2000年英语一真题翻译
2000年考研英语阅读翻译
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2000年考研英语阅读翻译
在2000年的考研英语考试中,阅读理解部分的翻译题目要求考生将一段英文材料翻译成中文。
这一部分的难度相对较高,因为它不仅考察了考生的词汇量和语法知识,还考察了他们对文章整体内容的理解和把握能力。
文章首先介绍了一个现象,即随着科技的发展,人们越来越依赖于电子设备来获取信息和沟通交流。
作者指出,虽然这些设备给我们的生活带来了极大的便利,但同时也带来了一些问题。
例如,人们在交流时越来越依赖于文字信息,而忽视了面对面交流的重要性。
这导致人们在社交技能上出现了退化,人与人之间的联系也变得越来越疏远。
文章接着提到了另一个问题,即信息过载。
在互联网时代,我们每天都会接触到大量的信息,这使得我们很难分辨哪些信息是有价值的,哪些是无关紧要的。
作者认为,这种现象不仅浪费了我们的时间,还可能导致我们错过真正重要的信息。
最后,作者提出了一些建议来应对这些问题。
首先,我们应该限制使用电子设备的时间,多进行面对面的交流。
其次,我们应该学会筛选信息,只关注那些对我们真正有价值的内容。
通过这些方法,我们可以更好地利用科技,而不是被它所控制。
总的来说,2000年考研英语阅读翻译部分的文章探讨了科技发展对人类交流方式的影响,以及信息过载带来的问题,并提出了一些解决方案。
这篇文章不仅考察了考生的语言能力,还促使他们思考如何在现代社会中更好地利用科技。
2000年考研英语真题答案及解析
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2000年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案与解析PartⅠCloze Test1.C2.A3.B4.A5.C6.D7.B8.D9.C10.DPartⅡReading ComprehensionPassage111.C12.D13.B14.APassage215.C16.B17.A18.DPassage319.B20.A21.C22.DPassage423.B24.D25.C26.APassage527.A28.C29.D30.BPartⅢEnglish-Chinese Translation31.在现代条件下,这需要程度不同的集中控制措施,从而就需要获得诸如经济学和运筹学等领域的专家的协助。
32.再者,显而易见的是一个国家的经济实力与其工农业生产效率密切相关,而效率的提高则又有赖于各种科技人员的努力。
33.大众通讯的显著发展使各地的人们不断感到有新的需求,不断接触到新的习俗和思想。
由于上述原因,政府常常得推出更多的革新。
34.在先期实现工业化的欧洲国家中,其工业化进程以及随之而来的各种深刻的社会结构变革,持续了大约一个世纪之久,而如今一个发展中国家在十年左右就可能完成这个过程。
35.由于人口的猛增或人口的大量流动(现代交通工具使这种流动相对容易)造成的种种问题也会对社会造成新的压力。
SectionⅣWriting(15points)36.见分析PartⅠClose Test一、文章总体分析本文是一篇短小的论证性文章,其主题是强调农民储存余粮的必要性。
文章①句提出论点:农民想成功,就必须努力保持消费和生产之间有较大的差距。
②句对①句进行具体的解释:即他必须存储大量的粮食。
③④⑤从正面论述储存余粮的必要性:③句总说可以养家糊口;④⑤句具体说可以留作播种、应对恶劣天气影响及作为商品卖掉以满足农业再生产等需要。
⑥⑦⑧句论述没有余粮的危害:不能自给自足,从反面论证储存余粮的必要性。
二、试题具体解析1.\[A\]other than不同于,除了……[B]as well as也,又(表示附加)[C]instead of而不是……(表选择)[D]more than比……更多(表比较)本题考核的知识点是:逻辑关系。
2000年考研英语试卷英汉翻译真题解析
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2000年考研英语试卷英汉翻译真题解析Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segmentssintosChinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community. 71) Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts. 72) Furthermore it is obvious that the strength of a country's economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. It also means that governments are increasingly compelled to interfere in these sectors insgroupsto step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage. For example, they may encourage research in various ways, including thesetting up of their own research centers; they may alter the structure of education, or interfere insgroupsto reduce the wastage of natural resources or tap resources hitherto unexploited; or they may co-operate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science, economics and industry. In any case, all such interventions are heavily dependent of scientific advice and also scientific and technological manpower of all kinds.73) Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. At the same time, the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed compared with the past. For example, 74) in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization-with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed-was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures and tensions within the community and consequently presents serious problems forthe governments concerned. 75) Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements-themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. As a result of all these factors, governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting themsintoseffect.翻译题解:71) Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts.句子分析:第一、句子可以拆分为三段:Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control/and hence the help of specialized scientists/such as economists and operational research experts.第二、句子的结构:1)主干结构是一个带双宾语的简单句:this requires varying measures of...and hence the help of...2)两个宾语各带有of短语作定语。
考研英语一2000年的翻译
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考研翻译题复习笔记-2000年英语一翻译题翻译题首先要解决单词量的问题,因此我们在学真题句子时就要注意这些常用单词在不同语境中的含义。
记忆的最简单方式就是重复,通过大量的真题实例长难句,去熟悉这些考严词汇在不同语境下的变化。
本篇的最好复习方法是先做真题句子,看看自己能否译出来、能不能译得通顺,其实不管译得好不好,自己都先写出来,然后再来比对文章的分析。
从2000年的英语一开始每年5句真题,名称分别为00-1,00-2...。
00-1Under modern conditions,this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts.译:在现代条件下,这需要各种集中控制的手段(措施)因此需要专业科学家们的帮助。
如经济学和运筹学研究专家们。
你要知道的:1,本句要看懂this requires...,的意思和其主谓结构。
2,了解and hence,说明前后句是个并列结构。
3,help of...如果直译会变得不通顺,因此后面可补上谓语requires。
4,要了解并列结构的谓语require是如何运用的。
5,Such as....后面是对谁的补充要清楚。
6,本句中的and在翻译时可省略。
7,centralized是centralize的过去分词,是动词,要能看出其名词central。
8,measures译成“措施”会更合适。
9,注意Scientists、economists及experts都加了S,翻译时可加个“们”。
10,记住economists 和operational 是经济学和运筹学。
00-2Furthermore,it is obvious that the strength of a country’s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry,and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds.译:此外,很明显的是一个国家的经济实力直接取决于工农业的(生产)效率,并且效率的提高反过来依赖于各类科学家和技术人员的努力。
考研英语一2000年的翻译
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考研翻译题复习笔记-2000年英语一翻译题翻译题首先要解决单词量的问题,因此我们在学真题句子时就要注意这些常用单词在不同语境中的含义。
记忆的最简单方式就是重复,通过大量的真题实例长难句,去熟悉这些考严词汇在不同语境下的变化。
本篇的最好复习方法是先做真题句子,看看自己能否译出来、能不能译得通顺,其实不管译得好不好,自己都先写出来,然后再来比对文章的分析。
从2000年的英语一开始每年5句真题,名称分别为00-1,00-2...。
00-1Under modern conditions,this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts.译:在现代条件下,这需要各种集中控制的手段(措施)因此需要专业科学家们的帮助。
如经济学和运筹学研究专家们。
你要知道的:1,本句要看懂this requires...,的意思和其主谓结构。
2,了解and hence,说明前后句是个并列结构。
3,help of...如果直译会变得不通顺,因此后面可补上谓语requires。
4,要了解并列结构的谓语require是如何运用的。
5,Such as....后面是对谁的补充要清楚。
6,本句中的and在翻译时可省略。
7,centralized是centralize的过去分词,是动词,要能看出其名词central。
8,measures译成“措施”会更合适。
9,注意Scientists、economists及experts都加了S,翻译时可加个“们”。
10,记住economists 和operational 是经济学和运筹学。
00-2Furthermore,it is obvious that the strength of a country’s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry,and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds.译:此外,很明显的是一个国家的经济实力直接取决于工农业的(生产)效率,并且效率的提高反过来依赖于各类科学家和技术人员的努力。
2000考研英语一阅读理解逐句翻译
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2000 Text 1Paragraph 11、A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may becomea driving force. 一段毫不费力就可以获得持久成功的历史可能成为一种可怕的障碍,但若处理得当,它也有可能转化为一种推动力。
1.1 effortless英/'efətlɪs/ 美/'ɛfɚtləs/adj. 容易的;不费力气的1.2 dreadful英/'dredfʊl; -f(ə)l/ 美/'drɛdfəl/adj. 可怕的;糟透的,令人不快的1.3 handicap英/'hændɪkæp/ 美/'hændɪ'kæp/n. 障碍;不利条件,不利因素vt. 妨碍,阻碍;使不利1.4 driving英/'draɪvɪŋ/ 美/'draɪvɪŋ/n. 驾驶;操纵adj. 强劲的;推进的;精力旺盛的2、When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. 二战结束后,美国恰好进入了这样的一段辉煌时期,当时,它拥有比任何竞争者大八倍的市场,使其产业经济达到了前所未有的规模。
2.1 glowing英/'ɡləʊɪŋ/ 美/'ɡləuiŋ/adj. 灼热的;热情洋溢的;鲜艳的v. 发光;容光焕发(glow的ing形式);发热2.2 unparalleled英/ʌn'pærəleld/ 美/ʌn'pærəlɛld/adj. 无比的;无双的;空前未有的3、Its scientists were the world`s best, its workers the most skilled. 它已拥有世界上最优秀的科学家和技术最娴熟的工人。
考研阅读逐句译2000年第1篇
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考研阅读逐句译2000年第1篇第1句A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. 单词:effort努力;dreadful可怕的;handicap障碍;proper适当的。
结构:A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, (第一个并列句)//but, if properly handled,(条件状语)//it may become a driving force(第二个并列句)译文:长时间不费吹灰之力就可以获得成功,这样的经验可能会成为一种可怕的障碍,但是,如果处理得当,就会成为一个积极的推动力。
第2句When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. 单词:glow 发光;competitor 竞争者,compete 竞争;parallel 平行的,相似;unparalleled 无比的,无双的,无匹的;scale 规模。
结构:When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War,(时间状语从句)// it had a market eight times larger than any competitor,(主句)//giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale.(ing分词短语在句子末尾一般表示结果)译文:二战结束之后,美国恰好进入了这样的一个辉煌时期时,它拥有的市场比任何竞争者大八倍,这使其工业的经济规模举世无双。
2000——2001英语全国考研翻译真题及解析.doc
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2000第一段Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community.71) Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts.72) Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country’s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds.It also means that governments are increasingly compelled to interfere in these sectors in order to step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage. For example, the may encourage research in various ways, including the setting up of their own research centers; they may alter the structure of education, or interfere in order to reduce the wastage of natural resources or tap resources hitherto unexploited; or they may cooperate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science, economics and industry. In any case, all such interventions are heavily dependent on scientific advice and also scientific and technological manpower of all kinds.第二段73)Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above.At the same time, the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place ata vastly accelerated speed compared with the past. For example,74) in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization -- with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed -- was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so.All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures and tensions within the community and consequently presents serious problems for the governments concerned.75) Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements -- themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport.As a result of all these factors, governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect.2000一、核心词汇注释act on*1.按……行动,奉行例:act on principles 根据原则办事2.对……起作用,影响例:The music acted stirringly on the emotions of the audience. 音乐使观众情绪激动。
2000年全国考研英语一真题全文翻译
