平行结构(英文)

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用平行结构写英语作文

用平行结构写英语作文英文回答：In the tapestry of human knowledge, language serves as the vibrant thread that weaves together our thoughts, ideas, and experiences. It is a versatile medium that allows us to express ourselves in countless ways, from the mundane tothe sublime. Among the myriad of linguistic structures, parallelism stands out as a powerful tool that enhances the clarity, emphasis, and elegance of our writing.Parallelism refers to the repetition of grammatical structures in a series of phrases or clauses. When employed effectively, it can create a sense of rhythm and balance in our prose, drawing the reader's attention to key concepts and ideas. By using parallel structures, we can emphasize similarities and contrasts, highlight important points, and lend a memorable quality to our writing.The use of parallelism extends beyond mere aesthetics.It serves a functional purpose as well. By paralleling grammatical structures, we make our writing more coherent and easier to understand. It helps the reader to follow our train of thought and to grasp the relationships between ideas. Additionally, parallelism can enhance the memorability of our writing by making it easier for the reader to recall key points.Consider the following examples:"She spoke with eloquence, clarity, and passion.""The child laughed, cried, and slept soundly.""We must be strong, united, and determined."In each of these examples, the use of parallelism creates a sense of rhythm and balance while highlighting the key aspects of the subject. The reader is able toeasily identify the three main attributes of the speaker, the three actions of the child, and the three qualities necessary for success.Parallelism is a versatile tool that can be employed in various ways to achieve different effects. It can be used to:Emphasize similarities and contrasts: By paralleling structures that express similar or contrasting ideas, wecan draw attention to their shared or contrasting qualities.Highlight important points: By paralleling structures that express key points, we can make them stand out fromthe rest of the text and ensure that they are not overlooked.Lend a memorable quality to writing: By paralleling structures that create a sense of rhythm or balance, we can make our writing more memorable and easier for the readerto recall.中文回答：平行结构在英语写作中是一种强大的工具，它可以使我们的写作更清晰、更简洁、更有条理，用不同的结构和表达，突出重要的观点和信息。

作文正文小标题的格式要求

作文正文小标题的格式要求英文回答：Format of Subheadings in Essay Body Paragraphs.In academic writing, it is common to use subheadings within body paragraphs to organize and structure the information presented. Subheadings serve as miniature titles, providing an overview of the specific topic being discussed within that paragraph. While the format of subheadings may vary slightly depending on the writing style guide or instructor's preferences, there are certain general guidelines to follow:1. Parallel Structure:Subheadings should maintain a parallel structure throughout the essay. This means that they should use the same grammatical construction and be concise and to the point. For example, one might use subheadings that beginwith "-ing" verbs or noun phrases.2. Relevance:Each subheading should clearly relate to the main topic of the body paragraph it introduces. The subheadings should provide a roadmap for the reader, guiding them through the different aspects or supporting points of the paragraph.3. Hierarchy:If multiple levels of subheadings are used, they should be organized in a hierarchical manner. Main subheadings can be followed by secondary subheadings, and so on. This hierarchy helps create a logical flow of information.4. Placement:Subheadings are typically placed at the beginning of a body paragraph, before the first sentence. They can be aligned left, centered, or right-aligned, depending on the formatting guidelines.5. Numbering or Lettering:Subheadings can be numbered or lettered to indicatetheir order and hierarchical relationship. For example, one might use Roman numerals (I, II, III) or capital letters (A, B, C) to label subheadings within a single paragraph.6. Capitalization:The capitalization style of subheadings can vary depending on the writing style guide or instructor's preferences. Some guidelines recommend capitalizing all words in the subheading, while others suggest capitalizing only the first and last words.中文回答：正文小标题的格式要求。

平行结构在英语写作中的应用

平行结构(parallelism)是英语中最常用的修辞格之一，广泛用于诗歌、散文、小说、戏剧、演讲中。

平行结构就是把两个或两个以上结构相同或相似、意义相关、语气一致的词、词组或句子排列成串，形成一个整体。

它不仅表现一组句子里字形的建筑美、形式美；表现语音的节奏美、和谐美、音乐美，而且还表现语义的同中有异、异中有同。

它是使用部分重复的办法将文字的音、形、义都调动起来以表现句型美的一种修辞格。

平行结构不仅能增强语言的表现力、吸引力、感染力，使之易于朗诵、歌唱、记忆、流传，而且具有结构整齐、节奏鲜明、表达简练、语义突出的特点，能有效地增强语势，表达强烈的感情，说明深刻的道理，因而广泛地应用在多种文体之中。

本文将简要分析平行结构的类型和英语写作中运用平行结构的修辞效果。

一、平行结构的类型Parallelism的构成可体现于各个语言层次，如单词、短语、从句、句子、段落等，平行结构按其语言组织形式可分为以下五种：1.单词平行。

它由单个形容词、名词和动词等词排列而成。

例如：(a)This attitude results in a nation of people com mitted to research，experimenting and exploring. 这种态度造就了一个决心投身于研究、实验和探索的民族。

