what they hear/or say strange
things ;/they are willing/to make mistakes/and try again ./When communication is difficult，/they can accept information/that is inexact or incomplete . /It is more important/for them to learn/to think in the language/than to know the meaning/of every word .
如果我们用一次一个意群，成组视读的方法去阅读这段文字，速度要比逐词阅读高好几倍。

而且理解也是完整和连贯的。

每一段文字都有相应的意群。

意群划分正确，才能保证理解的正确。

良好的阅读习惯的培养要依靠大量和广泛的阅读。

大量阅读是真正积累语言材料、丰富语言知识的过程。

同时，文化背景知识和其他知识也很重要。

一个人拥有的英语知识和各个领域的知识越丰富，对所读文章的理解就越深刻，阅读的速度也就越快。

然而，无论英语知识还是文化背景知识多半是通过阅读获得的。

阅读量大了,英语知识就丰富了,知识面也就扩大了,而英语知识的丰富和知识面的扩大又会反过来促进阅读水平的提高。

阅读技能是一个英语学习者综合能力的体现。

阅读能力的提高决非一日之功,如果养成良好的阅读习惯，掌握一些阅读技巧，再加上自己的努力，相信一定会有很大的提高。

%1,课文结构
教师讲解:课文结构
%1.引子
教师讲解:引子
Want to know how to improve your grades without having to spend more time studying? Sounds too good to be true? Well , read on...
这段文字出现在文章之前，因此是我们将要学习的课文的引子。

提出问题是写文章时常用到的开篇方法。

通过问题,可以给读者一个大概的概念：我们将要读的这篇文章,可能要讲的是什么内容。

同时, 还可以激发我们的主动思考和阅读的兴趣。

两个问句者B是省略句，补充完整分别应该是Do you want to know how to improve your grades without having to spend more time studying?和It sounds too good to be true?用省略句是为了表现一种很随意的方式。

第一个句子是一个一般疑问句，而第二个句子是以陈述句加问号的形式表现疑问，这在英语中是很常见的。

而且在口头表达时，要用升调来突出疑问的语气。

1. want to do sth . 想做某事
e . g . I want to go shopping .
我想去逛街。

2. improve 提高
e . g . improvement n .
e . g . This article helps us to improve our study habits ・
这篇文章帮我们改进学习习惯。

3. grade分数,水平
e.g. improve grades提高分数或水平
4. have to do sth .不得不做某事
e . g . I am late . I have to go .
我要迟到了，我得走了。

5. spend time (in ) doing sth .花时间做某事
e . g . He spends too much time playing computer games .
他花太多的时间玩电脑游戏了。

6. how to do sth .怎样做某事
e . g . The teacher taught me how to use an English dictionary .
老师教我怎么用英语字典。

7. sound 听起来......
e . g . Your idea sounds great.
你的想法听起来还不错。

8. too good to be true太好了而不像真的
too...to...太......而不(以至于不)……
e . g . She is too old to take care o
f herself.
她年纪太大了 ,无法照顾自己。

9. read on继续读下去
介词on和动词构成动词短语，常有"继续”的意思。

e . g . go on 继续
carry on 坚持下去
keep on 保持，继续
%1.Para . 1
教师讲解:Para . 1
Perhaps you are an average student with average intelligence . You do well enough in school , but you probably think you will never be a top student. This is not necessarily the case ,
however .You can receive better grades if you want to .Yes ,even students of average intelligence can be top students without additional work . Here' s how :
这是文章的第一段，起到introduction开篇介绍的作用。

下面我们分句子来阅读。

Perhaps you are an average student with average intelligence . You do well enough in school , but you probably think you will never be a top student.
1. average 普通的,中等的；平均的
e . g . I was average in my class .
我在我们班上属于中等。

