美国文学史0841A
美国文学史PPT课件
present 1)modernism; 2)postmodernism
— John Updike: “Bitter Bamboo”
What is the implication of Updike’s comment ? Do you agderstanding about American literature and culture at present?
B) Simple, fresh, direct, plain, a touch of nobility
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Periodization of American Literature Key Themes in American Literature
8
Periodization of American Literature
A General Introduction to American Literature
1
Discussions
China, experts agree, is the nation of the future […] The commercial and intellectual success its emigrants have enjoyed in nations from Malaysia to the United States all augur (预示) impending global dominance. In literature, however, the Chinese mainland, as far as Western ears go, is pretty quiet. […] Bookstores, the Times reports, are bustling, but nearly half the purchases consist of textbooks and half the translations are of American books.
美国文学史0841A
( )3.New England Transcendentalism was a main literary stream in romantic period and also the summit of American Romanticism.
( )4.Leaves of Grass establishedDickinsonas the most popular American poet of the 19thcentury.
( )5.Hawthorne was regarded as Father of the American short stories.
9.Henry James i.A Farewell to Arms
10.Jack London j.The American Scholar
III. Blank Filling:20% (1,×20)
1.Thomas Paine,with his natural gift for pamphleteering and rebellion, was appropriately born into an age of __________.
( )6.The realistic period in American literature ranges from 1865 to 1914.
( )7.Wth Howells,James and Mark Twain active on the literary scene,realism became a major trend in the eighties and nineties of the 19thcentury.
美国文学史Benjamin Franklin
5) He set himself up as an independent printer and publisher, found the Junto Club and subscription library, issued the immensely popular Poor Richard’s Almanac. 6) Retired around forty-two, he did what was to him a great happiness: read, make scientific experiments and do good to his fellowmen. He helped to find the Pennsylvania Hospital, an academy which led to the University of Pennsylvania, and the American Philosophical Society. 7) At the same time he did a lot of famous experiments and invented many things such as volunteer fire departments, effective street lighting, the Franklin Stove, bifocal glasses, efficient heating devices, lightning-rod and so on.
2) a. b.
c. d.
Hale Waihona Puke e.Autobiography It is perhaps the first real post-revolutionary American writing as well as the first real autobiography in English. It gives us the simple yet immensely fascinating record of a man rising to wealth and fame from a state of poverty and obscurity into which he was born, the faithful account of the colorful career of America’s first self-made man. First of all, it is a puritan document. The most famous section describes his scientific scheme of self-examination and selfimprovement. It is also an eloquent elucidation of the fact that Franklin was spokesman for the new order of eighteenth century enlightenment, and that he represented in America all its ideas, that man is basically good and free, by nature endowed by God with certain inalienable rights of liberty and the pursuit of happiness. It is the pattern of Puritan simplicity, directness, and concision. The plainness of its style, the homeliness of imagery, the simplicity of diction, syntax and expression are some of the salient features we cannot mistake.
童明《美国文学史》(增订版)笔记和课后习题(含考研真题)详解
我国各大院校一般都把国内外通用的权威教科书作为本科生和研究生学习专业课程的参考教材,这些教材甚至被很多考试(特别是硕士和博士入学考试)和培训项目作为指定参考书。
为了帮助读者更好地学习专业课,我们有针对性地编著了一套与国内外教材配套的复习资料,并提供配套的名师讲堂、电子书和题库。
《美国文学史》(增订版)(童明主编)一直被用作高等院校英语专业英美文学教材,被很多院校指定为英语专业考研必读书和学术研究参考书。
为了帮助读者更好地使用该教材,我们精心编著了它的配套辅导用书。
作为该教材的学习辅导书,全书遵循该教材的章目编排,共分27章,每章由三部分组成:第一部分为复习笔记(中英文对照),总结本章的重点难点;第二部分是课后习题详解,对该书的课后思考题进行了详细解答;第三部分是考研真题与典型题详解,精选名校经典考研真题及相关习题,并提供了详细的参考答案。
本书具有以下几个方面的特点:1.梳理章节脉络,归纳核心考点。
每章的复习笔记以该教材为主并结合其他教材对本章的重难点知识进行了整理,并参考了国内名校名师讲授该教材的课堂笔记,对核心考点进行了归纳总结。
2.中英双语对照,凸显难点要点。
本书章节笔记采用了中英文对照的形式,强化对重要难点知识的理解和运用。
3.解析课后习题,提供详尽答案。
本书对童明主编的《美国文学史》(增订版)每章的课后思考题均进行了详细的分析和解答,并对相关重要知识点进行了延伸和归纳。
4.精选考研真题,补充难点习题。
本书精选名校近年考研真题及相关习题,并提供答案和详解。
所选真题和习题基本体现了各个章节的考点和难点,但又不完全局限于教材内容,是对教材内容极好的补充。
第1部分 早期美国文学:殖民时期至1815年第1章 “新世界”的文学1.1 复习笔记1.2 课后习题详解1.3 考研真题和典型题详解第2章 殖民地时期的美国文学:1620—1763 2.1 复习笔记2.2 课后习题详解2.3 考研真题和典型题详解第3章 文学与美国革命:1764—18153.1 复习笔记3.2 课后习题详解3.3 考研真题和典型题详解第2部分 美国浪漫主义时期:1815—1865第4章 美国浪漫主义时期4.1 复习笔记4.2 课后习题详解4.3 考研真题和典型题详解第5章 早期浪漫主义5.1 复习笔记5.2 课后习题详解5.3 考研真题和典型题详解第6章 超验主义和符号表征6.1 复习笔记6.2 课后习题详解6.3 考研真题和典型题详解第7章 霍桑、麦尔维尔和坡7.1 复习笔记7.2 课后习题详解7.3 考研真题和典型题详解第8章 惠特曼和狄金森8.1 复习笔记8.2 课后习题详解8.3 考研真题和典型题详解第9章 文学分支:反对奴隶制的写作9.1 复习笔记9.2 课后习题详解9.3 考研真题和典型题详解第3部分 美国现实主义时期:1865—1914第10章 现实主义时期10.1 复习笔记10.2 课后习题详解10.3 考研真题和典型题详解第11章 地区和地方色彩写作11.1 复习笔记11.2 课后习题详解11.3 考研真题和典型题详解第12章 亨利·詹姆斯和威廉·迪恩·豪威尔斯12.1 复习笔记12.2 课后习题详解12.3 考研真题和典型题详解第13章 自然主义文学13.1 复习笔记13.2 课后习题详解13.3 考研真题和典型题详解第14章 女性作家书写“女性问题”14.1 复习笔记14.2 课后习题详解14.3 考研真题和典型题详解第4部分 美国现代主义时期:1914—1945第15章 美国现代主义15.1 复习笔记15.1 复习笔记15.2 课后习题详解15.3 考研真题和典型题详解第16章 现代主义的演变16.1 复习笔记16.2 课后习题详解16.3 考研真题和典型题详解第17章 欧洲的美国现代主义17.1 复习笔记17.2 课后习题详解17.3 考研真题和典型题详解第18章 两次世界大战间的现代小说18.1 复习笔记18.2 课后习题详解18.3 考研真题和典型题详解第19章 现代美国诗歌19.1 复习笔记19.2 课后习题详解19.3 考研真题和典型题详解第20章 非裔美国小说和现代主义20.1 复习笔记20.2 课后习题详解20.3 考研真题和典型题详解第5部分 多元化的美国文学:1945年至新千年第21章 新形势下的多元化文学21.1 复习笔记21.2 课后习题详解21.3 考研真题和典型题解析第22章 美国戏剧:三大剧作家22.1 复习笔记22.2 课后习题详解22.3 考研真题和典型题详解第23章 主要小说家:1945年至60年代23.1 复习笔记23.2 课后习题详解23.3 考研真题和典型题详解第24章 1945年以来的诗学倾向24.1 复习笔记24.2 课后习题详解24.3 考研真题和典型题详解第25章 20世纪60年代以来的小说发展状况25.1 复习笔记25.2 课后习题详解25.3 考研真题和典型题详解第26章 当代多民族文学和小说26.1 复习笔记26.2 课后习题详解26.3 考研真题和典型题详解第27章 美国文学的全球化:流散作家27.1 复习笔记27.2 课后习题详解27.3 考研真题和典型题详解第1部分 早期美国文学:殖民时期至1815年第1章 “新世界”的文学1.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Discoveries of America(发现美洲大陆)Who discovered America?谁发现了美洲?1 The credit is often attributed to Christopher Columbus. Yet this argument is controversial.一种说法是哥伦布发现了美洲大陆。
美国文学史Edgar Allan Poe
• Horror (Gothic )
The Fall of the House of Usher The Tell-TaleHeart Tell-Tale Heart
Literary theory
• The Philosophy of Composition • The Poetic Principle
Style
Traditional, but not easy to read
Reception
“the jingle man”
Emerson
“an enthusiasm for Poe is the mark of a decidedly primitive state of development”
Reputation
• Master of the macabre • Forerunner of the detective story, science fiction, horror fiction, psychoanalytic criticism and symbolism • Aesthetic activist
Themes in Poe’s works
• Death—predominant theme in Poe’s writing
“Poe is not interested in anything alive. Everything in Poe’s writings is dead.”
• Horror • Negative thoughts of science
Henry James
Tennyson Bernard Shaw
美国文学史第4部分
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Transcendentalism
It was all of them at once. It transcended every phase of life—though it is true, of course, that in this particular locality or at that particular time, in this individual or in that social atmosphere, it did take on this or that predominant emphasis or color. On this side of the Atlantic, for instance, it assumed at the outset a pre-eminently political character, and America, in her own Revolution and in the events which followed it, made an early and memorable contribution to that greater revolution of the human spirit. But America, save in the case here and there of an exceptional mind, remained largely unconscious, even as a matter of political theory, of the general significance for the world of what she had accomplished. Still less had she distilled from her democratic practice any fresh philosophy or faith. When, then, voices from abroad of those who were seeking a religion for the new order of things penetrated to a community which, religious to the core, had long been religiously starved, those voices were bound to be heard and answered. That is precisely what began happening near Boston shortly before the year 1830. The result was similar to what occurs, under like conditions, in the case of an individual.
