小功率充电器的设计文献翻译
锂电池充电器论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献
中英文对照资料外文翻译文献The design of the lithium battery charger IntroductionLi-Ion rechargeable batteries are finding their way into many applications due to their size, weight and energy storage advantages.These batteries are already considered the preferred battery in portable computer applications, displacing NiMH and NiCad batteries, and cellular phones are quickly becoming the second major marketplace for Li-Ion. The reason is clear. Li-Ion batteries offer many advantages to the end consumer. In portable computers,Li-Ion battery packs offer longer run times over NiCad and NiMH packs for the same form factor and size, while reducing weight. The same advantages are true for cellular phones. A phone can be made smaller and lighter using Li-Ion batteries without sacrificing run time. As Li-Ion battery costs come down, even more applications will switch to this lighter and smaller technology. Market trends show a continual growth in all rechargeable battery types as consumers continue to demand the convenience of portability. Market data for 1997 shows that approximately 200 million cells of Li-Ion will be shipped, compared to 600 million cells of NiMH. However, it is important to note that three cells of NiMH are equivalent to one Li-Ion cell when packaged into a battery pack. Thus, the actual volume is very close to the same for both. 1997 also marked the first year Li-Ion was the battery type used in the majority of portable computers, displacing NiMH for the top spot. Data for the cellular market showed a shift to Li-Ion in the majority of phones sold in 1997 in Europe and Japan.Li-Ion batteries are an exciting battery technology that must be watched. To make sense of these new batteries, this design guide explains the fundamentals, the charging requirements and the circuits to meet these requirements.Along with more and more the emergence of the handheld electric appliances, to the high performance, baby size, weight need of the light battery charger also more Come more big.The battery is technical to progress to also request continuously to refresh the calculate way more complicatedly is fast with the realization, safety of refresh.Therefore need Want to carry on the more accurate supervision towards refreshing the process, to shorten to refresh time and attain the biggest battery capacity, and prevent°from the battery Bad.The A VR has already led the one step in the competition, is prove is perfect control chip of the next generation charger. The microprocessor of Atmel A VR is current and can provide Flash, EEPROM and 10 ADCses by single slice on the market Of 8 RISC microprocessors of the tallest effect.Because the saving machine of procedure is a Flash, therefore can need not elephant MASK ROM Similar, have a few software editions a few model numbers of stock.The Flash can carry on again to weave the distance before deliver goods, or in the PCB Stick after pack carry on weaving the distance through an ISP again, thus allow to carry on the software renewal in the last one minute.The EEPROM can used for conservancy mark certainly coefficient and the battery characteristic parameter, such as the conservancy refreshes record with the battery that raise the actual usage Capacity.10 A/ Ds conversion machine can provide the enough diagraph accuracy, making the capacity of the good empress even near to its biggest capacity. And other project for attaining this purpose, possible demand the ADC of the exterior, not only take up the space of PCB, but also raised the system Cost.The A VR is thus deluxe language but 8 microprocessors of the designs of unique needle object" C" currently.The AT90S4433 reference The design is with" C" to write, the elucidation carries on the software design's is what and simple with the deluxe language.Code of C this design is very Carry on adjust easily to suit current and future battery.But the ATtiny15 reference design then use edit collected materials the language to write of, with Acquire the biggest code density.An electric appliances of the modern consumption mainly uses as follows four kinds of batteries:1.Seal completely the sour battery of lead( SLA)2.The battery of NiCd3.The NiMHhydrogen battery( NiMH)4.Lithium battery( Li- Ion)At right choice battery and refresh the calculate way need to understand the background knowledge of these batteries. Seal completely the sour battery( SLA) of lead seals completely the sour battery of lead to mainly used for the more important situation of the cost ratio space and weights, such as the UPS and report to the police the backup battery of the system.The battery of SLA settles the electric voltage to carry on , assist limits to avoid with the electric current at refresh the process of early battery lead the heat.Want ～only the electricity .The pond unit electric voltage does not exceed the provision( the typical model is worth for the 2.2 Vs) of produce the company, the battery of SLA can refresh without limit.The battery of NiCd battery of NiCd use very widespread currently.Its advantage is an opposite cheapness, being easy to the usage;Weakness is from turn on electricity the rate higher.The battery of NiCd of the typical model can refresh 1,000 times.The expired mechanism mainly is a pole to turn over.The first in the battery pack drive over.The unit that all turn on electricity will take place the reversal.For prevent°froming damage the battery wrap, needing to supervise and control the electric voltage without a break.Once unit electric voltage Descend the 1.0 Vs must shut down.The battery of NiCd carries on refresh in settling the electric current by forever . The NiMH hydrogen battery( NiMH) holds to shoot the elephant machine 26 such as the cellular phone, hand in the hand that the importance measure hold equipments, the etc. NiMHhydrogen battery is an usage the most wide.This kind of battery permit.The quantity is bigger than NiCd's.Because lead to refresh and will result in battery of NiMH lose efficacy, carry on measuring by the square in refresh process with.Stop is count for much in fit time.Similar to battery of NiCd, the pole turn over the battery also will damage.Battery of NiMH of from turn on electricity the rate and is probably 20%/ month.Similar to battery of NiCd, the battery of NiMH also settles the electric current to refresh .Other batteries says compare in lithium battery( Li- Ion) and this texts, the lithium battery has the tallest energy/ weight to compare to compare with energy/ physical volume.Lithium battery Settle the electric voltage to carry on refresh with , want to have the electric current restrict to lead the heat in the early battery of refresh the process by avoid at the same time.When refresh the electric current.Descend to produce the minimum electric current of the enactment of company will stop refresh.Leading to refresh will result in battery damage, even exploding.The safety of the battery refreshes the fast charge machine( namely battery can at small be filled with the electricity in 3 hours, is usually a hour) demand of the modern.Can to the unit electric voltage, refresh the electric current and the battery temperatures to carry on to measure by the square, avoid at the time of being filled with the electricity because of leading to refresh.Result in damage.Refresh the method SLA battery and lithium batteries refreshes the method to settle the electric voltage method to want to limit to flow for the ever ; The battery of NiCd and battery of NiMHs refresh the method.Settle the electric current method for the ever , and have severals to stop the judgment method for refresh differently.Biggest refresh the electric current biggest refresh the electric current to have relation with battery capacity( C).Biggest usually refresh the electric current to mean with the number of the battery capacity.For example,The capacity of the battery for 750 mAhs, refresh the electric current as 750 mAs, then refresh the electric current as 1 C(1 times battery capacity).If the electric current to flow refresh is a C/40, then refreshing the electric current for the battery capacity in addition to with 40.Lead the hot battery refresh is the process that the electric power delivers the battery.Energy by chemical reaction conservancy come down.But is not all.The electric powers all convert for the sake of the chemistry in the battery ability.Some electric power conversions became the thermal energy, having the function of the heating to the battery.When electricity.After pond be filled with, if continue to refresh, then all electric powers conversion is the thermal energy of the battery.At fast charge this will make the battery.Heat quickly, if the hour of can not compare with stop refresh and then will result in battery damage.Therefore, while design the battery charger, to the temperature.It is count for much that carry on the supervision combine to stop refresh in time.The discretion method battery stopped refresh of different and applied situation and work environment limitted to the choice of the method that the judgment stop refresh.The sometimes temperature allow of no.Measure easily, but can measure electric voltage, or is other circumstances.This text takes the electric voltage variety rate(- dV/ dt) as the basic judgment to stop.The method for refresh, but with the temperature and absolute electric voltage be worth for assistance and backup.But the hardware support that this text describe speaks as follows.The method of the havings of say.Time of t –this method that is the decision when stop refresh most in ually used for spare project of the hour of fast charge.Sometimes also be .Refresh(14- 16 Hour) basic project of the method.Be applicable to various battery.Stop refresh when the electric voltage of V – be the electric voltage to outrun the upper ually with the forever settle the electric current refreshes the match usage.The biggest electric current is decide by the battery, usually For the 1 C.For prevent froming refresh the electric current leads to causes battery lead greatly hot, the restrict of the electric current at this time very key.This method Is a lithium battery basic to refresh and stop project. The actual