(b)An Englishman thinks seated；a Frenchman，standi ng；an American，pacing；an Irishman，after-ward. 英国人坐着想，法国人站着想，美国人走着想，爱尔兰人事后想。

2.短语平行。

它是由介词短语、动词短语、分词短语、不定式短语等词组并列而成，例如：(a)Studies serve for delight，for ornament，and for ability.(Francis Bacon：Of Studies)读书足以怡情，足以博采，足以长才。

英语语法并列结构[精华]

并列结构的定义两个或两个以上意义相关、层次相同、句法功能相同、由并列连词或其他并列手段连接起来的语法结构序列叫做“并列结构”(Coordinate Construction), 或者“平行结构”(Parallel Construction)。

1.并列结构的各种形式１）词与词的并列you and me buy and sell２）词组与词组的并列 a teacher and a studentwalking down the street or running through an alley ３）分句与分句的并列you can go or you can stay with us.The children can go with us or they can stay at home. Compound Sentence 并列句/复合句2. 并列结构的连接手段１）并列连词２）标点符号３）并列结构的插入语在最后一个项目之前插入一个词语，使这个项目处于更加突出的地位。

４）并列结构的对称组合成对组合的办法使整个结构更加紧凑。

并列结构一、表示平行、递进关系的连词1.A and B:A和BAnd连接两个并列成分。

and也常位于句首，使上下文联系更紧密。

The fabric is light and strong.I like reading and fishing in my spare time.This model of the computer is powerf ul,and the price is competitive.It was a severe winter.And we had not enough food for ourselves.2.both A and B:A和B都这一结构是and的强化形式，连接的两个成分必须在结构上等同。

不能连接句子。

The new tax policy benefits both workers and farmers.Bothe she and I are interested in English literature.3.not only…but(also)…不仅……而且……not only…but…as well不仅……而且……也as well as和…and…as well和*not only…but(also)…结构侧重在后者，而as well as侧重在前者。

运用平行结构的英语作文

运用平行结构的英语作文英文回答：Parallelism is a literary device that employs similar grammatical structures to convey ideas in a cohesive and balanced manner. It can enhance the clarity, emphasis, and rhythm of written language. Parallel structure can be created through the use of:Nouns:"The dog, the cat, and the bird were all sitting in the park.""The beauty, the grace, and the power of nature."Verbs:"He walked, he talked, and he sang.""She writes, she speaks, and she teaches."Adjectives:"The food was hot, delicious, and satisfying.""The sky was blue, clear, and cloudless."Adverbs:"She spoke quickly, clearly, and confidently.""He drove carefully, slowly, and safely."Parallel structure can be used to create various effects, such as:Emphasis: By repeating similar grammatical structures, certain ideas can be emphasized and made more memorable.Clarity: Parallel structure helps organize ideas logically and improve readability.Balance: It creates a sense of rhythm and balance in writing.Cohesion: Parallel structure helps connect ideas and create a cohesive flow of thought.中文回答：平行结构。

大学英语写作中的平行结构

⼤学英语写作中的平⾏结构⼤学英语写作中的平⾏结构所谓平⾏结构（parallelism），就是把⼀个句⼦逻辑上应属于同⼀句法成分的并列事物⽤相同的结构来表达。

平⾏结构的使⽤是⼀种修辞⼿法，它不仅能使⽂章节奏匀称，⽽且能起篇章纽带作⽤，这种修辞⼿段运⽤得好，能使你的语句表意明确，层次清楚，读之产⽣⼀种和谐的感觉。

本⽂拟将这⼀修辞⼿法向读者作以简析，旨在提⾼学⽣英⽂写作的造句能⼒。

⾸先让我们来分析⼀道在TOEFL考题中的改错题：鶷he high school graduate，if he（A）is eighteen or nineteen，has（B）these alternatives （C）：attendingcollege，finding a job，or the army（D）．本⽂中的错误是（D），因为它不符合英语修辞学中的平等性原则。

我们可以看出句中alternatives后⾯分别跟着（1）attending college（2）finding a job（3）the army，都是对alternatives的具体说明，逻辑上应属于同⼀成分的并列事物，可是（1）（2）⽤的是动宾结构，⽽（3）却⽤了the army这个名词，即⽤了⼀（2）不同的结构，改正的办法是将the army改为动宾结构joining the army，个与（1）以与（1）（2）结构平⾏。

所以，平⾏结构的使⽤既是⼀种语法⼿段，也是⼀种词汇⼿段，既有词汇平⾏（word with word），也有短语平⾏（phrase with phrase）和从句平⾏（clause with clause），同时平⾏结构可以表达句⼦的各种成分。