美国文学史 智慧树知到课后章节答案2023年下济宁学院
美国文学史智慧树知到课后章节答案2023年下济宁学院济宁学院绪论单元测试1.How many periods can be divided in American literary history?A:3 B:1 C:2 D:6答案:62.Who is a writer in the American colonial period?A:Pound B:Edwards C:Hawthorne D:Melville答案:Edwards3.The representative of American local colorism isA:Cooper B:Mark Twain C:Eliot D:Williams答案:Mark Twain4.T.S.Eliot is an American author.A:对 B:错答案:对5.American Romanticism stretches from 1800 to 1865.A:错 B:对答案:对第一章测试1.The first settlers who became the founding fathers of the American nationwere quite a few of them_____.A:Puritans B:Anglicans C:Quakers D:Catholics答案:Puritans2.It is a critical commonplace now that American literature is based on a myth,that is, ________.A:The British myth of the Saint Grail B:The legend of the sleepy Hollow C: The ancient Greek myth of Zeus D:The Biblical myth of the Garden of Eden答案:The Biblical myth of the Garden of Eden3.Puritans were idealists, believing the church should be restored to complete“purity” and dreaming that they would build the new land to an Eden onearth.A:错 B:对答案:对4.American Puritanism was one of the most enduring shaping influences inAmerican thought and American literature.A:错 B:对答案:对5.The settlement of the North American continent by the English began in theearly part of 18 century.A:错 B:对答案:错第二章测试1.The first symbol of self-made American man is___A:Franklin B:Jefferson C:Washington D:Irving答案:Franklin2.In 18th century, ____was the last great voice of theCalvinist stance.A:Cooper B:Benjamin Franklin C:Edward D:Bradstreet答案:Benjamin Franklin3.In“the Great Awakening”, ____was the last great voice toreannounce theCalvinist stanceA:BenjaminFranklin B:Cooper C: Edward D:Bradstreet答案:BenjaminFranklin4.Eighteenth-century American thinking was dominated, by and large, by 2patterns of thought.A:错 B:对答案:对第三章测试1.The Romantic Period in the history of American literature started with thepublication of Washington Irving’s _________ and ended with Whitman’s Leaves of Grass.A:Song of Myself B:The Sketch Book C:Drum Taps D:Walden答案:The Sketch Book2.Which of the following statements about the Romantic period in the historyof American literature is NOT true?A:There was a strong tendency to exalt the individual and the common man.B:Most heroes and heroines in the writings of this period exhibited extremes of reason and nationality. C:In most of the American writings of this period there was a new emphasis upon the imaginative and emotional qualities of literature. D:The writers of this period placed an increasing emphasis on the free expression of emotions and displayed an increasing attention to thepsychic states of their characters.答案:Most heroes and heroines in the writings of this period exhibited extremes of reason and nationality.3.The New England Transcendentalism was from the very beginning a localphenomenon restricted only to those people living in New England, whocarried out the movement as a reaction against the cold, rigid rationalism of _________ in Boston. ()A:Unitarianism B:Puritanism C:Classicism D:Calvinism答案:Puritanism4.As one of Hawthorne’s most profound tales, Young Goodman Brown iswritten in the manner of its concern with_________. ()A:good and bad B:guilt and evil C:destruction and hope D: moral andcorruption答案:guilt and evil5.Which of the following is NOT among the artistic features of Whitman’swriting?()A:The use of the poetic “I” B:Free verse C:Allegory D:Musicality and rhythm 答案:Allegory第四章测试1.Stylistically, Henry James’ fiction is characterized by____________.A:abundance of local images B:ordinary American speech C:highly refined language D:short, clear sentences答案:highly refined language2.One of the characteristics that have made Mark Twain a major literary figurein the 19th century America is his use of____________ .A: point of view B:interior monologue C:photographic descriptionD:vernacular答案:vernacular3.Which of the following is right about Mark Twain’s language?A:His seldom use humor. B:His sentence structures are short, ungrammatical and difficult to read. C:His style of language hadn't exerted rather deepinfluence on the contemporary writers. D:His words are fomal.答案:His sentence structures are short, ungrammatical and difficult to read.4.Which of the following is not right about Mark Twain’s style of language?A:His sentence structures are long, ungrammatical and difficult to read. B:His words are colloquial, concrete and direct in effect. C:His style of language had exerted rather deep influence on the contemporary writers. D:His humor isremarkable and characterized by puns, straight-facedexaggeration, repetition and anti-climax.答案:His sentence structures are long, ungrammatical and difficult toread.5.With Howells, James, and Mark Twain active on the literary scene,______became the major trend in American literature in the seventies andeighties of the 19th century.A:Realism B: Sentimentalism C:Naturalism D:Romanticism答案:Realism第五章测试1.Apart from the dislocation of time and the modern stream-of-consciousness, the other narrative techniques Faulkner used to construct his storiesinclude_________, symbolism and mythological and biblical allusions.A: impressionism B: first person point of view C:expressionism D:mutiple points of view答案:mutiple points of view2. In the first part of the 20th century,apart from Darwinism, there were twothinkers -______, whose ideas had the greatest impact on the period.A: the German Karl Marx and the American Sigmund Freud B:the Swiss Carl Jung and the American William James C:the German Karl Marx and theAustrian Sigmund Freud D:the Austrian Karl Marx and the German Sigmund Freud答案:the German Karl Marx and the Austrian Sigmund Freud3.Which of the following statements can be said about the works of ScottFitzgerald, a spokesman of the “Roaring 20s”?A:They penetrate into the problems of the human heart in conflict with itself.B:They are symbolic of the psychological journey of the modern man and his helplessness in the modern world. C:Many of them portrayed the hollowness of the American worship of riches and the unending American dream offulfillment. D:They show the primitive struggle of individuals in the context of irresistible natural forces.答案:They are symbolic of the psychological journey of the modern man and his helplessness in the modern world.4.Which of the following statements is right about the novel A Farewell to Arms?A: It tells a story about the tragic love affair of a wounded American soldier with an Italian nurse. B:The author emphasizes his belief that man is trapped both physically and mentally and suggests that man is doomed to beentrapped. C:The author attempted to write the epitaph to a decade and tothe whole generation in the 1930s. D:The author favored the idea of nature as an expression of either god’s design or his beneficence.答案:The author emphasizes his belief that man is trapped bothphysically and mentally and suggests that man is doomed to beentrapped.5.To Faulkner, the primary duty of a writer was to explore and represent theinfinite possibilities inherent in human life. Therefore a writer should ______.A: both A and B. B: observe at a great distance and sometimes participate in the events. C: reduce authorial intrusion to the lowest minimum. D:observe with no judgment whatsoever.答案: both A and B.第六章测试1.The Cold War happened in 1950s.A:错 B:对答案:对2.One of the most ambitious writers of this period is J.D.Salinger.A:对 B:错答案:对3.J.D.Salinger only wrote one novel and became famous for it.A:对 B:错答案:对4.Salinger was born into a Jewish middle class family.A:对 B:错答案:对5.The Catcher in the Rye ralates the painful story of a high-school boy growingup in the world of decadent New York.A:错 B:对答案:对。
美国文学史Edgar Allan Poe
Other works
Tales
The Black Cat The Cask of Amontillado A Descent into the Maelström The Facts in the Case of M. Valdemar The Fall of the House of Usher The Gold-Bug Hop-Frog The Imp of the Perverse Ligeia The Masque of the Red Death Morella The Murders in the Rue Morgue The Oval Portrait The Pit and the Pendulum The Premature Burial The Purloined Letter The System of Doctor Tarr and Professor Fether The Tell-Tale Heart
Байду номын сангаас
Poe and his works influenced literature in the United States and around the world, as well as in specialized fields, such as cosmology and cryptography. Poe and his work appear throughout popular culture in literature, music, films, and television. A number of his homes are dedicated museums today. The Mystery Writers of America present an annual award known as the Edgar Award for distinguished work in the mystery genre.