What is the yearly income of an average family in china?
中国中等家庭的年收入是多少？
The average age of the students in this class is 19 .
2 . intelligence 智力
3 ・ well enough 足够好
4 . sure enough 果然/果真
5 ・ top student
优等生 top musician 顶级音乐家
top marks 最高分
(2 ) case 实情；病例；法律案件
这个班学生的平均年龄是十九岁。

intelligent a . 聪明的，有智力的
e . g . These researchers are very intelligent .
这些研究者非常聪明。

e . g . Her boss was not satisfied though she had done well enough .
她已经做的够好了，可老板还是不满意。

e . g . They all said it would fall down and sure enough it did .
他们都说那东西会倒下来，它果然倒了。

top floor
This is not necessarily the case ,however .You can receive better grades if you want to .Yes , even students of average intelligence can be top students without additional work .Here's how :
1 . this is not necessarily the case
实际情况未必如此
(1) necessarily 必定
necessary a . 必要的，必定的
e . g . Great books are not necessarily bestsellers .
好书不一定是畅销书。

A dictionary is necessary for English learning .
学英语字典是必需的。

e . g ・ He thought he had found the right answer
f but that was not the case .
他以为找到了正确答案，但事实上不是这样的。

Five cases of flu have been reported .
有五个流感病例的报告。

The murder case attracted his attention o
那件谋杀案弓I 起了他的注意。

短语：
in any case 在任何情况下
e . g . I am ready to help in any case .
我随时准备帮忙。

in case of 如果
e . g . In case o
f emergency , call me at this number.
如果有紧急情况,打这个电话找我。

in case 以防，以免
e . g . He carried his raincoat with him in case it rains .
他带着雨衣以防下雨。

in no case 在任何情况下都不
e . g . In no case should you lose heart .
国可情况下你都不应该灰心。

2. additional 额外的
add v, 加，增加
addition n . 增加物
e . g . I
f we add 2 and 3 we get 5 .
2加3等于5。

They are making addition to the list .
他们不断补充清单。

3. here* s how 诀窍如下
五、Para . 2
教师讲解:Para. 2
第二部分是改进学习习惯的六个诀窍。

我们首先看第一点。

Plan your time carefully . Make a list of your weekly tasks . Then make a schedule or chart of your time . Fill in committed time such as eating , sleeping , meetings , classes f etc . Then decide on good , regular times for studying . Be sure to set aside enough time to complete your normal reading and work assignments • Of course f studying shouldn1 t occupy all of the free time on the schedule .It's important to set aside time for relaxation ,hobbies ,and entertainment as well .This weekly schedule may not solve all of your problems , but it will make you more aware of how you spend your time .Furthermore ,it will enable you to plan your activities so that you have adequate time for both work and play .
同样分句子阅读。

Plan your time carefully . Make a list of your weekly tasks . Then make a schedule or chart of your time . Fill in committed time such as eating , sleeping , meetings , classes , etc . Then decide on good , regular times for studying .
1. make a list of 列出清单
e . g ・ My mother usually makes a list before shopping .
妈妈通常在购物前先列个清单。

make a schedule 制定时间表
2. weekly 每周的
名词+ly=形容词：daily/monthly/yearly/friendly
e . g . This is a monthly magazine .
这份杂志是月刊。

3.fill in 填写，填充
e . g . Fill in your address z please .
请填写您的地址。

You should fill in all the blanks on this chart .
你应该填写图表中的所有空格。

4. committed time 用于必须的事情的时间
commit v . 用于特定的目的；犯（罪，错等）
e . g . All her time was committed to taking care o
f the patients ・
她全部的时间都用来照顾病人了。

commit a crime 才巳罪
commit a mistake 才8错
commit a murder 谋杀
commit suicide 自杀
5. such as 比如
e . g . We planted lots o
f different flowers , such as roses , lilies , and carnations .
我们种过很多种花，比如玫瑰、百合、康乃馨等。

6・decide on 决定
e . g . We decided on a trip to the north .
我们决定去一趟北方。

They have decided on a date for their wedding .
他们已经定下了结婚的日子。

Be sure to set aside enough time to complete your normal reading and work assignments . Of course , studying shouldn' t occupy all of the free time on the schedule .It' s important to set aside time for relaxation , hobbies , and entertainment as well .
1. be sure to do sth . 别忘了，记住
e . g . Be sure to lock the door before you leave .
走之前别忘了锁门。

2. set aside... for.../to do sth . 留出
e . g . She set aside some money for a possible emergency .
她留出一些钱以应急。

You should set aside regular hours for reading ・你应该留出固定的时间进行阅读。

3. normal reading and work assignments 正常的阅读和课外作业
4• occupy 占用；占领
e . g . Her son occupied all her attention .
她的注意力全部在她儿子身上。

