Lesson Eight
Lesson Eight
这哨子代价太高
(After Benjamin Franklin)
主讲:张光和
Benjamin Franklin was a statesman and diplomat
for the newly formed United States, as well as a prolific author and inventor. Franklin helped draft, and then signed, the Declaration of Independence in 1776, and he was a delegate to the Constitutional Convention in 1787. As a civic leader, he initiated a number of new programs in Philadelphia, including a fire company, fire insurance, a library, and a university.
I had given four times as much as the whistle was worth. They put me in mind of what good things I might have bought with the rest of the money,and laughed at me so much for foolishness. So I cried. Thinking about the matter gave me more shame than the whistle gave me pleasure.
Explanation of the Text
Lesson Eight 研英精读
Lesson Eight The Preface of Silent springAl GoreI Background information1.Al Gore2.Rachel Louise Carson3.DDTII. V ocabulary study1.albeit conj.& adv. =although/though/while[古语]尽管，即使，虽然（一般用来连接单词或短语，而不是从句）Albert fair, the girl was not sought after.You are to be given one method of communication with your rival, albeit indirect communication. Phrases:Albeit Mildly 尽管势头很温和Albeit Monotonous 尽管很枯燥Albeit Foggy 尽管很模糊Albeit Temporarily 尽管只是暂时Albeit Obtusely 尽管很笨拙Albeit Modestly 尽管幅度较小2.precursor 先驱；先行者；先兆Error is often the precursor of what is correct.错误常常是正确的先导。
Viewed as a precursor to a wider open data movement, it could be as important as any we have seen in the web era.它被视为更广泛的数据开放运动的先导，它将像我们在互联网时代看到的所有重要的事物一样重要。
U.S. officials also recognize that acute hunger and malnutrition can be the precursor for disease outbreaks.美国官员也认识到，严重的饥饿和营养不良可能是疾病暴发的前兆。
Lesson Eight
Chemical reactions of jute are much like those of other cellulosic fibers. Resistance to alkalis and dilute acids is good. Concentrated acids do cause fiber breakdown. Sunlight does not damage jute. 黄麻遇化学制剂的（酸碱）反应就像其他的纤维素纤维 一样。具有好的耐碱和耐弱酸性。强酸会使纤维素分解。 光照对黄麻纤维没有破坏作用。
Jute is obtained from the stem of the plant. The major growing areas are Bangladesh,India,and Thailand. In fabric it isfrequently called burlap or hessian. 黄麻是从植物的茎中获得，它的主要生长地区是孟加拉 国，印度和泰国。从织物构造方面，它被频繁的成为粗 麻布或打包麻布。
Care of jute is similar to that of flax except for the fact that colored jute may require dry cleaning. Jute is widely used in developing countries and others where labor is available at relatively low cost. It is a labor-intensive commodity and requires a high proportion of labor in processing. 黄麻的护理类似于亚麻除了这一事实有色黄麻可能需要 干洗。黄麻被广泛的用于发展中国家和其他劳动成本相 对较低的地方，它是一个劳动密集的商品，并且在处理 中劳动力需要的比例很高。
高级英语 翻译重点(下)
Lesson Eight Science Has Spoiled My Supper科学毁了我的晚餐I am a fan for Science. My education is scientific and I have, in one field, contributed a monograph to a scientific journal.我是个科学迷。
我是学科学的，曾为一份科学刊物写过某个领域的一篇专题文章。
Science, to my mind, is applied honesty, the one reliable means we have to find out truth.在我看来，科学需运用诚实，是我们发现真理的唯一可靠的手段。
That is why, when error is committed in the name of science, I feel the way a man would if his favorite uncle had taken to drink.因此在以科学的名义做错事时，我的感觉就像一个人最喜欢的叔叔染上酒瘾后的心情一样。
Take cheese, for instance.Here and there, in big cities, small stores and delicatessens specialize in cheese.以奶酪为例。
在大城市到处都有一些小店和熟食店专营奶酪。
At such places, one can buy at least some of the first –rate cheeses that we used to eat在这些地方，至少还能买到过去吃过的一些最好的奶酪---such as those we had with pie and macaroni (通心粉).比如我们在吃馅饼和通心粉时吃的奶酪。
lesson eight animal development
The first contact of the sperm head with the egg‘s jelly coat triggers the acrosome reaction, in which enzymes are released to digest a hole through the egg’s protective layers, and the plasma membrane of the sperm is brought into position to bind to the ovum‘s surface. 当精子和卵子的胶状膜发生接触时，触发了顶 体反应。释放多种酶而将卵保护膜消化出一个 洞。精子的原生质膜与卵子的表面连接起来。