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2000年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语全文翻译P a r tⅡU s e o fE n g l i s h一个农民要想成功,就必须在其消费和生产之间努力保持着较大的差距㊂他必须存储大量的粮食而不是立即把所有的粮食都消费掉㊂农民若想养活自己及家人,就必须有余粮㊂他必须用以下三种方式来使用这些余粮:留作种子,留作应对恶劣天气影响的保障,以及作为商品卖掉,来替换旧农具和购买化肥给土壤施肥㊂他可能还需要钱来修建灌溉水渠,或在其他方面改善自己的农田㊂如果没有余粮,农民就不能自给自足,他就只得变卖部分家产或通过贷款寻求额外的资金㊂自然,他会尽量争取低息贷款,但这种贷款不是经常能够得到的㊂P a r t I I I R e a d i n g C o m p r e h e n s i o nP a s s a g e1长期的㊁不费力气的成功史可能成为一种可怕的障碍,但是如果处理得当,它也可能成为一种动力㊂二战结束后,美国恰好进入这样的一段辉煌时期,当时它拥有比任何竞争对手大八倍的市场,这使其工业经济规模前所未有㊂它的科学家是世界上最优秀的,它的工人是最富于技巧的㊂美国和美国人的繁荣是那些经济遭到战争破坏的欧亚两大洲人民做梦都想像不出的㊂当其他国家逐渐富有起来时,这种差距的缩小是必然的㊂同样不可避免的是逐渐失去主导地位的痛苦㊂在80年代中期,美国人为他们工业竞争力的减退感到困惑㊂有些大型的美国工业,如消费电子工业,在外国的竞争面前萎缩或者崩溃㊂到l987年,只剩下一家美国电视机制造企业 Z e n i t h(现在已经完全没有了:Z e n i t h已经被韩国的L G电子兼并)㊂外国汽车和纺织品正在大举进入美国国内市场㊂美国的机械工业岌岌可危㊂在一段时期,好像半导体制造业,这个美国发明的并且对新的计算机时代极为关键的工业,也将成为下一个牺牲品㊂所有这些引发了一种信心危机㊂美国人已经不再将繁荣视为自然而然的事㊂他们开始怀疑他们的经营方法出了问题,怀疑他们的收人很快就会下降㊂80年代中期人们对美国工业衰退的原因进行一次又一次的调查㊂这些调查的发现,有些是耸人听闻的,都充满了对来自海外竞争加剧的警示㊂现在情况已经完全改变!1995年美国可以回顾在过去五年中稳步的增长,而日本还在奋力挣扎㊂很少有美国人把它的原因归结为类似美元贬值或商业周期轮回这些显而易见的原因㊂对自身的怀疑已经被盲目乐观取代㊂ 美国的产业结构已经改变,消除了滞涨,学会了快速反应, 哈佛大学肯尼迪行政学院执行院长R i c h a r dG a v a n a g h指出㊂ 看到美国经济如此地提高生产力,我为自己是美国人而感到自豪, 华盛顿特区的智囊团卡托研究院的S t e P h e n M o o r e说㊂哈佛经管学院的W i l l i a mS a h l m a n相信,人们将来会把这个时期视为 美国企业管理的黄金时期 ㊂P a s s a g e2身为一个男人从来都充满危险㊂男女出生的比例大约是105:100,但到了成年期,这个比例便降至基本持平,而到70岁时,女性的人数就已达到男性的两倍了㊂不过男性死亡率高的普遍规律正在改变㊂现在男婴的成活率与女婴基本一样㊂那意味着有史以来第一次男孩在他们择偶的关键年龄期有所过剩㊂更重要的是,又一个自然选择的机会消失了㊂50年前,婴儿(特别是男婴)成活的关键在于他的体重㊂多一公斤或少一公斤都会造成死亡㊂今天,体重几乎不起什么作用㊂因为大部分差异是由基因造成的,所以又一个进化的因素消失了㊂进化自杀还有另外一种办法:活着,但少生孩子㊂现在很少有人像过去那样大批生育㊂除了在少数宗教团体中,几乎没有女性生15个孩子㊂现在出生的数量,就像死亡的年龄一样,变得平均化㊂我们大多数都有同样数量的后代㊂而且,人与人之间的差异和利用这种差异进行自然选择的机会都已经减少㊂印度证实了这种状况㊂这个国家为大城市的少数人提供了财富,为其余大多数部落居民造成了贫穷㊂今天这种极其显著的平均化 每个人的生存机会和子女数量都相同 意味着与部落相比,自然选择在印度中㊁上阶层已经失去了80%的作用㊂对于我们来说,这意味着进化已经结束;生物学上的乌托邦已经来临㊂奇怪的是,它并未造成多少外形的改变㊂没有其他物种在自然界占据如此多的地方㊂但是在过去10万年中 甚至过去100年中 我们的生活发生了变化,但我们的身体却没有改变㊂我们没有进化,因为机器和社会在代替我们进化㊂达尔文曾经用下面的语句来描述那些对生物进化过程一无所知的人:他们 注视着有机体,就像原始人注视着轮船,注视着那完全超出自己理解能力的事物㊂ 无疑,我们将记住20世纪的一种生活方式,尽管对其丑陋之处无法理解㊂但是不管我们的后代对我们离乌托邦之远感到多么吃惊,他们看上去将和我们一样㊂P a s s a g e3当一场新的艺术运动在某种程度上流行,人们最好去弄清其倡导者的目的是什么,因为不管它们的原则现在看来多么牵强附会㊁不可思议,很可能在将来它们会被视为正常㊂然而就未来派诗歌来说,情况则不这么简单,因为不管未来派诗歌是什么 即使承认它赖以存在的理论基础是正确的 这种形式也很难被界定为文学㊂简而言之,未来派诗人宣称:一个世纪以来,过去的生活状况一直在有条件地急剧变化,到现在我们已经生活在一个充满了噪声㊁暴力和快节奏的世界㊂因此,我们的感觉㊁思想和情感都发生了相应的变化㊂未来主义者说这种加速的生活节奏,需要一种新的表达方式㊂我们要理解现代社会的压力,就必须加快文学发展的步伐㊂我们在下笔时必须让一长串表达意义的最基本词汇倾泄而出,不受句读停顿㊁限制修饰性形容词或限定性动词的牵制㊂我们不再描写声音,我们制造词汇来模仿它们;我们使用的字体必须在同一页纸上大小不同,颜色不同,词汇可以随意地加长或缩短㊂毫无疑问,他们对战斗的描述会令人费解㊂但是读到一句描写战斗的诗行的注解时,则更令人心烦㊂注解中说该诗描写了一名土耳其军官和一名保加利亚军官在一座桥上发生了搏斗,结果双双从桥上掉进河中 后来发现这一行诗文是由军官落水的声音和他们的体重组成的: 扑通!扑通!一百八十五公斤㊂虽然这符合未来派诗歌的规律和要求,但是它很难被界定为文学㊂与此同时,没有一个有思想的人能拒绝接受他们的基本主张:我们的感情生活的巨大变化要求表达方式的变化㊂但实际问题是:从根本上说,我们改变了吗?P a s s a g e4战后日本的生产率和社会的和谐为美国和欧洲所称羡,因此毫无目标很难说是战后日本的特色㊂但是日本人正在经历传统工作道德价值观的日益衰退㊂10年前,年轻人工作很勤奋,将工作视为他们生存的主要理由,但是现在日本已经大致满足了它的经济需求,年轻人不知道他们下一步目标在哪里㊂战后生育高峰时出生的人口成人,以及女性进入以男性为主的劳动力市场,二者都限制了青少年的发展机遇,他们已经对攀登等级森严的社会阶梯以及获得较好的教育和工作所付出的巨大个人代价提出质疑㊂在最近的一次调查中,人们发现只有24.5%的日本学生对学校生活感到满意,而在美国达到67.2%㊂而且,日本工人对他们的工作感到不满的人数要比其他10个被调查的国家多得多㊂虽然日本的教育常常因重视基础知识而受到外国人士赞扬,但它对应试和机械的学习的重视程度超过了创造性和个性表现㊂ 那些在考试分数中不能表现的东西 个性㊁能力㊁勇气和人道主义精神 被完全忽视了, 去年日本出现了2,125起校园暴力事件,包括929起殴打老师的事件㊂在抗议声中,许多保守的领导人呼吁回到战前对道德教育非常重视的状态㊂去年,当时的教育部长M i t s u oS e t o y a m a不无愤慨地说道,二战后美国占领当局所引进的自由化改革弱化了 日本人尊敬父母的传统道德 ㊂但那可能与日本人生活方式更有关系㊂教育学家Y o k oM u r o说道: 在日本,问题从来都不在于你是否喜欢你的生活和你的工作,而只在于你能够忍受多少㊂ 经济的增长带来了居住集中化,日本1.19亿人口的76%都住在城市,传统社区和多代同堂家庭消失了,取而代之的是与外界很少往来的,仅由两代人构成的家庭㊂日本的城市人口长期以来忍受着漫长的上下班路途和拥挤的居住条件,但是,随着传统的群体和家庭价值观的弱化,不满逐渐显露出来㊂在过去的10年中,日本的离婚率虽然仍然在美国之下,但已经上升了50%多,自杀率上升了近四分之一㊂P a s s a g e5如果雄心能被正确看待的话,那么它的回报 财富㊁荣誉㊁对自己命运的控制 则应该被认为是值得为之做出的牺牲㊂如果雄心的传统仍具有生命力,那么它就应该受到广泛的推崇;尤其会受到自己也受人仰慕的人士的青睐,在这些人中也包括那些受过良好教育的㊂奇怪的是,正是这些受过教育的人们宣称他们已经放弃将雄心壮志作为人生理想的追求㊂更奇怪的,他们也许是雄心壮志的最大受益者 如果这些雄心壮志不是他们自己的,至少也是他们父母或祖父母的㊂这里面有很强烈的虚伪性,就好比等马全跑光了,才关上马厩的门 而受过良好教育的人自己正骑在那些马背上㊂当然,人们现在对成功及其标志的兴趣似乎并不亚于先前㊂夏日别墅㊁欧洲旅行㊁宝马车 地点㊁地名以及品牌或许会有变化,但这类事物在今天被人渴求的程度似乎比十年前或两年前有所减少㊂实际情况是人们不能像从前那样轻易㊁公开地坦陈他们有这样的梦想,以免被人认为爱出风头㊁贪得无厌或俗不可耐㊂而我们所看到的是许多极为虚伪的景象,这种景象比以往更多:批评美国实利主义的人却拥有南安普敦的消夏别墅;出版激进思想书籍的人却在三星级餐厅享用一日三餐;倡导在生活各方面实行公民参与决策的民主制的记者却将他们的孩子送进了私立学校㊂对于这些人,对于许多也许不如此特别的人,最恰当的解释是 不惜代价去追求成功,但避免表现得野心勃勃㊂对雄心的抨击层出不穷,且来自各个角度;公开为之辩解的则少之又少,虽不能说这些辩解毫无吸引力可言,但却未能给人们留下深刻印象㊂因此,对雄心壮志的支持,支持它作为一种健康的志向,一种受人尊敬并扎根于年轻人心中的品德的人们,也许下降到美国历史上的最低点㊂这并不是说雄心壮志穷途末路了,人们不再感到它的涌动和激励了;而是它不再公开被嘉奖,很少公开被承认㊂这种情形的结果当然是,在有些情况中雄心壮志被迫转入地下,或暗藏于胸㊂这就是目前的状况:在左边是恼羞成怒的批评者,在右边是不得力的支持者,而在中间像往常一样,是广大的想在生活中进取的认真的人们㊂P a r t I V E n g l i s h-C h i n e s eT r a n s l a t i o n世界各国政府的行为都基于一个假设,即,本国人民的福利主要依赖于该国经济实力和社会财富㊂(71)在现代条件下,这需要不同程度的中央控制,从而就需要获得诸如经济学和运筹学等领域专家的协助㊂(72)再者,显而易见的是一个国家的经济实力与其工农业生产效率密切相关,而效率的提高则又有赖于各种科技人员的努力㊂这也就意味着政府被迫越来越多地干预这些产业部门,以便提高生产率,确保产品的消费发挥最佳效益㊂例如,政府可能利用各种方法鼓励研究,包括建立自己的研究中心;政府可以改变教育结构,或进行干预,以便减少自然资源的浪费,开发尚未利用的资源;或者在日益增多的跨国科学㊁经济和工业项目中直接进行合作㊂无论如何,一切干预都离不开科学家的建议和各种科技人才㊂(73)大众通讯的显著发展使各地的人们不断感到有新的需求,不断接触到新的习俗和思想㊂由于上述原因,政府常常得推出更多的革新㊂与此同时,与过去相比,世界各地社会变化的正常速度越来越快㊂例如,(74)在先期实现工业化的欧洲国家中,其工业化进程以及随之而来的各种深刻的社会结构变革,持续了大约一个世纪之久,而如今一个发展中国家在十年左右就可能完成这个过程㊂所有这些在社会内部造成了巨大的压力和紧张气氛,从而给有关政府带来了严重问题㊂(75)由于人口的猛增或大量人口流动(现代交通工具使这种流动相对容易)造成的种种问题也会对社会造成新的压力㊂目前,以上所有这些因素产生的后果就是,各国政府为了制定合理的计划并将之付诸实施,越来越多地依靠生物学家和社会学家㊂。
2000年考研英语(一)试题及答案详解
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2000年考研英语(一)试题及答案详解2000年考研英语(一)试题Section I Structure and VocabularyPart ADirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)Example:I have been to the Great Wall three times ________________________ 1979.[A] from[B] after[C] for[D] sinceThe sentence should read, “I have been to the Great Wall three times since 1979.” Therefore, you should choose [D] Sample Answer[A] [B] [C] [■]1. As I’ll be away for at least a year, I’d appreciate ________________________ from you now and then telling me how everyone is getting along.[A] hearing[B] to hear[C] to be hearing(A)[D] having heard2. Greatly agitated, I rushed to the apartment and tried thedoor, ________________________ to find it locked.[A] just[B] only[C] hence(B)[D] thus3. Doctors see a connection between increase amounts of leisure time spent ________________________ and the increased number of cases of skin cancer.[A] to sunbathe[B] to have sunbathed[C] having sunbathed(D)[D] sunbathing4. Unless you sign a contract with the insurance company for your goods, you are not entitled ________________________ a repayment for the goods damaged in delivery.[A] to[B] with[C] for(A)[D] on5. On a rainy day I was driving north through Vermont ________________________ I noticed a young man holding up a sign reading “Boston”.[A] which[B] where[C] when(C)[D] that6. Christie stared angrily at her boss and turned away, as though ________________________ out of the office.[A] went[B] gone[C] to go(C)[D] would go7. The roles expected ________________________ old people in such a setting give too few psychological satisfactions for normal happiness.[A] of[B] on[C] to(A)[D] with8. Talk to anyone in the drug industry, ________________________ you’ll soon discover that the science of genetics is the biggest thing to hit drug research since penicillin was discovered.[A] or[B] and[C] for(B)[D] so9. It wasn’t so much that I disliked her ________________________ that I just wasn’t interested in the whole business.[A] rather[B] so[C] than(D)[D] as10. Countless divorced politicians would have been elected out of office years ago had they even thought of a divorce, let alone ________________________ one.[A] getting[B] to get[C] gotten(C)[D] getPart BDirections:Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked [A], [B], [C], and [D]. Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil.(5 points)Example:A number of [A] foreign visitors were taken [B] to the industrial exhibition, which [C] they saw [D] many new products.Answer [C] is wrong. The sentence should read, “A number of foreign visitors were taken to the industrial exhibition, where they saw many new products.” So you should choose [C].Sample Answer[A] [B] [■] [D]11. on a remote island, little work them, the soldiers suffered from boredom and low .(A)12. If the letter on the writing table an hour ago, it certain there now.(D)13. The party could even lose majority in the lower house of parliament, a period of .(C)14. The mechanisms work in the tendency for such physical activity utilize the harmful constituents of the stress response.(D)15. the long run, however, this hurry full-time staff may be harmful to industry as it is the workforce.(C)16. See to that you include the examination paper questions they didn’t know last time.(D)17. Most newspapers, the major part of space to recent events, usually manage to find on the inside pages for articlessome interesting topics.(B)18. One sign you are making progress in an such as painting or photography is you begin to realize how much to learn.(A)19. The ideal listener stays both the music at the moment it is played and it almost the composer at the moment he .(B)20. exposure to stress has been linked to functioning of the immune system, a person more liable infection.(D)Part CDirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil.(10 points)Example:The lost car of the Lees was found ________________________ in the woods off the highway.[A] vanished[B] scattered[C] abandoned[D] rejectedThe sentence should read, “The lost car of the Lees was found abandoned in the woods off the highway.” Therefore, you should choose [C].Sample Answer[A] [B] [■][D]21. He spoke so ________________________ that even his opponents were won over by his arguments.[A] bluntly[B] convincingly[C] emphatically(B)[D] determinedly22. France’s ________________________ of nuclear testing in the South Pacific last month triggered political debates and mass demonstrations.[A] assumption[B] consumption[C] presumption(D)[D] resumption23. The 215-page manuscript, circulated to publishers last October, ________________________ an outburst of interest.[A] flared[B] glittered[C] sparked(C)[D] flashed24. His efforts to bring about a reconciliation between the two Parties ________________________.[A] came off。
2000年考研英语翻译真题精练精讲
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2000年考研英语翻译真题精练精讲一、全真试题Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community.(71)Under modern conditions,this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts.(72)Furthermore,it is obvious that the strength of a country’s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry,and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. It also means that governments are increasingly compelled to interfere in these sectors in order to step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage. For example,they may encourage research in various ways,including the setting up of their own research centers; they may alter the structure of education,or interfere in order to reduce the wastage of natural resources or tap resources hitherto unexploited; or they may cooperate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science,economics any industry,In any case,all such interventions are heavily dependent on scientific advice and also scientific and technological manpower of all kinds.(73)Owing to the remarkable development in mass communications,people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas,while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. At the same time,the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed compared with the past. For example,(74)in the early in industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization—with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed—was spread over nearly a century,whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures and tensions within the community and consequently presents serious problems for the governments concerned.(75)Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements—themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. As a result of all these factors,governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect.二、翻译题解(71)Under modern conditions, thisrequiresvarying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts.句子拆分:拆分点参考:标点符号Under modern conditions, //this requires varying measures of centralized control //and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts.解析:(1)主干结构是一个带双宾语的简单句:measures of...and hence the help of...皆为require 的宾语。