This area was occupied by the enemy .
这一地区被敌人占领了。

5. free time 空闲时间，业余时间
6. on the schedule 在日程表上的
7. it is important to... 做.... 很重要
句型：It is +a .（形容词）+to do sth .在形容词的位置可以替换不同的形容词。

e . g . It is necessary to do this job .
做这项工作是必要的。

It is interesting to work in the garden .
在花园里干活很有趣。

It is not helpful to talk to my parents .
和我父母谈没有什么作用。

8. as well 也，同样
e . g . This book tells about Lu Hsun J s writing , and his life as well .
这本书谈到鲁迅的作品以及他的生活。

9. It' s important to set aside time for relaxation , hobbies , and entertainment as well .
同样,为放松、娱乐和业余爱好留出时间也是很重要的。

This weekly schedule may not solve all of your problems ,but it will make you more aware of how you spend your time ・ Furthermore , it will enable you to plan your activities so that you have adequate time for both work and play .
1. solve 解决
e . g . The old problems haven' t been solved when new ones appear.
旧的问题还没有解决，新的问题又出现了。

That clever little boy solved the riddle ・
那个聪明的小孩解开了这个谜语。

2. make sb . +a .（形容词）
动词+宾语+补语（形容词）结构
e . g . His work makes him very tired .
他的工作让他很疲劳。

Don' t make me nervous .
别让我紧张。

3. be aware of sth . 知道z意识
e . g . Are you aware o
f your mistakes?
你意识到你的错误了吗？
Everyone should be aware of the dangers of smoking .
每个人都应该认识到吸烟的危害。

4. furthermore 而且，此夕卜
e . g . We offer cheap prices ; furthermore , goods are delivered to the door.
我们的价格很便宜，而且送货上门。

5.enable..." do 使（某人）能（做某事）
e . g . This bird, s large wings enable it to fly very fast.
这种鸟巨大的翅膀使它能飞得很快。

This dictionary will enable you to understand English words .
这本字典能帮助你理解英文单词。

6. so that 从而，以致，以便
e . g . He has to earn lots o
f money so that he can buy his children nice food and cloths . 他必须
挣很多钱才能给孩子买好的食物和衣服。

7. adequate 充足的,足够的；适合
e . g . Jake didn' t have adequate time to prepare before the exam .
杰克考试前没有做充分的准备。

Do you think he is adequate to the task?
你认为他适合这项任务吗？
8. both...and... ........................ 和... 者B
e . g . Both Jenny and Wendy like to have a walk in the evening .
珍妮和温都喜欢在傍晚散步。

%1.Paras • 3
教师讲解:Para . 3
接下来是第二点。

Find a good place to study . Choose one place for your study area . It may be a desk or a chair at home or in the school library , but it should be comfortable , and it should not have distractions ・ When you begin to work z you should be able to concentrate on the subject .
1. comfortable 舒适的
e . g . This new sofa is very comfortable .
这个新沙发坐着很舒服。

I feel most comfortable at home .
我在家时觉得最舒服自在。

2. distractions 分心（或分散注意力）的事物
e . g . There are too many distractions here to study properly .
这里分散注意力的东西太多，无法好好学习。

Her father just died . She need some distractions to relieve her from grief.
她父亲刚刚去世,她需要一些分散注意力的事情以缓解悲伤。

3. begin to do sth . 开始做某事
e . g . We finished our breakfast, then began to work .
我们吃完早饭就开始干活。

4. be able to do sth .能够做某事
e . g . Do you think I am able to swim across the river?
你觉得我能游过河去吗？
5• concentrate on 全神贯注于
e . g . He concentrate on his reading so that he could understand the story .
他全神贯注的阅读以便理解这个故事。

Please concentrate on what you are doing!
认真干活！
%1.Paras • 4
教师讲解:Para . 4
第三点。

Skim before you read . This means looking over a passage quickly before you begin to read it more carefully . As you preview the material , you get some idea of the content and how it is organized . Later when you begin to read you will recognize less important material and you may skip some of these portions . Skimming helps double your reading speed and improves your comprehension as well .
1. skim 略读,浏览
e . g . It' s my grandpa1 s habit to skim the newspaper at breakfast .
我爷爷习惯在吃早饭时浏览报纸。