Ova, which are produced during oogenesis, are generated in gonial cells (oogonia) of the female's ovaries. Oocytes then enter a stage of arrest in early meiosis. 在卵子发生过程中，由卵巢中的性母细胞 产生。卵母细胞进入减数分裂的抑制阶段。
Lesson eight Animal Development
sperm:精子，精液 ovum:卵子 pl.ova zygote:受精卵 fertilization: fertilization:受精 yolk:卵黄，蛋黄 oviduct:输卵管 ies:卵巢
genesis：生成，形成 spermatogenesis:精子发生 oogenesis:卵子发生 gametogenesis: gametogenesis:配子形成 organogenesis:器官发生 morphogenesis:形态发生
lesson eight
Lesson Eight YouthListen to the tape carefully and choose the right answer to each question you have heard.1. M: My chemistry project is in trouble. My partner and I have totally differentideas about how to proceed.W: You should try to meet each other halfway.Q: What does the woman suggest?a. They should find a better lab for the project.b. The man should meet his partner's needs.c. They should come to a compromise.d. The man should work with somebody else.He agreed to meet them half- way.他同意对他们作一定的妥协。
2. M: What's the matter? You've been sitting there for ages just staring into space. W: I told the Brownings I'd send them a postcard. Now I don't know what to say. Q: What is the woman doing?a. Looking for a postcard.b. Visiting the Brownings.c. Filling in a form.d. Writing a postcard.3. M: I've noticed that you get letters from Canada from time to time. Would youmind saving the stamps for me? My sister collects them.W: My roommates already asked for them.Q: What will the woman probably do?a. She will no longer get letters from Canada.b. She will not give the stamps to the man's sister.c. She will save the stamps for the man's sister.d. She will give the stamps to the man's roommates.4. M: Next, shouldn't we get a telephone installed in the hall?W: Fixing the shower pipe is far more important.Q: What do we learn from the conversation?a. The man's attitude is more sensible than the woman's.b. They have different opinions as to what to do next.c. They have to pay for the house by installments.d. They will fix a telephone in the bathroom.5. M: I hope I won't oversleep. I've simply got to catch the first flight to New York.W: If I were you, I'd request a wake-up call from the hotel reception.Q: What does the woman advise the man to do?a. To ask for a wake-up call.b. To catch a later flight.c. To go to bed early.d. To cancel his trip.6. W: You know some TV channels have been rerunning a lot of comedies from thesixties. What do you think of those old shows?M: So-so, but the new ones aren't so great either.Q: What is the man's opinion on the new TV comedies?a. New TV comedies are not so good as old ones.b. New TV comedies are much better than old ones.c. TV comedies haven't improved since the sixties.d. TV comedies have improved a lot since the sixties.7. M: I heard that Park Electronics is going to be holding interviews on campus nextweek.W: Yeah. What day? I'd like to talk to them and drop off my resume.Q: What does the woman want to do?a. Get a job on campus.b. Take an electronics course.c. Visit the electronics company.d. Apply for a job with the electronics company.I'll drop this off on my way to the supermarket.我在去超级市场的途中将信寄出去。
科普版四年级英语上册 Lesson 8 知识清单
Lesson 8 What’s the time?
一、核心词汇
1. 名词: time时间Sunday星期日
2. 数词: eight八
3. 形容词: late迟的
4. 副词: o’clo ck ......点钟
二、拓展词汇
1. 名词: rain雨plane飞机day日子zoo动物园
2. 动词: take带走
3. 数词: six六eleven十一twelve十二
4. 副词: again又
三、核心句型
—What's the time, please? 请问,几点了?
—It's eight o'clock. 八点了.
解读: 这组对话是用来询问和回答时间的.
举一反三: —What's the time, please? 请问,几点了? —It's three o'clock. 三点了.
四、了解句型
1. I'm late again. 我又迟到了.
解读: 此句是陈述句,用来表达自己迟到了.
2. It's Sunday today. 今天是星期日.
解读: 此句是表达今天是星期几的陈述句.