考研英语阅读理解部分翻译
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2000年考研英语阅读理解部分翻译真题译文+题目翻译但为君故但为君故 整理组Text 1长期的、不费力气的成功史可能成为一种可怕的障碍,但是如果处理得当,它也可能成为一种动力。
美国二战后进入这样辉煌的历史时期时,它拥有比任何竞争对手大八倍的市场,这使其工业经济规模前所未有。
它的科学家是世界上最优秀的,它的工人是世界上最具技能的。
美国和美国人的富庶是被大战破坏了经济的欧洲人和亚洲人所无法想象的。
当其他国家逐渐富有起来时,这种差距的缩小是必然的。
同样必然的是,绝对优势的缩小也是痛苦的。
在80年代中期,美国人为他们工业竞争力的减退感到困惑。
有些巨型的美国工业,如消费电子工业,在外国的竞争面前萎缩或者崩溃。
到1987年,只剩下一家美国电视机制造企业——Zenith(现在已经完全没有了:Zenith已经被韩国的LG电子兼并)。
外国汽车和纺织品横扫着国内市场。
美国的机械工业岌岌可危。
在一段时期,好像半导体制造业,这个美国发明的并且对新的计算机时代极为关键的工业,也将成为下一个牺牲品。
所有这些造成了一种信心危机。
美国人已经不再将繁荣视为自然而然的事。
他们开始怀疑他们的经营方法出了问题,怀疑他们的收入很快就会下降。
80年代中期对美国工业衰退的原因进行一次又一次的调查。
这些调查的发现,有的是耸人听闻的,它们都充满了对海外竞争加剧的警示。
现在情况已经完全改变!在1995年美国可以回顾在过去五年中稳步的增长而日本却步履维艰。
很少有美国人把它的原因归结为美元的贬值或经济周期的转折。
对自己的怀疑已经被盲目的自豪所代替。
“美国的工业结果已经改变了,它经过了一段节食期,已经变得更加机智,”哈佛大学肯尼迪行政学院执行院长理查德·卡凡纳指出。
“看到美国经济如此地提高生产力,我为自己是美国人而感到自豪,”华盛顿特区的智囊机构之一凯托研究院的史蒂芬·莫尔说。
哈佛经管学院的威廉·萨尔曼相信,人们将来会把这个时期视为“美国经济管理的黄金时期”。
2000-2001年英语历年考研真题阅读翻译
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2001 Passage 1Specialisation can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialisation was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity.No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word "amateur" does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrate d into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialisation in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveal s not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represent ed worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of referee ing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, where as the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.Although the process of professionalisation and specialisation was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delay ed until the twentieth century. In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckon ed as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science.专业化可被视为针对科学知识不断膨胀这个问题所做出的反应。
考研英语一翻译真题及解析(2000—2014)
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2002年考研英语一翻译真题及解析(英译汉)
2003
2003年考研英语一翻译真题及解析(英译汉)
2004
2004年考研英语一翻译真题及解析(英译汉)
2005
2005年考研英语一翻译真题及解析(英译汉)
2006
2006年考研英语一翻译真题及解析(英译汉)
2007
2007年考研英语一翻译真题及解析(英译汉)
2008
2008年考研英语一翻译真题及解析(英译汉)
2009
2009年考研英语一翻译真ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ及解析(英译汉)
2010
2010年考研英语一翻译真题及解析(英译汉)
2011
2011年考研英语一翻译真题及解析(英译汉)
2012
2012年考研英语一翻译真题及解析(英译汉)
2013
2013年考研英语一翻译真题及解析(英译汉)
考研英语一翻译真题及解析(2000—2014)
考研英语翻译是一项对考生综合能力要求比较高的题型,它不仅要求考生对词汇、语法、语篇以及文化知识等有较好的掌握,还要求考生有很强的语言组织能力。
考研英语一翻译真题及解析(2000—2014)
2000
2000年考研英语一翻译真题及解析(英译汉)
2001
2001年考研英语一翻译真题及解析(英译汉)
2014
2014年考研英语一翻译真题及解析(英译汉)
2000年考研英语真题(含答案解析)
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2000年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Part ⅠClose TestDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D].Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil.(10 points)①If a farmer wishes to succeed, he must try to keep a wide gap between his consumption and his production.②He must store a large quantity of grain 1 consuming all his grain immediately.③He can continue to support himself and his family 2 he produces a surplus.④He must use this surplus in three ways: as seed for sowing, as an insurance 3 the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a commodity which he must sell in order to 4 old agricultural implements and obtain chemical fertilizers to 5 the soil.⑤He may also need money to construct irrigation 6 and improve his farm in other ways.⑥If no surplus is available, a farmer cannot be 7 .⑦He must either sell some of his property or 8 extra funds in the form of loans.⑧Naturally he will try to borrow money at a low 9 of interest, but loans of this kind are not 10 obtainable.[139 words]1.[A] other than [B] as well as[C] instead of [D] more than2.[A] only if [B] much as[C] long before [D] ever since3.[A] for [B] against[C] of [D] towards4.[A] replace [B] purchase[C] supplement [D] dispose5.[A] enhance [B] mix[C] feed [D] raise6.[A] vessels [B] routes[C] paths [D] channels7.[A] self-confident [B] self-sufficient[C] self-satisfied [D]self-restrained8.[A] search [B] save[C] offer [D] seek9.[A] proportion [B] percentage[C] rate [D] ratio10.[A] genuinely [B] obviously[C] presumably [D] frequentlyPart ⅡReading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions.For each question there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D].Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions.Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil.(40 points)Passage 1①A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force.②When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale.③Its scientists were the world s best; its workers the most skilled.④(11)America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.①It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer.②Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful.③By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness.④Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition.⑤By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith.⑥(Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea’s LG Electronics in July.) ⑦(12)Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market.America’s machine-tool industry was on the ropes.⑧For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty.①All of this caused a crisis of confidence.②Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted.③They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing, and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well.④The mid-1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of America’s industrial decline.⑤Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas.①How things have changed! ②In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling.③(14)Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle.④Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride.⑤“American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted,”according to Richard Cavanaugh, executive dean of Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government.⑥“It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity,”says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, a think-tank in Washington, DC.⑦And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as “a golden age of business management in the United States.”[429 words]11.The U.S.achieved its predominance after World War II because.[A]it had made painstaking efforts towards this goal[B]its domestic market was eight times larger than before[C]the war had destroyed the economies of most potential competitors [D]the unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy12.The loss of U.S.predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the fact that the American.[A]TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market[B]semiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterprises [C]machine-tool industry had collapsed after suicidal actions [D]auto industry had lost part of its domestic market13.What can be inferred from the passage?[A]It is human nature to shift between self-doubt and blind pride.[B]Intense competition may contribute to economic progress.[C] The revival of the economy depends on international cooperate [D]A long history of success may pave the way for further development.14.The author seems to believe the revival of the U.S.economy in the 1990s can be attributed to the.[A]turning of the business cycle[B] restructuring of industry[C] improved business management[D] success in educationPassage 2①(15)Being a man has always been dangerous.②There are about 105 males born for every 100 females, but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity, and among 70-year-olds there are twice as many women as men.③But the great universal of male mortality is being changed.④Now, boy babies survive almost as well as girls do.⑤This means that, for the first time, there will be an excess of boys in those crucial years when they are searching for a mate.⑥More important, another chance for natural selection has been removed.⑦Fifty years ago, the chance of a baby (particularly a boy baby) surviving depended on its weight. A kilogram too light or too heavy meant almost certain death.⑧Today it makes almost no difference.Since much of the variation is due to genes, one more agent of evolution has gone.①There is another way to commit evolutionary suicide: stay alive, but have fewer children.②Few people are as fertile as in the past.③Except in some religious communities, very few women have 15 children.④Nowadays the number of births, like the age of death, has become average.⑤Most of us have roughly the same number of offspring.⑥(16)Again, differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished.⑦India shows what is happening.The country offers wealth for a few in the great cities and poverty for the remaining tribal peoples.⑧The grand mediocrity of today—everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring—means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes.For us, this means that evolution is over; the biological Utopia has arrived.②Strangely, it has involved little physical change.③No other species fills so many places in nature.④But in the past 100, 000 years —even the past 100 years—our lives have been transformed but our bodies have not.⑤(17)We did not evolve, because machines and society did it for us.⑥Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution: they “look at an organic being as a savage looks at a ship, as at something wholly beyond his comprehension.”⑦No doubt we will remember a 20th century way of life beyond comprehension for its ugliness.But however amazed our descendants may be at how far from Utopia we were, they will look just like us.[406 words]15.What used to be the danger in being a man according to the first paragraph?[A] A lack of mates. [B] A fierce competition.[C] A lower survival rate. [D] A defective gene.16.What does the example of India illustrate?[A] Wealthy people tend to have fewer children than poor people.[B] Natural selection hardly works among the rich and the poor.[C] The middle class population is 80% smaller than that of the tribes.[D] India is one of the countries with a very high birth rate.17.The author argues that our bodies have stopped evolving because.[A] life has been improved by technological advance[B] the number of female babies has been declining[C] our species has reached the highest stage of evolution[D] the difference between wealth and poverty is disappearing18.Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?[A] Sex Ratio Changes in Human Evolution.[B] Ways of Continuing Man’s Evolution.