(完整版)跨文化交际英文版
跨文化交际导论(英文版)(第二版) Chapter 1 Introduction to Intercultural Communication
(1) Intercultural communication (2) Cross-cultural communication (跨文 化传播) (3) International communication (4) Comparative mass communication (比较大众传播)
Core Content of ICC
(Rich and Gudykunst)
Interracial
International
Intercultural Communication
Interethnic
Intracultural
(Gudykunst and Hammer, 1987)
Four Categories of ICC
Question for Discussion:
1. Can you distinguish intercultural and crosscultural communication? Please give specific examples to illustrate international, interethnic, interracial communication. 2. Compare the core content of intercultural communication study as proposed by Rich and Gudykunst. 3. Please try to come up with at least 3 cases in your daily life to illustrate the features of intercultural communication phenomenon.
跨文化交际英文版8 Understanding Culture
From Social Perspective
Culture is what a society does and thinks.
Culture covers everything of a society.
From Intercultural Communication Perspective
I. What is Culture?
Culture is everything. Culture is opera, art, and ballet. Culture may be defined as what a society does and thinks. What really binds men together is their culture. A culture is a collections of beliefs, habits, living patterns and behaviors which are held more or less in common by people who occupy particular geographic areas.
Her meeting with Geoffrey is warm. But on the evening before they are to be married, Rosemary feels she must tell Geoffrey how she succeeded in getting across the river. Geoffrey responds by saying, “I wouldn’t marry you if you were the last woman on earth.” Finally, Rosemary turns to her friend, Dennis. Dennis listens to her story and says, “Well, I don’t love you… but I will marry you.”
跨文化交际英文版8 Understanding Culture
What is Culture
That complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom and any otheired by man as a member of society. ---Edward B. Tylor
Define culture from different perspectives
From Intellectual Perspective From Anthropological Perspective From Social Perspective From Intercultural Communication Perspective
From Social Perspective
Culture is what a society does and thinks.
Culture covers everything of a society.
From Intercultural Communication Perspective
Culture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people.
Movie to Watch
Mexican American Culture vs. Anglo-Saxon Culture
Self-check List
跨文化交际电影案例分析(全英文版)(文化沟通课程论文)
Case Analysis of Cross-cultural Communication Film [Abstract]：With the advent of the 21st century, the degree of globalization continues to strengthen,and the communication between regions and countries becomes more and more frequent. As is known to all, the cultures of different nationalities have their own characteristics, and it is precisely because of these multi-ethnic cultures that our colorful world is made up of. However, it is undeniable that the existence of cultural differences leads to constant conflicts in the process of cultural exchanges. Crash and Scrapping two movies, for example, this paper tells the conflict phenomenon in cross-cultural communication and on the causes of these problems, puts forward some constructive Suggestions.[keywords]：Intercultural communication，Cultural differences, cultural consensusCross-cultural communication refers to the information transfer and communication between different cultural units. It is the communication between people in different cultural backgrounds. Due to the cultural differences between different countries, communicators often cause conflicts in communicative activities such as language blending and cultural integration due to different cultural backgrounds. Through watching relevant films, the paper discusses and studies the causes of problems in cross-cultural communication, and puts forward ways to alleviate conflicts, promote harmonious and friendly communication between regions, and promote the prosperity and progress of world culture.I.Analyze the problems in cross-cultural communication（I）Interpersonal relationship differences -- take film scrapping as an example As we all know, Western culture tend to be individualist. Westerns tend to view individualism as a good thing and believe that people should rely on themselves as much as possible ——and they usually expect other people to do the same. As mentioned in the scrapping film, Xu datong succeeded through his own efforts and finally changed his social status and situation. Even the Chinese people still won the respect and admiration of the americans at that time.Westerns generally feel that the rights of individuals should not be subordinated to the needs of large group, or at least that individuals should have the right to decide for themselves whether to sacrifice their personal benefit for the sake of group.However, in the face of the facts, the Chinese people, the more important. Although in fact is the father for the son scraping, but Xu datong still take the initiative to take the responsibility to protect his father. Although he knew it was illegal to leave the child alone at home, xu datong still went to pick up his father after receiving a call from the police. It is because of the culturaldifferences between the two sides that led to the tragedy of the life of Xu datong's family.Westerns tend to believe that individuals should make decisions for themselves, and that individual should take credit and responsibility for what they have personally done.In the film, a colleague of Xu datong, instead of helping him escape unwarranted charges under the law, testifies in court that he abused his son. One of the important reasons why this happened is that americans advocate individualism, law and facts, and colleagues do not know about scrapping and saw Xu datong beat his son, which led to the tragedy in the movie.（II）Conflicts caused by cultural differences -- take movie Crash as an example Does a white farmer in Illinois have so much in common with a black banker in New York that what we say they all belong to the same culture?Obviously there will be many difference between these two people ——they live in different regions, have different jobs, have different ethnic background, and so forth .Throughout the movie, I'm impressed with the two black brother, came out from the coffee shop, one of the black has been complaining about discrimination against blacks, whites and another black didn't think so, but in the black complain, another black gradually produced a strong sense of identity, so they conducted armed robbery, hit-and-run, and so on a series of bad things.In fact, this story can reflect the parents' teaching to their children, whether white or black, if parents teach them from an early age that white is noble, will not swear, will not do wrong, black is rude, uncivilized, always doing wrong. Then the idea will be rooted in the idea of children, then white and black children can never be friends, the misunderstanding between white and black people will be deeper, the conflict between the two sides will become more and more fierce, I believe if things go on for a long time, will eventually lead to the inevitable riots.However, most likely there are many things that they share in common. For example, the schools they went to probably taught roughly the same kinds of courses, they probably watch many of the same TV programs, they live under the same government and legal system ,and they probably all speak the same language.As a result, even if these people look different on the outside, the ideas and information in their heads will have much in common. You should say that they are many different brands of computers that look different on the outside, but have a lot of the same software and data. It is these shared ideas that make a grou p of people into a culture , in fact, you should say that a “culture ”is essentially a group of people