3. Take out your pen. 拿出你的钢笔.
解读: 这是一个祈使句.。
在Lesson Eight《Fuwa》中进行激活型教学模式的尝试
合 素质 整 体 提 高 的 一 种 有 效 教 学 法 。它 要 求 教 师 在 深 入 研 在 接 下 来 的课 文 的学 习 中 ， 无 论 是 学 生 掌 握 课 文 的质 量 还
究 教 材 的 基 础 上 ，针 对 每 课 学 习 内 容 精 心 设 计 教 案 ，把 学 习 的主 题 分 成 若 干 个 小 话 题 ，通 过 充 满 激 情 和 活 力 的丰 富 是 学 习 速度 ，都 有 了 很大 提 升 。
年 龄 段 的学 生对 体 育 运 动 非 常 关 注 ， 因此 英 语 教 师 可 以 从 京 奥 运 会 福 娃 、奥 运 五 环 以 及 奥 运 祝 福 了解 多 少 ？ ”这 个
学 生 关 注 的体 育 项 目入 手 ， 运 用 激 活 型 教 学 模 式 ，让 学 生 感 知 奥 运 ， 了解 奥 运 福 娃 的特 殊 寓 意 ，达 到 这 节 课 的 学 习
多彩 的教 学手段 ，使学 生进 入课堂 ，唤起 学生 的注意 力，
充 分 调 动 学 生 学 习 的 积 极 性 与 主 动 性 ，进 而 让 学 生 以愉 悦 的 心 情 投 入 到 学 习 中 去 。 以下 是 笔 者 在 英 语 教 学 中 运 用 激
二 、形 式 求 活 泼 — — 方 式 多 样 化 ， 感 受 多 方位 ，信 息 反馈 畅 通
“ ｃ ｒ ｅ ａ ｔ ｉ ｖ ｅ ” ，要 求 培 养 的 是创 造 型学 生 ，让 学 生 能 拓 宽 思路 ， 并 能 以最 佳 状 态 进 入 课 文 的 学 习 。 好 的 导 入 能 把 学 生 的 注 意 力 吸 引 到 课 堂 上 来 ， 为 课 堂 的 发 展 做 一 个 很 好 的铺 垫 。所 以 ，英 语 课 堂 的导 入 要 注 重 审 美 性 、形 象 性 、 娱 乐 性 ， 让 学 生 在 获 得 愉 悦 体 验 的 同 借 助 丰 富 多彩 的 活 动 输 出教 学 信 息 。例 如 ，可 以 把 教 学 活 动 变 成 ～ 个 竞 赛 、 抢 答 的 游 戏 过 程 ，它 承 担 了 包 括 使 学 生
自考高级英语LessonEightAlessoninLiving.
A Lesson in living
by Maya Angelou
Maya Angelou简介
• 玛雅· 安吉罗(Maya Angelou),1928年4月 4日出生于美国密苏里州圣· 路易斯市。 美国黑人作家、诗人、剧作家、编辑、 演员、导演和教师。在贫民窟的匮乏生 活中长大的安吉罗曾当过厨师、电车售 票员、女招待和舞蹈演员。
• 她的诗歌代表着鲜明的民族主义立场、 “黑色权力”（为黑人种族争取自由和 平等）以及黑人妇女的觉醒。她是好莱 坞第一位非裔女编剧，在卡特和福特两 人政府内任职。 • 2014年5EXT
• The lesson Mrs. Flowers teaches Marguerite is beneficial and far-reaching to Marguerite. Mrs. Flowers singles her out for attention, makes cookies for her and then reads novels to her. From Mrs. Flowers, she also learns the mystery of language, the value of life and good manners in life. Thus, skillfully and gently Mrs. Flowers guided her out of a dead alley into a world of knowledge and enlightenment.