[C] The Evolutionary Future of Nature.[D] Human Evolution Going Nowhere.Passage 3①(20)When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal.②With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be—even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right—it can hardly be classed as Literature.①This, in brief, is what the Futurist says: for a century, past conditions of life have been conditionally speeding up, till now we live in a world of noise and violence and speed.②Consequently, our feelings, thoughts and emotions have undergone a corresponding change.③(21)This speeding up of life, says the Futurist, requires a new form of expression.④We must speed up our literature too, if we want to interpret modern stress.⑤We must pour out a large stream of essential words, unhampered by stops, or qualifying adjectives, or finite verbs.⑥Instead of describing sounds we must make up words that imitate them; we must use many sizes of type and different colored inks on the same page, and shorten or lengthen words at will.①Certainly their descriptions of battles are confused.②But it isa little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river —and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers: “Pluff! Pluff! A hundred and eighty-five kilograms.”①(22)This, though it fulfills the laws and requirements of Futurist poetry, can hardly be classed as Literature.②All the same, no thinking man can refuse to accept their first proposition: that a great change in our emotional life calls for a change of expression.③The whole question is really this: have we essentially changed?[334 words]19.This passage is mainly.[A] a survey of new approaches to art[B] a review of Futurist poetry[C] about merits of the Futurist movement[D] about laws and requirements of literature20.When a novel literary idea appears, people should try to.[A] determine its purposes [B] ignore its flaws[C] follow the new fashions [D] accept the principles21.Futurists claim that we must.[A] increase the production of literature[B] use poetry to relieve modern stress[C] develop new modes of expression[D] avoid using adjectives and verbs22.The author believes that Futurist poetry is.[A] based on reasonable principles[B] new and acceptable to ordinary people[C] indicative of a basic change in human nature[D] more of a transient phenomenon than literaturePassage 4①(23)Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe.②But increasingly the Japanese are seeing a decline of the traditional work-moral values.③Ten years ago young people were hardworking and saw their jobs as their primary reason for being, but now Japan has largely fulfilled its economic needs, and young people don’t know where they should go next.①The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teen-agers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan’s rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs.②In a recent survey, it was found that only 24.5 percent of Japanese students were fully satisfied with school life, compared with 67.2 percent of students in the United States.③In addition, far more Japanese workers expressed dissatisfaction with their jobs than did their counterparts in the 10 other countries surveyed.①While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics, Japanese education tends to stress test taking and mechanical learning over creativity and self-expression.②(25)“Those things that do not show up in the test scores—personality, ability, courage or humanity—are completely ignored,” says Toshiki Kaifu, chairman of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party’s education committee.③“Frustration against this kind of thing leads kids to drop out and run wild.”④Last year Japan experienced 2, 125 incidents of school violence, including 929 assaults on teachers.⑤Amid the outcry, many conservative leaders are seeking a return to the prewar emphasis on moral education.⑥Last year MitsuoSetoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War II had weakened the “Japanese morality of respect for parents.”①(26)But that may have more to do with Japanese life-styles.②“In Japan,” says educator Yoko Muro, “it’s never a question of whether you enjoy your job and your life, but only how much you can endure.”③With economic growth has come centralization; fully 76 percent of Japan’s 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, two-generation households.④Urban Japanese have long endured lengthy commutes (travels to and from work) and crowded living conditions, but as the old group and family values weaken, the discomfort is beginning to tell.⑤In the past decade, the Japanese divorce rate, while still well below that of the United States, has increased by more than 50 percent, and suicides have increased by nearly one-quarter.[447 words]23.In the Westerners’ eyes, the postwar Japan was.[A] under aimless development [B] a positive example[C] a rival to the West [D] on the decline24.According to the author, what may chiefly be responsible for the moral decline of Japanese society?[A] Women’s participation in social activities is limited.[B] More workers are dissatisfied with their jobs.[C] Excessive emphasis has been placed on the basics.[D] The life-style has been influenced by Western values.25.Which of the following is true according to the author?[A] Japanese education is praised for helping the young climb the social ladder.[B] Japanese education is characterized by mechanical learning as well as creativity.[C] More stress should be placed on the cultivation of creativity.[D] Dropping out leads to frustration against test taking.26.The change in Japanese life-style is revealed in the fact that.[A] the young are less tolerant of discomforts in life[B] the divorce rate in Japan exceeds that in the U.S.[C] the Japanese endure more than ever before[D] the Japanese appreciate their present lifePassage 5①(27)If ambition is to be well regarded, the rewards of ambition —wealth, distinction, control over one’s destiny—must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on ambition’s behalf.②If the tradition of ambitionis to have vitality, it must be widely shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them.③(28)In an odd way, however, it is the educated who have claimed to have given up on ambition as an ideal.④What is odd is that they have perhaps most benefited from ambition—if not always their own then that of their parents and grandparents.⑤There is a heavy note of hypocrisy in this, a case of closing the barn door after the horses have escaped—with the educated themselves riding on them.①Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly.②Summer homes, European travel, BMWs—the locations, place names and name brands may change, but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago.③(29)What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar.④Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools.⑤For such people and many more perhaps not so exceptional, the proper formulation is, “Succeed at all costs but avoid appearing ambitious.”①The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles; its public defenders are few and unimpressive, where they are not extremely unattractive.②As a result, the support for ambition as a healthy impulse, a quality to be admired and fixed in the mind of the young, is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States.③This does not mean that ambition is at an end, that people no longer feel its stirrings and promptings, but only that, no longer openly honored, it is less openly professed.④Consequences follow from this, of course, some of which are that ambition is driven underground, or made sly.⑤Such, then, is the way things stand: on the left angry critics, on the right stupid supporters, and in the middle, as usual, the majority of earnest people trying to get on in life.[431 words]27.It is generally believed that ambition may be well regarded if.[A] its returns well compensate for the sacrifices[B] it is rewarded with money, fame and power[C] its goals are spiritual rather than material[D] it is shared by the rich and the famous28.The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that it is.[A] customary of the educated to discard ambition in words[B] too late to check ambition once it has been let out[C] dishonest to deny ambition after the fulfillment of the goal [D] impractical for the educated to enjoy benefits from ambition29.Some people do not openly admit they have ambition because.[A] they think of it as immoral[B] their pursuits are not fame or wealth[C] ambition is not closely related to material benefits[D] they do not want to appear greedy and contemptible30.From the last paragraph the conclusion can be drawn that ambition should be maintained.[A] secretly and vigorously [B]openly and enthusiastically[C] easily and momentarily [D] verbally and spirituallyPart ⅢEnglish-Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(15 points)Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community.31)Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts.32)Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country’s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds.It also means that governments are increasingly compelled to interfere in these sectors in order to step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage.For example, they may encourage research in various ways, including the setting up of their own research centers; they may alter the structure of education, or interfere in order to reduce the wastage of natural resources or tap resources hitherto unexploited; or they may cooperate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science, economics and industry.In any case, all such interventions are heavily dependent on scientific advice and also scientific and technological manpower of all kinds.33)Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above.At the same time, the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed compared with the past.For example, 34)in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization—with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed—was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so.All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures and tensions within the community and consequently presents serious problems for the governments concerned.35)Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements—themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport.As a result of all these factors, governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect.[390 words]Section ⅣWriting(15 points)36.Directions:A.Study the following two pictures carefully and write an essay of at least 150 words.B.Your essay must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.C.Your essay should meet the requirements below:1)Describe the pictures.2)Deduce the purpose of the painter of the pictures.3)Suggest counter-measures.2000年英语试题答案Part ⅠCloze Test1.C2.A3.B4.A5.C6.D7.B8.D9.C 10.DPart ⅡReading ComprehensionPassage 111.C 12.D 13.B 14.APassage 215.C 16.B 17.A 18.DPassage 319.B 20.A 21.C 22.DPassage 423.B 24.D 25.C 26.APassage 527.A 28.C 29.D 30.BPart Ⅲ English-Chinese Translation31.在现代条件下, 这需要程度不同的集中控制措施, 从而就需要获得诸如经济学和运筹学等领域的专家的协助。