who carry many of the same ideas in their heads.Most modern societies believe that equality is a virtue.But there's no denying that every society still has hierarchy to some degree. In other words, some people have higher and more power than others. Thisinjustice is mainly reflected in the racial discrimination in the United States. In the movies, white people always have a higher status than black people, and black people are not respected by white people.Preserving good relationship and harmony between people, especially among one's ingroup and circle of acquaintance, is generally considered very important. so people generally try to avoid direct confilt. Therefore, in order to avoid conflicts, every one of us should master certain methods when conducting cross-cultural communication, so as to consciously carry out correct cross-cultural communication and promote the formation of a beautiful and harmonious society.II solutions to cross-cultural communication problems（I）Strengthen cross-cultural communication and learn from western culture Peace and good relation between nations, people and cultures need to be beased on mutual understanding. As you study English, you are learning how to be an ambassador who can serve as a bridge between China and the world, a translator who can help people of China and other countries better understand each other. The more you understand about intercultural communication, the more effectively you can serve as an ambassador for your own culture and as a bridge between your culture and others.When you are new to Chinese culture, this made it harder for you to understand why the other people acted as they did. When you really didn't understand what was happening, you should consider other possible explanations for the Chinese students' behavior instead of jumping to negative conclusions. To communicating with local people, you 'd better to improve the local language and learn as much as possible about local culture. Of course, you also need to learn something about intercultural communication and learned how to be a more effective intercultural communicator.As you learn about other culture there are two good habit you should cultivate right from the start. First, build the habit of consciously making an effort to avoid stereotypes. second, build the habit of making a conscious effort not to judge other cultures too quickly. one of the best way to manage our tendency to judge negatively is by cultivating the habit of describing things instead of evaluating them.（II）Interpreting what foreigners mean“Interpretation ”the process of deciding what foreigners' words and action mean and why they do what they do. However when you interpret the behavior of foreigners, you don't have so much cultural background information to help you understand their behavior, so you have to guess and use your imagination much more. If you interpret their behavior quickly, without thinking carefully and getting asmuch information as possible, it is very likely that your Interpretation will be at least partially wrong.The same three habits will help you be a more effective intercultural communication. First, get into the habit of consciously noticing that you are entering an intercultural encounter. Second, get into the habit of interpreting intercultural encounters more slowly, rather than jumping to conclusion quickly. The last but not least, get into the habit of thinking more consciously and carefully about the situation.（III）To become a good intercultural communicatorThere is no doubt that you will probably have to speak in English when you are interacting with Westerners .In fact, when people from two different cultures try to communicate with each other, at least one of them will almost certainly have to speak in some language other than his native tongue. Therefore to avoid the language gap problem and become a good intercultural communicator, you need to be aware of how speaking in a foreign language affect you and make a special effort not to let these negative affect how you interpret the words and actions of others.III.The conclusionAs I talk about culture in this passage, my goal is not to say that one culture is better or worse than another. Instead, our goal is to describe differences between culture,and try to come to a better understanding of Western and Chinese culture. Before one can evaluate a culture, one must understand it.Reference:I: A Book called Encounters With WesternersII: A Film called CrashIII: A Film called Scrapping。
跨文化交际案例和解析(英文)汇编
Case:In July of this year, the American CNN announced that, the preserved egg is the most lousy food. That made the Chinese people very angry, because the preserved egg is good food for most of Chinese people. Then Chinese people made a survey and declared that cheese is the most lousy food. Chinese people can't accept that the preserved egg is regarded as the most lousy food, on the other hand, the cheese is the food which is favoured by most of American people. But Chinese people think that cheese is too irritative. Both side cannot accept the food they selected. At the end of this case, the CNN reporters said sorry to Chinese people, but he said he would not eat the preserved egg.Analyses:This is a typical case reflects that different culture influences different people, and when they have to communicate, they have conflict.As we all know, different food depends on different place,different habits, different climate, and some other factors.For western people, eating is a kind of rational concept, they should getenough nutrition from the food they eat every day. They don't care the taste too much. From Los Angeles to New York, the beefsteak has only one kind of taste. But for perceptual Chinese people, eating is not only a process to get nutrition, but also is a kind of art to get satisfaction. They would make the food not only beautiful, but also very delicious.For Chinese people, maybe they can accept the taste of the cheese, but they can't like it, because they don't like this kind of food in their deep heart. Also, they can't accept that foreign people said the preserved egg is the most lousy food. In their mind, the preserved egg, like other foods they like, has nutrition and beautiful image together. For western people, the cheese, is also this kind of good food for them. So, this case happened in their communications. This conflict showed that, different countries have different culture. We should try to accept these differences, do our favours.By susan。
跨文化交际interethniccommunication
Helloevery. I am liuyin g, the last one to presen t our topic.I will introd uce the part of intere thnic[,intə'reθnik],commun icati on.As we all know, there are 56 ethnic groups which compos e our big Chines e family. (翻页)Becaus e the percep tion varies hugely from one ethnic to another, they invari ablyplacethemse lvesin their own contex t when a communicati on occurr ed, so confli cts stand there. But the wild spread of inform ation by all kinds of communicati on also made a big fusion.I wouldlike to remind you of an exampl e of our teache r’s. It really i mpres sed me. In the introductio n of her travel ,she mentio ned a girl of Tibet. Now I thinksome of you alread y called up your memory. Yes, miss “NiMa”. Nowada ys, we use Nima to replac e some dirtywordswhichwe use to expres s our surpri se or anger or someth i n g like that …… howeve r, in tibet“Nima” means the sun. Causewe have differ ent percep tion of the same noun, so you laughe d when you heard someon e who would go as far as to name hersel f “nima”Anothe r exampl e is aboutthe Dai nation ality, nowadays many people and even schola rs name our brothers in a wrongway, actual ly they dislik e , eh, in fact, hate it. People divide Dai into severa l sectio ns accord ing to geogra phical distri butio n(地域分布)。
跨文化交际chapter 1 introduction and communication (2)