Lesson Eight Age 年龄
Lesson Eight Age 年龄Can I ask how old you are?我能问问您多大了吗？How old are you? Can I ask how old you are?May I ask how old you are? May I have your age? May I have your name? Would you mind telling me your age? What’s your age?What age are you?I just turned twenty-three.我刚满二十三。
I’m over 20. I just turned twenty-one. turn greenI was thirty on my last birthday.我三十岁出头了。
I was twenty on my last birthday.I’d say you are about twenty.我说你快二十了。
I’d say = I would say about = around I’m about twenty.I’m not quite twenty.I’m barely twenty.My birthday won’t be until next week. Twenty’s birthday is around the corner.I’m twenty. I’m twenty years old.Joanna is in her sixties, but she is ageing well.Joanna六十多岁了，但保养得很好。
Well, I’m in my twenties.My father is in his fifties.My mother is in her fifties. My grandmother is in her eighties.Guess how old I am.你猜我多大了。
第八课 LESSON EIGHT-教学教案
第八课 lesson eight 一、教学内容1．学唱：abc song。
2．讲解复习要点(2)。
3．语法：am, is的缩略形式(初步掌握its = it is; im = i am)。
二、教具录音机；全套字母卡片(或字母表)。
三、课堂教学设计1．复习日常用语(方式同前)。
2．复习字母表。
教师出示卡片，问：t：whats this?ss：its…3．集体背诵字母表。
继续做“can you say the abc”的游戏。
4．学唱字母歌教师放录音，学生跟唱。
学习歌曲之前，教师可将歌曲中最后一句歌词进行简单讲解并领读。
反复演唱几遍。
如条件允许，可分男女声两部或以其他形式演唱。
5．讲解复习要点(2)。
可要求学生用下列句型造句：1)im… 2)are you…? 3)this is… 4)my names…如时间允许，可将lesson 5～lesson 6的录音放一遍，学生跟读。
6．小测验1)听写10个左右字母，要求大、小写及格式正确。
2)口头检查一些同学，看他们能否做出正确、迅速的反应。
口头检查的内容可根据所教学生的实际情况自行安排。
以下仅供教师参考。
a)t：good morning (afternoon). s：…b)t：hello! are you…? s：…c)t：whats your name? s：…d)t：how are you? s：…e)t：hello! nice to meet you. s：…f) t：(手持字母卡片)whats this? s：…g)t：(使用课本彩色插图第ii页)where is d? s：…h)请几个学生做“can you say the abc”游戏。
四、难点讲解be 动词的缩略形式。
在口语中，be动词常采用缩略形式。
am缩写为m；is缩写为s；are缩写为re。
读音也有相应变化。
如：i am [ai $m]缩写后，读作[aim]；you are [ju：%：]缩写后，读作 [ju：+]；he is [hi：iz]缩写后，读作 [hi：z]等。
Lesson Eight 单词讲解PPT
1.acquisition: (n)派生词：acquire (v) 获得，收购2.adjust: (v)同义词：modify (v) 调节，调整派生词：adjustable (adj) 可以调节的3.alien: (adj)近义词：foreign, unfamiliar, strange 陌生的，外来的注意和foreign的区别（课后练习会讲）4.antidote: (n)同义词：remedy, answer 处理方法，解决办法5.binge: (n)同义词：spree: (n) 放纵，纵情狂欢；self-indulgence (n) 自我放纵。
6.boom: (n)同义词：growth (n) 繁荣反义词：slump, bust (n) 萧条，不景气扩充知识点：（关于经济萧条和繁荣、复苏的名词总结）衰退，萧条：(n)slump, bust, recession, depression, decline, slowdown downturn（要求记忆）（7个）复苏，繁荣: (n)boom, growth, recovery, prosperity, upturn (要求记忆) （5个）7.champion: (v)派生词：championship (n) 冠军头衔，称号(n) 捍卫，拥护，支持8.ensue: (v)派生词：ensuing (adj) 随之而变的，接着发生的9.exceed: (v)近义词：surpass，top (超越，超过，优于)注意surpass和exceed的区别（课后练习题讲到）10.f orecast: (n)同义词：prediction (n) 预言，预测11.glut: (n)近义词：surplus （n）盈余，剩余；oversupply （n）供过于求11. implode: (v)反义词：explode ; 派生词：implosion (n) 内部爆炸12. inept: (adj)反义词：appropriate (adj) 适合的，合适的派生词：ineptitude (n) 不熟练，不适宜；ineptly (adv) 不合适地，不适当地13. interdependence: (n)派生词：interdependent (adj) 相互依赖的14. irreversible: (adj)同义词：irrevocable (adj) 不可改变的反义词：reversible (adj) 可以改变的派生词：irreversibly (adv) 不可逆转地15. liberalization: (n)同义词：relaxation (n) 放松，放宽16. maximize: (v)反义词：minimize (v) 最小化派生词：maximization (n) 最高值的获取，使最大化Maximum Minimum 最大化，最小化17. modify：(v)派生词：modification (n) 修改，变更18. nationalism: (n)扩充词组：大国沙文主义和种族偏见chauvinistic nationalism and ethnic prejudice.19. neutralize: (v)同义词：counteract (v) 抵消，平衡20. peril: (n)同义词：hazard (n)危险，冒险派生词：perilous (adj) 危险的21. project: (v)近义词：expect, estimate（预计，设计）22.prone (to): (adj)同义词组：be inclined to do sth, be liable to sth (有倾向性的，容易做某事)反义词组：disinclined to23. relieve: (v)同义词：ease (v) 减轻；rid (v)使摆脱；派生词：relieved (adj) 感到安心的24. retard: (v)同义词：delay (v) 阻滞，妨碍反义词：accelerate (v) 加快，加速25．