现分别阐释如下：⼀、主语1．Knowing how to study and learning how to budget time are important for college students．懂得怎样学习，学会合理⽀配时间是⼤学⽣应予重视的问题。

英语parallelism 范文

英语parallelism 范文英文回答：Parallelism in English.Parallelism is a literary device that uses similar grammatical structures to create balance and emphasis in writing. It can involve using parallel phrases, clauses, or sentences that have similar lengths, patterns, or constructions. By doing so, authors can enhance clarity, rhythm, and impact in their writing.There are multiple types of parallelism, including:Parallel structure: Using similar grammatical structures, such as noun phrases, verb phrases, or adjectives, to create balance and emphasis.Parallelism of coordination: Joining parallel elements with coordinating conjunctions like "and," "or," or "but"to create a sense of unity and flow.Parallelism of subordination: Using parallel subordinate clauses or phrases to express related ideas and create a sense of coherence.Parallelism is a powerful tool that can enhance the effectiveness of writing. It can help to:Clarify ideas and make them easier to understand.Create a sense of rhythm and flow in writing.Emphasize important points and make them more memorable.Add variety and interest to writing.中文回答：汉语中的平行。

大学英语六级语法知识平行结构

大学英语六级语法知识平行构造英文写作中平行构造，也叫做平行性。

下面是分享的六级语法知识平行构造，欢送大家阅读！1）并列连词and。

but。

as well as。

or else，both and。

either or，neithernor。

not only but also，whether or，rather than等以及附属连词than均可连接平行构造。

e。

g Shs is a beautiful and elegant woman。

她是一位美丽而优雅的女子。

2）连接的非谓语动词形式一致e。

g Some find swimming more enjoyable than sitting at home reading。

有人觉得游戏远比坐在家里读书有趣。

3）连接的谓语形式一致e。

g This is the lady who listens to the poor and ministers to their wants。

这就是那位能倾听穷人意见并照顾他们需要的女士4）连接的句子构造一致e。

g He asked me whether I had received the check and whether I had cashed it。

他问我是否收到了支票并把它兑换成现金了。

1）prefer后面接的平行构造 prefer to do sthprefer sth。

go sthprefer doing（sth）。

to doing（sth） prefer to do （sth）ratherthan do（sth）2）在would /had rather/sooner以及would/had as soon as 构造中要用平行构造would/had as soon do （sth ） as do （sth）e。

g I would as soon stay at home as go shopping。

我宁愿呆在家里也不愿去逛街购物。

托福写作格式：开头空几个字符

托福写作格式：开头空几个字符托福写作格式：开头空几个字符?相信大家都很关注这个问题。

那么下面小编就来解答一下！托福写作格式：开头空几个字符?格式有两种，一种是开头空两格，另一种是开头不空格，每段结束后空一行，推荐第二种，因为看上去分段更加清晰托福作文：深度分析高分写作的关键要素下面给大家看一位写作21分的同学写的独立作文，这是新东方首考班写作真题中的一篇习作。

附上老师对这篇作文的批(吐)改(槽)，已更正部分低级拼写错误，其他原文呈现。

独立作文题目Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: Students now are more interested in politics than those in the past.With the globalization of the whole world(万能开头稍显弱，还有whole world这种画蛇添足的词汇，难道后面要分part world 写?), politics are playing a more important role nowadays, both domestically and internationally. Thus, I agree that students have more interests in this area than those in the past for two reasons.First, the advanced technology, such as high-speed Internet, multi-media and smart mobile phone(什么是smart mobile phone，难道有smart phone不能mobile吗?), allows more students access to the politics events. The technology lay an essential foundament(是foundation吧) for students to keep in touch with those activities. For example, the presidency competition between Hiliton and Trump is getting more dramatic. Lots students(Lots是败笔) would watch the TV argument between them by phone, portable computer(什么是portable computer，专业一点就是laptop和ipad吧) and so on(等等等等……考官看中国考生文章会出现无数so on，审美疲劳有没有). They could even(上下句之间有even的递进关系吗，不明显) watch the live program as they are waiting for a bus, share their opinions on the internet while they are in the washroom and hear the speech in their car driving home. Therefore, the convincing efficiency and entertainment attract more and more(这篇作文good肯定是没戏了) students to focus on this politic event. However, students in the past even don't know how to watch the program(神转折，脑子里想的和表达出来的完全不是一个意思，过去的孩子怎么就不知道看电视节目了!他们又不是弱智!是没电视节目看!是没方便的途径!是However, students in the past lack the plentiful sources to approach politics compared with their counterparts nowadays的意思对伐).Moreover, the more open, transparent and friendly(堆这么多形容词……哎!请注意言之有物!) politic atmosphere provide a great chance for modern students to got involved(时态错了) in these politic activities. Take China for an example(有这种惯用表达吗，我们不是莎士比亚), students beyond 18 years old have the right to vote for political members, like chairman of the students union, which were used to be nominated by school in the past without permitting students to decide who they support and are supposed to be chairman(亲，这么长一句话知道自己在写什么吗?扣分句). This right just inspire the student to choose their own president(这么草草收尾，这论证有点意识流啊!).In a conclusion, the advanced equipments and the openess to ordinary studentsthe bring more students to join in the politic events(这什么意思?什么叫openess to ordinary students?难道还有special students?是不是想说More students are willing to talk about even participate in political events by the help of advanced technologies and increasing civic attitudes toward politics.).(计时写作，全文274词)这篇习作拿到托福考试中，很难达到GOOD要求，通俗讲就是" 亲，不谈论证逻辑，不扯思维深度，就是语言，哥读的有点累啊，有地方要脑补啊，很多句子连不上啊!"那么一篇good标准的独立文章长什么样?还是以该题目为例，不改变上文的立场，不颠覆上文逻辑，尽量保持思维角度的一致性，仅从语言和论证严谨度来修改一下，计时创作一篇。