美国文学史及选读目录
PartⅠThe Literature of Colonial AmericaHistorical IntroductionThe First American WriterEarly New England LiteratureWilliam Bradford and John WinthropPuritan ThoughtsJohn Cotton and Roger WilliamsAnne Bradstreet and Edward TaylorPartⅡThe Literature of Reason and RevolutionHistorical IntroductionBenjamin Franklin [From The Autobiography]Thomas Paine [From The American Crisis]Thomas Jefferson [The Declaration of Independence]Philip Freneau [The Wild Honey Suckle; The Indian Burying Ground; To a Caty-Did] PartⅢThe Literature of RomanticismHistorical IntroductionWashington Irving [The Author’s Account of Himself; The Legend of Sleepy Hollow]James Fenimore Cooper [The Last of the Mohicans; From The Last of the Mohicans:Chapter12]William Cullen Bryant [Thanatopsis; To a Waterfowl]Edgar Allan Poe [To Helen; The Raven; Annabel Lee; The Fall of the House of Usher]Ralph Waldo Emerson [From Nature: ChapterⅠ; From Self-Reliance]Henry David Thoreau [From Walden]Nathaniel Hawthorne [The Scarlet Letter; From The Scarlet Letter: Ⅴ. Hester at HerNeedle]Herman Melville [Moby Dick; From Moby Dick Chapter54: The Town-Ho’s Story]Henry Wadsworth Longfellow [A Psalm of Life: What the Heart of the Young ManSaid to the Psalmist; The Slave’s Dream; My LostYouth; The Song of Hiawatha]PartⅣThe Literature of RealismHistorical IntroductionWalt Whitman [Song of Myself (1&10); I Sit and Look Out; Beat! Beat! Drums!]Emily Dickinson [I taste a liquor never brewed; I felt a Funeral, in my Brain; A Birdcame down the Walk—; I died for Beauty—but was scarce; I hearda Fly buzz—when I died—; Because I could not stop for Death]Harriet Beecher Stowe [Uncle Tom’s Cabin; Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Chap. Ⅶ) TheMother’s Struggle]Mark Twain [The Adventure of Tom Sawyer; The Adventure of Tom Sawyer (Chaps.ⅩⅩⅠ,ⅩⅩⅠⅠ)]O. Henry [The Cop and Anthem]Henry James [The Portrait of A Lady; The Portrait of A Lady (Chaps. Ⅵ,Ⅶ)]Jack London [The Sea Wolf; The Sea Wolf (Chap. ⅩⅩⅠ); Martin Eden; (Chap. Ⅰ)]Theodore Dreiser [Sister Carrie; Sister Carrie (Chap. Ⅰ)]PartⅤTwentieth-Century LiteratureHistorical IntroductionEzra Pound [A Virginal; Salutation the Second; A Pact; In a Station of the Metro; TheRiver-Merchant’s Wife: A Letter]Edwin Arlington Robinson [The House on the Hill; Richard Cory; Miniver Cheevy]Robert Frost [After Apple-Picking; The Road Not Taken; Stopping by Woods on aSnowy Evening; Departmental; Design; The Most of It]Carl Sandburg [Chicago; The Harbor; Fog; Cool Tombs; Flash Crimson; The People,Yes]Wallace Stevens [Peter Quince at the Clavier; Anecdote of the Jar; The Emperor ofIce-cream]Thomas Stearns Eliot [The Song of J. Alfred Prufrock; PreludesⅠ—Ⅳ; Journey of theMagi; The Hollow Men]F. Scott Fitzgerald [The Great Gatsby; The Great Gatsby (Chap. Ⅲ)]Ernest Hemingway [A Farewell to Arms; A Farewell to Arms (Chap. XLI)]John Steinbeck [The Grapes of Wrath; The Grapes of Wrath (XXIII)]William Faulkner [A Rose for Emily]。
8 美国文学史Emily Dickinson
SeverThomas Wentworth Higginson, a poetry critic for The Atlantic Monthly Reverend Charles Wadsworth, toward whom Dickinson might possess a deep love passion and wrote a total of 366 poems within a single year after he left for California. The third was Benjamin Newton, a law student in her father's office
Poetry about Love
One group treats the suffering and frustration love can cause, such as the pain of separation and the futility of finding happiness. "I could not die—with you — / For one must wait/to shut the other's Gaze down — /You— could not —" The other focuses on the physical aspect of desire, the mysterious magnetism between sexes, etc. (in reference to Page 99)
A Bird came down the Walk—
A Bird came down the Walk— He did not know I saw— He bit an Angleworm in halves And ate the fellow, raw, And then he drank a Dew From a convenient Grass— And then hopped sidewise to the wall To let a Beetle pass He glanced with rapid eyes That hurried all around— They looked like frightened Beads, I thought— He stirred his Velvet Head …….
美国文学史总结PPT课件
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John Winthrop
John Winthrop:《新英格兰历史》“The History of New England”. 1630年登上“阿贝亚”(Arbella)to Massachusetts并开始写日记keep a journal
其还是美国第一位主要作家the first major writer非凡表达能力,简洁明了,有点幽默,还是一位讽 刺天才as an author he had power of expression, simplicity, a subtle humor. He was also sarcastic.
美国早期文学主要为the narratives and journals of these settlements采用in diaries and in journals(日记和日志),他们写关于the land with dense forests and deep-blue lakes and rich soil.
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Edward Taylor
清教徒诗人中最杰出的一位the best of the Puritan poets 他的作品遵循了十七世纪中期一些杰出诗人风格和形式his work followed they
style and forms of the leading English poets of the mid-seventeenth century。 他大部分作品关于宗教的,大部分诗歌直接以赞美诗为基础进行创作的most of
2019/9/12
美国文学简史
美国文学简史第一篇:美国文学简史Chapter 1 Colonial PeriodI.Background: Puritanism1.features of Puritanism(1)Predestination: God decided everything before things occurred.(2)Original sin: Human beings were born to be evil, and this original sin can be passed down from generation to generation.(3)Total depravity(4)Limited atonement: Only the “elect” can be saved.2.Influence(1)A group of good qualities –hard work, thrift, piety, sobriety(serious and thoughtful)influenced American literature.(2)It led to the everlasting myth.All literature is based on a myth –garden of Eden.(3)Symbolism: the American puritan’s metaphorical mode of perception was chiefly instrumental in calling into being a literary symbolism which is distinctly American.(4)With regard to their writing, the style is fresh, simple and direct;the rhetoric is plain and honest, not without a touch of nobility often traceable to the direct influence of the Bible.II.Overview of the literature1.types of writingdiaries, histories, journals, letters, travel books, autobiographies/biographies, sermons2.writers of colonial period(1)Anne Bradstreet(2)Edward Taylor(3)Roger Williams(4)John Woolman(5)Thomas Paine(6)Philip FreneauIII.Jonathan Edwards1.life2.works(1)The Freedom of the Will(2)The Great Doctrine of Original Sin Defended(3)The Nature of True Virtue3.ideas – pioneer of transcendentalism(1)The spirit of revivalism(2)Regeneration of man(3)God’s presence(4)Puritan idealismIV.Benjamin Franklin1.life2.works(1)Poor Richard’s Almanac(2)Autobiography3.contribution(1)He helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital and the American Philosophical Society.(2)He was called “the new Prometheus who had stolen fire(electricity in this case)from heaven”.(3)Everything seems to meet in this one man –“Jack of all trades”.Herman Melville thus described him “master of each and mastered by none”.Chapter 2 American Romanticism Section 1 Early Romantic PeriodWhat is Romanticism?l An approach from ancient Greek: Platol A literary trend: 18c in Britain(1798~1832)l Schlegel Bros.I.Preview: Characteristics of romanticism1.subjectivity(1)feeling and emotions, finding truth(2)emphasis on imagination(3)emphasis on individualism –personal freedom, no hero worship, natural goodness of human beings2.back to medieval, esp medieval folk literature(1)unrestrained by classical rules(2)full of imagination(3)colloquial language(4)freedom of imagination(5)genuine in feelings: answer their call for classics3.back to naturenature is “breathing living thing”(Rousseau)II.American Romanticism1.Background(1)Political background and economic development(2)Romantic movement in European countriesDerivative – foreign influence2.features(1)American romanticism was in essence the expression of “a real newexperience and contained “an alien quality” for the simple reason that “the spirit of the place” was radically new and alien.(2)There is American Puritanism as a cultural heritage to consider.American romantic authors tended more to moralize.Many American romantic writings intended to edify more than they entertained.(3)The “newness” of Americans as a nation is in connection with American Romanticism.(4)As a logical result of the foreign and native factors at work, American romanticism was both imitative and independent.III.WashingtonIrving1.several names attached to Irving(1)first American writer(2)the messenger sent from the new world to the old world(3)father of American literature2.life3.works(1)A History of New York from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty(2)The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent.(He won a measure of international recognition with the publication of this.)(3)The History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus(4)A Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada(5)The Alhambra4.Literary career: two parts(1)1809~1832a.Subjects are either English or Europeanb.Conservative love for the antique(2)1832~1859: back to US5.style – beautiful(1)gentility, urbanity, pleasantness(2)avoiding moralizing – amusing and entertaining(3)enveloping stories in an atmosphere(4)vivid and true characters(5)humour – smiling while reading(6)musical languageIV.James Fenimore Cooper1.life2.works(1)Prec aution(1820, his first novel, imitating Austen’s Pride and Prejudice)(2)The Spy(his second novel and great success)(3)Leatherstocking Tales(his masterpiece, a series of five novels)The Deerslayer, The Last of the Mohicans, The Pathfinder, The Pioneer, The Prairie3.point of viewthe theme of wilderness vs.civilization, freedom w, order vs.change, aristocrat vs.democrat, natural rights vs.legal rights4.style(1)highly imaginative(2)good at inventing tales(3)good at landscape description(4)conservative(5)characterization wooden and lacking in probability(6)language and use of dialect not authentic5.literary achievementsHe created a myth about the formative period of the American nation.If the history of the United States is, in a sense, the process of the American settlers exploring and pushing the American frontier forever westward, then Cooper’s Leatherstocking T ales effectively approximates the American nationalexperience of adventure into the West.He turned the west and frontier as a useable past and he helped to introduce western tradition to American literature.第二篇:英美文学简史新词Chapter 1 the making of England第一页Primitive原始社会的Clustering 丛团Hut茅草屋Vitality生命力Invade侵入Occupy占有Chieftain首领Subjugate征服Refinement改良Christianity基督教christian 基督教的第二页Swarm大群人Pirate海盗Dialect方言Kinship王权Compose1写、创作(乐曲、歌剧等)2组成Booty战利品Amusement娱乐Democracy民主Incompatible合不来的Gemtile非犹太的Territory领土Feudalism封建制Heathen不信教的、异教徒第三页Monastery修道院Monk修士、僧侣Chapter2Relic遗风Preserve保护Minstrel(中世纪)游方诗歌演唱者 Fragmentv、n 碎片片段Devour吞食Grapple(with)扭住(对手)扭打格斗Avail(against sb)抵挡Combat格斗搏斗战斗Retreat撤退退却Rejoice高兴Avenge伸冤Counseller顾问Plunge猛进入38个单词1第四页Trophy奖品战利品Den穴Belche喷(火)forth its fire Bid说=sayEnvelope包围包住Impenetrable不可穿越的forest Marsh沼泽Superstitious迷信的Marvellous 第五页AlliterationConsonantMetaphorAttendantCondemnTingePermanentChapter3vikingplunderprose第六页confescatebestowbaronvassaloathsecurepropertymanifestationsupremacychronicleprominentdominentintermingletendbishoparchbishopabbottoil第七页sustain奇妙的头韵辅音隐喻侍者责备淡的色调或痕迹a tinge of 永久的北欧海盗掠夺散文没收赠与小块土地男爵封臣誓言保护资产显示至高无上编年史的突出的最突出的、占支配地位的混合照管主教大主教男修道院长辛苦工作支撑41个单词2courageous勇敢的heretics犯异端罪的人perish毁灭plague瘟疫poll-tax人头税impose对()课税pauperize贫穷slogan口号格言】sermon讲道bondagestuff ornament ermine spicesryemanorpomp sovereign第八页remonstate oppressor treacherously apealprevailverse tournament codemoral chivalry apprenticeship solemncycle第九页rim culmination collapse patronize charge fabricateconvert第十页Masterpiece奴役天鹅绒布料装饰貂皮貂香料黑麦庄园浮华最高统治者抗议。