2000-2010历年考研英语一翻译真题
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Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)2010One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value. Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community and, if its stability depends on its integrity, they are entitled to continuance.When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and, if we happen to love it .We invert excuses to give it economic importance. At the beginning of century songbirds were supposed to be disappearing. (46) Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them.the evidence had to be economic in order to be valid.It is painful to read these round about accounts today. We have no land ethic yet, (47) but we have at least drawn near the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.A parallel situation exists in respect of predatory mammals and fish-eating birds.(48) Time was when biologists somewhat over worded the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on "worthless" species.Some species of tree have been read out of the party by economics-minded foresters because they grow too slowly, or have too low a sale vale to pay as timber crops. (49) In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason.To sum up: a system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest is hopelessly lopsided. (50) It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning. It assumes, falsely, I think, that the economic parts of the biotic clock will function without the uneconomic parts.2009There is a marked difference between the education which everyone gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association. (46)It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the desire tosecure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. (47) Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world's work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance. (48)While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. (49) Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.(50)We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group. 2008In his autobiography, Darwin himself speaks of his intellectual powers with extraordinary modesty. He points out that he always experienced much difficulty in expressing himself clearly and concisely, but (46) he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations. He disclaimed the possession of any great quickness of apprehension or wit, such as distinguished Huxley. (47) He asserted, also, that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics. His memory, too, he described as extensive, but hazy. So poor in one sense was it that he never could remember for more than a few days a single date or a line of poetry.(48) On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning. This, he thought, could not be true, because the “Origin of Species” is one long argument from the beginning to the end, and has convinced many able men. No one, he submits, could have written it without possessing some power of reasoning. He was willing toassert that “I have a fair share of invention, and of common sense or judgment, such as every fairly successful lawyer or doctor must have, but not, I believe, in any higher degree.” (49) He adds humbly that perhaps he was “superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully.”Writing in the last year of his life, he expressed the opinion that in two or three respects his mind had changed during the preceding twenty or thirty years. Up to the age of thirty or beyond it poetry of many kinds gave him great pleasure. Formerly, too, pictures had given him considerable, and music very great, delight. In 1881, however, he said: “Now for many years I cannot endure to read a line of poetry. I have also almost lost my taste for pictures or music.” (50) Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character.2007The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline in European universities. However, only in recent years has it become a feature of undergraduate programs in Canadian universities. (46) Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.Happily, the older and more continental view of legal education is establishing itself in a number of Canadian universities and some have even begun to offer undergraduate degrees in law.If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and parcel of a general education, its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism educators. Law is a discipline which encourages responsible judgment. On the one hand, it provides opportunities to analyze such ideas as justice, democracy and freedom. (47) On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news.For example, notions of evidence and fact, of basic rights and public interest are at work in the process of journalistic judgment and production just as in courts of law. Sharpening judgment by absorbing and reflecting on law is a desirable component ofa journalist’s intellectual preparation for his or her career.(48) But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.Politics or, more broadly, the functioning of the state, is a major subject for journalists. The better informed they are about the way the state works, the better their reporting will be. (49) In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.Furthermore, the legal system and the events which occur within it are primarysubjects for journalists. While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers. (50) While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments.These can only come from a well-grounded understanding of the legal system.2006Is it true that the American intellectual is rejected and considered of no account in his society? I am going to suggest that it is not true. Father Bruckberger told part of the story when he observed that it is the intellectuals who have rejected America. But they have done more than that. They have grown dissatisfied with the role of intellectual. It is they, not America, who have become anti-intellectual.First, the object of our study pleads for definition. What is an intellectual? 46) I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in a Socratic (苏格拉底) way about moral problems. He explores such problems consciously, articulately, and frankly, first by asking factual questions, then by asking moral questions, finally by suggesting action which seems appropriate in the light of the factual and moral information which he has obtained. 47) His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.This definition excludes many individuals usually referred to as intellectuals -- the average scientist, for one. 48) I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems. Like other human beings, he encounters moral issues even in the everyday performance of his routine duties -- he is not supposed to cook his experiments, manufacture evidence, or doctor his reports. 49) But his primary task is not to think about the moral code which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. During most of his waking life he will take his code for granted, as the businessman takes his ethics.The definition also excludes the majority of teachers, despite the fact that teaching has traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their living. 50) They may teach very well and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment.This description even fits the majority of eminent scholars.Being learned in some branch of human knowledge is one thing, living in "public and ill ustrious thoughts,” as Emerson would say,is something else.2005It is not easy to talk about the role of the mass media in this overwhelmingly significant phase in European history. History and news become confused, and one’s impressions tend to be a mixture of skepticism and optimism. 46) Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed -- and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe. The Europe that is now forming cannot be anything other than its peoples, their cultures and national identities. With this in mind we can begin to analyze the European television scene. 47) In Europe, as elsewhere, multi-media groups have been increasingly successful: groups which bring together television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another. One Italian example would be the Berlusconi group, while abroad Maxwell and Murdoch come to mind.Clearly, only the biggest and most flexible television companies are going to be able to compete in such a rich and hotly-contested market. 48) This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in, a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks, no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.Moreover, the integration of the European community will oblige television companies to cooperate more closely in terms of both production and distribution.49) Creating a “European identity”that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice -- that of producing programs in Europe for Europe. This entails reducing our dependence on the North American market, whose programs relate to experiences and cultural traditions which are different from our own.In order to achieve these objectives, we must concentrate more on co-productions, the exchange of news, documentary services and training. This also involves the agreements between European countries for the creation of a European bank for Television Production which, on the model of the European Investments Bank, will handle the finances necessary for production costs. 50) In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say “Unit ed we stand, divided we fall” -- and if I had to choose a slogan it would be “Unity in our diversity.” A unity of objectives that nonetheless respect the varied peculiarities of each country.2004The relation of language and mind has interested philosophers for many centuries. 61) The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had someconnection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.Only recently did linguists begin the serious study of languages that were very different from their own. Two anthropologist-linguists, Franz Boas and Edward Sapir, were pioneers in describing many native languages of North and South America during the first half of the twentieth century. 