英文作文平行结构

英文作文平行结构英文：Parallel structure is a writing technique that involves using the same grammatical structure for two or more ideas in a sentence or paragraph. This technique helps to create balance and rhythm in writing, making it easier to read and understand. For example, consider the sentence "I like to swim, hike, and bike." The parallel structure in this sentence is the use of the infinitive form of the verb "to" before each activity. Another example could be "She enjoys reading books, watching movies, and listening to music." Again, the parallel structure is the use of the present participle form of the verb "ing" before each activity.中文：平行结构是一种写作技巧，它涉及在句子或段落中使用相同的语法结构来表达两个或更多的想法。

这种技巧有助于创造平衡和节奏，使写作更易于阅读和理解。

例如，考虑句子“我喜欢游泳、徒步旅行和骑自行车。

”这个句子中的平行结构是在每个活动前使用不定式形式的动词“to”。

平行结构英语作文模板

平行结构英语作文模板英文回答：Parallel structure is a grammatical construction in which two or more elements of a sentence have the same grammatical form. This creates a sense of balance andrhythm in the sentence, making it easier for the reader to understand.There are several different types of parallel structure, including:Simple listing: This is the most basic type ofparallel structure, in which two or more items are listedin a series. For example:> "I went to the store to buy milk, bread, and eggs."Compound phrases: Two or more phrases can be joined together with a coordinating conjunction to create aparallel structure. For example:> "I went to the store because I needed milk, bread, and eggs."Compound sentences: Two or more independent clauses can be joined together with a coordinating conjunction to create a parallel structure. For example:> "I went to the store. I needed milk, bread, and eggs."Parallel structure can be used to add emphasis to a sentence, to make it more clear and concise, and to create a sense of rhythm.Here are some examples of how parallel structure can be used in writing:To emphasize a point:> "I am not only tired, but I am also hungry."To make a sentence more clear and concise:> "I went to the store to buy milk, bread, and eggs." (instead of "I went to the store to buy milk. I went to the store to buy bread. I went to the store to buy eggs.")。