美国文学史(英文版)
美国文学史(英文版)FranklinAmerican puritanism3. American RomanticismRomanticism was a complex artistic, literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Europe, and gained strength in reaction to the Industrial Revolution.Elements of Romanticism1. Frontier: vast expanse, freedom, no geographic limitations.2. Optimism: greater than in Europe because of the presence of frontier.3. Experimentation: in science, in institutions.4. Mingling of races: immigrants in large numbers arrive to the US.5. Growth of industrialization: polarization of north and south; north becomes industrialized, south remains agriculturalRomantic Subject Matter1. The quest for beauty: non-didactic, “pure beauty”2. The use of the far-away and non-normal----antique and fanciful:a. In historical perspective: antiquarianism; antiquing or artificially aging; interest in the past.b. Characterization and mood: grotesque, Gothicism, sense of terror, fear; use of the odd and queer.3. Escapism----from American problems4. Interest in external nature: for itself, for beautya. Nature as source for the knowledge of primitive.b. Nature as refuge.c. Nature as revelation of God to the individual.Romantic Attitude1. Appeals to imagination; use of the “willing suspension of disbelief.”2. Stress on emotion rather than reason; optimism, geniality.3. Subjectivity: in form and meaning.Characteristics of Romanticism:a.Romanticism was a rebellion against the objectivity of rationalism.(subjectivity)b.For romantics, the feelings, intuitions and emotions were more importantthan reason and common sense.c.They emphasized individualism, placing the individual against the group,against authority.d.The affirmed the inner life of the self, and wanted to be free to develop andexpress his own inner thoughts.e.Typical literary forms of romanticism include ballad, lyric, sentimental comedy,problem novel, historical novel , gothic romance, metrical romance, sonnet.Representatives:•New England Poets: William Cullen Bryant; Henry Wadsworth Longfellow;•Writers: James Fenimaore Cooper, Washington Irving4. Washington Irving (1783-1859)Information about his life:1, Born in New York City.Drew the inspiration for his first publication, Salmagundi(杂录), became the focal point for a group of New York writers in the early nineteenth century, called the Knickerbocker school(纽约派)2, In 1832, he traveled west, gathering material for “A Tour on the Prairies”.3, From 1842 to 1846 he served as American minister to Spain. In his final years he continued to produce books and revised and published his complete works. He finished the five-volume Life of Washington shortly before his death. Masterpieces:“The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Grayon”, “Bracebridge Hall”, “Tales of a Traveller”, “The History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus ”Washington Irving quotes1, Acting provides the fulfillment of never being fulfilled. You’re never as good as you’d like to be. So there’s always something to hope for.2, A sharp tongue is the only edge tool that grows keener with constant use.3, Age is a matter of feeling, not of years.4, Great minds have purposes, others have wishes.Little minds are tamed and subdued by misfortune; but great minds rise above them 5, One of the greatest and simplest tools for learning more and growing is doing more.6, A father may turn his back on his child, brothers and sisters may become inveterate enemies, husbands may desert their wives, wives their husbands. But a mother’s love endures through all.The Sketch Book (1819)The Sketch Book (1819), contains two most enduring stories “Rip Van Winkle” and “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”. In both these stories, Irving aims at creating a past in which history and myth blend into each other, providing for a rapidly changing American society kind of historical tradition so apparent in England and so apparently absent in the new nation. The plots of both stories are based on old German folk tales. However, Irving fills them with the “local color” of New York’s Hudson River Valley.5. James Fenimore Cooper(1789----1851)Information about his life:1,In 1808 he served on the Vesuvius and on the Wasp in the Atlantic in 1809. These experiences later inspired his sea stories.2, Cooper's first novel Precaution (1820) was an imitation of Jane Austin’s novels anddid not meet with great success.3, His s econd, The Spy (1821), was based on Sir Walter Scott’s Waverly series, and told an adventure tale about the American Revolution, set in Westchester Country. The book brought Cooper fame and wealth and he gave up farming.Work:The Spy (1821)The Leatherstocking Tales (1823—1841)The Pilot (1824) The Red Rover (1827)The Deerslayer, The Last of the Mohicans,The Pathfinder, and The Prairie (1827).PS:Cooper’s enduring fame rests on his frontier stories, especially the five novels that comprise the Leatherstocking Tales. The five novels are The Pioneers (1823), The Last of the Mohicans (1826), The Prairie (1827), The Pathfinder (1840) and The Deerslayer (1841). A modern American historian, Allan Nevins, who has edited a one-volume version of the series, calls these five novels “the nearest approach yet to an American epic.”Cooper’s famous “Leatherstocking” series set in the exciting period of America’s movement westward. Natty Bumppo (who is often called Leatherstocking) appears in all of the novels in the series and is one of the best-known characters in American literature.Literary Achievements:1, The lst successful American novelistIn his fiction he dealt with the themes of wilderness versus civilization, freedom versus law, order versus change, aristocrat versus democrat, and natural rights versus legal rights.2, Cooper developed 3 kinds of novels:--the 1st kind is the novels about the revolutionary past (“The Spy”);--the 2nd is the sea novels (he also was the 1st writer to write a novel on the sea, “The Pilot”);--the 3rd is novels about the American frontier (“The Pioneers ”, “The Pathfinder” and “The Deerslayer” ).6. New England TranscendentalismBackgrounds:1, Ralph Waldo Emerson published ‘Nature’ in 1836 which represented a new way of intellectual thinking in America.2, ‘The Universe is composed of Nature and the Soul, Spirit is present everywhere. ’3, romantic idealism on Puritan soil4, 1836, the Transcendental ClubWhat is Transcendentalism:In the realm of art and literature it meant the shattering of pseudo-classic rules and forms in favor of a spirit of freedom, the creation of works filled with the new passion for nature and common humanity and incarnating a fresh sense of the wonder, promise, and romance of life.Major Concepts (main ideas)1, ‘transcend ere’: to rise above, to pass beyond the limits2, Believe people could learn things both from the outside world by means of the 5 senses and from the inner world by intuition.3, It placed spirit first and matter second4, It took nature as symbolic of spirit or God. (All things in nature were symbols of the spiritual, of God’s presence. Nature could exercise a healthy and restorative influence on human mind.)5, It emphasized the significance of the individual (the individual was the most important element in society, the ideal kind of individual was self-reliant and unselfish.)6, Religion was an emotional communication between an individual soul and the universal ‘oversoul’.Major writers and Literary WorksRalph Waldo Emerson (1803----1882)Henry David Thoreau (1817----1862)7. Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882)About Emerson1, Ralph Waldo Emerson, the towering figure of his era, had a religious sense of mission.2, Emerson's philosophy has been called contradictory, and it is true that he consciously avoided building a logical intellectual system because such a rational system would have negated his Romantic belief in intuition and flexibility.3, In his essay "Self-Reliance," Emerson remarks: "A foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds." Yet he is remarkably consistent in his call for the birth of American individualism inspired by nature.4,Most of his major ideas -- the need for a new national vision, the use of personal experience, the notion of the cosmic Over-Soul, and the doctrine of compensation -- are suggested in his first publication, Nature (1836).Achievement:1, ‘Nature’ has been called “the manifesto of American transcendentalism”2, ‘The American Scholar’ has been called “America’s Declaration of Intellectual Independence”3, The contribution both for philosophy and literature4, His perception of humanity and nature as symbols of universal truth encouraged the development of the American symbolist movement.5, Emphasize the common life worth of highest art6, Believed the work’s form was determined by the writer’s perception of the higher truth he found symbolized in nature.Influence:1, A great prose-poet, Emerson influenced a long line of American poets, including Walt Whitman, Emily Dickinson, Edwin Arlington Robinson, Wallace Stevens, Hart Crane, and Robert Frost.2, He is also credited with influencing the philosophies of John Dewey, George Santayana, Friedrich Nietzsche, and William James.Henry David Thoreau(1817 –1862,Classically educated at Harvard,Two books published in his lifetime--neither sold well.1)If Ralph Waldo Emerson was the philosopher of Transcendentalism, Thoreau was its most devoted practitioner. Thoreau tried to live as a transcendentalist.超验主义者2)As an independent thinker, Thoreau became the head of the Concord Lyceum organizing lectures where he met Ralph Waldo Emerson.3)From 1841 – 1843 Thoreau decided to conduct an experiment of self-sufficiency 自给自足)by building his own house on the shores of Walden Pond and living off the food he grew on his farm. a) Thoreau later documented his experiment in his famous memoir Walden. H7e wrote thirteen drafts of Walden before publishing it. b)Another work that was a result of Thoreau’s Walden Experiment was his essay Civil Disobedience. Civil Disobedience has been a highly influential work that has inspired peaceful activists such as Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr.4) On May 6th, 1862 Thoreau died losing his fight to the disease, Tuberculosis.