62) We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages.Other linguists in the earlier part of this century, however, who were less eager to deal with bizarre data from “exotic” language, were not always so grateful. 63) The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data. Native American languages are indeed different, so much so in fact that Navajo could be used by the US military as a code during World War II to send secret messages.Sapir’s pupil, Benjamin Lee Whorf, continued the study of American Indian languages. 64) Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society. He reasoned that because it is easier to formulate certain concepts and not others in a given language, the speakers of that language think along one track and not along another. 65) Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society. Later, this idea became to be known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, but this term is somewhat inappropriate. Although both Sapir and Whorf emphasized the diversity of languages, Sapir himself never explicitly supported the notion of linguistic determinism.2003Human beings in all times and places think about their world and wonder at their place in it. Humans are thoughtful and creative, possessed of insatiable curiosity. 61) Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies. Therefore, it is important to study humans in all their richness and diversity in a calm and systematic manner, with the hope that the knowledge resulting from such studies can lead humans to a more harmonious way of living with themselves and with all other life forms on this planet Earth.“Anthropology”derives from the Greek words anthropos:“human”and logos“the study of.”By its very name, anthropology encompasses the study of all humankind.Anthropology is one of the social sciences. 62) Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the samereasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.Social science disciplines include geography, economics, political science, psychology, and sociology. Each of these social sciences has a subfield or specialization which lies particularly close to anthropology.All the social sciences focus upon the study of humanity. Anthropology is a field-study oriented discipline which makes extensive use of the comparative method in analysis. 63) The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.Anthropological analyses rest heavily upon the concept of culture. Sir Edward Tylor’s formulation of the concept of culture was one of the great intellectual achievements of 19th century science. 64) Tylor defined culture as “… that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.”This insight, so profound in its simplicity, opened up an entirely new way of perceiving and understanding human life. Implicit within Tylor’s definition is the concept that culture is learned, shared, and patterned behavior.65) Thus, the anthropological concept of “culture,” like the concept of “set” in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.2002Almost all our major problems involve human behavior, and they cannot be solved by physical and biological technology alone. What is needed is a technology of behavior, but we have been slow to develop the science from which such a technology might be drawn. 61) One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on. Physics and biology once followed similar practices and advanced only when they discarded them. 62) The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find. The environment is obviously important, but its role has remained obscure. It does not push or pull, it selects, and this function is difficult to discover and analyze. 63) The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of theenvironment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied. As the interaction between organism and environment has come to be understood, however, effects once assigned to states of mind, feelings, and traits are beginning to be traced to accessible conditions, and a technology of behavior may therefore become available. It will not solve our problems, however, until it replaces traditionalprescientific views, and these are strongly entrenched. Freedom and dignity illustrate the difficulty. 64) They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements. A scientific analysis shifts both the responsibility and the achievement to the environment. It also raises questions concerning “values.” Who will use a technology and to what ends?65) Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.200171) There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.72) Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell-television, and digital age will have arrived.According to BT’s futurologist, Ian Pearson, these are among the developments scheduled for the first few decades of the new millennium (a period of 1,000 years), when supercomputers will dramatically accelerate progress in all areas of life.73) Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place. Some of the biggest developments will be in medicine, including an extended life expectancy and dozens of artificial organs coming into use between now and 2040.Pearson also predicts a breakthrough in computer-human links. “By linking directly to our nervous system, computers could pick up what we feel and, hopefully, simulate feeling too so that we can start to develop full sensory environments, rather like the holidays in Total Recall or the Star Trek holodeck,” he says. 74) But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: “It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of t he next century.”Through his research, Pearson is able to put dates to most of the breakthroughs that can be predicted. However, there are still no forecasts for when faster-than-light travel will be available, or when human cloning will be perfected, or when time travel will be possible. But he does expect social problems as a result of technological advances. A boom in neighborhood surveillance cameras will, for example, cause problems in 2010, while the arrival of synthetic lifelike robots will mean people may not be able to distinguish between their human friends and the droids. 75) And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder -- kitchen rage.2000Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community.71)Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts. 72) Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country’s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. It also means that governments are increasingly compelled to interfere in these sectors in order to step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage. For example, they may encourage research in various ways, including the setting up of their own research centers; they may alter the structure of education, or interfere in order to reduce the wastage of natural resources or tap resources hitherto unexploited; or they may cooperate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science, economics and industry. In any case, all such interventions are heavily dependent on scientific advice and also scientific and technological manpower of all kinds.73) Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. At the same time, the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed compared with the past. For example, 74) in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization -- with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed -- was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures and tensions within the community and consequently presents serious problems for the governments concerned. 75) Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements -- themselvesmade relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. As a result of all these factors, governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect.答案略。
考研英语一历年翻译真题及答案
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考研英语一历年翻译真题:(2016-1994)(此资料由小七i整理,请不要外传,仅用于考研学习借鉴,如有错误地方,请自行参考其他资料。
)【每年的题目单独编译成页是为了便于打印后直接在上面进行书写】翻译主题分析:1994年:天才、技术与科学发展的关系 1995年:标准化教育与心理评估(364词)1996年:科学发展的动力(331词) 1997年:动物的权利(417词)1998年:宇宙起源(376词) 1999年:史学研究方法(326词)2000年:科学家与政府(381词) 2001年:计算机与未来生活展望(405词)2002年:行为科学发展的困难 2003年:人类学简介(371词)2004年:语言与思维(357词) 2005年:电视媒体2006年:美国的知识分子 2007年:法学研究的意义2008年:达尔文的思想观点 2009年:正规教育的地位2010年:经济与生态 2011年:能动意识的作用2012年:普遍性真理 2013年:人类状况2014年:贝多芬的一生 2015年:历史学方面2016年:心理健康46) We don't have to learn how to be mentally healthy, it is built into us in the same way that our bodies know how to heal a cut or mend, a broken bone. 47) Our mental health doesn't go anywhere; like the sun behind a cloud, it can be temporarily hidden from view, but it is fully capable of being restored in an instant.48) Mental health allows us to view others with sympathy if they are having troubles, with kindness if they are in pain, and with unconditional love no matter who they are.49) Although mental health is the cure-all for living our lives, it is perfecting ordinary as you will see that it has been there to direct you through all your difficult decisions.50) As you will come to see, knowing that mental health is always available and knowing to trust it allow us to slow down to the moment and live life happily.46) This movement, driven by powerful and diverse motivations, built a nation out of a wilderness and, by its nature, shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent.47) The United States is the product of two principal forces-the immigration of European peoples with their varied ideas, customs, and national characteristics and the impact of a new country which modified these traits. 