与古诗有关的英文名词解释

与古诗有关的英文名词解释古诗是中华文化的瑰宝，它以简洁的语言、优美的韵律和深刻的意境深受人们的喜爱。

在翻译和研究古诗时，我们经常会遇到一些与古诗有关的专业术语和英文名词。

本文将为您解释一些常见的与古诗有关的英文名词，以帮助读者更好地了解古诗文化。

1. Rhythm（韵律）Rhythm指的是古诗中的音调模式。

在古代诗歌中，每个字有一个声调，这些声调的组合形成了特定的韵律。

韵律是古诗的基本特征之一，它赋予了古诗优美的音乐性。

2. Rhyme（押韵）Rhyme是指古诗中两个或多个音节相同或相似的字词。

押韵在古诗中常用来加强韵律和节奏感。

在古代，押韵被视为一种文学技巧，有助于增强古诗的美感和表现力。

3. Meter（格律）Meter指的是古诗中的音节定律。

在古代，古诗的音节长度和重音位置是有规律的，不同的格律决定了古诗的形式和风格。

常见的古代格律有五言绝句、七言绝句等。

4. Tone（声调）Tone指的是古代汉语中字音的高低变化。

古诗的押韵和韵律都与汉字的声调有关。

不同的声调组合可以形成不同的押韵方式，为古诗带来多样的音乐效果。

5. Allusion（典故）Allusion指的是古诗中使用的典故或引用其他作品的文字。

古诗常常借用历史事件、神话传说或其他文学作品中的典故，通过这种方式传递更深层次的意义和情感。

6. Imagery（意象）Imagery指的是古诗中所描述的具体形象或场景。

古诗借助形象化的语言表达感情和思想，通过细腻的描写和比喻来激发读者的想象力。

7. Symbolism（象征主义）Symbolism是指将一种事物或概念用另一种事物或概念来代表的艺术手法。

在古诗中，一些具体的形象和动作常常具有象征意义，通过它们可以传达作者的思想和情感。

8. Parallelism（对仗）Parallelism指的是古诗中使用的平行结构或语法结构。

在古代诗歌中，对仗常用来增加节奏感和韵律感。

通过使用类似的词、短语或句子结构，古诗创造了平行的节奏和韵律。

英文写作术语大全

英文写作术语大全（中英文对照）abstract words抽象词acknowledgement致谢active voice主动语态affirmative sentence肯定句agent施动者alliteration头韵ambiguity歧义American English美式英语analogy类比analytic expression分析型表达anastrophe词语倒装法anticlimax order突降法anti-rhetorical反修辞antithesis对照\对偶antonomasia换称antonym反义词apostrophe撇号(即') appositive同位语archaic words古词argumentation议论文argumentative writing议论文写作article冠词ascending order递增法association联想attitude态度audience听众awkwardness拙劣balanced sentence平衡句base词根beginning开头beginning paragraph开头段落between sentences句际bibliography书目big words大词block contrast批对比法body主体bookish verbs学究式动词brainstorming头脑风暴法brevity简练British English英式英语broken sentence破碎句capitalization用大写case study案例分析casual style非正式文体causal analysis因果分析cause-effect development由因到果发展法central thought中心思想Chinese interference中文干扰Chinglish中国式英语choice of words选词choppy sentence断续句循环圆周结构circumlocutory兜圈子的clarity明晰classical rhetoric古典修辞模式classification分类发展法clear reference of pronoun代词前指明晰clear sentence意义明晰句cliché陈词滥调climax order递增顺序clipped words词省略拼法closing paragraph结尾段落coherence连贯coherent连贯的cohesion粘着性cohesive device粘着手段collective noun集体名词collocation搭配colloquial口语化的colloquial context口语语境colloquialism口语化colon冒号combination句子合并组合法comma逗号common words普通词常用语communication means交际手段comparison比较法Complete essay checklist作品核查项目单complete sentence完整句complex sentence复杂句complimentary close结尾套语compound sentence复合句复杂复合句conceptual repetition概念重复法concise简洁conclusion结论concrete illustration具体阐明concrete words实义词confusing sentence意义混乱句conjunction连词connective联系词connotation内涵connotative meaning内涵意义conscious logic逻辑意识consistency一致性consistent diction选词一致性consonant辅音consultative style商谈体content内容context语境contraction省略contrast对比法controlling idea主要思想，conversion词性转换表达法co-occurrence共现coordinating conjunction复合句连词coordination复合correlation相关性corrupt English 迂腐英语cross-cultural writing跨文化写作culture文化curriculum vitae简历dangling modifier悬垂修饰语dash破折号dateline写信日期栏declarative sentence陈述句deduction演绎法deductive演绎逻辑的deductive argumentation演绎论证definite article定冠词definition定义法denotation外延denotative meaning外延意义descending order递降顺序description描写descriptive描述性的descriptive writing描写文development发展diagram图表说明diction选词differentiation区别digressive跑题、离题的，印象法描写的直接法direct thinking pattern直接了当的思维模式directions题义指令discourse pattern篇章模式distance from tone语调产生距离，偏离计划主题division分析分类法documenting the paper论文引证domesticating strategy归化战略domestication归化法drably表达干巴draft草稿effect-cause development由果到因发展法effective paragraph表述有力的段落effective sentence表达有力的句子effective variety表达有力的变化egalitarian(思维)平等化elaboration进一步详尽阐述electronic news media电子新闻媒体embedding structure内嵌结构emotional coloring感情色彩emphasis强调emphatic phrases强调性短语emphatic structure强调性结构emphatic words强调性词语ending结尾ending paragraph结尾段落English thinking英语思维English thinking characters英语思维特征English thinking pattern英语思维模式enumeration列举法epigrammatic effect隽语效果establish context确立语境establish rapport建立沟通基础euphemism委婉语evaluating information评估材料evidence证据exclamation mark感叹号exclamatory sentence感叹句exemplification举例法expected functions（信件的）期望交际功能expletive虚词\填充词explicit language明示的语言explicitness明示性exposition阐述文\议论文expository writing议论文写作expounding解释详细说明expressionism表现主义fallacy in argumentation论证谬误familiar熟悉的faulty parallelism错误平行feedback反馈fiery language情绪激动的语言figure of speech修辞filler words填充词first draft第一稿first-person point of view第一人称flashback倒叙focus中心foreignization外化法foreignizing strategy外化战略formal 正式的formal letter正式信函formal repetition形式重复法formal style正式文体formal words正式体词语formulating thesis statement写作主题句four-character expression(汉语)四字成语fragmental sentence破碎句free choice自由选择frequency of usage使用频率frozen expressions极正式用语frozen style极正式文体full spelling完全拼法full stop句号fullness(段落发展)充分性general connotation普遍内涵意义general pattern常见形式general words一般词汇generalization概括法general-specific pattern由概括到具体发展模式genres风格、体裁gobbledygook官样文章、冗长费解的语言grammatical devices语法技巧grammaticality符合语法性heading信头historical association历史联想hyperbole夸张法hyphen分号hyphenated words用连字号连接的词hyponymy下义关系hyponym下义词ideographic synonym相对近义词idiom成语idiomatic usage习惯用法illustration佐证imperative sentence祈使句impersonal非个性化的、客观的implicit language含蓄语言implicitness含蓄implied meaning隐含意义impressionistic description印象描写法indefinite article不定冠词indent行缩进in-depth analysis深度分析individual words独立个体词individualistic个性化induction归纳法inductive归纳法的inductive argumentation归纳法论证法inductive reasoning归纳法论证infinitive mark不定式标记inflexible and explicit