lithium battery charger usually still continues into after attain biggest electric voltage Go the second stage refresh, to attain 100% battery capacity.For battery of NiCd and battery of NiMHs are originally method can Be the spare judgment stops refreshing the project.The method exploitation that this judgment of the dV/ dt – electric voltage variety rate stops refresh negative electric voltage variety rate.For the battery of some types, be the battery to be filled with the subsequence Refreshing continuously will cause electric voltage descend. At this time this project was very fit.This method usually useds for the ever to settle the electric current to refresh, Be applicable to to the fast charge of the battery of NiCd and battery of NiMH. The electric current of I – is to refresh the electric current small in a certain the number that set in advance stop refresh. Usually used for the ever to settle the electric voltage to refresh the method.Be applicable to the SLA Battery and lithium battery.The T –temperature absolute zero can be the basis that battery of NiCd and battery of NiMHs stop refresh, but even suited for to be the backup project.Any battery for temperature to outrun initial value have to stop refresh.The basis that the dT/ dt – temperature rising velocity fast charge variety rate of the temperature of hour can be to stop refresh.Please consult the norm that the battery produces the company( battery of NiCdOf typical model be worth for the 1 oC/ min) the – be applicable to the battery of NiCd and battery of NiMHs.Need to stop refresh when the DT – outrun the temperature value of the environment temperature to be the bad battery temperature and the environment temperature to exceed the certain threshold.This method can be the battery of NiCd and The project that battery of SLA stops refresh.While refreshing in the cold environment this method compares the absolute zero to judge the method better.Because most systems usually only have a temperature to stretch forward, have to will refresh the previous temperature to be the environment temperature.DV/ dt=0 –s zero electric voltages differ this method with- the method of dV/ dt is very and similar, and more accurate under the condition that electric voltage will not go up again. Be applicable to the NiCd Battery and battery of NiMH.This reference design completely carried out the battery charger design of latest technique, can carry on to various popular battery type quicklyRefresh but need not to modify the hardware soon, a hardware terrace carries out a charger product line of integrity.Need only Want to will refresh the calculate way to pass lately the ISP downloads the processor of FLASH saving machine can get the new model number.However, this kind of method can shorten time that new product appear on market consumedly, and need a kind of hardware of stock only.This design provide The in keeping with SLA, NiCd, NiMH of the integrity and the database function of the battery of Li- Ion.锂电池充电器的设计介绍:根据其尺寸，重量和能量储存优点，锂- 离子可再充电电池正在被用于许多的应用领域。
TEA19361T中文
注1：本资料中的burst mode可以理解为突发工作模式，或是跳周期模式，间歇工作模式，翻译中基本用突发工作模式代替注2：本资料中的Green mode可以理解为节能模式注3：本资料中的Brown in/out 可以理解为AC输入过压/失压欠压1 通用描述TEA19361T是NXP GreenChip系列开关电源芯片家族中的一员。
它是为反激式电源而设计，可以用来作为独立式的电源转换器，或是与USB PD或是智能充电器控制IC（如TEA190x 系列）一起使用。
其内置的节能功能可在所有功率等级范围内都能实现很高的电源转换效率。
TEA19361T是可以实现很宽的输出范围，如5V到20V的恒压(CV)模式应用。
当采用二次侧控制IC时，如TEA190x系列，它同样也支持恒流(CC)模式，并低至于3V的输出电压。
在较高功率输出时，反激变换器工作于准振荡(QR)模式。
在低功率场合，控制器转变为频率降低的DCM模式。
此时峰值电流被限制在一个最小的水平。
在所有工作模式中，都是采用谷底开关工作。
在极轻负载输出时，控制器采用突发工作模式来调节输出功率。
由于集成了一种特殊的光耦电流降低调节技术，这样可以让平均光耦电流在所有工作模式下都能维持一个最小的值。
这个降低的调节机制可以保证在轻载时实现极高的效率，并提供优异的空载性能。
因为在突发工作模式，开关频率绝对不会超过fsw(min)，并且突发重复频率也被控制到一个低的水平，因此可以避免可闻噪声产生。
在突发模式中没有开关状态的时间段里，IC内部的供电电流减小这样可进一步进行效率优化。
TEA19361是基于高压绝缘硅晶片（SOI）制程。
SOI制程集合了低压工艺的优点（准确度，快速实现保护，多种功能，易于控制），同样，它也保留了高压制程的特点（如高压启动，低待机功耗，输入交流电压过欠压功能检测）。
TEA19361T能够实现低成本，高效率的可靠性电源设计，通过最少的外部元件即可以实现高达75W的电源设计。
小功率反激式开关电源设计毕业论文
小功率反激式开关电源设计作者姓名：学号：指导教师：摘要小功率反激式开关电源以其设计简单，体积小巧等优势，广泛应用于小功率场合。
开关电源以其小型、轻量和高效率的特点，被广泛地应用于各种电气设备和系统中，其性能的优劣直接关系到整个系统功能的实现。
开关稳压电源有多种类型，其中单端反激式开关电源由于具有线路简单，所需要的元器件少，能够提供多路隔离输出等优点而广泛应用于小功率电源领域。
传统的反激式开关电源一般由PWM控制芯片和功率开关管(频率较高时一般使用MOSFET)组成，PWM芯片控制环路设计复杂，容易造成系统工作不稳定，功率开关管有时需要外加驱动电路。
高效率与小型化在一定程度上是互相限制的，因为实现高效率会要求电路有相当的复杂度，大量的器件对小型化十分不利。
在开关电源设计初期，采用的都是分立元件，集成度很低，大部分电路只能在PCB版上实现，极大的限制了小型化实现的可能。
而且大量器件暴露在外，也影响了系统的稳定性。
采用近年来，为了实现更高的效率和更小的体积，开关电源的工作频率有了很大的提高。
高工作频率能够减小外围电感和电容的大小，从而减少系统的体积。
另外，反激变压器的设计也是一个难点，其往往导致电源设计周期延长。
随着NXP公司生产的以OB2268芯片为代表的新一代单片开关电源的问世，以上诸多问题都得到了很好的解决。
应用OB2268设计开关电源，不仅器件更少，结构更简单，发热量更少，工作更可靠，采用该系列芯片已成为一种高效的反激式开关电源设计方案。
关键词:反激式变换器高频变压器开关电源 PWM控制AbstractLow power flyback switching power supply with its simple design, small size and other advantages, is widely used in small power applications. Switching power supply with its features of small, light weight and high efficiency, is widely used in various electrical equipment and systems, its performance is directly related to the realization of the function of the whole system. There are many types of switching power supply, wherein the single end flyback switching power supply with simple circuit, fewer components needed, can provide multiple isolated output has been widely used in small power field.Flyback switching power supply generally by the traditional PWM control chip and a power switch (generally use MOSFET high frequency) components, PWM chip control loop design of complex, easy to cause the system is not stable, tube sometimes need external driving circuit of power switch. High efficiency and miniaturization is limited to each other in a certain extent, because to achieve high efficiency would require circuit has considerable complexity, a large number of devices is very harmful to the miniaturization. Early in the design of switching power supply, are using discrete components, low integration degree, most of the circuit can only be achieved in the PCB version, greatly limit the miniaturization possible. And the number of device is exposed outside, also affects the stability of the system. Adopted in recent years, in order to achieve higher efficiency and smaller size, the operating frequency of the switching power supply has been greatly improved. High frequency can reduce the size of the external inductance and capacitance, thereby reducing the volume of the system.In addition, but also a difficult design of the flyback transformer, which often leads to power supply design cycles. Along with the NXP produced by the OB2268 chip as the representative of a new generation of single chip switching power supply was published, the problems are solved. Application of OB2268 switching power supply design, not only fewer devices, the structure is more simple, lessheat, the work is more reliable, the series of chips have become a high efficiency flyback switching power supply design.Key words: flyback converter high frequency transformer of switch power supply PWM control目录绪论 (1)第1章方案论证 (3)1.1 变压器设计选择 (4)1.2 电流模式PWM控制器选择 (6)1.3 光敏开关的选择 (9)第2章硬件电路的设计 (11)2.1电流模式芯片OB2268简介 (11)2.2 整流电路及桥路电路设计 (14)整流电路设计 (14)桥路电路设计 (15)2.3 电流模式控制电路设计 (16)2.4 采样电路设计 (18)2.5 电源保护电路设计 (21)2.6 闭环反馈回路设计 (23)第3章硬件设计 (26)3.1 数据采集设计 (26)第4章系统硬件调试 (30)4.1 调试工具简介 (30)4.2 系统硬件联调 (30)第5章结论 (31)5.1 社会经济效益分析 (31)5.2 收获与体会 (31)结束语 (33)致谢 (34)参考文献 (35)附录1 电路图 (45)绪论开关电源的前身是线性稳压电源。
IEC62133-2012 中文翻译版
含碱性或其它非酸性电解质的二次电芯和电池（组）便携式密封二次单体电芯，由电芯组成的电池（组）以及应用于便携式设备的安全要求1、范围本国际标准规定了含碱性或其它非酸性电解质的便携式密封二次电芯和电池（组）（不包括纽扣型电池），在预期使用和可预见性滥用情况下的安全性能要求和测试方法2、引用标准本标准内容引用了下列文件或其中的条款，且在运用中是不可或缺的。
对标明日期的参考文献，使用指定的版本。
对未标明日期的参考文献，采用其最新版本（涵盖任何修订）。
IEC60050-482，国际电工术语——第482章：原单体电池和电池（组）以及二次单体电池和电池（组）IEC61951-1，含碱性或其它非酸性电解质的二次电芯和电池（组）——便携式密封可充电式单体电芯——第1部分：镍镉电池IEC61951-2，含碱性或其它非酸性电解质的二次电芯和电池（组）——便携式密封可充电式单体电芯——第2部分：镍氢电池IEC61960，含碱性或其它非酸性电解液的二次电芯和电池（组）——应用于便携式二次锂电芯和电池（组）ISO/IEC指南51，安全反面--标准中涉及到相关方面的应用指南3、术语定义IEC60050-482和ISO/IEC指南51中包含术语以及下列定义适用于本标准。
3.1 安全免于不可接受的风险3.2 风险伤害和伤害严重性的发生概率集合3.3伤害身体受伤或对人健康的损害或对财产的损失或对环境的破坏3.4 危险性伤害的潜在根源3.5 预定用途和供应商提供的说明书、操作指南信息一致的产品的使用、处理和服务3.6 合理可预计的滥用产品的使用、处理和服务虽不符合供应商提供的使用要求，但他它将产生的结果可根据人的行为估计3.7 二次单体电池通过直接转换化学能提供电能的基本单元，它可以包括电极、隔膜、电解液、壳体和端子，并被设计为可以对其充电3.8 二次电池组二次单体电池的组装体，电压、尺寸、端子排列形式、容量和额定容量为其电性能特征的电能源3.9漏液可见的液体电解质流失3.10 排气为防止破裂或爆炸，设计一种方法来释放电池内部过大的压力3.11 破裂由于内部或外部原因造成单体电池壳体或电池组壳体破裂。
MAX1873数据手册的中文翻译
简单的限流开关模式Li +电池充电控制器--------------------------------------------------------------------------概述低成本的MAX1873R/S/T提供所有功能需要对高达4A或以上的2 - ，3 - 或4 - 系列的锂离子电池进行简单而有效的充电。
它提供调节充电电流和电压，少于±0.75％时，总电压在电池端出现错误。
在降压的DC - DC配置下，外部P沟道MOSFET有效地为电池充电，这是低成本的设计。
MAX1873R/S/T使用两个控制回路调节电池电压和充电电流，一起工作的两个控制回路在电压和电流调节之间顺利转换。
一个额外的控制回路限制电流来自输入端，可以使AC适配器尺寸和成本最小化。
模拟电压还提供其输出正比于充电电流，以便ADC或微控制器可以监控充电电流。
在多化学充电器设计时，MAX1873也可能被用来作一个有效的有限电流源对镍镉或镍氢电池充电。
MAX1873R/S/T采用节省空间的16引脚QSOP封装是可用的。
使用评估板（MAX1873EVKIT），可以帮助减少设计时间。
--------------------------------------------------------------------------应用笔记本电脑便携式网络片2 - ，3 - ，或4节锂离子电池充电器6 - ，9 – 10节镍电池充电器手持式仪表便携式桌面助理（PDA）台式插座充电器引脚配置在数据资料的最后。
--------------------------------------------------------------------------特征•低成本和简单电路•可对2 - ，3 - ，或4节串联锂离子电池充电•AC适配器输入电流限制回路•还可对以镍为主的电池充电•模拟输出监视充电电流•± 0.75％的电池调节电压•5μA关断电池电流•输入电压高达28V•200mV的压差电压/100％占空比•可调充电电流•为300kHz的PWM振荡器降低了噪音•采用节省空间的16引脚QSOP•采用MAX1873评估板以加快设计----------------------------------------------------------------------订购信息部分温度 .范围 PIN的封装MAX1873REEE -40 °C至85 °C 16 QSOPMAX1873SEEE-40 °C至85 °C16 QSOPMAX1873TEEE-40 °C至85 °C16 QSOP------------------------------------------------------------------典型工作电路极限值CSSP，CSSN，DCIN接GND ·······················- 0.3V至30V VL，ICHG / EN接GND ························- 0.3V至6V VH，EXT接DCIN ····························- 6V至0.3V VH，EXT接GND ·······················( V DCIN 0.3V） - 0.3V EXT接VH ······························6V至- 0.3V DCIN接VL······························30V至- 0.3V VADJ，REF，CCI，CCV，CCS， IOUT接GND··············- 0.3V至（VL 0.3V）BATT，CSB接GND···························- 0.3V至20V CSSP接CSSN·····························- 0.3V至0.6V CSB接BATT·····························- 0.3V至0.6V VL源电流··································+50mA VH反向电流································+40mA 连续功耗（TA=70℃）16引脚QSOP封装（在70° C以上，功率衰减8.3mW/° C···········+667mW 工作温度范围MAX1873_EEE·····················-40°C至+85°C 结点温度································+150 °C 存储温度范围··························-65°C至+150°C 引线温度（焊接，10S)···························300°C 超出“绝对最大额定值”中所列的压力可能会造成设备的永久性损坏。