48) But, the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America, the interplay of the varied national groups upon one another, and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw, new continent caused significant changes.49) The first shiploads of immigrants bound for the territory which is now the United States crossed the Atlantic more than a hundred years after thefifteenth- and sixteenth-century explorations of North America.50) The virgin forest with its richness and variety of trees was a real treasure-house which extended from Maine all the way down to Georgia in the south. Here was abundant fuel and lumber.46) It is also the reason why when we try to describe music with words, all we can do is articulate our reactions to it, and not grasp music itself.47)By all accounts he was a freethinking person, and a courageous one, and I find courage an essential quality for the understanding, let alone the performance, of his works.48) Beethoven’s habit of increasing the volume with an extreme intensity and then abruptly following it with a sudden soft passage was only rarely used by composers before him.49) Especially significant was his view of freedom, which, for him, was associated with the rights and responsibilities of the individual: he advocated freedom of thought and of personal expression.50)One could interpret much of the work of Beethoven by saying that suffering is inevitable, but the courage to fight it renders life worth living.46) Yet when one looks at the photographs of the garden created by the homeless, it strikes one that , for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression.47) A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need.48)The gardens of the homeless which are in effect homeless gardens introduce from into an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such. In so doing they give composure to a segment of the inarticulate environment in which they take their stand.49) Most of us give into a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in garden and feel the expression vanish as if by magic.50) It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of word garden though in a “liberated” sense, to describe these synthetic constructions.46) In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything—a single generative equation for all we see.47) Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification for it all humans share common origins it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings.48) To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.49) The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints.50) Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it.46)Allen’s contribution was to take an assumption we all share-that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts-and reveal its erroneous nature.47) While we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone, in reality we are continually faced with a question: “Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that?”48) This seems a justification for neglect of those in need, and a rationalization of exploitation, of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom.49) Circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us and if we feel that we have been “wronged” then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from our situation.50)The upside is the possibilities contained in knowing that everything is up to us; where before we were experts in the array of limitations, now we become authorities of what is possible.46) Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them. the evidence had to be economic in order to be valid.47) But we have at least drawn near the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.48) Time was when biologists somewhat over worded the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on "worthless" species.49) In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason.50) It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning.46) It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive.47) Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution.48) While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults.49) Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.50) We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling.46)He believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations.47) He asserted, also, that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics.48)On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning.49) He adds humbly that perhaps he was "superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully."50)Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character.46) Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.47) On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news.48) But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.49) In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear preps of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.50) While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments.46) I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic(苏格拉底) way about moral problems.47) His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.48) I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems.49)But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business.50)They may teach very well and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment.46) Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed-and perhaps never before has it served to much to connect different peoples and nations as is the recent events in Europe.47) In Europe, as elsewhere multi-media groups have been increasingly successful groups which bring together television, radio newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another.48) This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.49) Crea ting a “European identity” that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice - that of producing programs in Europe for Europe.50)In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say “Unity we stand, divided we fall” -and if I had to choose a slogan it would be “Unity in our diversity.”61) The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.62) We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages.63) The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data Native American languages are indeed different, so much so in fact that Navajo could be used by the US military as a code during World War II to send secret messages.64) Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society.65) Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society.61) Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.62) Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.63) The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.64) Tylor defined culture as “...that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.”65) Thus, the anthropological concept of “culture,” like the concept of “set” in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.61) One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on.62) The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.63) The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied.64) They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements. 65) Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.71) There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.72) Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell-television, and digital age will have arrived.73) Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.74) But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: “It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century."75) And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder--kitchen rage.71)There will be television chat shows hosted by robots and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.72) Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools relaxation will be in front of smell-television and digital age will have arrived.73)Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications,people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas,while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above.74) But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration:“It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.”75) And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder kitchen rage.71) While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians,modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.72) Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.73) During this transfer,traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.74) There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.75) It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources. And to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.71) But even more important,it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past,for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.72) The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang,first put forward in the 1920s,to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos.73) Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures,and may report their findings soon.74) If the small hot spots look as expected,that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea,a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory.75) Odd though it sounds,cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary-particle physics,and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.71) Actually,it isn’t,because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights,which is something the world does not have.72) Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract,as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.73) It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans,or with no consideration at all.74) Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect,extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.75) When that happens,it is not a mistake: it is mankind’s instinct for moral reasoning in action,an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.71) Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating.72 )This trend began during the Second World War,when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail. 73) This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.74) However,the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world more fascinating and delightful aspects.75) New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past,giving rise to new standards of elegance.1995年考研英语(一)翻译真题71) The target is wrong,for in attacking the tests,critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users.72) How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount,reliability,and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.73) Whether to use tests,other kinds of information,or both in a particular situation depends,therefore,upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.74) In general,the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicated can not be well defined.75) For example,they do not compensate for gross social inequality,and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.1994年考研英语(一)翻译真题71) Science moves forward,they say,not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.72)“In short”,a leader of the new school contends,“the scientific revolution,as we call it,was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.”73) Over the years,tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science. 74) Galileo’s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth.75) Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa(反之)often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving for。