logic刚性显性逻辑informal非正式的informal letter非正式信函information focus信息中心information missing信息遗漏informative提供信息的、提供知识的innuendo讽刺、暗指inside address信内地址interpretation of examples对例子的诠释interpretative reporting诠释性报告interrogative sentence疑问句interrupting expressions插入短语intimate亲密intimate style亲密体inverted pyramid form倒金字塔形式inverted word order词序颠倒法involved modifiers复杂修饰语involved sentence意义复杂句irony反语jargon行话journalese新闻体journalistic writing新闻写作justify the significance论证意义keep to the point紧扣主题key words关键词lack of inflection缺少词形变化language problem语言问题learned words学术用词lengthy passage过长段落letter信函levels of usage用法层次lexical reference句法前指法lexical stylistic devices句法风格技巧line shifting换行linear thinking pattern线形思维模式listing列举literal meaning字面意义literary context文学性语境literary works文学作品literature review文献回顾litotes反语法、间接肯定法、曲言法locating information搜索定位材料logical paragraphing逻辑分段法logical thinking modes逻辑思维模式，逻辑词逻辑短语logicalness逻辑性long sentence长句loose sentence松散句loss of style偏离一贯的风格main body主体main idea主要思想main point要点manuscript手稿、原稿margin页边距materials collecting材料搜集materials sorting材料析选maxim of manner方式次则maxim of quality质量次则maxim of quantity数量次则maxim of relevance相关次则meaning意义means手段mechanical English缺乏灵活的英语message信息messy混乱metaphor隐喻metonymy借代midget words小词、常用词militant tone态度强硬的语调misplaced modifier错位修饰语modifier修饰语monotony单调mood语态mood shifting语态转换mouth-filler口头禅narration叙述体narrative叙述体的narrative writing叙述体写作nature of English language英语语言本质neat整洁negative meaning负面意义negative sentence否定句newly coined words新撰词news report新闻报道news report top-heavy新闻报道的头重模式nominalization名词化non-literature works非文学作品nonrestrictive clause非限制性从句nonrestrictive phrase非限制性短语nonverbal language非言语语言（手势、表情等）noun-oriented sentence倾向名词化的句子novel小说number数number shifting数的转换objective description客观描写obscurity意义不明on equal footing（写作风格）平等化one-sentence paragraph一句段落onomatopoeia拟声词opening paragraph开头段落organization组织outline提纲oxymoron矛盾修饰法padded expression兜圈子的表达parady仿拟paragraph段落独立实体的段落paragraph development段落发展法paragraphing分段法parallel structure平行结构parallelism平行结构parentheses插入语\圆括弧parenthetical expressions插入语passive sentence被动句period句号periodic sentence圆周句person人称person shifting人称转换personal个体化的personal connotation对个体而言的内涵意义personal letter个人信函personification拟人化persuasive writing劝服性写作、以劝说为目的的写作phonetic stylistic device语音风格技巧phrasal verbs短语动词plain sentence相对修辞句的平白句plantification拟物point意义点point of view观点point-by-point contrast逐点对比polite礼貌体的poor English英语表达力贫乏的positional relation位置相关positivist-empirical经验实证性power of communication沟通力practical writing应用文写作precise word表达精确的词汇precision精确prefix前缀preparatory reading写作预备阅读preposition介词presenting ideas阐述观点prewriting写作前printed name of the sender印刷体写信人姓名printed news media印刷体新闻媒体problem-solution提出问题-解决问题的模式process程序法pronoun代词pronoun shifting代词转换proofread校对proper names专有名词public（语篇系统特征）公开性pun双关语punctuation标点punctuation mark标点符号purposefulness目的性Queen's English标准英语question mark问号quotation引用quotation mark引号quoted speech引语reader读者readers-oriented读者为中心的reader-responsible读者文责的reasoning论证redundant collocation多余搭配reference line参考行register语域句际关系relative noun关系名词relative synonym相对近义词repetition重复repetition of structure结构重复法report writing报告写作research paper writing研究报告写作restatement重申法resume 个人简历return address回信地址returning to the beginning照应开头法revise修改rhetoric修辞rhetoric of sentence句子修辞rhetorical analogy修辞类比rhetorical question反问句rhetorical words华丽用语round character性格充分体现的人物roundabout style迂回风格run-on sentence“连环”句salutation称呼语sample样本sarcasm讽刺semicolon分号sentencing组句setting场景shades of meaning隐含义short preposition短介词short sentence短句short story短篇故事signature签名simile明喻simple English简明英语simple sentence简单句simple words简单词sincerity真诚性singleness of purpose目的唯一性situation情景situationally appropriate于情景贴切的slang俚语social association社会联想special terms特殊术语specific words具体词汇speech口头言语spelling拼写stage步骤法statistics数据法strength of meaning意义力度strength of word词语力度stringy sentence“连环”句structural behavior结构行为style风格、文体style is the man风格即人style makes sense风格即成意义stylistic coloring文体色彩stylistic label文体标记stylistic reference文体照应stylistic synonym风格近义词stylistically appropriate于文体贴切的sub-ideas次思想subject主题subject line主题行subject-oriented以主题为中心的subject-verb agreement主谓一致subordination句子从属组合法subsidiary points副观点substantial verb实义动词substitution替代法sub-topics副主题suffix后缀summary摘要superordinate上义词，高级词suspense悬念syllable音节syllogism三段论、演绎推理symbolic符号的synaesthesia通感，同感synecdoche提喻synonym近义词syntactical stylistic device句法风格技巧synthetic expression综合型表达systematic系统性tense shifting时的转换terse passage简练的行文test writing应试写作textual distribution文稿布局the right style合适的风格theme主题third-person point of view第三人称timed writing限时作文title writing标题写作to preach训导式、说教式to reason讲道理、逻辑论证tone语调tones of voice语气topic 话题topic sentence主题句transferred epithet/ hypallage移就transition过渡transitional mark过渡标记transitional techniques过渡技巧truthfulness真实性types of characters人物性格类别ungrammaticality不符合语法性unity统一性unnatural shifting不自然转换usage用法variation趋势分析variety多样化verbal language言语语言verbalization动词化verb-oriented sentence倾向动词化的句子vigor力度vividness生动vocabulary词汇vogue slang流行俚语vowel元音vulgar words平民词语word class词类word division断词法word order词序word power单词表达力wordiness多话、罗嗦wordy罗嗦的writer-responsible作者文责的writer's purpose作者目的writing写作writing attitudes写作态度writing process写作过程writing purpose写作目的zero affix零缀\词性转换法zero derivation零缀\词性转换法。