Chapter One A Brief IntroductionⅠ. Introduction1. Questionnaires (extra hand-outs)These two questionnaires are presented as the warming up exercises to check how the students can handle communications in daily practice. Discuss the communicative problems with students and analyze the relevant reasons. Then ask the students some questions.2. Lead-in Questionsⅰ. What do you usually communicate with other people?ⅱ. Have you ever been embarrassed when talking with strangers? Why is that?ⅲ. Do you know how to communicate with foreigners?Tell their conversation partner something concrete and significant about themselves.Look for common interests and shared opinions for a more solid basis of relationship.Individualize the foreigners.ⅳ. Have you come across the cultural shock in communication?3. DiscussionDiscuss the different ways of cultural communication and found out the reasons by analyzing some cases.4．Introduction of Intercultural Communicationa.Cross-cultural communication is also called intercultural communication. “Intercultural Communication”is communication between members of different cultural backgrounds. Intercultural Communication involves different perceptions, attitudes, and interpretations. Intercultural Communication is an interdisciplinary field which includes anthropology, cultural studies, psychology, and communication.Anthropology(from the Greek word ἄνθρωπος, "human" or "person") consists of the study of humanity (see genus Homo). It is holistic in two senses: it is concerned with all humans at all times and with all dimensions of humanity. In principle, it isconcerned with all institutions of all societies.Cultural studies combines sociology, social theory, literary theory, media theory, film/video studies, cultural anthropology,philosophy and art history/criticism to study cultural phenomena in industrial societies. Cultural studies researchers often concentrate on how a particular phenomenon relates to matters of ideology, race, social class, and/or gender.Cultural studies concerns itself with the meaning and practices of everyday life. Cultural practices comprise the ways people do particular things (such as watching television, or eating out) in a given culture. Particular meanings attach to the ways people in particular cultures do things.Psychology is an academic and applied field involving the study of the human mind, brain, and behavior. Psychology also refers to the application of such knowledge to various spheres of human activity, including problems of individuals' daily lives and the treatment of mental illness.For instance, if you talk with your American teacher, intercultural communication takes place. If you interact with a Japanese student, there is intercultural communication.It takes place everywhere.Intercultural communication dates back to thousands of years ago. A long time ago, when people started intermingling with each other, when people were having trade relations with each other, there was intercultural communication. A very good example is the Silk Road.b. Reasons for us to learn cross-cultural communication:Modern means of communicationNow jet planes fly everywhere. It used to take a month to travel from Shanghai to Los Angeles. But now, it takes only twelve hours. It is much easier for people to move from one country to another. People of different countries and races get together much oftener than before. Besides, people get in touch with each other in various ways, including the telephone, the internet, the satellite, etc.Sophisticated communication systems have also helped to increase intercultural communication.Global villageThis means multinational companies now operate in many countries in the world.They employ people of different ethnic groups and of different countries.Actually some multinational companies make a point of employing people from different countries. They don't use people from just one country because their company is a multinational company and they want to use people from different countries. People everywhere need to learn about other cultures. They need to know their neighbors. They need to know how to get along with them and how to solve problems that inevitably arise. To do this it is necessary to learn how to communicate across cultures or how to do culture.Mass migrationMillions of people now move across national boarders every year. All these contribute to the fact that intercultural communication is now a daily occurrence.Its importance is now being recognized by an increasing number of people. The United States is a “melting pot”. Many young Americans no longer accept the melting pot image, because it includes the idea that people lose their home cultural identities, traditions, and values when they become Americans. We now replace the melting pot with mosaic. A mosaic is made up of diverse materials or elements that keep their original character when they are combined to create a new design. This new image expresses the idea that part of the American way of life is respect for cultural diversity.c. ApplicationIt can be applied in the training of business executives and technicians, particularly for those who go overseas. And they have to encounter a lot of cultural problems, so they have to be trained before they are sent overseas.Otherwise they would not be able to work effectively.And then there is the training of new immigrants and foreign students. This is done both in the United States, and also in countries like Australia.And then there is multicultural education because at American schools and also at some of the British schools, the pupils, the students are from different ethnic groups, and they have different cultures. So they have to be given what is calledmulticultural education. And also in foreign language teaching, intercultural communication is very important. Finally, it is useful for improving general cultural awareness.Ⅱ. Communication1.Types of Communicationa)human communicationHumans communicate in various ways. We speak, use body languages,intentionally or unintentionally communicate each other in either formal orinformal ways. (formal&informal, oral&written, intentional&unintentional,verbal&nonverbal)b)animal communicationResearchers have discovered that animals share with humans a number ofcharacteristics, including those associated with attraction and mating,territoriality, rivalry and play, familial ties, colony organization, division oflabor, and numbers of other traits that we once assumed were uniquely“human”. (animal language)c)human-animal communicationnon-word soundbody languaged)human-computer communicationInformation that was once conveyed verbally through stories and myths inancient times is now transmitted through high-tech media. (artificiallanguage)e) machine-machine communicationartificial language: codes2. Compare and ContrastGreetingsDialogue 1Friend: Hi, George, have you met Bill?George: No, I haven’t. Hi, Bill.Bill: Hi! How ya doing?Dialogue 2香港人到現在一見面還是會問：“食咗飯未？”意思就是吃過飯了嗎。
跨文化交际英文版14 Cultural Differences in Business Negotiation
Win/Win
Integrative bargain Celebrative/problem-solving process Compatible goals
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3. Personal Style
Case Study
• Once a U. S. automobile parts manufacturer was shown on television trying to make a sale to some Japanese automobile firms. He was dressed in a boldly patterned cardigan sweater; his hosts were all in dark suits and white shirts. The TV camera caught a few of the hosts repeatedly looking at his sweater with something like alarm in their eyes, and looking away again. Finally it was reported that he failed to make even a single sale.
• Negotiation
• a modern definition of negotiation is two or more parties with common (and conflicting) interests who enter into a process of interaction with the goal of reaching an agreement (preferably of mutual benefit).