Transportation：(n)同义词：transport (n)（英式说法）= transportation26. undersea: (adj)同义词：submarine (adj) 海面下的，海底的，海中的27. upheaval: (n)关于骚动，骚乱，混乱的一组词：Upheaval (n) 动乱，骚乱；Disturbance (n) 动乱，骚乱; disruption (n)混乱；revolution (n) 革命，变动; turmoil (n) 动乱，骚乱（5个词一组要求记忆）。
英语自考本科高级英语笔记-上册-Lesson Eight
Lesson Eight A Lesson in Living Words and ExpressionsText Explanation1For nearly a year, I sopped around the house, the Store, the school and the church, like an old biscuit, dirty and inedible.For nearly a year, I spent most of my time on the house, the Store, the school and the church, like an old biscuit, dirty and not suitable for food.2Mrs. Bertha Flowers was the aristocrat of Black Stamps.Mrs. Bertha Flowers 是Stamps 黑人中的贵妇人。
3She had the grace of control to appear warm in the coldest weatherShe had a fine control of her movement to appear warm in the coldest weather.4…and on the Arkansas summer days it seemed she had a private breeze which swirl around, cooling her.…and on the Arkansas summer days she seemed to have a breeze of her own which swirled around, cooling her.5Her skin was a rich black that would have peeled like a plum if snaggedHer skin was a vivid deep black that would have peeled like a plum if it had been snagged.When "rich" is used to modify colour, means "strong and attactive"."if snagged" means if it was torn open by something sharp.6…to ruffle her dress弄皱她的衣服，实际上指“轻浮或轻率地对待她”，即：to trifle with her.7She didn't encourage familiarity.She didn't give people the courage to become intimate with her.8It would be safe to say that she made me proud of be Negro, just by being herself.It would be safe to say that she made me proud of be Negro, just by being a black woman with such a noble personality.9I've been meaning to talk to her.I've been intending to talk to her.10They gave each other agegroup looks.They gave each other meaningful llis, looks that were exchanged among and understood by people of the same age group.11…but that it's all written.…but it's all written work, referring to her school work.12I hung back in the separate unasked and unanswereable questions.hang back ：hesitate 指胆小，怕羞而畏缩。
Lesson Eight How to Reduce Stress, Anxiety and Worry
Lesson Eight How to Reduce Stress, Anxiety and Worry参考译文如何减轻压力、焦虑和烦恼[1] 说起来可能令人惊讶，但生活中就是需要压力。
权威的压力问题专家说，生活没有压力便会单调乏味，缺少刺激。
压力会给生活增添色彩、挑战和机遇。
然而，过多的压力会严重地影响人的身心健康。
在当今充满压力的世界中，一个主要的挑战就是要使生活中的压力为人服务而非与人为难。
[2] 在当今繁忙、快节奏的世界里，压力总是伴随着我们。
精神或情感活动以及体力活动都可产生压力。
太多的情感压力导致身体生病，诸如高血压、溃疡病、哮喘、过敏性结肠炎、头痛，甚或心脏病。
而另一方面，由工作或运动引起的体力上的压力却很少导致诸如此类的疾病。
实际上，体育锻炼能帮助人放松，并处理精神或情感上的压力问题。
[3] 医学博士汉斯·赛利是这一领域的公认的专家，他把压力解释为一种“对身体某一需求的非特异性反应”。
减轻压力的关键是要明白我们的躯体如何对那些需求做出反应。
如果压力持续时间较长或特别是人沮丧，那会变得非常有害---引起痛苦或“严重的紧张感”。
如果能识别这种痛苦的初期征兆并对其采取措施，会使人的生活质量得到显著的改观。