考研英语2000真题词汇
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考研英语2000真题词汇-CAL-FENGHAI-(2020YEAR-YICAI)_JINGBIAN2000年完形存储余粮对农民的意义单词1、consumption n. 消耗量,消费量;消耗,消费2、support v. 资助,供养,赡养(某人)3、surplus n. 剩余(额),过剩;盈余,顺差 a. 剩余的,过剩的4、sow v. 播(种);散布,激起5、insurance n. 保险;保费;保障,预防措施6、unpredictable a. 无法预料的,不可预知的7、commodity n. 商品;有用的东西8、supplement v. 补充,增补9、dispose v. 排列,安排;(~ of)处置,丢弃,处理,转让10、agricultural a. 农业的11、implement n. (尤指户外劳作使用的)工具,器具12、fertilizer n. 肥料13、vessel n. 船,容器,导管,脉管14、channel n. (可供沟通和达成目的的)渠道,途径;(输送水的)渠道15、available a. 可获得的,可用的;(人)有空的16、property n. 财产,资产;房产;特性,性质17、proportion n. 部分;比例,均衡18、ratio n. 比率,对比,比值19、genuinely ad. 真诚地,诚实地,非伪造地20、presumably ad. 可能地,大概,推测起来21、obtainable a. 能得到的,可获得的22、self-sufficient a. 自给自足的23、self-satisfied a. 自满的,自鸣得意的24、self-restrained a. 自我控制的,有节制的短语1、keep a wide gap 保持一个大的差距2、a large quantity of 大量的3、other than 不同于;除了……4、instead of 而不是……(表选择)5、more than 非常;远非,比……更多(表比较)6、much as 尽管,虽然(表让步)7、ever since 自从(表时间)8、long before 早在……以前(表时间)9、irrigation channel 灌溉渠10、rate of interest=interest rate 利率2000年-阅读Text1二战后美国经济的兴衰单词1.effortless a. 轻松的,不费力的2.dreadful a. 极其的,极其大的3.handicap n. 障碍,阻碍4.properly ad. 适当地5.handle v. 处理,应付6.glowing a. 光彩照人的,辉煌的7.unparalleled a. 无比的,空前的8.skilled a. 熟练的9.prosperous a. 繁荣的10.predominance n.(数量上的)优势;主导地位,支配地位11.painstaking a. 辛苦的,精心的12.impetus n. 动力,推动,促进,刺激13.inevitable a. 必然的,不可避免的14.primacy n. 第一位,首位,卓越15.narrow v. 变窄,变小16.retreat n. 后退petitiveness n. 竞争力18.shrink v. 变小,减少19.vanish v. 消失20.domestic a. 国内的21.semiconductor n. 半导体22.casualty n. 受害者,牺牲品23.withdraw v. 退出24.prosperity n. 繁荣,成功25.shortly ad. 不久,很快26.inquiry n. 调查,查问27.decline n. 衰退28.sensational a. 哗众取宠的,耸人听闻的29.warning n. 警告,告诫30.overseas ad. 海外31.struggle v. 挣扎32.attribute v. 把……归因于33.solely ad. 仅仅34.devalued a. 贬值的35.cycle n. 周期,循环期36.self-doubt n. 自我怀疑37.yield v. 屈服,让步38.quick-witted a. 机敏的,机智的39.think-tank n. 智囊团短语1. a dreadful handicap 一个极大的障碍2. driving force 动力,推动力3. economies of scale 规模经济4. beyond the dreams of 做梦也无法想象5. give impetus to sth. 给……带来动力,促进……的发展6. retreat from 撤退,衰退7. at a loss 困惑,不知所措8. industry competitiveness 产业竞争力9. in the face of 面对10. sweep into 涌向11. domestic market 国内市场12. on the ropes 岌岌可危,濒临失败13. look as though 好像,看起来14. at the heart of 处于……的中心位置15. take over 接管16. collapse after suicide action 自取灭亡17. take…into granted 认为……理所当然18. inquiry into sth. 调查某事19. industrial decline 产业衰退20. be filled with 充满……21. growing competition 竞争压力日益增长22. look back on 回顾23. solid growth 稳固发展,稳定增长24. attribute to 归因于25. the turning of the business cycle 经济周期的循环26. yield to 屈服于,让步于27. blind pride 盲目自豪28. go on a diet 节食29. a golden age 黄金时代30. the revival of the economy 经济复苏31. international cooperation 国际合作32. pave the way for…为……铺平道路2000年阅读Text2人类进化是否终止尚无定论单词1. ratio n. 比率;比例2. maturity n. 成年;成熟3. mortality n. 死亡率4. excess n. 过多的量5. crucial a. 关键性的6. remove v. 使消失7. particularly ad. 尤其8. variation n. 变化9. agent n. [熟词僻义]动因10. evolution n. 进化11. defective a. 有缺点的;有缺陷的12. fertile a. 能生育的13. roughly ad. 大约,差不多14. offspring n. 子女;后代15. diminish v. 减少16. remaining a. 留下的;剩余的17. tribal a. 部落的18. grand a. 重大的19. mediocrity n. 普通;平常20. tribe n. 部落21. involve v. 牵涉;牵连22. transform v. 使改变23. evolve v. 进化24. ignorant a. 无知的25. savage n. 野蛮人;未开化的人26. wholly ad. 完全;全面27. comprehension n. 理解力28. amazed a. 十分惊讶的29. descendant n. 后裔;后代短语1. natural selection 自然选择2. depend on 受……的影响;取决于3. make almost no different 几乎没有什么不同4. due to 由于,因为5. a lack of 缺乏6. commit suicide 自杀7. religious community 宗教团体8. take advantage of 利用9. compare to 与……相比较10. physical change 身体变化11. be ignorant of 对……无知12. beyond one’s comprehension 超出某人的理解范围13. no doubt 毫无疑问14. be amazed at 对……感到十分惊讶15. technology advance 技术进步16. reach the stage of 到达……的阶段17. the difference between wealth and poverty贫富差距专有名词Utopia 乌托邦,理想的完美境界2000年阅读Text3 未来派诗歌不是文学单词1. attain v. 获得,得到2. certain a. 某事的,某人的3. advisable a. 明智的;可取的4. advocate n. 拥护者,支持者5. farfetched a. 难以置信的;牵强的6. unreasonable a. 不合理的7. principle n. 观念;信条8. rather ad. 相当,在某种程度上9. flaw n. 错误;缺点10. condition n. 状态11. conditionally ad. 有条件地12. consequently ad. 因此,结果13. undergo v. 经历14. corresponding a. 符合的;相关的15. interpret v. 诠释,说明16. essential a. 本质的;基本的17. imitate v. 模仿18. confused a. 混乱的,难懂的19. explanatory a. 解释的;说明的20. fulfill v. 符合,具备21. requirement n. 必备条件22. proposition n. 见解;主张23. emotional a. 感情的24. essentially ad. 基本上25. transient a. 短暂的26. merit n. 优点短语1. it is advisable to do 做……是相当明智的2. aim at 目的在于3. in years to come 将来4. with regard to 关于5. in brief 简言之6. pour out 畅所欲言7. a large stream of 大量的8. instead of 代替,而不是9. at will 任意,随意10. explanatory note 注解11. consist of 组成12. all the same 虽是这样;尽管如此13. call for 呼吁14. more of……than……与其说……不如说……专有名词1. Future poetry 未来派诗歌2. Futurist 未来主义者2000-阅读Text4日本传统工作道德观的衰变单词1.postwar a. (尤指二战)战后的2.increasingly ad. 不断增加地,越来越多地3.decline n. 衰败;下降4.hardworking a. 勤奋努力的5.primary a. 首要的6.fulfil v. 满足……的要求7.rival n. 竞争者,对手8.question v. 怀疑,质疑9.sacrifice n. 牺牲,舍弃10.rigid a. 严格死板的,僵化的11.counterpart n. 职务相当的人12.emphasis n. 强调,重视,重要性13.basics n. 基础,基本因素14.mechanical a. 机械的,不加思考的15.self-expression n. 自我表现,自我表达16.personality n. 性格,人格17.humanity n. 人性18.ruling a. 执政的,统治的,支配的19.frustration n. 懊恼,沮丧;受挫,挫败20.run v. 变成,变得21.incident n. 事件22.amid prep. 在……之中23.outcry n. 公众的强烈抗议24.conservative a. 保守的,守旧的25.prewar a. 战前的26.occupation n. 侵占,占领27.morality n. 道德,道德准则28.endure v. 忍耐,忍受29.isolated a. 孤立的,孤独的30.household n. 家庭,一家人31.urban a. 城市的,城镇的32.lengthy a. 漫长的,冗长的mute n. 上下班路程,通勤34.discomfort n. 不适,不安35.tell v. 识别,辨别36.suicide n. 自杀37.one-quarter 四分之一38.exceed v. 超过,超出短语1.be typical of 是……的典型(事例,特征等)2.work-moral values 工作道德价值观3.fulfil economic needs 满足经济需求4.on the decline 走下坡路ing of age 达到黄金期6.involve in 涉及,包含在……中7.be fully satisfied with 对……完全满意8.in addition 另外9.express dissatisfaction with 表达对……的不满10.tend to 倾向于,往往11.stress A over B 对A的强调超过B12.show up 显现,显示出来13.drop out 辍学,退学14.be praised by 因……受到称赞15.place stress on 强调16.lead to 导致17.have more to do with 与……有更大关系18.abandon A in favor of B 为B舍A19.increase by 增加了……专有名词Liberal Democratic Party 自由民主党简称自民党或LDP,为执政党,是日本第一大党。
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2000 年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题文章翻译Part I (略)Part ⅡUse of English一个农民要想成功,就必须在其消费和生产之间努力保持着较大的差距。
他必须存储大量的粮食而不是立即把所有的粮食都消费掉。
农民若想养活自己及家人,就必须有余粮。
他必须用以下三种方式来使用这些余粮:留作种子,留作应对恶劣天气影响的保障,以及作为商品卖掉,来替换旧农具和购买化肥给土壤施肥。
他可能还需要钱来修建灌溉水渠,或在其他方面改善自己的农田。
如果没有余粮,农民就不能自给自足,他就只得变卖部分家产或通过贷款寻求额外的资金。
自然,他会尽量争取低息贷款,但这种贷款不是经常能够得到的。
Part ⅢReading ComprehensionPassage 1长期的、不费力气的成功史可能成为一种可怕的障碍,但是如果处理得当,它也可能成为一种动力。
二战结束后,美国恰好进入这样的一段辉煌时期,当时它拥有比任何竞争对手大八倍的市场,这使其工业经济规模前所未有。
它的科学家是世界上最优秀的,它的工人是最富于技巧的。
美国和美国人的繁荣是那些经济遭到战争破坏的欧亚两大洲人民做梦都想像不出的。
当其他国家逐渐富有起来时,这种差距的缩小是必然的。
同样不可避免的是逐渐失去主导地位的痛苦。
在80年代中期,美国人为他们工业竞争力的减退感到困惑。
有些大型的美国工业,如消费电子工业,在外国的竞争面前萎缩或者崩溃。
到l987年,只剩下一家美国电视机制造企业——Zenith(现在已经完全没有了:Zenith已经被韩国的LG电子兼并)。
外国汽车和纺织品正在大举进入美国国内市场。
美国的机械工业岌岌可危。
在一段时期,好像半导体制造业,这个美国发明的并且对新的计算机时代极为关键的工业,也将成为下一个牺牲品。
所有这些引发了一种信心危机。
美国人已经不再将繁荣视为自然而然的事。
他们开始怀疑他们的经营方法出了问题,怀疑他们的收人很快就会下降。
80年代中期人们对美国工业衰退的原因进行一次又一次的调查。
这些调查的发现,有些是耸人听闻的,都充满了对来自海外竞争加剧的警示。
现在情况已经完全改变! 1995年美国可以回顾在过去五年中稳步的增长,而日本还在奋力挣扎。
很少有美国人把它的原因归结为类似美元贬值或商业周期轮回这些显而易见的原因。
对自身的怀疑已经被盲目乐观取代。
“美国的产业结构已经改变,消除了滞涨,学会了快速反应,”哈佛大学肯尼迪行政学院执行院长Richard Gavanagh指出。
“看到美国经济如此地提高生产力,我为自己是美国人而感到自豪,”华盛顿特区的智囊团卡托研究院的StePhen Moore说。
哈佛经管学院的William Sahlman相信,人们将来会把这个时期视为“美国企业管理的黄金时期”。
Passage 2身为一个男人从来都充满危险。
男女出生的比例大约是105:100,但到了成年期,这个比例便降至基本持平,而到70岁时,女性的人数就已达到男性的两倍了。
不过男性死亡率高的普遍规律正在改变。
现在男婴的成活率与女婴基本一样。
那意味着有史以来第一次男孩在他们择偶的关键年龄期有所过剩。
更重要的是,又一个自然选择的机会消失了。
50年前,婴儿(特别是男婴)成活的关键在于他的体重。
多一公斤或少一公斤都会造成死亡。
今天,体重几乎不起什么作用。
因为大部分差异是由基因造成的,所以又一个进化的因素消失了。
进化自杀还有另外一种办法:活着,但少生孩子。
现在很少有人像过去那样大批生育。
除了在少数宗教团体中,几乎没有女性生15个孩子。
现在出生的数量,就像死亡的年龄一样,变得平均化。
我们大多数都有同样数量的后代。
而且,人与人之间的差异和利用这种差异进行自然选择的机会都已经减少。
印度证实了这种状况。
这个国家为大城市的少数人提供了财富,为其余大多数部落居民造成了贫穷。
今天这种极其显著的平均化——每个人的生存机会和子女数量都相同——意味着与部落相比,自然选择在印度中、上阶层已经失去了80%的作用。
对于我们来说,这意味着进化已经结束;生物学上的乌托邦已经来临。
奇怪的是,它并未造成多少外形的改变。
没有其他物种在自然界占据如此多的地方。
但是在过去10万年中——甚至过去100年中——我们的生活发生了变化,但我们的身体却没有改变。
我们没有进化,因为机器和社会在代替我们进化。
达尔文曾经用下面的语句来描述那些对生物进化过程一无所知的人:他们“注视着有机体,就像原始人注视着轮船,注视着那完全超出自己理解能力的事物。
”无疑,我们将记住20世纪的一种生活方式,尽管对其丑陋之处无法理解。
但是不管我们的后代对我们离乌托邦之远感到多么吃惊,他们看上去将和我们一样。
Passage 3当一场新的艺术运动在某种程度上流行,人们最好去弄清其倡导者的目的是什么,因为不管它们的原则现在看来多么牵强附会、不可思议,很可能在将来它们会被视为正常。
然而就未来派诗歌来说,情况则不这么简单,因为不管未来派诗歌是什么——即使承认它赖以存在的理论基础是正确的——这种形式也很难被界定为文学。
简而言之,未来派诗人宣称:一个世纪以来,过去的生活状况一直在有条件地急剧变化,到现在我们已经生活在一个充满了噪声、暴力和快节奏的世界。
因此,我们的感觉、思想和情感都发生了相应的变化。
未来主义者说这种加速的生活节奏,需要一种新的表达方式。
我们要理解现代社会的压力,就必须加快文学发展的步伐。
我们在下笔时必须让一长串表达意义的最基本词汇倾泄而出,不受句读停顿、限制修饰性形容词或限定性动词的牵制。
我们不再描写声音,我们制造词汇来模仿它们;我们使用的字体必须在同一页纸上大小不同,颜色不同,词汇可以随意地加长或缩短。
毫无疑问,他们对战斗的描述会令人费解。
但是读到一句描写战斗的诗行的注解时,则更令人心烦。
注解中说该诗描写了一名土耳其军官和一名保加利亚军官在一座桥上发生了搏斗,结果双双从桥上掉进河中——后来发现这一行诗文是由军官落水的声音和他们的体重组成的:“扑通!扑通!一百八十五公斤。
”虽然这符合未来派诗歌的规律和要求,但是它很难被界定为文学。
与此同时,没有一个有思想的人能拒绝接受他们的基本主张:我们的感情生活的巨大变化要求表达方式的变化。
但实际问题是:从根本上说,我们改变了吗?Passage 4战后日本的生产率和社会的和谐为美国和欧洲所称羡,因此毫无目标很难说是战后日本的特色。
但是日本人正在经历传统工作道德价值观的日益衰退。
10年前,年轻人工作很勤奋,将工作视为他们生存的主要理由,但是现在日本已经大致满足了它的经济需求,年轻人不知道他们下一步目标在哪里。
战后生育高峰时出生的人口成人,以及女性进入以男性为主的劳动力市场,二者都限制了青少年的发展机遇,他们已经对攀登等级森严的社会阶梯以及获得较好的教育和工作所付出的巨大个人代价提出质疑。
在最近的一次调查中,人们发现只有24.5%的日本学生对学校生活感到满意,而在美国达到67.2%。
而且,日本工人对他们的工作感到不满的人数要比其他10个被调查的国家多得多。
虽然日本的教育常常因重视基础知识而受到外国人士赞扬,但它对应试和机械的学习的重视程度超过了创造性和个性表现。
“那些在考试分数中不能表现的东西——个性、能力、勇气和人道主义精神——被完全忽视了,”去年日本出现了2,125起校园暴力事件,包括929起殴打老师的事件。
在抗议声中,许多保守的领导人呼吁回到战前对道德教育非常重视的状态。
去年,当时的教育部长Mitsuo Setoyama不无愤慨地说道,二战后美国占领当局所引进的自由化改革弱化了“日本人尊敬父母的传统道德”。
但那可能与日本人生活方式更有关系。
教育学家Yoko Muro说道:“在日本,问题从来都不在于你是否喜欢你的生活和你的工作,而只在于你能够忍受多少。
”经济的增长带来了居住集中化,日本1.19亿人口的76%都住在城市,传统社区和多代同堂家庭消失了,取而代之的是与外界很少往来的,仅由两代人构成的家庭。
日本的城市人口长期以来忍受着漫长的上下班路途和拥挤的居住条件,但是,随着传统的群体和家庭价值观的弱化,不满逐渐显露出来。
在过去的10年中,日本的离婚率虽然仍然在美国之下,但已经上升了50%多,自杀率上升了近四分之一。
Passage 5如果雄心能被正确看待的话,那么它的回报——财富、荣誉、对自己命运的控制——则应该被认为是值得为之做出的牺牲。
如果雄心的传统仍具有生命力,那么它就应该受到广泛的推崇;尤其会受到自己也受人仰慕的人士的青睐,在这些人中也包括那些受过良好教育的。
奇怪的是,正是这些受过教育的人们宣称他们已经放弃将雄心壮志作为人生理想的追求。
更奇怪的,他们也许是雄心壮志的最大受益者——如果这些雄心壮志不是他们自己的,至少也是他们父母或祖父母的。
这里面有很强烈的虚伪性,就好比等马全跑光了,才关上马厩的门——而受过良好教育的人自己正骑在那些马背上。
当然,人们现在对成功及其标志的兴趣似乎并不亚于先前。
夏日别墅、欧洲旅行、宝马车——地点、地名以及品牌或许会有变化,但这类事物在今天被人渴求的程度似乎比十年前或两年前有所减少。
实际情况是人们不能像从前那样轻易、公开地坦陈他们有这样的梦想,以免被人认为爱出风头、贪得无厌或俗不可耐。
而我们所看到的是许多极为虚伪的景象,这种景象比以往更多:批评美国实利主义的人却拥有南安普敦的消夏别墅;出版激进思想书籍的人却在三星级餐厅享用一日三餐;倡导在生活各方面实行公民参与决策的民主制的记者却将他们的孩子送进了私立学校。
对于这些人,对于许多也许不如此特别的人,最恰当的解释是“不惜代价去追求成功,但避免表现得野心勃勃。
”对雄心的抨击层出不穷,且来自各个角度;公开为之辩解的则少之又少,虽不能说这些辩解毫无吸引力可言,但却未能给人们留下深刻印象。
因此,对雄心壮志的支持,支持它作为一种健康的志向,一种受人尊敬并扎根于年轻人心中的品德的人们,也许下降到美国历史上的最低点。
这并不是说雄心壮志穷途末路了,人们不再感到它的涌动和激励了;而是它不再公开被嘉奖,很少公开被承认。
这种情形的结果当然是,在有些情况中雄心壮志被迫转入地下,或暗藏于胸。
这就是目前的状况:在左边是恼羞成怒的批评者,在右边是不得力的支持者,而在中间像往常一样,是广大的想在生活中进取的认真的人们。
Part ⅣEnglish-Chinese Translation世界各国政府的行为都基于一个假设,即,本国人民的福利主要依赖于该国经济实力和社会财富。
(71) 在现代条件下,这需要不同程度的中央控制,从而就需要获得诸如经济学和运筹学等领域专家的协助。
(72) 再者,显而易见的是一个国家的经济实力与其工农业生产效率密切相关,而效率的提高则又有赖于各种科技人员的努力。
这也就意味着政府被迫越来越多地干预这些产业部门,以便提高生产率,确保产品的消费发挥最佳效益。