毕业设计电动车电池参考文献英文
IntroductionElectric vehicles (EVs) have gained significant attention in recent years due to their potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and dependence on fossil fuels. The battery is a crucial component of an electric vehicle, as it provides the energy required for propulsion. A well-designed and efficient battery system is essential for the success of an EV.This research paper aims to explore the various aspects of electric vehicle batteries for a graduation project on electric vehicle battery design. The paper discusses the different types of batteries used in electric vehicles, their characteristics, advantages, and challenges. Additionally, it touches upon the battery management system, charging infrastructure, and future advancements in electric vehicle batteries.Types of Electric Vehicle Batteries1.Lithium-ion Batteries: Lithium-ion batteries are the mostcommonly used batteries in electric vehicles due to their highenergy density, long cycle life, and lightweight characteristics.They provide a good balance between performance, cost, and safety.A comprehensive investigation of the structure, working principle,and limitations of lithium-ion batteries is essential fordesigning an optimized battery system.2.Nickel-Metal Hydride (Ni-MH) Batteries: Ni-MH batteries werewidely used in electric vehicles before the emergence of lithium-ion batteries. They offer a relatively lower energy density thanlithium-ion batteries but have better thermal stability, whichensures safer operation. A comparative analysis between lithium-ion and Ni-MH batteries can aid in choosing the appropriatebattery for the design project.3.Solid-State Batteries: Solid-state batteries are a promisingalternative to traditional lithium-ion batteries. They utilizesolid electrolytes instead of liquid electrolytes, providinghigher energy density, improved safety, and faster chargingcapabilities. Although still under development, solid-statebatteries hold great potential for the future of electric vehicles.Battery Management System (BMS)The Battery Management System (BMS) is responsible for monitoring and controlling the battery’s performance, safety, and lifespan. A well-designed BMS ensures the optimal operation of the battery system, preventing overcharging, undercharging, and excessive discharge. It provides accurate state-of-charge (SOC) and state-of-health (SOH) estimations, which are crucial for maximizing the battery’s efficiency.The BMS consists of various components, including sensors, control algorithms, and battery balancing circuits. In-depth research on BMS architecture, functionality, and control strategies is necessary to design an effective battery management system for the electric vehicle.Charging InfrastructureThe availability of a robust charging infrastructure is essential for widespread adoption and convenience of electric vehicles. The research project should explore the different types of charging stations, including:1.Level 1 Charging: Level 1 charging refers to standard householdoutlets (120V), which provide a slow charging rate but are widely accessible.2.Level 2 Charging: Level 2 charging utilizes dedicated chargingstations (240V). It offers a faster charging rate compared toLevel 1 and is commonly found in residential areas, workplaces,and public charging stations.3.DC Fast Charging: DC Fast Charging, also known as Level 3charging, provides rapid charging capabilities by directlydelivering DC power to the vehicle’s battery. These chargingstations are typically located along highways and major routes.The paper should discuss the importance of a well-established charging infrastructure and address potential challenges and solutions to the deployment of charging stations.Future AdvancementsThe field of electric vehicle batteries is continuously evolving, with ongoing research and advancements. It is crucial for the researchproject to explore future developments, such as:1.Advanced Lithium-ion Batteries: Researchers are constantlyworking on improving the energy density, charging speed, andsafety of lithium-ion batteries. Advancements in materials,electrode designs, and electrolytes are expected to result in more efficient and long-lasting batteries.2.Solid-State Batteries: As mentioned earlier, solid-statebatteries hold immense potential for the future of electricvehicles. The research should discuss the current challenges faced in commercializing solid-state batteries and potentialbreakthroughs that can lead to their widespread adoption.3.Beyond Lithium-ion: Besides solid-state batteries, alternativebattery chemistries like lithium-sulfur (Li-S) and lithium-air(Li-Air) batteries are being explored for their high energydensities. Understanding these emerging battery technologies canpave the way for future advancements in EV batteries.ConclusionDesigning an efficient and reliable battery system is crucial for the success of an electric vehicle. This research paper provides a comprehensive and detailed analysis of different types of electric vehicle batteries, their characteristics, and the importance of a well-designed battery management system and charging infrastructure. Furthermore, it explores future advancements in electric vehicle battery technologies. By understanding these aspects, the research project can aim to design an optimized electric vehicle battery system that contributes to a sustainable and greener transportation future.Note: The content provided above is a suggested structure for the research paper related to the topic of “Graduation Project - Electric Vehicle Battery”. Please add relevan t and specific details from appropriate academic references to complete the paper.。
电动汽车充电桩设计外文文献翻译最新译文
文献出处Hawkins S. The design of the electric vehicle charging pile [J]. SAE International Journal of Alternative Powertrains, 2015，5（3）: 213-221.原文The design of the electric vehicle charging pileAbstractIn the world's oil resources shortage and the grim situation of global warming, the construction of low carbon vehicles will become the auto industry a new development direction. Current research of electric vehicles around the world has entered the white-hot. People try to make it become a mainstream in the 21st century the development of the automobile. Electric vehicle charging infrastructure is an important part of the electric car industry chain can not be ignored in, at the same time of developing electric vehicle industry also should fully take into account the development of the charging infrastructure, so the design of electric vehicle charging pile and its control method of study is very necessary.Keywords: Electric vehicle charging pile; Equilibrium control; The human-computer interaction1 IntroductionCountries in the world to promote energy conservation and environmental protection, of which the word "low carbon" everyone not unfamiliar, carbon emissions in today's car is bigger, the industry also gradually focus on low carbon field. The auto industry's carbon emission is higher and higher. To be raising industry development and the balance of environmental emissions, the automobile industry faced with the transformation of development. In the world's oil resources shortage and the serious situation of global warming, the global auto industry uniform standards will reference to carbon emissions standards, leading the global auto industry development better. Electric cars compared to traditional petrol powered cars, in terms of environmental protection and energy saving shows the outstanding advantages. The electric car has many advantages, such as less pollution emissions, high efficiency, low noise, low running cost, etc., it has these advantages in reducing air pollution and energy shortage is of great significance.2 Electric vehicle charging infrastructureThe key technologies of electric vehicle (EV) mainly includes: power battery and charging infrastructure as the core of energy systems:Drive motor and drive system as the core of the power system. In a coordinated control system, ensure the vehicle safe, efficient and comfortable operation as the core of the vehicle control system. For carbon reduction and environmental protection of electric vehicles, charging device is indispensable. Its function is to turn within the electricity to the electric vehicle battery power grid, to power electric vehicles.Charging infrastructure is mainly charging and charging pile. Charging stations within, usually equipped with a number of fast charging plugs and a few slow charging pile. Two kinds of charging infrastructure each have advantages and disadvantages, need to choose according to actual species suitable for local facilities. Given priority to with quick charge mode of charging station a short charging time is charging the advantages of high efficiency. At a high speed along the service area, selection of large charging stations and other places of power is to be able to produce 600 V / 300 A charging pile. Usually consider including the use of environmental factors, such as charging pile only in produce high voltage and large current, and power is larger (100 kw), to ensure that the electric car charging efficiency, the technology of charging methods and security put forward higher requirements. So charging stations than charging pile construction and management of cost is much higher, the size should be and petrol stations. Now automotive battery technology remains to be development, rapid charging pattern can cause greater damage to the battery. The expert thinks, quick charge mode is equivalent to in a relatively short period of time forced "into" power to the battery, after several quick charge battery, its life will be greatly reduced. In addition it is important to note that large-scale electric vehicle charging demand just rely on the charging station is fulfilled, and charging stations will be occupied land area, will produce a lot of management costs. Therefore, charging station is only applicable to charge for a small amount of public transport services. Charging pile covers an area of a few, the cost is very low, very suitable for the supermarket in the city, parking lots, construction of residential area of denseparking of vehicles, such