[4] 为了从积极的方面利用压力，防止其变为痛苦，人们应该知道自己对造成压力的事情由什么样的反应。
人体对压力的反应是经过一定阶段的：（1）惊恐，（2）抵制，（3）疲乏。
肌肉紧张，血压和心律升高，肾上腺素及其他由血压引起的、增高戒备水平的激素便释放出来。
如果引起压力的情况继续下去的话，人体便需要时间来修复了。
如果那样的话，最后可能出现于压力有关的疾病，诸如周期性偏头痛、高血压、后背痛或失眠。
这就是为什么当压力出现时识别它并积极的对付它是重要的。
[5] 虽说人活着不可能完全没有压力和烦恼，但避免某些烦恼及在回避不了烦恼时尽量减少它的影响确实可能的。
美国社会保健及福利部建议用下列方法来克服压力。
第八课 Lesson Eight
8．布置作业
1）练习朗读本课音标及习题。
3．放课文第1部分录音，学生打开书，反复跟读三遍。指导学生做练习册习题1，当堂核对答案。
4．教师领读练习册习题2。注意引导学生区分[i:]和[i]这两个元音。
5．给学生一分钟时间，看课文第2部分图示，并用英语回答提问。当堂核对答案。
6．指导学生自己阅读复习要点中的说明和例句。如学生有疑问，教师可做必要的解释。
第八课LessonEight
第八课LessonEight
一、教学内容
1．词汇（略）。
2．语音：复习音标及字母组合[i:]e,ee,ea,i;[i]i;[+]a,e,o,er,o(u)r
3．语法：复习一般现在时的用法。
二、教具
录音机；音标卡片等。
三、课堂教学设计
1．复习值日生报告（参照上一课教案）。
2．教师出示音标卡片，复习[i:][i][+]等三个元音的读音，启发学生分别给出含有这三个元音的单词。教师可将这些单词书写在黑板上，用彩色粉笔写出读这些音的字母或字母组合。
英语初级听力lessoneight课件
Dialogue10 He serviced and cleaned the car and took the
family into the country for a picnic.
—Good evening, and how have you spent the day? —I serviced and cleaned the car till lunch time. —And what did you do after lunch? —I took the family into the country for a picnic.
Dialogue4 B
—I'm going to sit on this chair. —But you mustn't. —Why not? —Because it's broken.
Dialogue5 C
—Do you like roast chicken? —Yes. I love it. Thank you. —Do you prefer brown meat or white meat? —I really don't mind. Thank you.
Dialogue6 B
—Did you buy anything when you went to Paris? —Yes. I bought a briefcase. —What's it like? —It's a large, leather one.
Dialogue7 C
—Did you take a bus to the meeting place? —No. I went in Richard's car. —Did Susan go in Richard's car, too? —No. She took a taxi.
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cleavage 卵裂 The mitotic division of the zygote that occurs immediately after fertilization and produces a ball of smaller cells without an overall increase in size. mitotic 有丝分裂的 fertilization 授精 overall 全面的
organogenesis [生]器官发生 [生 The formation of organs. ovary (生物) 卵巢, (植物)子房 (生物 卵巢, (植物 生物) 植物) The female sex organs that produce haploid sexcells, the eggs or ova. ovum 卵, 卵子
gene amplification 基因扩增 A temporary dramatic increase in the numbers of a particular gene in a genome during one developmental period. genome [生]基因组 [生 dramatic 显著地, 生动的 显著地,
blastomere 分裂球：在早期胚胎发育时受精 分裂球： 卵分裂产生的 One of several small cells formed from an animal zygote during cleavage. form from 由...组成, 用...构成 ...组成, ...构成 zygote [生物] 受精卵 [生物] cleavage 卵裂
mesoderm 中胚层：中间胚芽层，位于外胚层 中胚层：中间胚芽层， 和内胚层之间，最终发育成结缔组织、 和内胚层之间，最终发育成结缔组织、肌 骨骼、 肉、骨骼、泌尿系统及循环系统 The middle layer of the three germ layers of triploblastic animal embryos. It develops into cartilage, bone, muscle, blood, kidneys, and gonads. triploblastic 三胚层的 cartilage 软骨 kidney 肾 gonad 性腺, 生殖腺 性腺,
metamorphosis 变态 The transformation from larval to adult form. transformation 变化, 转化 larval 幼虫的 变化, morphogenesis 形态发生：有机体或部分结构 形态发生： 的形成； 的形成；组织和器官在发展过程中的变异或 生长 The developmental processes leading to the characteristic mature form of an organism or part of an organism. developmental 发育的nimal Development Glossary acrosome reaction 顶体反应 That series of observable, structural changes undergone by a sperm when in the vicinity of an ovum in the oviduct. Specifically, many openings appear in the sperm head membrane,through which the contents of the acrosome appear to be released. observable显著的, observable显著的,看得见的 undergo 经历 sperm 精子 vicinity 附近 ovum 卵, 卵子 oviduct [解]输卵管 [解 specifically 特定的 opening 口子, 通路 口子, membrane 膜, 隔膜 appear 看来, 似乎 看来,