She skimmed over the notes and found something unusual .
她快速地看了一下便条，发现有些不寻常的东西。

2. mean 意思是
e . g . What does this English word mean?
这个英文单词什么意思?
The red light means "Stop".
红灯的意思是〃停"。

3 ・ look over 过目，查看
e . g . His secretary is busy looking over his mail .
他的秘书正忙看查看他的邮件。

The girl looked hurriedly over the toys on the floor
and picked a doll . 女孩很快地看了一眼地上的玩具，挑了一个洋娃
娃。

. material 材料
e . g • reading material
阅读材料
raw material
原材料
5 . content
内容
contents 6 ・ organize 目录组织
e . g . Give me one minute to organize my thoughts .
给我 F 钟时间整理一下思绪。

Students are organized to visit the museum .
学生们组织去参观博物馆。

7. later 后来，以后
e . g . We will discuss the problem in detail later.
我们以后再详细讨论这个问题。

See you later.
待会儿见。

8. recognize 认出
e . g . He changed a lot and I didn* t recognize him at first sight . 他变化很大,我第一眼没认出来。

9. less 较少，较不
less important material不太重要的材料
10. skip 跳跃;略过
e . g . The little boy skipped along at his mother' s side .
小男孩在妈妈身边蹦蹦跳彤她走着。

Let' s skip over the first part and move on to the next one .
让我们略过第TB分,直接看下TB分吧。

11. portion 部分
［同义词］part
section
share
12. double 使增加一倍
e . g . The price o
f fruits has doubled in the past few days .
过去几天水果的价格翻了HSo
The new boss managed to double the profits of this company in a year.
新老板使公司的效益在一年里增加了 T色
八、Para . 5
教师讲解:Para . 5
第四点。

Make good use of your time in class . Listening to what the teacher says in class means less work later. Sit where you can see and hear well . Take notes to help you remember what the teacher says .
1. listen to what the teacher says
听老师所讲的
疑问词what弓|导的名词从句，在句子中作listen to的宾语。

名词从句可以在句中充当主语、宾语、
表语。

e . g . Tell me what you know .
告诉我你所知道的。

What you want is what everybody wants .
你想要的也是大家都想要的。

This is what he want from me .
这就是他想从我这儿得到的。

2. sit where you can see and hear well
坐在能看得见，听得清的地方。

疑问词where引导的状语从句，在句中修饰动词sit。

同样用法的还有疑问词when.
e . g . Come when you are free .
你有空时就来过吧。

3. take notes 做笔记
4. help sb . do sth . 帮助 ........ 做 ..
e . g . The glasses help me see clearly .
眼镜让我看清楚。

%1.Para • 6
教师讲解:Para • 6
第五点。

Study regularly . Go over your notes as soon as you can after class . Review important points mentioned in class as well as points you remain confused about . Read about these points in your textbook . If you know what the teacher will discuss the next day , skim and read that material too .This will help you understand the next class .If you review your notes and textbook regularly , the material will become more meaningful and you will remember it longer . Regular review leads to improved performance on test .
1 ・
regularly 有规律地 regular a . 有规律的
e . g . The old man is leading a regular life .
那个老人过着有规律的生活。

You should do exercises regularly .
你应该有规融锻炼身体。

go over 复习，检查
g ・ We often went over our lessons
我们经常一起复习功课。

Ennis went over the test paper again and handed it in .
恩尼斯又检查了一遍试卷就交卷了。

as soon as you can
尽可能快 as soon as 立刻，一……就
e . g . Call me as soon as you get home .
—到家就给我打电话。

They left as soon as they finished their work .
他们一T 完活就走了。

4 . view
观察，看 preview
预习 review 复习
前缀:pre-在……之前
e . g . preoccupy
抢先占有 preschool 学龄前的
改写 提到
re-再,重复
更新
rewrite
5 ・ mention e . g . I heard my name mentioned in their conversation .
我听他们谈话时提到我的名字。

Do not mention to his wife that he started smoking again .
别和他妻子提起他又开始吸烟的事。

6. remain confused about 对……仍然混淆不清
remain 仍是
e . g . The situation remains unchanged .
局势没有什么改变。