as the area. And more importantly, charging pile mainly slow filling pattern, due to the need of the small current, thus to ensure the safety of its performance, and of great benefit to extend the service life of the battery. But the disadvantage of this schema also clear, have emergency operation requirements in the car, the charging is not implemented in time. Such as providing 220 V / 16 A home charging pile of ac power, the charger is small volume and simple operation of car charger. The charging pile is mainly provide service charge for private cars, the power is about 3 ~ 5 kw, charging time need 5 ~ 10 hours.3 Present situation of charging systemIn recent years from two level of products and technologies, charging system has made good progress: charging products with the development of control technology, artificial intelligence and other advanced technology, get rid of the simple, the direction of multi-function, safer intelligent. The field bus technology, such as development, RS485, LIN bus makes the monitoring system of the diversification of means of communication, high speed and security. French multi-purpose nuclear and hydroelectric power, the power generation capacity is enough, according to statistics, three-quarters of the total electricity from nuclear power plants in France, one 6 from hydropower station, and its power supply clean, cheap electricity, automobile industry developed, so it is the world's one of the first countries to develop and promote the electric car. The French government collaborative EDF (EDF) Company, company, Renault and PSA (Renault) motors, and other cooperation, developing electric cars. In LaRocheHe investment produces small four 50 vehicles, electric vehicles and built 12 (including 3 fast and nine common) charging stations, has been put into use and tested more than 2 years. Japan's new energy vehicles has been in the world leading level, the Tokyo electric power company has announced that it successfully developed large quick charger, the charger has greatly shortened the time, the Japanese electric car popularization provides the possibility of a larger. Charging pile design and control of the construction of the charging infrastructure, as early as the First Solar companies in the United States built 5 in California highway fast charging pile, can under the condition of 240 v / 240A, 3.5 hours to complete the charging of electricvehicles.4 Charging pile of functional requirementsWith electric passenger cars promote gradually, people to its corresponding charging infrastructure also gave high attention. If the charging station, charging pile, can carry on the security and intelligence to the electric vehicle charging, so the popularity of electric cars, progress will be accelerated. In order to realize intelligent charging pile in the management and application, you need to understand the function of charging pile demand. Electric vehicle charging piles need to have the following several main functions: to guarantee the normal work of the system, monitoring and protection measures necessary, charging posts must have electrical protection device, when the system failure occurs, the system of charging power supply is cut off quickly, within the stipulated time to ensure the personal safety of users. Charging pile must be reliable operation, charging pile equipment adopts modular structure; local fault cannot threaten the normal operation of the whole system, charging pile must also be able to parallel processing more than one event. All logins, control, exit the important operations, such as charging pile should have corresponding records, but also allows to query and statistic of operating records, charging pile have ensure data and system security protection of information is not theft and destruction. Charging pile should use the graphical interface in Chinese, the user according to the screen display can realize self-help charging; provide convenience for people intuitively clear charging operation. Users can query on charging pile to the charging time, place, and the historical data of the basic information such as rechargeable battery, charging pile should also install with embedded printers, convenient charging print statements. Charging pile should be according to the electricity information deriving from watt-hour meter, and calculate the user charge the amount spent, and can save data backup, convenient send to background monitoring system. Charging pile system should be able to practice the trapezoidal pricing mechanism.5 The integral design of charging pile systemThe electric car is ac charging pile used in ac, dc power supply, ac working voltage is 220 v or 380 v, can according to different types of electric vehicles, adoptsthe corresponding charging voltage grade, ordinary pure electric car charging pile to charge need 4 ~ 5 hours. The input voltage of dc charging pile using three phase four wire AC380V, frequency 50HZ can provide enough power, and the output of adjustable dc, therefore can meet the requirement of quick charge. Electric vehicle charging pile, concentrator, battery management system, charging management platform, such as complementary to each other, constitute the charging system. Battery management system (BMS) real-time information interaction with charging posts controller, the purpose is to monitor the battery voltage, current and temperature state parameters, forecast capacity (SOC) of batteries, batteries in to avoid bad phenomenon (over discharge, overcharge, overheating and battery voltage imbalance between monomer), it can maximize battery storage capacity and cycle life of assurance. The service management platform is mainly to the electric car battery charge information, IC and piles these data for centralized management of information. In general, the service management platform is important function for charging management and operation, as well as integrated query. To intuitively clear communication with the customers, charging pile has important information can be shown on LCD display convenient man-machine interaction. Electric vehicle charging, the screen will display the charging time, charging power, the main information such as the amount payable.Charging, the battery charging or owe electricity will damage to the battery inside, accelerate cell aging, will affect battery performance. According to the analysis, the inappropriate way of charging is the main cause of battery life cut short. Therefore, how to guarantee quickly and does not affect the battery life, has become an important research topic in recent years. Charging mode choice determines the length of the battery life, among them, the constant current, constant voltage charging and charging in stages of these methods is a common way of charging. Is the advantage of constant current charging control method is simple, but by the law of mass we know: rechargeable batteries can accept current capacity with the charging process is a trend of gradual decline. Late to charge, the charging current is much used for electrolysis of water, can produce gas, so that to get nothing. Constant voltage charging way earlyin the process of charging current is too large, the impact on battery life is great, and constant voltage charging mode battery plate bending easily, causing the battery scrap. Phase charging method is actually a constant current, constant voltage charging the method of combining more commonly used phase charging method includes two stages and three phase charging method.译文电动汽车充电桩的设计摘要在世界石油资源短缺和全球气候变暖的严峻形势下，建设低碳汽车将成为汽车产业一种新的发展方向。
基于UC3843控制的充电器电路设计
本科毕业设计(论文) 中文题目：基于UC3843控制的充电器电路设计英文题目：THE CHARGER CIRCUIT DESIGN BASED ON UC3843 CONTROL院系：专业：姓名：学号：指导教师：完成时间：摘要最近几年，随着电子产品的大量推入市场，可充电电池的性能在某些方面有所提高。
只有正确的维护好电池的特性，才能充分发挥充电电池的优势。
而且能为充电电池充电的电源有许多种。
本课题是设计基于UC3843构成的80W充电器，主要由开关电源电路、EMI 抑制电路、反激式直流转换电路、输出整流滤波与隔离电路和电池电压状态显示电路等组成，能达到的技术性能如下：输入电压为90~264V，输出电压为44V/1.82A，具有恒压恒流特性，同时具有体积小、转换效率高等优点。
关键词:充电器单片机开关电源ABSTRACTIn recent years, along with the large electronic products into the market, the rechargeable battery performance in some areas of improvement.Only the correct maintenance of the characteristics of the battery, in order to give full play to the advantages of charging battery.But also for charging a rechargeable battery power source has many kinds.This topic is based on UC3843 80W charger, mainly by Switch power supply circuit,the EMI suppression circuit, flyback DC conversion circuit, an output rectifier filter and isolation circuit and battery voltage state display circuit, can meet the technical performance are as follows: the input voltage 90~264V, output voltage 44V/1.82A, with constant voltage and current characteristics, at the same time has small volume, high conversion efficiency.KEYWORDS: Charger Single-chip Switch power supply目录1 绪论 (5)1.1 课题背景及意义 (5)1.1.1 充电器概念和国内发展现状 (5)1.1.2 充电器的特点 (5)1.1.3 充电器模式选择 (6)1.2 充电器的发展趋势 (6)1.3 课题研究的目的和意义 (7)1.3.1 课题研究的目的 (7)1.3.2课题研究的意义 (8)2 充电器的概述 (9)2.1 充电电池的特性 (9)2.2 开关电源 (10)3 充电器的总体设计 (12)3.1 充电器实现的功能及技术指标 (12)3.2 充电器控制电路设计 (12)3.3 硬件电路的设计 (13)3.3.1 电源电路 (13)3.3.2 输出电压电流检测控制电路 (22)3.3.3 输出整流滤波与隔离电路的设计 (28)3.3.4 电池电压状态显示电路 (32)3.3.5 总体电路的设计及工作原理 (33)4 总结 (35)5 技术经济分析报告 (36)致谢 (38)参考文献 (39)1 绪论1.1 课题背景及意义1.1.1 充电器概念和国内发展现状充电器通常指的是一种将交流电转换为低压直流电的设备。
光伏发电系统外文翻译文献