ectoderm 外胚层：胚胎最初三层胚层中的最外一 外胚层： 由此发育成为表皮、 层，由此发育成为表皮、神经组织和脊椎动物的感 觉器官 The outermost of the germ layers of metazoan embryos. It develops mainly into epidermal tissue, the nervous system, sense organs, and(in lower forms) the nephridia. germ layer 胚叶, 胚层 胚叶, metazoan 多细胞动物 epidermal 表皮的,外皮的 nephridia 肾管 表皮的,
primitive streak 原条 A longitudinal band of embryonic mesodermal cells that develops within a dorsal groove along the length of the gastrula of mammals and birds. embryonic 胚胎的 mesodermal 中胚层的 dorsal 背的 , 脊的 groove 凹槽 regeneration 再生, 重建 再生, The replacement by an organism of tissues or organs that have been lost. replacement 复位,替代 复位,
parthenogenesis 单性生殖，孤雌生殖：一种 单性生殖，孤雌生殖： 配子未经受精就能发育成新个体的生殖方 式。 Reproduction in which eggs develop normally without being fertilized by a male gamete,producing an individual usually genetically identical to the parent.
gastrula 原肠胚：一种囊胚之后的胚胎，含 原肠胚：一种囊胚之后的胚胎， 有中空、两层的外胚层和内胚层， 有中空、两层的外胚层和内胚层，包围着通 过胚孔跟外界交流的原肠 The stage in the development of animal embryos that follows the blastula and results from gastrulation. The cells of a gastrula are differentiated into the germ layers and the central cavity opens to the exterior by the blastopore. exterior 外部的, 表面的 外部的, blastopore 胚孔
differentiation 分化 The complex of changes involved in the progressive diversification of the structure and functioning of the cells of an organism. For a given line of cells, differentiation results in a continual restriction of the types of transcription that each cell can undertake. progressive 渐进的 diversification 变化, 多样化 变化, given 特定的, 假设的 特定的, result in 导致 continual 连续的, 频繁的 restriction 限制, 约束 连续的, 限制, transcription 转录 undertake 开始,采取 开始,
oviduct 输卵管 The tube (fallopian tube) that carries the primary oocyte to the uterus. fallopian tube 输卵管 oocyte 卵母细胞 uterus 子宫 ovum 卵, 卵子 An unfertilized non-motile female gamete. In nonmany animals it is produced in the ovary. ovary 卵巢, (植物)子房 卵巢, (植物)
endoderm 内胚层 The innermost of the germ layers of metazoan embryos. innermost 最里面的 fertilization 受精 The joining of haploid nuclei, usually from an egg and a sperm cell, resulting in a diploid cell called the zygote.
neurulation 神经胚形成 Developmental stage in an embryo during which the cells differentiate into the brain and spinal cord. differentiate 分化 spinal cord 脊髓 oogenesis 卵子发生 The specific name given to the gametogenesis process that leads to the formation of eggs. gametogenesis 配子形成
blastula 囊胚：分裂受精卵产生的早期胚胎 囊胚： 外形， 外形，由球形细胞层组成也作 blastosphere The stage of the early animal embryo that succeeds cleavage and precedes gastrulation. A blastula is usually made up of a hollow ball of cells, with a wall one to several cells thick;the central cavity is the blastocoel. embryo胚胎 embryo胚胎 precede 领先(于), 在...之前 领先( ...之前 gastrulation [医]原肠胚形成 [医 cavity 洞, [解剖]腔 [解剖] blastocoel [生物]囊胚腔 [生物]