He is able to remain calm in danger.
他能在危险时保持冷静。

7. be confused 混淆,迷糊
e . g . The students are confused about the difference between the two words . 学生们分不清楚
这两个单词。

The little girl was confused by all the noise .
小女孩被这些噪音弄糊涂了。

8• more meaningful更有意义
remember it longer 记得更久
形容词和副词比较级的规则变化有两种基本情况：
后面加+er:
bigger faster safer
前面加more :
more carefully more interesting more necessary
9. lead to 导致，引起
e . g . Hard work leads to success .
努力工作会带来成功。

That will only lead to trouble .
那只会引起麻烦。

十、Para . 7
教师讲解:Para .7
第六点。

Develop a good attitude about tests . The purpose of a test is to show what you have learned about a subject .The world won' t end if you don't pass a test ,so don't worry excessively about a single test . Tests provide grades z but they also let you know what you need to spend more time studying z and they help make your knowledge permanent .
1 . attitude 态度，看法
e . g . What is your attitude towards blogs?
你对博客的态度是怎样的？
Her parents changed their attitude to her career.
她父母改变了对她事业的态度。

2・purpose 目的
on purpose 故意的
e . g . Last month , Jerry came to New York for business purpose . 上个月，杰瑞因公去了趟纽约。

The purpose of the meeting is to raise money for the poor.
这次会议的目的是为穷人筹款。

The player knocked the goalkeeper down on purpose .
那个球员是故意把守门员撞倒的。

3. to show what you have learned about a subject
显示你掌握某一科目的程度
名词从句what you have learned about a subject 是动词show 的宾语。

4 . subject
［近义词］subject theme
科目
讨论，研究，写作或艺术创作等的题目。

艺术或文艺作品的主题。

topic 5 . worry about 选定作为个人写篇文章或一些人进行讨论的题目O 担心
e . g . Mike is still too young to worry about his future .
6 ・ excessively excessive a . 过度地，过分地过份的
e . g . The prices at this hotel are excessive .
这家酒店的价格很离谱。

Her daughter was excessively interested in clothes .
她女儿对衣服过分着迷。

7. single 仅有一个的
e . g ・ He didn' t remember a single word his father had said . 他父亲的话他一个字也没记住。

8. provide 提供
provide sth . for sb .
provide sb . with sth .
e . g . This restaurant provides excellent service for its guests . 这家饭店为客人提供优质的服务。

This book provided all the information I needed .
这本书提供了所有我需要的信息。

9・ what you need to spend more time studying
你需要花更多时间学习的东西
spend time （in ） doing sth . 花时间做某事
e . g . I spent a lot o
f time preparin
g the material . 我花了很多时间准备材料。

H、Paras ・ 8
教师讲解:Para. 8
第三部分是对文章的总结。

同时也激发大家主动去总结自己的学习方法和技巧。

There are other techniques that might help you with your studying . Only a few have been mentioned here . You will probably discover many others after you have tried these . Talk with your classmates about their study techniques . Share with them some of the techniques you have found to be helpful . Improving your study habits will improve your grades .
1. technique 技巧,方法
e . g . The work needs high technique .
这工作要求很高的技能。

2. help...with... 在......方面帮助......
e . g . She often helps her mother with her housework .
她经常帮妈妈做家务。

3. a few 一些（修饰可数名词）
a little 一些（修饰不可数名词）
e . g . There is only a little water left in the bottle .
瓶子里只剩下一点水了。

There are a few eggs in the fridge .
冰箱里还有一些鸡蛋。

few 几乎没有（修饰可数名词）
little 几乎没有（修饰不可数名词）
e . g . Few people are aware o
f this change .
很少有人意识到这一变化。

We have little knowledge of this subject .
我们对这一学科几乎一无所知。

4. share with 和……分享
e . g . Friends should share happiness and sadness with each other.
朋友应该分享快乐和悲伤。

The scientist would like to share with the world his findings .
这个科学家愿意和全世界分享他的发现。

5. Improving your study habits will improve your grades 动名词结构improving your study habits做主语
V . + ing构成动名词，起到名词的作用，可以做主语、宾语、表语等。

e . g . Swimming is good
for your health .
游泳有益健康。

Henry was very good at drawing .
亨利非常擅长画画。