文献信息：文献标题：A New Controller Scheme for Photovoltaics Power Generation Systems（光伏发电系统的一种新的控制方案）国外作者：Tamer T.N.Khatib，Azah Mohamed，Nowshad Amin文献出处：《European Journal of Scientific Research》,2009，Vol.33 No.3, pp515-524字数统计：英文1337单词，7006字符；中文2149汉字外文文献：A New Controller Scheme for Photovoltaics PowerGeneration SystemsAbstract:This paper presents a new controller scheme for photovoltaic (PV) power generation systems. The proposed PV controller scheme controls both the boost converter and the battery charger by using a microcontroller in order to extract maximum power from the PV array and control the charging process of the battery. The objective of the paper is to present a cost effective boost converter design and an improved maximum power point tracking algorithm for the PV system. A MATLAB based simulation model of the proposed standalone PV system has been developed to evaluate the feasibility of the system in ensuring maximum power point operation.1.IntroductionRecently, the installation of PV generation systems is rapidly growing due to concerns related to environment, global warming, energy security, technology improvements and decreasing costs. PV generation system is considered as a clean and environmentally-friendly source of energy. The main applications of PV systems are in either standalone or grid connected configurations. Standalone PV generationsystems are attractive as indispensable electricity source for remote areas. However, PV generation systems have two major problems which are related to low conversion efficiency of about 9 to 12 % especially in low irradiation conditions and the amount of electric power generated by PV arrays varies continuously with weather conditions. Therefore, many research works are done to increase the efficiency of the energy produced from the PV arrays.The solar cell V-I characteristics is nonlinear and varies with irradiation and temperature. But there is a unique point on the V-I and P-V curves, called as the maximum power point (MPP), at which at this point the PV system is said to operate with maximum efficiency and produces its maximum power output. The location of the MPP is not known but can be traced by either through calculation models or search algorithms. Thus, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques are needed to maintain the PV array’s operating point at its MPP. Many MPPT techniques have been proposed in the literature in which the techniques vary in many aspects, including simplicity, convergence speed, hardware implementation and range of effectiveness. However, the most widely used MPPT technique is the perturbation and observation (P&O) method. This paper presents a simple MPPT algorithm which can be easily implemented and adopted for low cost PV applications. The objective of this paper is to design a novel PV controller scheme with improved MPPT method.The proposed standalone PV controller implementation takes into account mathematical model of each component as well as actual component specification. The dc–dc or boost converter is the front-end component connected between the PV array and the load. The conventional boost converter may cause serious reverse recovery problem and increase the rating of all devices. As a result, the conversion efficiency is degraded and the electromagnetic interference problem becomes severe under this situation. To increase the conversion efficiency, many modified step-up converter topologies have been investigated by several researchers. V oltage clamped techniques have been incorporated in the converter design to overcome the severe reverse-recovery problem of the output diodes. In this paper, focus is also given in the boost converter design. Another important component in the standalone PV systemsis the charge controller which is used to save the battery from possible damage due to over-charging and over-discharging. Studies showed that the life time of a battery can be degraded without using a charge controller.The proposed new controller scheme for the standalone PV system controls both the boost converter and the charge controller in two control steps. The first step is to control the boost converter so as to extract the maximum power point of the PV modules. Here, a high step-up converter is considered for the purpose of stepping up the PV voltage and consequently reducing the number of series-connected PV modules and to maintain a constant dc bus voltage. A microcontroller is used for data acquisition that gets PV module operating current and voltage and is also used to program the MPPT algorithm. The controller adopts the pulse width modulation (PWM) technique to increase the duty cycle of the generated pulses as the PV voltage decreases so as to obtain a stable output voltage and current close to the maximum power point. The second control step is to control the charge controller for the purpose of protecting the batteries. By controlling the charging current using the PWM technique and controlling the battery voltage during charging, voltages higher than the gassing voltage can be avoided.2.Design of the Proposed Photovoltaic SystemMost of the standalone PV systems operate in one mode only such that the PV system charges the battery which in turns supply power to the load. In this mode of operation, the life cycle time of the battery may be reduced due to continuous charging and discharging of the battery. The proposed standalone PV system as shown in terms of a block diagram in Figure 1 is designed to operate in two modes: PV system supplies power directly to loads and when the radiation goes down and the produced energy is not enough, the PV system will charge the battery which in turns supply power to the load. To manage these modes of operation, a controller is connected to the boost converter by observing the PV output power.3.MethodologyFor the purpose of estimating the mathematical models developed for the proposed standalone PV system, simulations were carried in terms of the MATLAB codes. Each PV module considered in the simulation has a rating of 80 Watt at 1000 W/m2, 21.2 V open circuit voltage, 5A short circuit current. The PV module is connected to a block of batteries with of sizing 60 Ah, 48 V.4.Results and DiscussionThe simulation results of the standalone PV system using a simple MPPT algorithm and an improved boost converter design are described in this section. Simulations were carried out for the PV system operating above 30o C ambient temperature and under different values of irradiation. Figure 9 shows the PV array I-V characteristic curve at various irradiation values. From the figure, it is observed that the PV current increase linearly as the irradiation value is increased. However, the PV voltage increases in logarithmic pattern as the irradiation increases. Figure 10 shows the PV array I-V characteristic curve at various temperature values. It is noted from the figure that, the PV voltage decreases as the ambient temperature is increased.Figure 4 compares the PV array P-V characteristics obtained from using the proposed MPPT algorithm and the classical MPPT P&O algorithm. From this figure, it can be seen that by using the proposed MPPT algorithm, the operating point of PV array is much closer to the MPP compared to the using the classical P&O algorithm.In addition, the proposed boost converter is able to give a stable output voltage as shown in Figure 5. In terms of PV array current, it can be seen from Figure 6 that the PV current is closer to the MPP current when using the improved MPPT algorithm. Thus, the track operating point is improved by using the proposed MPPT algorithm. In terms of efficiency of the standalone PV system which is calculated by dividing the load power with the maximum power of PV array, it is noted that the efficiency of the system is better with the proposed MPPT algorithm as compared to using the classical P&O algorithm as shown in Figure 7.5.ConclusionThis paper has presented an efficient standalone PV controller by incorporating an improved boost converter design and a new controller scheme which incorporates both a simple MPPT algorithm and a battery charging algorithm. The simulation results show that the PV controller using the simple MPPT algorithm has provided more power and better efficiency (91%) than the classical P&O algorithm. In addition, the proposed boost converter design gives a better converter efficiency of about 93%. Such a PV controller design can provide efficient and stable power supply for remote mobile applications.中文译文：光伏发电系统的一种新的控制方案摘要：本文提出了一种新的光伏（PV）发电系统控制器方案。
DS1302涓流充电时钟芯片--毕业论文外文文献翻译毕业论文
DS1302涓流充电时钟芯片一、特性1、实时时钟，可对秒、分、时、日、周、月以及带闰年补偿的年进行计数,有效期2100年；2、用于高速数据暂存的31×8 RAM；3、最少引脚数的串行I/O；4、2.0-5.5V满度工作范围；5、2.5V时耗电小于300nA；6、用于时钟或RAM数据读/写的单字节或多字节（脉冲方式）数据传送；7、8引脚DIP或可选的用于表面安装的8引脚SOIC封装；8、简单的3线接口；9、TTL兼容（VCC=5V）；10、可选的工业温度范围-40℃至+85℃；11、与DS1202兼容。
二、引脚排列DS1302引脚封装图如下图1所示图1 DS1302引脚封装图三、引脚说明①X1，X2：32.768kHz晶振引脚；②GND：接地；③RST：复位；④I/O：数据输入/输出；⑤SCLK：串行时钟；⑥VCC1，VCC2：电源引脚。
四、说明DS1302慢速充电时钟芯片包括实时时钟/日历和31字节的静态RAM。
它经过一个简单的串行接口与微处理器通信。
实时时钟/日历提供秒、分、时、日、周、月和年等信息。
对于小于31天的月，月末的日期自动进行调整，还包括了闰年校正的功能。
时钟的运行可以采用24小时或带AM（上午）/PM（下午）的12小时格式。
使用同步串行通信，简化了DS1302与微处理器的通信。
与时钟/RAM通信仅需三根线：（1）RST（复位）、（2）I/O（数据线）、和（3）SCLK （串行时钟）。
数据可以以每次一个字节或多达31字节的多字节形式传送至时钟/RAM或从其中送出。
DS1302设计成能在非常低的功耗下工作，消耗小于1微瓦的功率便能保存数据和时钟信息。
DS1302是DS1202的升级产品，除了DS1202基本的慢速充电功能外，DS1302具有的其它特点包括：用于主电源和备份电源的双电源引脚，可编程的VCC1慢速充电器以及7个附加字节的高速暂存存储器（scratchpad memory）。
中文翻译-锂电池充电器的设计
锂电池充电器的设计介绍根据其尺寸，重量和能量储存优点，锂- 离子可再充电电池正在被用于许多的应用领域。
这些电池已经被考虑为优先的电池于手提式计算机的应用,移置NiMH 和 NiCad电池,而且行动电话正在飞快地成为锂电池的第二个主要的市场。
理由是明显的。
锂- 离子的电池提供很多的好处对与终端消费者。
对于手提式计算机来说,锂- 离子电池在相同条件和大小并减少重量的情况下能够提供比NiCad 和 NiMH更为持久的电力。
相同的优点对于蜂窝电话更是真实的。
一个电话能被做得更小和更轻如果使用李- 离子的电池的话而不牺牲续航时间。
当锂- 离子的电池费用降下来的话,甚至更多的应用将会转变到这一个更轻巧和更小巧的技术上来。
当消费者一直要求方便的时候，市场的趋势表明一个持续不断的增长在所有的可再充电的电池中。
根据以前市场的资料大约在 1997年的时候表明大约二亿个锂-离子电芯将会被装船运送,相比较于 600 百万个NiMH的电芯。
然而,有必要说明的是三个NiMH 的电芯相当于一个锂- 离子的电芯在被包裹为电池包装的时候。
因此，真实的体积对两者来说是非常接近一样的。
1997年也被标记为第一年锂- 离子作为电池类型用于在大多数的手提式的计算机中, 移置NiMH 为高端领域中。
资料显示1997年在欧洲和日本电池电芯市场表现出一个变化对于锂- 离子在多数的电话的应用中。
锂- 离子的电池是一种令人兴奋的电池技术必须给于高度的关注。
要想了解这些新的电池，这设计引导者解释这些原则，要价需求以及符合这些需求的线路。
随着越来越多的手持式电器的出现，对高性能、小尺寸、重量轻的电池充电器的需求也越来越大。
电池技术的持续进步也要求更复杂的充电算法以实现快速、安全的充电。
因此需要对充电过程进行更精确的监控，以缩短充电时间、达到最大的电池容量，并防止电池损坏。
AVR 已经在竞争中领先了一步，被证明是下一代充电器的完美控制芯片。
Atmel AVR 微处理器是当前市场上能够以单片方式提供Flash、EEPROM 和10 位ADC的最高效的8 位RISC 微处理器。
IEC60335-2-29：2004中文版《电池充电器的特殊要求》(自翻译)
IEC60335-2-29：2004
国际标准化组织(ISO)遵照双方协议规定的条件密切合作。 2)由所有对该问题特别关切的国家委员会都参加的技术委员 会所制定的 IEC 有关技术问题的正式决议或协议，尽可能地 表达了对所涉及的问题在国际上的一致意见。
3)这些正式决议或协议以标准、技术报告或导则的形式出版 并推荐给国际上使用，并在此意义上为各国家委员会所接
IEC60335-2-29：2004
国际标准：IEC60335-2-29：2004 第5版
《家用和类似用途电器的安全》 第 2 部分:电池充电器的特殊要求
Safetyofhouseholdandsimilarelectricalappliances Particularrequirementsforbatterychargers
IEC60335-2-29：2004
届时本标准将会： —重新确定； —取消； —用一个休整版代替，或 —修改； 在某些国家中存在下述差异: 一 3.1.9：不可能使用人工负载。（美国） 一 10.101：直流输出电压不应超过 30V。（美国） 一 11.2：器具不放在测试角中。（美国） 一 21.101：对于质量少于 18kg 的电池充电器，进行跌落试 验的形式不同。（美国） 一 21.102：试验是不同的。（美国） 一 22.26：在带电部件和安全特低电压电路之间允许采用基 本绝缘。（美国） 一 25.7：对某些类型的电池充电器需要专用的橡胶绝缘的和 恺装的软线（芬兰）
1．范围 第一部分中的该章由下述内容代替。
本标准适用于家用和类似用途的输出为安全特低电压且 额定电压不超过 250V 的电池充电器的安全。 不作为一般家用但仍对公众存在危险的电池充电器，例如打 算在车库、商店、轻工业部门及农场使用的电池充电器，也 属本标准范围之内。
智能充电器的电源和显示的设计(原理图电路图源程序英文文.