150字跨文化交际英语作文
150字跨文化交际英语作文篇一：跨文化交际(英文版)The differences in body language between China and the United Stateslike verbal language, is also a part of culture .Different culture shavedifferent body languages except some world known ones. And in intercultural communication, the same body language may mean different things.There I will introduce some basic examples, emphasizes the significance of body languages in interculturalcommunication by comparing the body languages in the United States and China.Ⅰ.Action is the same, Meaning is different⑴Index finger banging on the templesChinese meaning:Said people are trying to think, meditate.American meaning:Said the man crazy, spirit is not normal.⑵Prick up middlMiddle finger upChinese meaning: Don't have any special meaning.e finger American meaning: Is a very rude behavior⑶Make a fistChinese meaning: Show power or to try to do something.American meaning:Said Angry⑷Stamping feetChinese meaning: Angry; Angry; Lose heart; regretAmerican meaning: ImpatientⅡ. Meaning is the same, Action is different⑴Come hereChina's body language: Reach out to called people,and Palm down, a few fingers bend several times at the same time.Body language in the u.s. : To called people, palm up, clench fist with the index finger back and forth. (Chinese antipathy to this).⑵"A shame, “unabashed”(a joke)China's body language: Stretched out index finger, with your fingertips on his face a few strokes, like itching, but the fingers are straightBody language in the u.s. : Stretched out his hands index finger, palms down, wipe with a forefinger index finger on the back of another.⑶"I'm full.(after dinner)China's body language: With one hand or both hands gently patted his belly Body language in the u.s. : Place one hand on your throat, palms down, often say "hereat the same time.Not all of the examples here, but can explain the difference ofbody language, also understand the importance of body language in another language. In a sense, all body language should be put in specific situations to understand, otherwise,Ignoring the whole situation will happen misunderstanding.篇二：跨文化交际论文英文版The film, through performing Vianne and her daughter who bore family mission came to a strange closed village. Due to the difference between the conservative small town and the openness of Vianne,Vianne was boycotted by some conservatives, especially the count. But finally, with using the human freedom and self, Vianneopened the door to the desire and pursuit of the people in the town.Of course, there are many cultural conflicts in the film. But what impressed me most wasthe cultural conflict of Vianne. This was her character's own contradictions, but these contradictions also made the character more real. At the same time, seemingly contradictory belonged to Vianne herself, but also reflected the conflict between values and cultural differences.In the film, when the wind came, with the family's mission and responsibility, Vianne prepared to leave the village to go to the next place. Before her leaving, Josephine stopped her by asking her,“Do you believe anything you told me? Do you believe I can bebetter?”Vianne did not answer her, in fact, this question was also what she always asked herself. "Can I break through the family tradition? Do I have the ability to be better?"Factually, she told everyone should follow the feeling, but she only followed the north wind.Here the culture conflict is mainly about whether we should restrain ourselves in order to rite things or follow the heart and do what we want to do. Though this conflict was on Vianne herself, it was the common point of the all cultural conflictsin the whole movie. At the same time, it wasthe reason why intercultural communication was relatively easy to cause culture conflict.From the perspective of theory, intercultural communication refers to any one of the world's people or cultural groups, without regarding to the extent of their civilization, have a fixed pattern of cultureas their own standardsto determine whether other cultural groups are scientific and reasonable, and insist their own cultural values are correct. Therefore, people from different cultures in the world, due to their own cultural values and ways of doing things, are easy to lead to the same behavior in different cultures have different meanings.The cultural conflict is a very common phenomenon in intercultural communication, and it also has its rationality andnecessity. The so-called cultural conflictmainly refers to the different cultural subjectshave the relationship of opposing or denying each other in the political and legal thoughts, moral religion, philosophy, values, social psychology, traditional habits, customs, and other aspects. In other words, it is the conflict of the social subjects in the spiritual disposition and ideology.Here are some characteristics of cultural conflicts. Firstly, cultural conflicts are nonlinear. It means that inhomogeneous cultures like different waters, and a few or many waters of the conflict is often complex. Secondly, cultural conflicts are indirect. It means that cultural conflicts are in the psychological, emotional, ideological and other spiritual areas. So the result is that people unknowingly changed, and this change takes a long time to show. Thirdly, cultural conflicts are internal. It means that concept is the core of the culture, and cultural conflictsare often reflected in the conflict of concepts. Fourthly, cultural conflicts are blending. It means that cultural conflicts and cultural blending are always accompanying with each other.At present, there are two main reasons for the culturalconflict. Firstly, the specifications of behaviorsare different. The specific meaning of the behavioral criterion is the moral standard and the code of conduct which is shared by the society. It is simply to tellpeople what shall do and what shall not do. When people in different cultural backgrounds in communication, a phenomenon often occurs is using their own social norms to determine the behavior of the others is reasonable. Therefore, differences of behaviorsare often misunderstood, and even worse. Secondly, the value orientation is different. People's communicative ability is produced in the process of socialization, which is bound to be linked with the value. Each culture has its own unique value system which can help people to distinguish between beauty and ugliness, kindness and evil.This is people's philosophy of life, moral standards and norms of behavior. But it can not be separated from the specific culture. Because each culture is different, for example, we thinksomething is good, while another culture maybe considers not. But they havetheir rationalityin their own cultural system. So we can’t say that this is a advanced value, or another value standard behind.The contradiction about Vianne in the filmembodied the theory of intercultural communication and cultural conflicts.Firstly, Vianne burdened with the habit, mission and responsibility of the family. In fact, they tramped is because of the fear of stability brings the mediocrity, and they unwilling to fixed compromise theirownpersonality. So even if Vianne’s heart did not want to leave, she had to be ready for departure. Here reflectscultural conflicts are internal. The fear and unwilling to compromise were Vianne and her family’s inner thoughts and ideas, and external performance was they mustleftfollowing the north wind. Seemingly the reason of leaving was just to spread the secret of cocoa powder, but factually this was only an excuse.Secondly, as she said to her daughter, it was not easy to be a different person. So they choose to stray, every place to stay for some time, and left before people began to understand them.So they can not care about “people talk”, and did not care about or escaped the people's expectations and requirements. In fact, Vianne had started to care about the opinions of othersin this town. She could be happy because her friends were happy sad becauseof Amanda's departure. She was no longer the one could come and go without a trace, but she was still pretending that she was. Here reflects cultural conflicts are indirect. When Vianne came to the town, she did not influenced by others. But in the process of dealing with people, she gradually began to care about her friends. Finally, she stayed because of friends’detention and changed thetradition of straying.Thirdly, Vianne strayed to many places appears to be constantly changing, but when she and her ancestors do not want to stay in a place for more than a year, it became a rut. Therefore, if Vianne let your life was tied to a mission and tradition, then she and people of the village did not have any differences. People of the village were public opinion and religious kidnapping, while Vianne was kidnapped by her own heart. People adhered to the conservative and religious ideas, while Vianneadhered to the tradition of her family. Here reflects culturalconflicts are blending. the conflict of the stability and straying appeared alternately. Also, straying as a kind of habit and straying itself were in constant conflict.The reasons for these cultural conflicts were also reflected in the film.On the one hand, Vianne family’s tradition as a code of conduct was to posterity strayed on and on. Therefore, Vianne also strictly