大学英语写作中的平行结构

大学英语写作中的平行结构所谓平行结构（parallelism），就是把一个句子逻辑上应属于同一句法成分的并列事物用相同的结构来表达。

平行结构的使用是一种修辞手法，它不仅能使文章节奏匀称，而且能起篇章纽带作用，这种修辞手段运用得好，能使你的语句表意明确，层次清楚，读之产生一种和谐的感觉。

本文拟将这一修辞手法向读者作以简析，旨在提高学生英文写作的造句能力。

首先让我们来分析一道在TOEFL考题中的改错题：鶷he high school graduate，if he（A）is eighteen or nineteen，has（B）these alternatives （C）：attending college，finding a job，or the army（D）．本文中的错误是（D），因为它不符合英语修辞学中的平等性原则。

我们可以看出句中alternatives后面分别跟着（1）attending college（2）finding a job（3）the army，都是对alternatives的具体说明，逻辑上应属于同一成分的并列事物，可是（1）（2）用的是动宾结构，而（3）却用了the army这个名词，即用了一（2）不同的结构，改正的办法是将the army改为动宾结构joining the army，个与（1）以与（1）（2）结构平行。

所以，平行结构的使用既是一种语法手段，也是一种词汇手段，既有词汇平行（word with word），也有短语平行（phrase with phrase）和从句平行（clause with clause），同时平行结构可以表达句子的各种成分。

现分别阐释如下：一、主语1．Knowing how to study and learning how to budget time are important for college students．懂得怎样学习，学会合理支配时间是大学生应予重视的问题。