智能充电器的电源和显示的设计(原理图+电路图+源程序+英文文献翻译)智能充电器的电源和显示的设计(原理图+电路图+源程序+英文文献翻译)2．HD61202及其兼容控制器是列驱动器，具有64路列驱动输出。
3．HD61202及其兼容控制驱动器读、写时序与68系列微处理妻相符，因此它可直接与68系列微处理器借口相联。
4．HD61202及其兼容控制器的占空比为1/32~1/64。
2.3.3 液晶显示模块的特点MGLS-12864图形液晶显示模块的驱动和控制系统是由一片KS0107B或兼容驱动器( HD61203 )作为行驱动器和两片KS0108B或兼容驱动器(HD61203) 作为列驱动器组成的。
它的主要技术参数及其供电特点如下：(1) 电源：DC+5V，模块内自带用于LCD驱动的负压电路。
(2) 显示内容：128 64全屏幕点阵。
(3) 指令形式：七种指令。
(4) 接口形式：与控制器采用8位数据总线和8位控制线相连。
(5) 工作环境：－10~+50℃。
(6) 模块应用有三种电源：逻辑电源、液晶驱动电压、背光电压。
(7) 本次选用的模块是双电源供电（VDD/V0），需要提供一个液晶驱动电压，用以调节对比度，接在液晶模块的V0引脚上，由于液晶的对比度会随着温度的变化而相应变化，所以其液晶显示驱动电压值应随着温度作相应的调整，这里采用了一个电位器，调整电压值。
(8) 背光供电为3.8-4.1V的支流电源，选用电源太大不仅增加功耗，更有可能损坏背光灯和缩短模块的使用寿命。
MGLS-12864的逻辑电路图如下：图2-8 MGLS-12864的逻辑电路图MGLS-12864液晶显示模块一共有20个引脚，它的接口定义如下：表2-2 MGLS-12864的接口电路序号符号状态功能１D7 三态数据总线２D6 三态数据总线３D5 三态数据总线4 D4 三态数据总线5 D3 三态数据总线6 D2 三态数据总线7 D1 三态数据总线8 D0 三态数据总线9 E 输入R/W=“L”，E的下降沿锁存数据线R/W=“H”，E 为“H”时，数据由控制器输出至数据线10 R/W 输入R/W=“L”，E=“H”数据由控制器输出数据线R/W=“H”，E的下降沿，数据由数据线输入到控制器11 D/I 输入D/I=“L”，表示DB7~DB0为显示数据D/I=“H”，表示DB7~DB0为显示指令12 V0 —液晶显示器驱动电压13 VCC —电源正14 GND —电源地15 CS1 输入片选信号16 CS2 输入片选信号17 VOUT —LCD负压驱动电压18 RET 输入复位信号19 LED+ —显示模块背光电源20 LED- —显示模块背光电源第四节电源电路的设计在本次的设计中，要供电给mega16和LCD显示模块两部分，而一个LM7805的输出电流不足，所以本人打算将mega16和显示模块分别供电，所以实际电路中用到了两片7805。
小功率RCC开关电源充电器设计
作者：郭靖于2006-6-302:29:00发布：回复主题：一款手机充电器电路电路真够“精减”的，高压端居然连个小滤波电容都省掉了，而启动保护只用R1限流了事。
工作如下：D1～D4整流后的电压，由于电路这时刚刚启动，经R2启动电阻给Q1提供一小偏流就能使Q1开始工作，Q1启动后，连接于Q1C端的电感线圈也就开始有电流流过，副边电感线圈也产生感应电压，并通过R3、C2向Q1进一步提供工作偏流。
当Q1B端电压到达一定值时，ZD1开始导通向C3并分流Q1B端电流，促使Q1截止。
Q1截止后副边电感线圈的反电动势经D6给C3反充电。
同样由于反电动势的作用，次级通过D8向负载供电之后又再次循环工作。
作者：abc于2007-8-2922:39:16发布：确实还可以再减一点的.1、桥式整流实属多余，用一个二极管即可2、C1、D5是为在三极管截止保护三极管而设，用一个50K左右的电阻即可3、D7的作用是防止三极管因为发射结反向电压过大而烧坏三极管，但在变压器参数上多做一点考虑，还是可以省掉。
该电源的原理很简单，去掉D5、C1、R2、D7、DZ1、D6、C3，很清楚的一个反馈式振荡电路，但是要注意变压器绕组的同名端。
添加以上元件的作用有二：保护三极管、稳定输出电压。
可以对上述电路进行一下改进：1、上图通过R1电阻进行限流，如果输出短路的话，势必仍会烧坏三极管，可以加一个9014进行过流检测。
2、上图的基础实际是一个反馈式正弦波振荡电路，通过DZ1检测输出电路进行占空比的调节从而达到稳压。
三极管的集电极电路在上升沿仍是正弦，另外下降沿也不陡峭，可以使用复合管使其上升沿和下降沿更陡，提高效率。
3、楼上的提过了这个电路是够省的，但省的不是地方，输入端的EMI滤波，是开关电源的根本，也就是在中国，电器入网无需许可，才催生出这种廉价的产品。
另外，像这种电源一般输出功率在1W左右，整流之后用一个0.1u的电容滤波即可。
12楼：>>参与讨论分析一个电源，往往从输入开始着手。
iMaxB6充电器说明书中文翻译要点
P01介绍感谢购买b6平衡充电器，本产品是一种结合高性能微处理器和专用的操作软件的快速充电器。
请在使用本产品之前完全地阅读整个操作手册，它涵盖了的操作和安全的广泛范围的信息。
或请在使用时有专人陪同。
规格工作电压范围：11.0~18.0V短路功率：充电最大50W，放电最大5W充电电流范围：0.1~5A放电电流范围：0.1~1A漏电流平衡：300mAh/cell镍镉/镍氢电池数：1~6series铅蓄电池电压：2~20V质量：277g尺寸：13*87*33mmP02特殊功能优化的操作软件B6所谓的自动功能，集料流在充电或放电过程。
尤其是锂电池，它可以防止过充电，可能会由于用户的故障导致爆炸。
一旦检测到任何故障可插拔电路自动报警。
此产品的所有程序都通过两个联动控制和通信，实现最大的安全。
所有的设置可以由用户配置！内部独立的锂电池平衡器B6采用一个单独的电池电压平衡器。
它不需要连接一个外部平衡器就能平衡充电。
平衡的个体电池充放电在放电过程中，B6可以监控和平衡单独电池。
如果一旦任何单一电池异常电压错误将显示消息，过程将自动结束。
适用于各种类型的锂电池B6是一种适用于各种类型的锂电池，如锂离子电池，锂钋电池和新的锂铁系列电池。
锂电池的快速存储模式目的不同快速充电减少充电锂电池充电时间，而存储状态可以控制你的电池的终止电压，以便长期保存和保护电池的使用时间。
P03最大安全峰值灵敏度：基于峰值电压检测原理的自动充电终止程序。
电池的电压超过阈值时，程序将自动终止。
自动充电电流限制你可以设置你的镍镉或镍氢电池充电时的充电电流极限；在“自动”模式的低阻抗和低容量的镍镉电池它是有用的。
容量限制充电容量计算是电流乘充电时间。
如果充电容量超过你设置的最大值限制，程序将自动终止。
温度阀值电池内部的化学反应会造成电池的温度上升。
如果达到温度极限，将终止进程。
此功能可通过连接可选的温度探头，这不包括在我们的包装内。
进程时限你还可以限制最大流程时间以避免任何可能的缺陷。
小型风电系统蓄电池智能充电器的设计
小型风电系统蓄电池智能充电器的设计肖成;闫晓金【摘要】With an in-depth analysis of the conventional battery charging method and technical requirements of lead-acid battery in small wind power system, a three-stage intelligent charger oriented based onSG3525A was designed. Its main circuit was the push- pull isolation convert structure and the charge strategy was the three-stage approach of constant current, constant voltage and trickle charge to achieve the different stages of battery charging requirements. The experiment results showed that the charger could adapt to a wide range voltage of charging requests and achieve real-time monitoring charge state and status display besides protecting over-volt- age and over-current.%在深入分析了小型风力发电系统对蓄电池的充电要求和蓄电池常规充电方式的基础上，设计了基于ATmega16和SG3525A的四段式智能充电器，其主电路采用推挽隔离变换结构，充电策略采用激活、恒流、恒压、涓流的四段式充电方法，实现了蓄电池在不同阶段下的充电要求。
无线充电器论文(翻译)
无线移动充电器论文Wireless Mobile Charger------无线移动充电器摘要——随着移动电话变成一个基本生活的一部分,移动电话的电池充电,一直是一个问题。
手机有不同的通话时间，电池根据他们的制造商也有所不同。
所有这些手机不论他们的制造商都必须在电量消耗完后充电。
目前提案主要的目的是使充电的手机制造商和电池完全独立。
在本文中提出了一种新型的提案即当你在说话时你的手机充电是自动完成的。
这是通过使用微波完成的。
微波信号从传输器传输并且使用特殊类型的开槽天线导波的频率为2.45 GHz的天线传输消息信号。
另外，有一个小的补充,即制造的手机,需要添加一个传感器,一个硅整流二极管天线,和一个滤波器。
使用上面的设置,分离的手机充电器被淘汰,使充电普遍。
因此你们谈论得越多,你的手机充电越多。
通过这个提案制造商就可以使通话时间和不同规范的电池相分离。
Ⅰ.绪论A.电磁频谱——首先,要想了解一个光谱是:当白色光线通过棱镜分离成彩虹里面所有的颜色;这是可见光的光谱。
所以白光是各种颜色的混合。
黑色不是一种颜色;它是你把所有的光都移走得到的。
一些物理学家假设光是由他们称为光子的微小粒子组成的。
他们以光的速度传播(真是个惊喜)。
光的速度大约是300000000米每秒。
当他们遇到了一些物体则可能反弹射,通过或被吸收。
那种情况会发生取决于他们有多少能量。
如果他们被东西反射回来,然后进入你的眼睛,你会“看到”反射的东西。
一些诸如玻璃、有机玻璃会让他们通过。
这些材料都是透明的。
黑色物体吸收光子,所以你不能够看到黑色的东西:你将不得不考虑这个问题。
这些可怜的老物理学家能有点糊涂了,当他们试图解释为什么一些光子穿过一片叶子,有些是反映,一些被吸收。
他们说,这是因为他们有不同的能量。
其他物理学家假设光线是由波形成的。
这些物理学测量波的长度，这有助于解释当光照射到树叶发生了什么。
光波的最长波(红色)被叶片的绿色物质叶绿素吸收。
关于充电机的经常用到的一些英文参数中英文翻译
关于充电机的经常⽤到的⼀些英⽂参数中英⽂翻译帮你看懂充电机的英⽂说明书与充电机参数有关的英⽂单词charged watt-hour 充电⽡时charge characteristic 充电特性charge ampere-hour 充电安时deep cycle endurance 重负荷循环寿命/重复合寿命floating charge 浮充电floating charge voltage 浮充电电压floating charge current 浮充电电流(1)mean voltage (2)average voltage 平均电压on-load voltage 负载电压discharge duration time 放电持续时间(1)final voltage(2)cut-off voltage(3)end voltage 终⽌电压/截⽌电压depth of discharge 放电深度discharge voltage 放电电压discharge current 放电电流discharge current density 放电电流密度charger 充电机step charge 阶段充电short-circuit current 短路电流storage test 保存测试high rate discharge at low temperature 低温⾼率放电rated voltage 额定电压rated capacity 额定容量fixed resistance discharge 定阻抗放电constant voltage charge 恒压充电constant voltage life test 恒压寿命测试constant current charge 恒流充电constant voltage constant current charge 恒流恒压充电constant current discharge 恒流放电constant watt discharge 恒功率放电low rate discharge characteristics 低率放电特征trickle charge 涓流充电trickle charge current 涓流充电电流trickle charge life test 涓流充电寿命测试thermal runaway 热失控driving pattern test 运⾏测试capacity in driving pattern test 运⾏测试boost charge 急充电start-of-charge current 充电开始电流charge efficiency 充电效率end-of-charge voltage 充电结束电压specific gravity of electrolyte at the end of charge 充电结束时电解液⽐重charge voltage 充电电压charge current 充电电流discharge watt-hour 放电⽡时discharge characteristics 放电特性discharged ampere-hour 放电安时explosion proof test 防爆测试auxiliary charge 补充电maintenance factor 维护率storage characteristics 保存特性gas recombinating efficiency ⽓体复合效率/⽓体再化合效率charge 充电charge acceptance test 充电可接受性试验太阳能逆变器⾼频机与⼯频机的区别有些太阳能逆变器体积很⼩，有些体积⼜很⼤，这⾥我们专门列出这2种不同之处以及原理上分析。
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单位代码01学号__分类号TN7__密级___ _文献翻译小功率充电器的设计院（系）名称专业名称学生姓名指导教师2010年月6日黄河科技学院毕业设计（文献翻译）第1页1 引言为了使手机、电动自行车等所使用的充电器实现自动充电的功能，大都采用各种各样的专用IC充电器集成电路和各种采样电路。