肺结核His collection of writing consist of over twenty volumes. Emerson later published a collection of Thoreau’s poems in 1865.Main work: Walden瓦尔登湖--- a spiritual book--- a diary of a nature lover, a classic of American prose (this is a book of essays put together, exploring subjects concerned with Nature, with the meaning of life, and with morality)---3 aims in writing the book: to make people evaluate the way he lived and thought; to reveal the hidden spiritual possibilities in everyone’s life; to condemn the weakness and errors of society--- subjects: a)The essentials of life: living rather than getting a livingb) It is a condemnation of making social improvement and comfort all important.c) It stresses the importance of thought over material circumstance.d) It has confidence in the individual, and holds that individual freedom breaksdown the rules and barriers of society so that the individual can express himself and act on his own principles.e) There is the possibility for and importance of change in one’s spiritual lifewhich is in harmony with nature.--- Style:Prophetic 预言的voiceDirect forceful sentenceConversational in toneHumorProverbial 谚语式的expressionsBrief tales, fables 寓言and allegories讽喻MetaphorsNathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864)“Like Edgar Allan Poe, Hawthorne took a dark view of human Nature.”Nathaniel Hathorne was born in 1804 in the city of Salem, Massachusetts to Nathaniel Hathorne and Elizabeth Clarke Manning Hathorne. His ancestors include John Hathorne, a judge during the Salem Witch Trials.---Hawthorne is significant as a romantic writer because he used the New England regional past as subject and setting for his stories and he showed great concern about the American past.--- He is significant for his themes: the consequences of pride, selfishness, and secret guilty; the conflict between lighthearted and somber忧郁toward life; the impingement of ——---He is significant for his style He used symbols and setting to reveal the psychology of the characters. His style is soft, flowing, and almost feminine. He used ambiguity to keep the reader in a world of uncertainty.1.Themes in Hawthorne’s Writings1)Moral allegories寓言——a story where everything is symbol, used commonly to instruct especially in religious matters2)The sinful man 罪人3)Hypocrisy (伪善)4)The Dark side of human nature5)Religious in nature2. Hawthorne’s Major Works1)Two collections of short stories: Twice-told Tales + Mosses from an Old Manse(古屋青苔)2)The Scarlet Letter红字——His masterpiece, which established him as the leading American native novelist of the 19th century.3)The House of the Seven Gables(带有七个尖角阁的房子)4)The Blithedale Romance(福谷传奇)5)The Marble Faun(玉石雕像)3. Hawthorne’s Point of ViewHawthorne is influenced by Puritanism deeply. He was not a Puritan himself, but he had Puritan ancestors who played an important role in his life and works.1)Evil is at the core of human life.2)Whenever there is sin, there is punishment. Sin or evil can be passed fromgeneration to generation.3)Evil educates4)He has disgust in science. One source of evil is overweening intellect. Hisintellectual characters are villains, dreadful and cold-blooded4.Hawthorne’s aesthetic审美的ideas1) He took a great interest in history and antiquity(古物),to him these furnish thesoil on which his mind grows to fruition. Trying to connect a bygone time with the very present, he makes the dream strange things look like truth.2) He was convinced that romance was the best form to describe AmericaThe poverty of materials and the avoidance of offending the puritan taste——romances rather than novels to tell the truth and satirize讽刺and yet not the offend5. Hawthorne’s Writing Style1)A man of literary craftsmanship, extraordinary in the use of symbol: symbols serve as a weapon to attack reality. It can be found everywhere in his writing.2)Revelation of characters’ psycho logy: he is good at exploring the complexity of human psychology. There isn’t much physical movement going on in his works.3) The use of supernatural mixed with the actual4)His stories are parable(allegory)——to teach a lesson5)Use of ambiguity to keep the reader in the world of uncertainty——multiple point of view.MelvilleEdgar Allan Poe (1809---1849): 象征主义唯美主义Edgar Allen Poe was an American writer, poet, editor and literary critic, considered part of the American Romantic Movement.Poe was one of the earliest American practitioners of the short story and is considered the inventor of the detective-fiction genre流派.He was the first well-known American writer to try to earn a living through writing alone, which resulting in a financially difficult life and career.Poe established a new symbolic poetry, formulated the new short story in detective and science fiction line, developed an important artistic theory, and laid foundation for analytical criticism.1) Father of modern short story2) Father of detective story3) Father of psychoanalytic criticism1.Poe’s Major Literary WorksPoems1) “The Raven” 《乌鸦》2) “Annabel Lee” 《安娜贝尔·李》3) “The Sleeper” 《睡梦人》4) “A Dream Within a Dream” 《梦中梦》5) “Sonnet—To Science” 《十四行诗—致科学》6) “To Helen” 《致海伦》7) “The City in the Sea” 《海中的城市》earlier entitled The Doomed City 《衰败的城市》Tales——two kindsHorror:Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque «述异集»:a collection of short stories The Black Cat《黑猫》Ligeia《莉盖亚》The Cask of Amontillado(红色死亡假面舞会)《一桶蒙特亚白葡萄酒》The Fall of the House of Usher 《厄舍府的倒塌》Ratiocination(推理):The Murders in the Rue Morgue《莫格街谋杀案》The Gold Bug《金甲虫》The Purloined Letter《被窃的信件》The Mystery of Marie Roget《玛丽罗杰谜案》Literary theory:The Philosophy of Composition 《创作原理》The Poetic Principle 《诗歌原则》2. Themes1) Death –predominant theme “Poe is not interested in anything alive. Everything inPoe’s writings is dead.”2)Horror 3)Negative thoughts of science3. Poe’s theory for poetryPoems: 1) short but achieve maximum effect, "pure“, not to moralize2) produce a feeling of beauty in the reader3)He stresses rhythm, insists on an even(规则的) metrical韵律flow.真实能够满足人的理智,感情能够满足人的心灵, 而美则能激动人的灵魂4. Poe’s theory for short storyShort story should be of brevity简洁, totality全面, single effect, compression(压缩) and finality.5.Conclusion about his theories:--- Only short poems could sustain the level of emotion in the reader that was generated by all good poetry.--- The most important purpose of poetry is the creation of beauty--- The tone of its highest manifestation表现is one of sadness. (The death of a beautiful woman is the most potential topic.)--- The immediate object of poetry is pleasure, not truth.--- Music is essential because it is associated with indefinite sensations.感觉(alliteration头韵, assonance,谐音repetition)--- Poe preferred the tale to other fictional such as the novel because it is brief. He stressed the principle of concentration and thematic主题的totality.--- The writer must decide the effect first and then determine the incidents.--- Truth rather than beauty is often the aim of the tale.--- The merit of a work of art should be judged by its psychological effect upon the reader.6. Poe’s a chievement:Poe is generally regarded as a pioneering aesthetician, psychological investigator, literary technician and his influence on American literary circles can never be overrated.1) His aesthetics, his call for "the rhythmical creation of beauty" have influenced French symbolists and the devotees of "art for art's sake."2) He is the father of psychoanalytic(心理分析的) criticism.3) He is the father of the detective story.Raven《乌鸦》是爱伦·坡1844年创作的。
《美国文学史》各章节知识点指南
《美国文学史》各章节知识点指南时间:2011年2月使用教材:《美国文学史》(第二版)常耀信著Chapter 1 Colonial America★1607 Jamestown, Virginia:the first permanent English settlement in America★1620 Plymouth, Massachusetts: the second permanent English settlement in America★Captain John Smith: the first American writer writing in English★Anne Bradstreet: the first American woman poetMajor work: The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung up in America (1650)Contemplations (9) on P. 17 (熟悉这首诗歌)To My Dear and Loving Husband《致我亲爱的丈夫》★Philis Wheatley: the first black woman poet in American literature★Edward Taylor: the most famous poet in the colonial periodHuswifery on P. 19 (熟悉这首诗歌)★Roger Williams: The Bloody Tenet of Persecution for the Cause of Conscience (1644)Translated the Bible into the Indian tongue★John Winthrop: ―Model of Christian Charity‖(〈基督慈善之典范〉)The History of New England (two volumes, 1825, 1826)(〈新英格兰史〉) 1630 --- 1649 in diary★Thomas Paine: Common Sense, The American Crisis, The Rights of Man, The Age of Reason ★Philip Freneau: Poet of the American RevolutionThe Wild Honeysuckle, The Indian Burying Ground, The Dying Indian: TomoChequi★Charles Brockden Brown: the first important American novelistWieland, Edgar Huntly, Ormond, Aurthur MervynChapter 2 Edwards, Franklin, Crevecoeur★the 18th century: Age of Reason and Enlightenment★Jonathan Edwards: America’s first systematic philosopherThe Freedom of the Will, Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God★Benjamin Franklin: The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin, Poor Richard’s Almanac熟悉37页的引文★Hector St. John de Crevecoeur: Letters from an American FarmerChapter 3 American Romanticism, Irving, Cooper★Washington Irving: the first American writer to win international acclaimThe Sketch Book: Rip V an Winkle, The Legend of Sleepy Hollow★James Fenimore Cooper: Leatherstocking Tales (五个故事的题目)Natty Bumpo (人物形象)Chapter 4 New England Transcendentalism, Emerson, Thoreau★Ralph Waldo Emerson: Nature (the Bible and manifesto of New England Transcendentalism)The American Scholar (America’s Declaration of IntellectualIndependence)★Henry David Thoreau: Walden, or Life in the WoodsChapter 5 Hawthorne, Melville★Nathaniel Hawthorne: The Scarlet Letter, Twice-Told Tales, The House of the Seven Gables, The Blithedale Romance, The Marble Faun, Young Goodman Brown★Herman Melville: Moby Dick, Omoo, Mardi, Redburn, White Jacket, PierreChapter 6 Whitman, Dickinson★Walt Whitman: Leaves of Grass; free verse; Song of Myself★Emily Dickinson: Of the 1775 poems, only 7 poems were published in her lifetime.