followed the traditional and kept moving. As for Vianne herself, her ownrequirements were just following feelings, enjoying life and living with happiness. So conflicts of Vianne’s own requirements and Vianne family’s tradition turned out to be Vianne’s innerentanglement andleaving uncertain.On the other hand, the value orientation of the Vianne familywasusing straying to refuse to be mediocre and through spreading the secret of cocoa powder to help others and to realize their own value. While Vianne's own value was treasuring happiness in every minutes and seeking the freedominstead of being external things bounded.Therefore, the contradiction between tradition and Vianne’s own pursuit turned out to be that she was willing to help others and taking unusual ways, and also she did not want to stray.Cultural conflicts in the film ultimately had a trend of integration.That is to say, cultural conflicts can be reduced or avoided through using some measures.Firstly, we should use effective, appropriate, flexible and creative way to communicate. Viannepersuadedherself to solve her own contradictions. She communicated with her heart softly, and tried to change and create. So finally,she let herself no longer to conflict and had a happy life.Secondly, we should have a wide range of knowledge and respect for different world views and ways to resolve conflicts. Vianne was a connotational woman, and her heart was extremely powerful, so she was also able to respect different existences. Vianne family’sused straying to avoid mediocrity, while Vianne decided to use stability, integration and changing others to realize her own value. Therefore, Vianne chose a gentle way to solve the conflict.Thirdly, we should pay close attention to the similarities anddifferences between high context and low context. Vianne family’s tradition had gone through many generations, so it was hard to be changed, but Vianne was unwilling to wrong herself. So she sought the similarities and differences between family tradition and her own will. Gradually, she found that both were unwilling to be mediocre and pursuing freedom, only in different ways. So she tried to use a more comfortable way to achieve the ultimate goal. Finally, she chose to let her mother's ashes go with the wind and settled down in this village. Here was cultural conflicts transformed into the cultural blending. Vianne no longer had contradiction, and she finally can also pursue her own freedom.At the end of the film, the north wind wasleaving alone and spring was coming. All the ueasonable self restraints would be the same as the winter snow faded away with the arrival of spring.So, why not enjoy pleasure in a good time? Follow your heart and enjoy yourself.马润艺20143011606班Follow your heart and enjoy yourself国经1404马润艺2014301160谢芹跨文化交际06班篇三：跨文化交际报告英文版Report of Culture InterviewWe have done the interview on April 24, 2014 with Sophie from America. Culture is everywhere. It is a topic that we will never avoid. Maybe the concept of culture is abroad. But when divided into parts, it is simple for us to understand. Following I will explain my topic “Non-verbal Communication”and “Global Marketing”First, “Non-verbal Communication”While referred to non-verbal communication, we may strike to gestures, another word, body language. It means that we speak with our vocal organs we converse with our whole bodies. You may have seen some gestures, such as “victory”“happy”“sad”…Here I want to explain some gestures that I have learned from my foreign teacher who is from America. For example, put your middle finger on your index finger, which means “good luck”. Clapping with someone when you win a game or others, which means “well done”. Tapping your fist withothers, which means “good friends”. Using your middle finger and index finger like a scissor before your eyes, which means “I see you”. Isn?t it interesting?Sometimes the same gestures means different in different countries. If we can?t know othercountries ?culture. We may cause confusion in business. More seriously, we might lose important clients. I would suggest some strategies of dealing with non-verbal communication in business. First, do good homework on non-verbal before making business with people from different cultures. Better preparation would be reward with more agreeable interaction. Second, don?t take everything neither for granted nor too seriously. Third, focus on the partner?s behaviors and response so as to adjust one?s own behavior. Forth, ask for explanation or get a chance to explain. Second, “Global Marketing”Globalization has been an unavoided tendency. Through this we can touch something we haven?t ever seen in our country. Such as McDonald, KFC, Pepsi Cola, which have rolled up like a mat in China. Just McDonald, it is set up in 1950s, in 1987 entered China. It is obvious that it has been thriving over the past years. Before entering China, it has done full homework about Chinese lifestyle, eating habits, custom…in a word, culture. You can see the appearance of its special shops; they are respectively different in different countries. In China its maincolorsare red and yellow, which fit Chinese tradition. And the slogan is also different. In China, “I?m lovein it”, which reveals that Chinese love family. Moreover, their special foods are almost different. Also in America, they mainly target low-salary people, but in China they aim to young people. All of these differences depend on culture shock. What is more important is localization. Localization means attach the local features to its own specialties. Just like McDonald, as it combines the local features with its own specialties, it has succeeded in world. Only brand features fit the native custom, the industry can operate well. Otherwise, it will exit the predicted market even lose it. As you know globalization strategies has transferred from 4Ps to 4Cs. A good brand strategy must concentrate on customer even potential market.Enclosure: 1. Picture with Sophie2. Interview QuestionsAppendix 1 picture with SophieAppendix 2 Interview Questions1. In a business meeting, when introducing, is hosting side first or visiting side first in America?2. What will you do when good friends drop on you without any appointments?3. Would you like to show us some gestures, such as victory, happy, sad….4. Have you felt uncomfortable since you come to China?5. How did you overcome bad feelings?6. Do the women have the same status with man or do they take important positions in America?7. Could you explain differences between men and women in social works?8. Did you experience negotiations with others?9. What do you think about globalization on business?10. Have you found some similarities between Chinese and American?11. Are there any things out of your expectations in China?12. What do you like best in China?。
跨文化交际英文版6-Nonverbal-Communication-(II)
Latins
Americans
Japanese
Mediterranean Arabs
Northern Europeans
Mediterranean Europeans
12
Culture & Space
Japanese
3
Case study 6.1
The first time I came to the United States I stayed for over two years without returning home. My first trip home was really hard because I had forgotten a lot of my native language and I spent most of my time translating everything in my head first before I could express it in proper French. I also had a lot of problems readapting to French society and the way of doing things.
Intimate distance Personal distance Social distance Public distance
9
Zones of Space
Intimate distance 0-45 centimeters
Personal distance 45-80 centimeters
Unit 6
Nonverbal Communication (II) — SPACE & TIME
英语跨文化交际论文英文版
The Status Que of InterculturalCommunicationDirectory1.Digest………………………………………………P22.The key word………………………………………P23.The main body………………………………………P24.The conclusion………………………………………P45.Acknowledgment……………………………………P4Digest :Economic globalization has brought more opportunities for Chinese to encounter and communicate with foreigners.However,there are upsetting problems arising,with the intercultural communication gaining its own popularity.Not just ranging from the background of culture to the stereotype of thinking,but the patriotism and the ethnocentrism in individual mind,are all obstacles,in the sake for building effective and precise communication between different culture.Therefore,we are supposed to utilize the scientist methods to handle a series of typical problems.The key words : intercultural communication;the stereotype of thinking;cultural exchangeThe main body :Even if the individuals talk with each other in the same language,we still cannot make sure that the can catch the correct and precise meanings form others.It’s because the way they think is distinct,the background of culture they live in is different and the method they use to handle trouble differs from ones.Moreover,due to the cultural conflicts and obstacles,the communications tend to be accompanied by misunderstandings and distortions in the current conditions.So when it comes to communication dilemma, people tend to judge the behaviors and words of others in their own cultural acknowledgment,which makes intercultural communication with obvious patriotism and ethnocentrism.With the degree of intercultural communication growing, between different cultures will have a certain degree of mutual penetration. For example,common words, such as vitamin, the Internet and radar