本文介绍一种既能省去复杂的IC电路及其外围电路，又能够实现自动充电功能的电路。
2 工作原理图1充电器的原理图原理图如图1所示，它由如下元件构成：C1，V1～V4，C2组成滤波整流电路，变压器T为高频变压器，V5，R2，C11组成功率开关管V7的保护电路，NF为供给IC电源的绕组。
单端输出IC为UC3842，其8脚输出5 V基准电压，2脚为反相输入，1脚为放大器输出，4脚为振荡电容C9，电阻R7输入端，5脚为接地端，3脚为过流保护端，6脚为调宽单脉冲输出端，7脚为电源输入端。
R6、C7组成负反馈，IC启动瞬间黄河科技学院毕业设计（文献翻译）第2页由R1供给启动电压，电路启动后由NF产生电势经V6，C4，C5整流滤波后供给IC工作电压。
R12为过流保护取样电阻，V8，C3组成反激整流滤波输出电路。
R13为内负载，V9～V12及R14～R19组成发光管显示电路。
V5，V6选用FR107，V8选用FR154，V7选用K792，当V7导通时，整流电压加在变压器T初级绕组Np上的电能变成磁能储存在变压器中，在V7导通结束时，Np绕组中电流达到最大值：Ipmax：Ipmax=(E／Lp)ton式中：E为整流电压；Lp为变压器初级绕组电感；ton为V7导通时间。
在V7关闭瞬间，变压器次级绕组放电电流为最大值Ismax，若忽略各种损耗应为：Ismax=nIpmax=n(E／Lp)ton。
式中：n为变压器变比，n=Np／Ns，Np，Ns为变压器初、次级绕组匝数。
高频变压器在V7导通期间初级绕组储存能量与V7关闭期间次级绕组释放能量应相等：n(E／Lp)ton=(Uo／Ls)toff，式中：Ls为变压器次级绕组电感；Uo为输出电压；toff为V7关闭时间。
因为Lp=n2Ls，则：(E／nLs)ton=(Uo／Ls)toffEton=nUotoffUo=(ton／ntoff)E，上式说明输出电压Uo与ton成正比，与匝比n及toff成反比。
变压器在导通期间储存的能量WLp为：WLp=(1/2)LpI2pmax变压器Lp愈大储能愈多。
变压器储存的能量能否在toff期间释放完，不仅与变压器的工作频率f有关，而且与次级绕组电感量Ls有关，更与负载的大小有关。
储能释放时间常数τ和V7关闭时间toff之间的差异形成变换器三种工作状态，下面分开介绍：(1)toff=τ这种状态为临界状态。
各参数波形如图2所示。
图2中ub为Vp的控制电压波形；up为变压器初级Np电势波形；φ为变压器磁通变化波形；uces为V7集电极电压波形；ip，is为初、次级电流波形。
(2)toff>τ各参数波形如图3所示。
从图3中可以看出磁通φ复位时V7关闭还持续一段时间，ip呈线性上升，is线性下降。
黄河科技学院毕业设计（文献翻译）第3页图2 t off=的波形图图3t off>的波形图变压器储存的能量等于电路输出能量:(1／2)LPIpmax2f=Uo2／RLUo2=(1／2)LpIpmax2RLf将Ipmax=(E／Lp)ton代入上式，则式中：RL为电路负载电阻；T=1／f为变压器工作周期。
式中E，ton，T，Lp为定值，所以输出电压Uo随负载电阻RL的大小而变化，若忽略整流器件压降，则输出电压最大值应为：Uomax=(1／n)Up=(1／n)EV7承受的反压应为：Ucc=E+ Up=E+nUo。
（3）toff<τ各参数波形如图4所示。
从图4中可以看出磁通φ在toff期间不能复位，ip也不是从0开始线性增加，is下降不到0，这种工作状态输出电压Uo应满足如下关黄河科技学院毕业设计（文献翻译）第4页系：Etou=(Np/Ns)UotUo=(ton/toff)(Ns/Np)E上式说明在Lp较大的情况下，Uo只决定于变压器匝数、导通截止脉宽和电源电压E，而与负载电阻RL无关。
图4 t off<的波形图图5充电特性曲线上述三种工作状态中，第二种工作状态输出电压Uo随负载电阻大小而变化，我们正好利用这个特点，满足充电器的充电特性。
从电路中可知，电路的负载电阻RL实际上是被充电电池的等效内阻，当电池电量放空时，等效内阻RL很小，随着充电量增大，其等效内阻升高，而电路输出电压Uo就是充电电压，其变化是随RL增大而升高，所以有如图5所示的充电特性曲线。
从图5可以看出充电电流是随着RL增大而下降。
黄河科技学院毕业设计（文献翻译）第5页IO=UO／RL充电电压UO、充电电流IO都是随RL而变化，RL的变化曲线是电池的充电特性决定的，所以用单端反激电路作成的充电器其充电电压、电流有很好的跟随性当电池充满后，RL也就大到一定限度，充电电压也就进入饱和状态，充电电流自动进入浮充状态。
这样便大大简化了自动充电的控制电路。
与相同性能的其他充电器电路相比，成本大大降低，可靠性大大提高。
图6磁滞回线图3 电路设计计算(1)高频变压器的设计变压器是变换器的主要部件，其设计内容主要是磁芯选定，绕组匝数和导线直径的选定。
变压器主要参数计算公式：输出功率PO=UOIO；输入功率PI=PO/Η；占空比D=TON／T；变压器效率为Η=PO ／PI；负载电阻RL=UO/IO。
变压器输入电流最大值IPMAX=2UO2／DΗEMINRL；变压器输入电流有效值IPEFF=DIP；变压器工作频率F的确定：F高虽然体积、重量可减小，但V7开关损耗增大，F低则变压器体积变大重量加大，综合考虑，一般选F=50 KHZ左右。
当电池充满后，RL也就大到一定限度，充电电压也就进入饱和状态，充电电流自动进入浮充状态。
这样便大大简化了自动充电的控制电路。
与相同性能的其他充电器电路相比，成本大大降低，可靠性大大提高。
(2)磁芯尺寸选取黄河科技学院毕业设计（文献翻译）第6页因电路为单端反激电路，所以励磁电流是单方向的，变压器磁芯中产生的磁通只沿着磁滞回线在第一象限上下移动，如图6所示。
变压器初、次级功率关系为：PS=ΗPTPO=PS-PD式中：PS为变压器次级输出功率；PD为输出端二极管等损耗功率。
若忽略PD，则：PO=ΗPT；SOSC=2POTON／Η△BJKOKC(PO单位为CM4)据式计算SO，SC，选取磁芯尺寸、规格。
(3)绕组匝数的计算为了满足电路要求，式中E，TON应取最大值，单端反激电路变压器原边绕组兼有电感作用。
其电感LP(单位：ΜH)所需量由下式计算：LP=ETON／IP。
式中：TON单位为ΜS。
用下式核算NP绕组匝数能否满足电感量要求：LP''=(0．4ΠNP2SC×10-8)／(LΔ+LC／ΜC)式中：ΜC为磁芯材料有效导磁率；LC为磁芯磁路平均长度(CM)；LΔ为磁芯中空气隙长度(单位为CM)。
若LP≤LP''，则加大NP，以达到电感量要求。
变压器匝比的选取：若不考虑次级整流压降及变压器内损等因素的影响，则N=EP／EO，NS=NNP／D，同理可计算NF=(NS／UO)UP。
(4)导线直径选取计算若取J=2．5 A／MM2则：D=0.7由此计算出各绕组导线直径D(单位为MM)并选取规格值，验算磁芯窗口面积能否绕下各绕组，若绕不下，则重复上述有关设计计算。
(5)验算次级绕组放电常数，ΤS应小于TOFFΤS=LS／RL=(LP''／N2)／RL=LP''／(N2RL)TOFF=T／2，T=1／F，所以TOFF=1／(2F)，TOFF>ΤS为验算原则。
若不能满足，则重复上面有关计算。
来源于：开关电源技术开发应用黄河科技学院毕业设计（文献翻译）第7页附录英文原文Design of low-power charger1 IntroductionIn order for mobile phones, electric bicycles used by the charger for automatic charging function, mostly using a variety of specific IC charger IC and a variety of sampling circuits. This paper presents a complex IC eliminates the need for both circuit and peripheral circuits, but also be able to automatic recharge function of electricd.2 worksSchematic shown in Figure 1, which consists of the following component composition:C1, V1 ~ V4, C2 component filter rectifier, transformer T for the high-frequency transformer, V5, R2, C11-power switch V7 composition of the protection circuit, NF for the supply of IC power supply winding. Single-ended output IC for the UC3842, the 8-pin output of 5 V reference voltage for the inverting input pin 2, a pin for the amplifier output, 4 pin for oscillation capacitor C9, resistor R7 input, 5 feet for the ground side, 3 feet for theover-current protection side, 6 feet for the single pulse-width-modulated output, 7 pin power input. R6, C7 composed of negative feedback, IC start an instant start from R1 supply voltage, the circuit starts electrical potential generated by the NF after V6, C4,C5 rectified filtered supply IC operating voltage. Sampling resistor R12 for over-current protection, V8, C3 integral flyback rectifier filter output circuit. R13 as an internal load, V9 ~ V12 and R14 ~ R19 integral LED display circuit. V5, V6 choose FR107, V8 selected FR154, V7 selected K792, when the V7 conduction, the rectifier voltage is added to the transformer T primary winding Np on the energy into magnetic energy stored in the transformer, in turn V7 end, Np windings current reaches its maximum: Ipmax: Ipmax = (E / Lp) ton formula: E for the rectifier voltage; Lp for the transformer primary winding inductance; ton for the V7-time. V7 closed in an instant, transformer sub -黄河科技学院毕业设计（文献翻译）第8页Winding discharge current maximum Ismax, if it ignores all kinds of losses should be: Ismax = nIpmax = n (E / Lp) ton. Where: n is transformer turns ratio, n = Np / Ns, Np, Ns for the transformer primary and secondary winding turns. Figure 1 Schematic diagramFigure 1 Schematic diagramHigh-frequency transformer in the primary winding during the conduction V7 store energy and V7 release energy during the shutdown of secondary windings should be equal to: n (E / Lp) ton = (Uo / Ls) toff, where: Ls of transformer secondary winding inductance; Uo is the output voltage; toff closing time for the V7.Because Lp = n2Ls, then: (E / nLs) ton = (Uo / Ls) toffEton = nUotoffUo = (ton / ntoff) E, the type shows the output voltage Uo is proportional with the ton, and inversely proportional to the turns ratio n and the toff.Transformer stored energy during the conduction WLp as follows:Greater energy storage transformer Lp more. Transformer stored energy released during toff Can End, not only with the transformer operating frequency f, but also to the secondary黄河科技学院毕业设计（文献翻译）第9页winding inductance Ls, but also with the size of the load.Stored energy release time constant τ and V7 closing time toff the differences between the three modes of operation the formation of converters, the following description separately:(1) toff = τ in this state as a critical state. The parameters of the waveform shown in Figure1.Figure2t off=waveformFigure3t off>waveformFigure 2 shows the waveform diagram toff = τ; Figure 2, ub for the Vp of the control voltage waveform; up for the transformer primary Np potential waveform; φ for the transformer flux changes in the waveform; uces for V7 collector voltage waveform; ip, is for黄河科技学院毕业设计（文献翻译）第10页the beginning of , secondary current waveform.