熟悉教材中98至102页所选的诗歌Chapter 7 Edgar Allan Poe★Edgar Allan Poe: The Fall of the House of Usher, The Philosophy of Composition, The Poetic Principle, The Raven,To Helen熟悉教材中107页所选的The Raven中的部分诗行Chapter 8 The Age of Realism, Howells, James★William Dean Howells: The Rise of Silas Lapham, Criticism and Fiction★Henry James: important writings listed on P. 125the international themeChapter 9 Local Colorism, Mark Twain★Hamlin Garland: Crumbling Idols, Veritism (真实主义)★Bret Harte: The Luck of Roaring Camp★Mark Twain: 主要作品, vernacular literature, colloquial style★Harriet Beecher Stowe 斯托夫人& her Uncle Tom’s Cabin《汤姆叔叔的小屋》★Louisa May Alcott 路易莎·梅·奥尔科特& her Little Women 《小妇人》★Kate Chopin 凯特·肖班& her The Awakening 《觉醒》Chapter 10 American Naturalism, Crane, Norris, Dreiser, Robinson★Stephen Crane: Maggie: A Girl of the Streets (the first naturalistic novel in American literature), The Red Badge of Courage (the first anti-war novel in American literature),Famous short stories: The Open Boat, The Bride Comes to the Yellow Sky★Frank Norris: The Octopus, McTeague★Theodore Dreiser: Sister Carrie, Jennie Gerhardt, the Desire Trilogy, The Genius★Edwin Arlington Robinson: Richard Cory★Jack London: The Call of the Wild, White Fang, The Sea Wolf, Martin Eden★O. Henry (William Sidney Porter): famous for his short stories such as The Gift of the Magi★Upton Sinclair: The Jungle, the Muckraking MovementChapter 11 The 1920s, Imagism, Pound★The first American Renaissance: the first half of the 19th century★The second Renaissance: the 1920s★The three principles of the Imagist Poetry★熟悉四首意象派诗歌:In a Station of the Metro, Oread, The Red Wheelbarrow, Fog, 并会分析其中的第一和第四首★Ezra Pound: The Cantos, Hugh Selwyn MauberleyChapter 12 T. S. Eliot, Stevens, Williams★T. S. Eliot: The Waste Land (五个部分的题目), The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock 其他主要作品founder of New Criticism: depersonalization, objective correlative★William Carlos Williams: PatersonChapter 13 Frost, Sandburg, Cummings, Hart Crane, Moore★Robert Frost: New England poet, lyrical poet, the unofficial poet laureate, won the Pulitzer Prize four timesThe Road Not Taken (熟悉此诗), Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening,Mending Wall, Apple-picking <<摘苹果>>★Carl Sandburg: Fog, The Harbor (two famous Imagist poems)★ E. E. Cummings: the most interesting experimentalist in modern American poetry★Hart Crane: The BridgeChapter 14 Fitzgerald, Hemingway★F. Scott Fitzgerald: the spokesman of the Jazz AgeThe Great Gatsby★Ernest Hemingway: Hemingway hero with ―grace under pressure‖, the iceberg principle“I always try to write on the principle of the iceberg. There is seven-eights of it under water for every part that shows. Anything you know you can eliminate and it only strengthens your iceberg. It is the part that doesn’t show. ”冰山运动之雄伟壮观,是因为它只有八分之一在水面上。
美国文学史
美国文学史美国文学作为世界文学中的一支重要力量,具有独特的发展历程和风格。
从殖民地时期开始,美国文学就逐渐形成了自己的特色,逐步走向独立和多元化。
本文将从不同时期和流派的角度,对美国文学史进行探讨。
殖民地文学时期在殖民地时期,北美洲最早由英国、荷兰和法国等欧洲国家殖民,形成了各具特色的殖民地文学。
早期殖民者主要是宗教领袖和移民,他们的文学作品大多与宗教和生活有关。
其中,《普利茅斯纪事》是北美最早的历史文学作品之一,记录了普利茅斯殖民地的建立和发展历程。
独立战争与浪漫主义美国独立战争的胜利为美国文学的繁荣奠定了基础。
浪漫主义在19世纪初发展起来,强调个人主义、自然和民族主义,代表作品有爱默生的《自然》和露易丝·梅·奥尔科特的《小女亨丽特》等。
这一时期的作品多表现出对自由、民主和原生态的向往,具有强烈的思想性和感情色彩。
现实主义和自然主义19世纪中后期,美国文学逐渐发展出现实主义和自然主义两大流派。
现实主义作品关注于社会生活和人性,代表作品有马克·吐温的《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》和亨利·詹姆斯的《彭伯顿夫人》等。
自然主义则更加强调环境和遗传的影响,代表作品有杰克·伦敦的《野性的呼唤》和斯蒂芬·克莱恩的《红字》等。
这一时期的作品在探讨社会问题和人性方面展现出了深度和广度。
现代主义和后现代主义20世纪初,现代主义在美国兴起,表现出对传统文学形式和观念的挑战。
代表作家有欧内斯特·海明威、弗吉尼亚·吴尔芙和威廉·福克纳等,他们的作品多以流畅的叙述和复杂的心理描写为特点。
后现代主义则更加强调对现实的怀疑和对语言的实验,代表作家有托马斯·品钦和唐·德里罗斯等,他们的作品反映出了当代社会的多样性和碎裂性。
结语美国文学历经多个阶段和流派的发展,呈现出了多样的表现形式和思想内涵。
从殖民地时期到现代,美国文学逐渐形成了独具特色的风格和传统。
(完整word版)美国文学史-知识点梳理
Part I The Literature of Colonial AmericaI.Historical IntroductionThe colonial period stretched roughly from the settlement of America in the early 17th century through the end of the 18th. The first permanent settlement in America was established by English in 1607. ( A group of people was sent by the English King James I to hunt for gold. They arrived at Virginia in 1607. They named the James River and build the James town.)II.The pre-revolutionary writing in the colonies was essentially of two kinds:1) Practical matter-of-fact accounts of farming, hunting, travel, etc. designed to inform people "at home" what life was like in the new world, and, often, to induce their immigration2) Highly theoretical, generally polemical, discussions of religious questions. III.The First American WriterThe first writings that we call American were the narratives and journals of these settlements. They wrote about their voyage to the new land, their lives in the new land, their dealings with Indians.Captain John Smith is the first American writer.A True Relation of such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony (1608)A Map of Virginia: A Description of the Country (1612)General History of Virgini a (1624): the Indian princess PocahontasCaptain John Smith was one of the first early 17th-century British settlers in North America. He was one of the founders of the colony of Jamestown, Virginia. His writings about North America became the source of information about the New World for later settlers.One of the things he wrote about that has become an American legend was his capture by the Indians and his rescue by the famous Indian Princess, Pocahontas. IV.Early New England LiteratureWilliam Bradford and John WinthropJohn Cotton and Roger WilliamsAnne Bradstreet and Edward TaylorV.Puritan Thoughts1. The origin of puritanIn the mediaeval Europe, there was widespread religious revolution. In the 16th Century, the English King Henry VIII (At that time, the Catholics were not allowed to divorce unless they have the Pope's permission. Henry VIII wanted to divorce hiswife because she couldn't bear him a son. But the Pope didn't allow him to divorce, so he) broke away from the Roman Catholic Church & established the Church ofEngland. But there was no radical difference between the doctrines of the Church of England and the Catholic Church. A group of people thought the Church of England was too Catholic and wanted to purify the church. Then came the name Puritans.2. Puritanism -- based on Calvinism(1) predestination: God's electPuritans believed they are predestined before they were born.Nothing or no good work can change their fate.They believed the success of one's business is the sign to show he is the God's elect. So the Puritans works very hard, spend very little and invest more for the future business. They lived a very frugal life. This is their ethics.(2) Origianl sin and total depravityMan is born sinful. This determines some puritans pessimistic attitude towards life.(3) Limited atonement (the salvation of a selected few)(4) theocracyThey combined state with religion. Their government is at least not a liberal one.The Puritans established American tradition -- intolerant moralism. They strictly punished drunks, adultery & heretics.Puritans changed gradually due to the severity of frontier environment3. Influence on American Literature(1) Its optimismAmerican literature was from the outset conditioned by the Puritan heritage. It can be said American literature is based on the Biblical myth of the Garden of Eden. After that, man have an illusion to restore the paradise. The puritans, after arriving at America, believing that God must have sent them to this new land to restore the lost paradise, to build the wilderness into a new Garden of Eden. Fired with such a strong sense of mission, they treated life with a tremendous amount of optimism. The optimistic Puritan has exerted a great influence on American literature.(2) Puritan's metaphorical mode of perception changed gradually into a literary symbolism.Part II The Literature of Reason And RevolutionI.Historical IntroductionWith the growth, especially of industry, there appeared the intense strain with England. The British government did not want colonial industries competing with those in England. The British wanted the colonies to remain politically and economically dependent on the mother country. They took a series of measures to insure this dependence. They prevented colonial economy by requiring Americans to ship raw materials abroad and to import finished goods at prices higher than the cost of making them in this country. Politically, the British government forced dependenceby ruling the colonies from overseas and by taxing the colonies without giving them representation in Parliament.However, by the mid-eighteenth century, freedom was won as much by the fiery rhetoric of Thomas Paine's Common Sense and the eloquence of the Declaration of Independence as by the weapons of Washington. In the seventies of the 18th century, the English colonies in North America rose in arms against their mother country. The War for Independence lasted for 8 years (1776-1783) and ended in the formation of a federative bourgeois democratic republic -- the United States of America. II.American EnlightenmentIt was supported by all progressive forces of the country which opposed themselves to the old colonial order and religious obscurantism.It dealt a decisive blow upon the puritan traditions and brought to life secular education and literature. The spiritual life during that period was to a great degree moulded by it.The representatives set themselves the task of disseminating knowledge among the people and advocating revolutionary ideas.The writers injected an invigorating vein into the English language in America as they aimed at clarity and precision of their writings.At the initial period the spread of the ideas of the Enlightenment was largely due to journalism. Writings of Europe were widely read in America. The secular ideals of the American Enlightenment were exemplified in the life and career of Benjamin Franklin.III.Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)The AutobiographyPoor Richard’s AlmanacLifeBenjamin Franklin came from a Calvinist background.He was born into a poor candle-maker’s family. He had very little education. He learned in school only for two years, but he was a voracious reader.At 12, he was apprenticed to his elder half-brother, a printer.At 16, he began to publish essays under the pseudonym “Silence Do good” .At 17, he ran away to Philadelphia to make his own fortune.He set himself up as an independent printer and publisher. In 1727 he founded the Junto club.Multiple identities:a printera leading authora politiciana scientista inventora diplomata civic activistFranklin’s Contributions to SocietyHe helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital.He founded an academy which led to the University of Pennsylvania.And he helped found the American Philosophical Society.Franklin’s Contributions to ScienceHe was also remembered for volunteer fire departments, effective street lighting, the Franklin stove, bifocal glasses and efficient heating devices.And for his lightning-rod, he was called “the new Prometheus who had stolen fire from heaven.”Franklin’s Contributions to the U.S.He was the only American to sign the four documents that created the United States:The Declaration of Independence,The Treaty of Alliance with France,The Treaty of Peace with England,The ConstitutionThe AutobiographyThe Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin was probably the first of its kind in literature. It is the simple yet immensely fascinating record of a man rising to wealth and fame from a state of poverty and obscurity into which he was born, the faithful account of the colorful career of America’s first self-made man.The Autobiography is, first of all, a Puritan document. It is Puritan because it is a record of self-examination and self-improvement. The meticulous chart of 13 virtues he set for himself to cultivate to combat the tempting vices, the stupendous effort he made to improve his own person, the belief that God helps those who helps themselves and that every calling is a service to God – all these indicate that Franklin was intensely Puritan. Then, the book is also a convincing illustration of the Puritan ethic that, in order to get on in the world, one has to be industrious, frugal, and prudent.The Autobiography is also an eloquent elucidation of the fact that Franklin was spokesman for the new order of eighteenth-century enlightenment, and that he represented in America all its ideas, that man is basically good and free by nature, endowed by God with certain inalienable rights of liberty and the pursuit of happiness.A look at the style of The Autobiography will readily reveal that it is the pattern of Puritan simplicity, directness and concision. The plainness of its style, the homeliness of imagery, the simplicity of diction, syntax and expression are some of the salient features we cannot mistake. The lucidity of the narrative, the absence ofornaments in wording and of complex, involved structures in syntax, and the Puritan abhorrence of paradox are all graphically demonstrated in the whole of the book. Taken as a whole, it is safe to say that the book is an exemplary illustration of the American style of writing.IV.Thomas Paine (1737-1809)Common SenseAmerican CrisisV.Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826)The Declaration of IndependenceVI.Philip Freneau (1752-1832)“Poet of the American Revolution”“Father of American Poetry”“Pioneer of the New Romanticism”“A gifted and versatile lyric poet”Works“The Wild Honey Suckle”“The Indian Burying Ground”“To a Caty-Did”Freneau as Father of American Poetry: His major themes are death, nature, transition, and the human in nature. All of these themes become important in 19th century writing.Life Experience►He was born in New York.►At 16, he entered the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University). He decided to do a postgraduate study in theology. But two years later he gave it up. While still an undergraduate, he wrote in collaboration with one of his friends (H. H. Brackenridge) a poem entitled “The Rising Glory of America”.►Later he attended the War of Independence, and he was captured by British army in 1780.►After being released, he published “The British Prison Ship” in 1781.►In the same year, he published “To the Memory of the Brave Americans”.►After war, he supported Jefferson, and contributed greatly to American government.►But after 50 years old, he lived in poverty. And at last he died in a blizzard.Main Works►“The Rising Glory of America” (1772) 《美洲光辉的兴起》►“The House of Night” (1779,1786) 《夜之屋》►“The British Prison Ship” (1781) 《英国囚船》►“To the Memory of the Brave Americans” (1781) 《纪念美国勇士》►“”The Wild Honey Suckle” (1786) 《野忍冬花》►“The Indian Burying Ground” (1788) 《印第安人墓地》野忍冬花(黄杲炘译)►美好的花呀,你长得:这么秀丽,却藏身在这僻静沉闷的地方——甜美的花儿开了却没人亲昵,招展的小小枝梢也没人观赏;没游来荡去的脚来把你踩碎,没东攀西摘的手来催你落泪。
美国文学史及选读henry james
College of Foreign Languages, CTGU
HISTORY AND ANTHOLOGY OF AMERICAN LITERATURE
Psychological Realism
Henry James is considered the founder of psychological realism. He believed that reality lies in the impressions made by life on the spectator.Such realism is therefore only the obligation that the artist assumes to represent life as he sees it,which may not be the same life as it “really” is. “The Ambassadors” is considered to be a masterpiece of psychological realism.
College of Foreign Languages, CTGU
HISTORY AND ANTHOLOGY OF AMERICAN LITERATURE
Stage Three
The Wings of the Dove (鸽翼) The Ambassadors (专
使)
The Golden Bowl (金碗)
College of Foreign Languages, CTGU
HISTORY AND ANTHOLOGY OF AMERICAN LITERATURE
3. Intellectualized and Highly Sensitive Female Protagonists Most protagonists are females, such as Daisy in Daisy Miller, Isabel in The Portrait of a Lady, Milly in The wings of the Dove, and Maggie in The Golden Bowl. They are often wealthy enough to have wide freedom of choice in their personal lives, leisure for minute self scrutiny, and usually with enough intelligence to express subtle feelings and moral hesitation.
美国文学史第7部分
Backward
Forward
Chapter 7: the Era of Realism and Naturalism
Over 23 million foreigners -- German, Scandinavian, and Irish in the early years, and increasingly Central and Southern Europeans thereafter -- flowed into the United States between 1860 and 1910. Chinese, Japanese, and Filipino contract laborers were imported by Hawaiian plantation owners, railroad companies, and other American business interests on the West Coast. In 1860, most Americans lived on farms or in small villages, but by 1919 half of the population was concentrated in about 12 cities. Problems of urbanization and industrialization appeared: poor and overcrowded housing, unsanitary conditions, low pay (called "wage slavery"), difficult working conditions, and inadequate restraints on business. Labor unions grew, and strikes brought the plight of working people to national awareness. Farmers, too, saw themselves struggling against the "money interests" of the East, the so-called robber barons like J.P. Morgan and John D. Rockefeller. Their eastern banks tightly controlled mortgages and credit so vital to western development and agriculture, while railroad companies charged high prices to transport farm products to the cities. The farmer gradually became an object of ridicule, lampooned as an unsophisticated "hick" or "rube." The ideal American of the post-Civil War period became the millionaire.
(完整版)美国文学史-知识点梳理
(完整版)美国文学史-知识点梳理Part I The Literature of Colonial AmericaI.Historical IntroductionThe colonial period stretched roughly from the settlement of America in the early 17th century through the end of the 18th. The first permanent settlement in America was established by English in 1607. ( A group of people was sent by the English King James I to hunt for gold. They arrived at Virginia in 1607. They named the James River and build the James town.)II.The pre-revolutionary writing in the colonies was essentially of two kinds:1) Practical matter-of-fact accounts of farming, hunting, travel, etc. designed to inform people "at home" what life was like in the new world, and, often, to induce their immigration2) Highly theoretical, generally polemical, discussions of religious questions. III.The First American WriterThe first writings that we call American were the narratives and journals of these settlements. They wrote about their voyage to the new land, their lives in the new land, their dealings with Indians.Captain John Smith is the first American writer.A True Relation of such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony (1608)A Map of Virginia: A Description of the Country (1612)General History of Virgini a (1624): the Indian princess PocahontasCaptain John Smith was one of the first early 17th-century British settlers in North America. He was one of the founders ofthe colony of Jamestown, Virginia. His writings about North America became the source of information about the New World for later settlers.One of the things he wrote about that has become an American legend was his capture by the Indians and his rescue by the famous Indian Princess, Pocahontas. IV.Early New England LiteratureWilliam Bradford and John WinthropJohn Cotton and Roger WilliamsAnne Bradstreet and Edward TaylorV.Puritan Thoughts1. The origin of puritanIn the mediaeval Europe, there was widespread religious revolution. In the 16th Century, the English King Henry VIII (At that time, the Catholics were not allowed to divorce unless they have the Pope's permission. Henry VIII wanted to divorce his wife because she couldn't bear him a son. But the Pope didn't allow him to divorce, so he) broke away from the Roman Catholic Church & established the Church ofEngland. But there was no radical difference between the doctrines of the Church of England and the Catholic Church. A group of people thought the Church of England was too Catholic and wanted to purify the church. Then came the name Puritans.2. Puritanism -- based on Calvinism(1) predestination: God's electPuritans believed they are predestined before they were born.Nothing or no good work can change their fate.They believed the success of one's business is the sign to show he is the God's elect. So the Puritans works very hard, spend very little and invest more for the future business. They lived avery frugal life. This is their ethics.(2) Origianl sin and total depravityMan is born sinful. This determines some puritans pessimistic attitude towards life.(3) Limited atonement (the salvation of a selected few)(4) theocracyThey combined state with religion. Their government is at least not a liberal one.The Puritans established American tradition -- intolerant moralism. They strictly punished drunks, adultery & heretics.Puritans changed gradually due to the severity of frontier environment3. Influence on American Literature(1) Its optimismAmerican literature was from the outset conditioned by the Puritan heritage. It can be said American literature is based on the Biblical myth of the Garden of Eden. After that, man have an illusion to restore the paradise. The puritans, after arriving at America, believing that God must have sent them to this new land to restore the lost paradise, to build the wilderness into a new Garden of Eden. Fired with such a strong sense of mission, they treated life with a tremendous amount of optimism. The optimistic Puritan has exerted a great influence on American literature.(2) Puritan's metaphorical mode of perception changed gradually into a literary symbolism.Part II The Literature of Reason And RevolutionI.Historical IntroductionWith the growth, especially of industry, there appeared the intense strain with England. The British government did not wantcolonial industries competing with those in England. The British wanted the colonies to remain politically and economically dependent on the mother country. They took a series of measures to insure this dependence. They prevented colonial economy by requiring Americans to ship raw materials abroad and to import finished goods at prices higher than the cost of making them in this country. Politically, the British government forced dependenceby ruling the colonies from overseas and by taxing the colonies without giving them representation in Parliament.However, by the mid-eighteenth century, freedom was won as much by the fiery rhetoric of Thomas Paine's Common Sense and the eloquence of the Declaration of Independence as by the weapons of Washington. In the seventies of the 18th century, the English colonies in North America rose in arms against their mother country. The War for Independence lasted for 8 years (1776-1783) and ended in the formation of a federative bourgeois democratic republic -- the United States of America. II.American EnlightenmentIt was supported by all progressive forces of the country which opposed themselves to the old colonial order and religious obscurantism.It dealt a decisive blow upon the puritan traditions and brought to life secular education and literature. The spiritual life during that period was to a great degree moulded by it.The representatives set themselves the task of disseminating knowledge among the people and advocating revolutionary ideas.The writers injected an invigorating vein into the English language in America as they aimed at clarity and precision oftheir writings.At the initial period the spread of the ideas of the Enlightenment was largely due to journalism. Writings of Europe were widely read in America. The secular ideals of the American Enlightenment were exemplified in the life and career of Benjamin Franklin.III.Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)The AutobiographyPoor Richard’s AlmanacLifeBenjamin Franklin came from a Calvinist background.He was born into a poor candle-maker’s family. He had very little education. He learned in school only for two years, but he was a voracious reader.At 12, he was apprenticed to his elder half-brother, a printer.At 16, he began to publish essays under the pseudonym “Silence Do good” .At 17, he ran away to Philadelphia to make his own fortune.He set himself up as an independent printer and publisher. In 1727 he founded the Junto club.Multiple identities:a printera leading authora politiciana scientista inventora diplomata civic activistFranklin’s Contributions to SocietyHe helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital.He founded an academy which led to the University of Pennsylvania.And he helped found the American Philosophical Society.Franklin’s Contributions to ScienceHe was also remembered for volunteer fire departments, effective street lighting, the Franklin stove, bifocal glasses and efficient heating devices.And for his lightning-rod, he was called “the new Prometheus who had stolen fire from heaven.”Franklin’s Contributions to the U.S.He was the only American to sign the four documents that created the United States:The Declaration of Independence,The Treaty of Alliance with France,The Treaty of Peace with England,The ConstitutionThe AutobiographyThe Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin was probably the first of its kind in literature. It is the simple yet immensely fascinating record of a man rising to wealth and fame from a state of poverty and obscurity into which he was born, the faithful account of the colorful career of America’s first self-made man.The Autobiography is, first of all, a Puritan document. It is Puritan because it is a record of self-examination and self-improvement. The meticulous chart of 13 virtues he set for himself to cultivate to combat the tempting vices, the stupendous effort he made to improve his own person, the belief that God helps those who helps themselves and that every calling is a service to God – all these indicate that Franklin was intensely Puritan. Then, the book is also a convincing illustration of thePuritan ethic that, in order to get on in the world, one has to be industrious, frugal, and prudent.The Autobiography is also an eloquent elucidation of the fact that Franklin was spokesman for the new order of eighteenth-century enlightenment, and that he represented in America all its ideas, that man is basically good and free by nature, endowed by God with certain inalienable rights of liberty and the pursuit of happiness.A look at the style of The Autobiography will readily reveal that it is the pattern of Puritan simplicity, directness and concision. The plainness of its style, the homeliness of imagery, the simplicity of diction, syntax and expression are some of the salient features we cannot mistake. The lucidity of the narrative, the absence ofornaments in wording and of complex, involved structures in syntax, and the Puritan abhorrence of paradox are all graphically demonstrated in the whole of the book. Taken as a whole, it is safe to say that the book is an exemplary illustration of the American style of writing.IV.Thomas Paine (1737-1809)Common SenseAmerican CrisisV.Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826)The Declaration of IndependenceVI.Philip Freneau (1752-1832)“Poet of the American Revolution”“Father of American Poetry”“Pioneer of the New Romanticism”“A gifted and versatile lyric poet”Works“The Wild Honey Suckle”“The Indian Burying Ground”“To a Caty-Did”Freneau as Father of American Poetry: His major themes are death, nature, transition, and the human in nature. All of these themes become important in 19th century writing.Life ExperienceHe was born in New York.At 16, he entered the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University). He decided to do a postgraduate study in theology. But two years later he gave it up. While still an undergraduate, he wrote in collaboration with one of his friends (H. H. Brackenridge) a poem entitled “The Rising Glory of America”.Later he attended the War of Independence, and he was captured by British army in 1780.After being released, he published “The British Prison Ship” in 1781.In the same year, he published “T o the Memory of the Brave Americans”.After war, he supported Jefferson, and contributed greatly to American government.But after 50 years old, he lived in poverty. And at last he died in a blizzard.Main Works“The Rising Glory of America” (1772) 《美洲光辉的兴起》“The House of Night” (1779,1786) 《夜之屋》“The British Prison Ship” (1781) 《英国囚船》“To the Memory of the Brave Americans” (1781) 《纪念美国勇士》?“”The Wild Honey Suckle” (1786) 《野忍冬花》“The Indian Burying Ground” (1788) 《印第安人墓地》野忍冬花(黄杲炘译)美好的花呀,你长得:这么秀丽,却藏身在这僻静沉闷的地方——甜美的花儿开了却没人亲昵,招展的小小枝梢也没人观赏;没游来荡去的脚来把你踩碎,没东攀西摘的手来催你落泪。
美国文学简史
美国文学简史(上)十九世纪以前概述美国是一个年轻的国家。
作为一个国家,它的历史只能从1776 年7 月4日算起。
作为历史中一个不可分割的组成部分的美国文学史,严格地说,也是从这一天开始谱写的。
哥伦布在1492 年发现新大陆之前,这块土地的主人是印第安人,他们的各个部落还处在原始公社制度各个不同的发展阶段,他们本身并没有发达的文学。
遭到殖民主义者的野蛮屠杀和驱赶之后,这个种族已处于濒临灭绝的境地,仅有的口头创作也几乎完全中断。
美国独立以前,北美大陆受欧洲人统治长达几个世纪。
由于残酷的殖民经治以掠夺财富和剥削廉价劳力为目的,因此,北美大陆既没有发达的经济,更没有发达的文化。
从这个意义上说,美利坚民族的文化,实际上是欧洲文化的移植,文学和艺术绝大数是欧洲的舶来品。
殖民地时期美国仅有的几位诗人和民间作家,由于历史条件的局限和自身生活的局限,也没有能写出具有美洲特色的作品。
独立之后,美国的文学虽然还处于襁褓之中,但它已经开始摆脱殖民文化的桎梏。
在民族独立的历史关头,美国人民,特别是作为当时站在革命斗争最前列的资产阶级左翼分子,已经认识到了建立民族文学的重要性。
一批年轻的诗人就曾预言,美国文学必将有一个灿烂的未来;他们满腔热情地为这个未来的灿烂文学增砖添瓦,贡献自己的聪明才智。
尽管如此,独立以后相当长的一段时间里,美国还不能很快摆脱在文化上依附英国的状况,不利于民族文学繁荣发展的条件依然存在。
首先,在取得政治上的统一以后,各地区在经济、文化上的发展并不平衡。
当时西部大部分还是处女地,那里除了民间故事外,一时还不可能出现反映西部开发业迹的成熟作品。
在愚昧落后的南部,真正的民族文化无从谈起。
思想意识异常顽固的大不列颠王国的臣民,对这个新生国家总是抱着一种不可名状的仇恨和敌视。
他们鄙视美国的一切,当然也包括美国年轻幼稚的文学。
面对英国的一片嘲笑和挖苦声,已经获得了独立的美国人民决心使自己的国家在政治、经济、文化等各个领域都拥有充分的发言权,他们需要有自己的工业、农业、科学和文化。
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( )3.New England Transcendentalism was a main literary stream in romantic period and also the summit of American Romanticism.
13.__________combined traditional verse forms with a clear American local speech rhythm,forming his own characteristic.
14.Fitzgerald summarized the experiences and attitudes of the 1920s decade in his masterpiece novel__________.
( )16.The North American literature began with the settlement of the English puritans.
( )17.Hardworkthrift,piety and sobriety,thesewere the puritan values that dominated much of theearlyAmerican writing.
II.Match the following information:10%(1,×10)
1.WashingtonIrvinga.The Fall of the House of Usher
2.James Fenimore Cooper b.Sister Carrie
3.Edgar Allan Poe c.Moby-Dick
5.__________can somewhat be called“the Father of the American detective story”.
6.Henry __________probed deeply at the individual psychology of his characters, writing in a rich and intricate style that supposed his intense scrutiny of complex human experience.
7.__________is considered the founder of Psychological realism. He believed that reality lies in the impressions made by life on the spectator.
8.In 1902Londonpublished his first novel __________.
A.Charitist Movement B.p;Romanticist Movement
C.Enlightenment Movement D.Modernist Movement
( )12.Early in the 1920s, the most prominent of the new American playwrights,whose name is EugeneO,Neill,established an international reputation.
( )13.Pound was the leader of a new movement in poetry which he called the “impressionism”movement.
( )18.Jonathan Edwards,masterpiece is Common Sense.
( )19.The Declaration ofIndependence is a highly effective piece of prose.
( )20.Thomas Paine,Franklin and Freneauare the representatives of American revolutionary literature.
湖南工程学院试卷用纸专业班级____________姓名______________学号______共__4____页第___2___页
(装订线内不准答题)
IVMultiple Choice:20% (1,×20)
1.At the Reason and Revolution period, Americanswere influenced by the European movement called the__________.
18.In 1925,Fitzgerald wrote his best novel__________.It is the story of an idealist who was destroyed by the influence of the wealthy,pleasure-seeking people around him.
19.With the publication of The Sun Also Rises,__________became the spokesman for what Gertrude Stein had called“the lost generation”.
20.In 1954,Hemingway was awarded a __________for his “mastery of the art of modern narration”.
课程名称英美文学史(II)考(查)___A___(卷)
适用专业班级____英语0481/82________考试形式___闭___(开、闭)
题号
一
二
三
四
五
六
七ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
八
九
十
总分
计分
I.True & False statement.(1’,×20)
( )1.In American literature,he eighteenth century was the age of the Enlightenment.Humanism was the dominant spirit
15.The __________County is a legendary kingdom created by Faulkner.
16.Ezra Pound,s major work of poetry is the long poem called___________.
17.William Faulkner,s works mainly concern the American__________
9.Henry James i.A Farewell to Arms
10.Jack London j.The American Scholar
III. Blank Filling:20% (1,×20)
1.Thomas Paine,with his natural gift for pamphleteering and rebellion, was appropriately born into an age of __________.
( )6.The realistic period in American literature ranges from 1865 to 1914.
( )7.Wth Howells,James and Mark Twain active on the literary scene,realism became a major trend in the eighties and nineties of the 19thcentury.
9.An American Tragedy is a masterpiece by___________.
10.In the late nineteenth century, although Americans continued to read the works of Irving, Cooper, Hawthorne and Poe, the great age of American __________had ended.
( )4.Leaves of Grass establishedDickinsonas the most popular American poet of the 19thcentury.
( )5.Hawthorne was regarded as Father of the American short stories.
( )8. Mark Twain is regarded as “the true father of our nationalliterature”.
()9.An American Tragedy is a masterpiece by Henry James.
( )10.Crane,s novel Maggie:A Girl of the Streets relates the story ofa good
4.Ralph Waldo Emerson d.Main Street
5.Herman Melvillee.The Sea Wolf
6.Theodore Dreiser f.Leatherstocking Tales
7.Ernest Hemingwayg.The Ambassadors
8.Sinclair Lewis h.The legend of Sleepy