are the direct transliteration of English. Words such as Kung Fu,the paper tiger and lose face had joined into the Oxford Dictionary. Obviously, with the process of cultural exchange, cultural representation in the property reached a stage of mutual understanding, then followed must be deeper cultural integration.We need to break the stereotype of intercultural communication,.For example,majority of Chinese think Americans may be in favor of individualism but Asian prefer collectivism.Actually, facts is not so.In Oyserman’s researches, Americans in many field more prefer the model of collectivism, like the grade system, and maintaining groups’pared with that,Japanese just like such collectivism like working in the group. Also,people usually think Arab talking with others will sit nearly,which means they can smell personal odor and frequently touch others body show their enthusiasm. However, according to descriptions of people who lived in Arab countries, this is not the case. They say Arab do not sit nearly any more when talking.Obviously, if we intend to clear up the obstacles of intercultural communication, understanding the status quo is the top priority. Otherwise, the efforts of establishing on previous concepts and ideas are in vain.The conclusion:Overall, intercultural communication is inevitable in the global economic environment.Then, how to communicate in a efficient and accurate way, it still needs explore and practice. We must make clear that reducing barriers in intercultural communication is not that one submits to the other ,but the people entirely understand their own culture and then look for cultural common and attributes between two cultures.Initial communication is based on the common thing,then with the talk deeper,the attributes would make the conversation go on.Acknowledgment :[1]Oyserman, D. Coon, H. M. & Kemmelmeier, M. Rethinking individualism and collectivism:Evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analyses[J].Psychological Bulletin,2002,128:3-72.。
(完整版)跨文化交际英文版
1. Communication is a dynamic, systematic process in which meanings are created and reflected in human interaction with symbols.2.Culture : The deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, actions, attitudes, meanings, hierarchies,religion, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of universe, and artifacts acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving.3.Acculturations: occurs when a society undergoes drastic culture change under the influence of a moredominant culture and society with which it has come in contact.4. Intercultural communication: It is communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbolsare distinct enough to alter the communication event.5.co-culture: when talking about groups or social communities exhibiting communication characteristics,perceptions, values, beliefs, and practices that are significantly different enough to distinguish them from the other groups, communities, and the dominant culture.nguage is an organized, generally agreed on, learned symbol system used to represent theexperiences within a cultural community.7.Perception : the process by which an individual selects, organizes, and information to create a meaningfulpicture of the world.8.Value : is an enduring belief that a specific mode of conduct or end-state of existence is personallyor socially preferable to another.9. Culture patterns : refers to both the conditions that contribute to the way in which a people perceiveand think about the world, and the manner in which they live that world.10.Collectivism: is characterized by a rigid social framework that distinguishes between in-groups and out-groups.11.Masculinity: is the extent to which the dominant values in a society are male oriented and associatedwith ambitions, differentiated sex roles, achievements, acquisition of money and signs of manliness.12. A high-context (HC) communication or message is one in which most of the information is either inthe physical context or internalized in the person, while very little is in the coded, explicit, transmitted part of the massage. A low-context (LC) communication is just the opposite; i.e., the mass of information is vested in the explicit code.13.Context: the information that surrounds an event; it is inextricably bound up with the meaning of thatevent.14. World view is a culture ’s orientation toward God, humanity, nature, questions of existence, the universeand cosmos, life, moral and ethical reasoning, suffering, death, and other philosophical issues thatinfluence how its members perceive their world.15.Argot is a more or less private vocabulary peculiar to a co-cultural group, and a group must have anargot if it is to be considered a co-culture.16.Nonverbal communication involves all those nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that aregenerated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that have potential message value for the source or receiver.17.A learning style is a particular way that an individual receives and processes information.18.Stereotyping is a complex form of categorization that mentally organizes our experiences and guidesour behavior toward a group of people.19.Culture shock: when we are thrust into another culture and experience psychological and physicaldiscomfort from this contact we have become victims of culture shock.20.Ethnocentrism:the belief that one ’s culture is primary to all explanations of reality.21.Seven characteristics of culture affect communication: learned, transmitted from generation to generation,based on symbols, dynamic, integrated, ethnocentric, adaptive.22.Belief: our conviction in the truth of something. Learned and subject to cultural interpretation and culturaldiversity.23.Individualism: refers to the doctrine, spelled out in detail by the seventeenth. The single mostimportant pattern in the US.24. Hofstede s’Value Dimensions: four parts: individualism-collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, powerdistance, and masculinity and femininity.25.Culture differs in their attitudes toward: individualism and collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, powerdistance, masculinity and femininity, human nature, the perception of nature, time, activity, relationships, context, formality and informality, assertiveness and interpersonal harmony.26.Religious Similarities: sacred writings, authority, traditional rituals, speculation, ethics.27.Five religious orientations: Christianity, Judaism, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism.28.the family we are born into the family of orientation and take a spouse the family of procreation.29.problems of translation and equivalence ： vocabulary or lexical equivalence, idiomatic and slangequivalence,grammatical-syntactical equivalence,experiential-cultural equivalence,conceptual equivalence.30.The use of argot reflects a co-culture ’s need to have a language that permits them to 1.sharemembership,2. participate in their social and cultural communities,3. identify themselves and their place in the universe, 4. communicate with one another about their own social realities.31. Functions of communication:repeating, complementing, substituting, regulating, contradicting.32.The study of how movement communicates is called kinesics . Kinesic cues are those visible body shiftsand movements that can send messages about 1.our attitude toward the other person 2. ouremotional state 3. our desire to control our environment.33. Eyes serve six communication functions: 1. indicates degree of attentiveness, interest, and arousal 2.help intiate and sustain intimate relationships 3. influence attitude change and persuasion 4. regulate interaction 5. communicate emotions 6. define power and status relationships 7. assume a central role in impression management.34. kinds of vocalizations: vocal characterizers, vocal qualifiers, vocal segregates.。
跨文化交际英文版
跨文化交际英文版 IMB standardization office【IMB 5AB- IMBK 08- IMB 2C】C r o s s–c u l t u r a l c o m m u n i c a t i o nThesis statement: This paper is mainly talking about the culture differences between several countries.Outline:Chapter 1: Language and culture in communicationChapter2: Culture shockChapter3: What’s in a name?Chapter4: Social interactionChapter 5: Roles and relationsChapter6: Non-verbal communicationChapter 7: In other words.Chapter 8: From a primitive Tribe to a Global VillageConclusionChapter 1: Language and culture in communicationThere is no denying the fact that out daily lives depend largely on communication, without it we can’t know each other. So, we should come to realize that communication is of great importance.What is communication?In total, communication can be divided into two parts; they are verbal communication and non-verbal communication. However, different people hold different opinions about communication. In general, if there is communication, there must have 4 cases: there are at least two or more people, some contact between communicators, a language shared by communicators, an exchange of information has taken place. I just take the fist one for example. Suppose there is one person, there can’t be communication. Otherwise, he may talk to himse lf.Communication not just exist in human-beingsThere are five kinds of communications they are human communication, animal