(2) toff>τparameters of the waveform shown in Figure 3.As can be seen from Figure 3, when the magnetic flux φ reset V7 closure also continue for some time, ip linear increase, is a linear decline.Figure4t off<waveformFigure5charger characteristics curveTransformer stored energy is equal to the circuit output energy.(1 / 2) LPIpmax2f = Uo2/RLUo2 = (1 / 2) LpIpmax2RLf will Ipmax = (E / Lp) ton substitution on the type, then type in: RL for the circuit load resistance; T = 1 / f for the transformer work cycle. Where E, ton, T, Lp is fixed value, so the output voltage Uo with the size of the load resistor RL changes, if ignored rectifiers drop, then the maximum output voltage should be: Uomax = (1 / n) Up = (1 / n) EV7 withstand back pressure should be: Ucc = E + Up = E + nUo.黄河科技学院毕业设计（文献翻译）第11页(3) toff <τ parameters of the waveform shown in Figure 4.As can be seen from Figure4 the magnetic flux φ can not be reset at the toff period, ip is not a linear increase from 0 to the beginning, is down less than 0, this working condition the output voltage Uo should satisfy the following relationship:On the Lp-type indicate a larger context, Uo is only determined by transformer number of turns, turn-on pulse width and power cut-off voltage E, has nothing to do with the load resistor RL.The above-mentioned three kinds of working state, the second working condition the output voltage Uo with the size of the load resistance changes, we use this feature to meet the charger charging characteristics. We can see from the circuit, the circuit load resistor RL is actually the equivalent resistance by rechargeable batteries, when the battery shorting, the equivalent resistance RL is small, with the charge increase and the equivalent resistance increases , while the circuit output voltage Uo is the charge voltage, the change is increased with the increase of RL, so there are shown in Figure5, the charging characteristic curves. As can be seen from Figure 5, the charge current is decreased with the increase of RL.IO = UO / RL charge voltage UO, the charge current with the RL change IO are, RL curve of the battery charging characteristics of the decision, so with the single-ended flyback circuit made into a charger of its charging voltage and current have a good The following performance when the battery is full, RL also great to a certain limit, also enter the saturation charge voltage, charge current is automatically floating state. This will greatly simplify the automatic charge control circuit. With the same performance as compared to other battery charger circuit, greatly reduce the cost and reliability greatly increased.Figure 6magnetic circuit黄河科技学院毕业设计（文献翻译）第12页3 Circuit design and calculation(1) the design of high-frequency transformerConverter transformer is a major component, designed mainly for core selection, winding turns and wire diameter selected.Transformer main parameters of the formula:Output power PO = UOIO; input power PI = PO / Η; duty cycle D = TON / T; transformer effi ciency Η = PO / PI; load resistor RL = UO / IO.Transformer input current maximum IPMAX = 2UO2/DΗEMINRL; transformer input current RMS IPEFF = DIP; transformer operating frequency F, to determine: Paper the design of low-power charger for free papers from the NetworkF Gao Although the size, weight can be reduced, but the V7 switching loss increases, F low is to increase the weight of transformer size larger, comprehensive consideration, the general election about F = 50 K HZ.When the battery is full, RL also great to a certain limit, also enter the saturation charge voltage, charge current is automatically floating state. This will greatly simplify the automatic charge control circuit. With the same performance as compared to other battery charger circuit, greatly reduce the cost and reliability greatly increased.(2) core size selectedDue to the circuit for the single-ended flyback circuit, so the direction of excitation current is a single transformer core magnetic flux generated only along the hysteresis loop moves up and down in the first quadrant, as shown in Figure6.Transformer primary and secondary power relationship:PS = ΗPTPO = PS-PDWhere: PS output power for the transformer secondary; PD for the output diode power loss. If ignored PD, then: PO = ΗPT; SOSC = 2POTON / Η △ BJKOKC (PO unit CM4) was calculated SO, SC, select the core size, specifications.黄河科技学院毕业设计（文献翻译）第13页(3) The winding turns of the calculation ofIn order to meet the circuit requirements, where E, TON shall be taken as the maximum, single-ended flyback circuit transformer primary side winding of the role of both inductors. The inductance LP (Unit: ΜH) the amount required for the calculation by the following formula: LP = ETON / IP.Where: TON unit ΜS. With the following formula accounti ng for NP inductance winding turns can meet requirements: LP''= (0.4ΠNP2SC × 10-8) / (LΔ + LC / ΜC) formula: ΜC the effective permeability for the core material; LC for the The average length of core magnetic circuit (CM); LΔ for the core in the air gap length (in CM). If the LP ≤ LP'', then the increase NP, in order to achieve the inductance requirements. Transformer turns ratio select: It would not be within the secondary rectifier voltage drop, and transformer losses and other factors, then N = EP / EO, NS = NNP / D, By the same token calculate the NF = (NS / UO) UP.(4) The calculation of wire diameter selectedIf you take J = 2.5 A/MM2:D = 0.7Thus calculated for each winding wire diameter D (in units of MM) and select the specification value, checking whether the core area around the window, under the winding, if no less than around, then repeated the above-mentioned design calculations.(5) checking secondary winding discharge constant, ΤS should be less than TOFFΤS = LS / RL = (LP''/ N2) / RL = LP''/ (N2RL) TOFF = T / 2, T = 1 / F, so TOFF = 1 / (2F), TOFF> ΤS principles for checking. If it is not satisfied, then repeat the calculation above.From:China Technology Development and Application of Switching Power Supply。