communication, human-animal communication, human machine communication, machine communication. So, Animals and machines can also communicate with each other.For human beings, how can we communicate with each other?Experts say that there are various kinds of communication. Nowadays, there are different kinds of tools for us to communicate .For people we can use telephone and computer to communicate with each other. By them, finally we can receive message.What is social situationWhen there are two or more people gather to do a job or an activity, then it creates a social situation. That is to say, an individual working alone can not constitute a social sA social situation may have two definitions. One is given by the community, and the other by the participants. Finally, we should notice that being polite plays a crucial role in social situation.Chapter2: Culture shockWe should not only know what communication is but we should know what culture shock is.In contemporary society, as our country is developing faster and faster, more and more foreigners will come to our country. Communicating with foreigners is an interesting thing. However, there is no doubt that it can easily cause misunderstanding which is called culture shock. There are several kinds of culture shock.Hospitality: First of all, in Britain, hospitality can not be judged by whether hosts put the food into your dishes, in there, everyone has own dishes, everyone helps themselves. By contrast, in our country, when we have guests, hosts may put the food into guest’s dishes to show their hospitality, so this is different.Politeness: When it comes to this word, in many case, foreigners were described as being polite than Chinese. For example, when we finish work, foreigners may say thank you to us, although it is out duties. However, for Chinese, they seldom say thank you because they think someone who serves them are their duties.What’s more, when we get along with foreigners, we should avoid asking their salaries, jobs and religious and so on. For the young, it’s all right to ask their ages, for the adults, this question is not allowed, especially for the females. But in china, these questions are allowed.In conclusion, when we face these culture shocks, it is better to keep a cool head, and then make an adjustment toward it, finally, we can cope with it. As time goes by, we can adapt it. For example, American Jewish and Israel, the two groups are equal and integration. Both groups have positive attitudes toward one another. So I am sure that after learning this unit, we can know a lot about culture shock and can easily communicate with foreigners.Chapter 3: What’s in a name?The topic of unit three is “what’s in a name?” As is known to all, the English name is different from the Chinese name .The Chinese name consists of family name and given name ,with family name put first. But in contrast, the family name of English name is coming last. Most English people have three names. The last name , or surname is the family name .This is the family name of the father and is given to all his children. And the first name is given to the child at birth, which is called “given name”. And another name used to refer to them is Christian name.However, Chinese name can give all sorts of information about a Chinese people .they may give the address, the birthday ,and also tell us about the family relationship, ethic groups, sex and the parents’ expectation for their children. At the same time, in Chinese the use of kin terms is closely related to age politeness, such as that children are expected to call an old lady, Granny and call a male adult who is older than their fathers, elder uncle. The appropriate and extend use of kin term according to age is taken as reflecting good manners.Chapter4: Social interactionWhat is “social interaction”. It is the topic of unit four. Social interaction is an important way of human existence, and it is different from other animals’ communication. And it’s meaningful. Different countries have different social interactions. Many Chinese people tend to ask age, marital status, and even salary when they meet each other first. To the Chinese people, these are open conversational topic. and Chinese people pay much attention to family life. So in their spare time, they will talk about the family member features as a common topic. It is so natural. And the salary is not a secret .and when a Chinese offers refreshments or drinks to his colleague, his colleague often declines the offer politely, because he don’t want to trouble the person who offers. And it also shows his politeness. But in western countries, if you ask the person who meet you first about these, they will feel so bad. They think it is not polite.Do you know how English native negotiate a time to meet .from the text I know that you may find their way of settling on a time is quite similar to our own, that is , normally one gives or suggests a time, then the other may find it is not suitable and suggest another time, and finally a time is fixed which suits both.Consequently, you can know from above, different countries have different habits.Chapter 7: In other words.Different languages cause some misunderstandingsThere are many countries that their language is the same. such as America , British, Canada, Australia，and so on, they all speak English, people from America and British speak different varieties of English. They usually find little difficulty in understanding each other.However, there are some differences which may cause some misunderstanding, because of profusion of synonyms that they use different words to refer to the same thing. But for other countries which do not speak English they hardly understand the idioms, for example “face the music” in America it means to accept the criticisms, unpleasant consequences, etc . it probably comes from the custom in some Western armies of punishing soldiers to the sound of beating drums, if a person who is come from China may comprehend that enjoy himself by listening to music. on the contrary，they can not understand the meaning of Chinese idioms.There are some similar in languagesWith the exception, both English and Chinese have many such idioms that refer to animals, and some animals have similar associations in both cultures: deer, for example , are bloodthirsty and cruel, ect . But some other animals have rather different associations, like dogs, in the eyes of English-speaking people，dog is loyal ,but in the eyes of Chinese it aways contains derogatory sense are seen rather differently from the way appear to us. About proverb, since human experiences and observations of the world are in many respect similar. in spit of the dissimilar cultural backgrounds of the Chinese and the English-speaking peoples, the number of proverbs or saying in two language that are equivalent or closely approximate is rather surprising.Swearwords is the taboo for every countriesEvery language contains a special group of taboo words which people avoid using because they find them embarrassing or offensive. In many languages, swearwords are taboo, this is generally true of both English and Chinese. In English, certain swearwords seem to be more offensive than others and consequently the social prohibition against their use is stricter.Chapter 8: From a primitive Tribe to a Global VillageAnimals might have astonishing ways of showing their emotions andfeelings.This unit takes us back in to history, inviting us to reflect upon how man has extended his limbs and senses by using new technologies. Nowadays, the technologies are so advanced that communication over long distance can be done in a split of a second. People all over the world are living, quite literally, in a global village. In the textbook, we have learned that animals might have astonishing ways of showing their emotions and feelings. The way different kinds of animals behave, have fascinated great minds since Plato and AristotleCommunication is covering everywhereOne point that is beyond doubt is that our ancestors were extremely handicapped --- in comparison with us now --- in communication. From the Stone Age, to the present day, over2,000,000 years, man has done his best to extend himself in order to improve his way of communication. Writing, printing technology, postal services, telegraph, telephone, radio, picture communication, television, computer and laser technology, internet --- these have extended man’s mouth, eyes, ears, hands, legs, in short the whole body beyond a house, a village, a county, a province, a country, an ocean, a continent, and even beyond the mother earth to the moon and the Mars. Going global is great, but an entirely different tone was heard: Globalization is a menace to mankind. Globalization will make the powers more powerful but the weak is weaker and the poor is poorer.ConclusionDifferent countries have their own cultures, so it causes the different cultures .Consequently, sometimes the people come from different places may cause some misunderstandings. After learning this textbook we can get along well with people all over the world.Finally, through this paper, we can learn more knowledge.。
跨文化交际英文版9-Cultural-DiversityPPT课件
2
A. What is Cultural Diversity?
Cultural diversity is the variety of human societies or cultures in a specific region, or in the world as a whole.
3
Joke appreciation for cultural diversity A young lady’s miniskirt was accidentally torn open by a young man.
Please decide where they come from according to their responses to this incident. 1. Before the man saying sorry, the woman bowed down and said in a tender voice: sorry, it is all my fault. It is all the bad quality of my skirt. I am sorry for the trouble I have brought to you. Japan: Over-courtesy and male-dominated 2. Before the man saying sorry, the woman gave him a name-card and said: “This is my lawyer’s phone number. He will talk with you about your sex harassment. See you in the court.” America: A place where law talks! 3. Before the man saying sorry, the woman covered the torn part of the skirt with a newspaper in hand and shyly said: “Sir, can you send me home? It is not very far from here.” Then the young man put his coat on the girl and called a taxi to send her home. England: Gentle and conservative 4. Before the man saying sorry, the woman gurgled and put her hand on the man’s shoulder: “Sir, if you do not mind, you can buy me a red rose to show your apology.” Then the man bought her a rose and they went to a hotel together to study more about the skirt. France: Friendly and romantic
跨文化交际英文版
A. What is Cultural Diversity?
Cultural diversity is the variety of human societies or cultures in a specific region, or in the world as a whole.
Joke appreciation for cultural diversity
1. Before the man saying sorry, the woman bowed down and said in a tender voice: sorry, it is all my fault. It is all the bad quality of my skirt. I am sorry for the trouble I have brought to you.
Japan: Over-courtesy and male-dominated
2. Before the man saying sorry, the woman gave him a name-card and said: “This is my lawyer’s phone number. He will talk with you about your sex harassment. See you in the court.”
individualism
Independence Self-reliance Self-esteem egalitarianism
Case SΒιβλιοθήκη udy 2An American couple came to Beijing to work as foreign teachers for the first time in their lives. They had a three-year-old son. Since both of them worked, they hired a Chinese housemaid, who was in her late 40s. One of her jobs was to take their son to a kindergarten in the morning and pick him up and bring him home again in the afternoon. She found this the most difficult among all her tasks. Every day when it was time to take the boy to kindergarten there was bound to be a fight with the boy because she insisted on carrying the boy in her arms or at least holding his hand; but the boy never liked it. He preferred to walk by himself. After a few days, she quit the job.
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munication is a dynamic, systematic process in which meanings are created and reflected in human interaction with symbols.2.Culture: The deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, actions, attitudes, meanings,hierarchies, religion, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of universe, and artifacts acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving.3.Acculturations: occurs when a society undergoes drastic culture change under the influence of a moredominant culture and society with which it has come in contact.4.Intercultural communication:It is communication between people whose cultural perceptions andsymbols are distinct enough to alter the communication event.5.co-culture: when talking about groups or social communities exhibiting communication characteristics,perceptions, values, beliefs, and practices that are significantly different enough to distinguish them from the other groups, communities, and the dominant culture.nguage is an organized, generally agreed on, learned symbol system used to represent theexperiences within a cultural community.7.Perception: the process by which an individual selects, organizes, and information to create ameaningful picture of the world.8.Value: is an enduring belief that a specific mode of conduct or end-state of existence is personally orsocially preferable to another.9.Culture patterns: refers to both the conditions that contribute to the way in which a people perceiveand think about the world, and the manner in which they live that world.10.Collectivism:is characterized by a rigid social framework that distinguishes between in-groups andout-groups.11.Masculinity: is the extent to which the dominant values in a society are male oriented and associatedwith ambitions, differentiated sex roles, achievements, acquisition of money and signs of manliness. 12.A high-context (HC) communication or message is one in which most of the information is either inthe physical context or internalized in the person, while very little is in the coded, explicit, transmitted part of the massage. A low-context (LC) communication is just the opposite; i.e., the mass of information is vested in the explicit code.13.Context: the information that surrounds an event; it is inextricably bound up with the meaning of thatevent.14.World view is a culture’s orientation toward God, humanity, nature, questions of existence, theuniverse and cosmos, life, moral and ethical reasoning, suffering, death, and other philosophical issues that influence how its members perceive their world.15.Argot is a more or less private vocabulary peculiar to a co-cultural group, and a group must have anargot if it is to be considered a co-culture.16.Nonverbal communication involves all those nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that aregenerated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that have potential message value for the source or receiver.17.A learning style is a particular way that an individual receives and processes information.18.Stereotyping is a complex form of categorization that mentally organizes our experiences and guidesour behavior toward a group of people.19.Culture shock: when we are thrust into another culture and experience psychological and physicaldiscomfort from this contact we have become victims of culture shock.20.Ethnocentrism: the belief that one’s culture is primary to all explanations of reality.21.Seven characteristics of culture affect communication: learned, transmitted from generation togeneration, based on symbols, dynamic, integrated, ethnocentric, adaptive.22.Belief: our conviction in the truth of something. Learned and subject to cultural interpretation andcultural diversity.23.Individualism:refers to the doctrine, spelled out in detail by the seventeenth. The single mostimportant pattern in the US.24.Hofstede’s Value Dimensions:four parts: individualism-collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, powerdistance, and masculinity and femininity.25.Culture differs in their attitudes toward: individualism and collectivism, uncertainty avoidance,power distance, masculinity and femininity, human nature, the perception of nature, time, activity, relationships, context, formality and informality, assertiveness and interpersonal harmony.26.Religious Similarities: sacred writings, authority, traditional rituals, speculation, ethics.27.Five religious orientations: Christianity, Judaism, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism.28.the family we are born into the family of orientation and take a spouse the family of procreation.29.problems of translation and equivalence：vocabulary or lexical equivalence, idiomatic and slangequivalence, grammatical-syntactical equivalence, experiential-cultural equivalence, conceptual equivalence.30.The use of argot reflects a co-culture’s need to have a language that permits them to 1.sharemembership,2. participate in their social and cultural communities,3. identify themselves and their place in the universe, 4. communicate with one another about their own social realities.31.Functions of communication: repeating, complementing, substituting, regulating, contradicting.32.The study of how movement communicates is called kinesics. Kinesic cues are those visible bodyshifts and movements that can send messages about 1.our attitude toward the other person 2. our emotional state 3. our desire to control our environment.33.Eyes serve six communication functions: 1. indicates degree of attentiveness, interest, and arousal 2.help intiate and sustain intimate relationships 3. influence attitude change and persuasion 4. regulate interaction 5. communicate emotions 6. define power and status relationships 7. assume a central role in impression management.34.kinds of vocalizations: vocal characterizers, vocal qualifiers, vocal segregates.。