平行结构英语作文模板

平行结构英语作文模板英文回答：Parallel Structure in English Sentences.Parallel structure is a technique used in writing to create balance and emphasis by using similar grammatical structures for two or more elements in a sentence. It involves repeating the same pattern of words, phrases, or clauses to enhance clarity and impact.There are three main types of parallel structure:1. Coordination: Joining two or more elements with coordinating conjunctions (and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet).2. Correlation: Using correlative conjunctions (either...or, neither...nor, not only...but also) toconnect pairs of elements.3. Subordination: Using subordinate conjunctions (because, although, since, as, while) to introduce a dependent clause.Parallel structure helps to:Improve clarity and coherence by organizing ideas in parallel units.Create rhythm and flow, making the sentence more pleasing to the ear.Emphasize key points by balancing their structure and weight.How to Achieve Parallel Structure.To achieve parallel structure, follow these steps:1. Identify the elements that need to be paralleled(e.g., nouns, verbs, phrases).2. Determine the appropriate grammatical structure for one element.3. Repeat the same structure for all other elements.Examples of Parallel Structure."The hikers trekked through dense forests, climbed steep mountains, and crossed raging rivers." (Coordination)。

奥巴马演讲修辞学分析

奥巴马演讲分析——平行结构在英语演讲中的修辞作用美国大选前许多人都评价：奥巴马的政见并不新颖甚至有点平庸；拥有的个人财富只有对手的几十分之一；相貌远逊于前辈肯尼迪和克林顿，而且还是非美国本土的外来黑哥......奥巴马唯一让人嫉妒的是他拥有最能鼓动人心的好口才，这是上帝给他最好的礼物和恩赐！不可否认，他超凡脱俗的演讲，为他竞选赢得胜利起到了至关重要的作用。

奥巴马的演讲，无论是文稿的整体布局，还是演讲言辞的融情达意，或是激情澎湃的演讲表达，都可谓精深独到，不得不令人拍手称快。

．据CNN报道。

，有语言学家称，“总统当选人巴拉克·奥巴马当晚发表的获胜演说可与很多史上著名演讲相比．”奥巴马称得上是一位杰出的演说家，在多次演讲中，他都娴熟地运用了各种修辞技巧，可以说，“奥巴马的胜利是修辞学的胜利”(梁文道，2008)．其中，平行结构在奥巴马演讲中效果最为突出。

鉴于平行结构在英语演讲中的重要性，我们试图以美国新当选总统奥巴马的获胜演讲为例，来探讨平行结构在这篇演讲中的修辞效果。

本研究目的在于给英语演讲和修辞教学一些启示．同时也让学者通过领悟奥巴马的演讲技艺，学习、借鉴，来提高自身的演讲水平。

一，平行结构概念及其作用“平行”在英语中的对应词为parallelism，是指为了达到修辞效果而循环出现的、句法相似的结构—“recurrent syntactical similarities introduced for rhetorical effect“(Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary,1977；831)．英语平行结构具有结构整齐，节奏鲜明，语言简练等特点．在英语演讲中运用平行结构旬，可以增加演讲词的节奏感和音韵美，突出演讲者雄辩口才和强烈感情，增强演讲语言的气势，提高演讲的说服力和欣赏性．二，奥巴马获胜演讲个案平行结构分析奥巴马于2008年11月4日当选为美国总统。

完整版英语写作---Coherence

Coherence (连贯性)•连贯性是指句中的成分之间具有含乎逻辑的有机联系，全句所表述的思路清晰，使交际对方容易得到要领。

•Coherence means clear and reasonable connection between parts. •the train of thoughts flows smoothly in a logical sequence in a sentence, from sentence to sentence, from paragraph to paragraph Example: John saw a handbag in a field. He walked a cross the field and picked up the handbag. He took the handbag to the police station and handed it in as lost property. When he had done this, he went home. •这个语篇做到了紧凑连贯。

这是因为四个句子表达的意义联系紧密：通过重复(handbag)延续主题发展，第四句this的照应对象是一个句组，做到回应总结。

•通过代词指示做到语义连贯：第二、三、四句中的he与第一句的John 发生了照应关系，第三句的让与第一、二句的handbag是词汇复现关系。

A sentence is coherent when its words or parts are properly connected and their relationships unmistakably clear.•It is not coherent if it has•confusing shifts in person and number, or in voice, tense, and mood. •pronouns with ambiguous reference,•faulty parallel constructions,•dangling or misplaced modifiers,•r rPronoun reference•句子中的代词应在数性和人称等方面保持一致，或者和它所对应的名词词组保持一致。

翻译学习-平行结构

中式英语之鉴--平行结构（parallel structure）1.定义：词或句含义相似或相反；结构相同。

2.作用：表明词与词或句与句间的关系，简洁有力。

3.举例子：如对比：To be or not to be: that is the questions...To be or to ceasing living: that is the question...可见：平行结构的比非平行结构更加简洁、有力、富有节奏感。

4.特点：a.词汇方面：使用词性一致的词汇：如healthy/wealthy/wiseb.短语方面：使用结构一致的短语，或者带有某个固定词汇重复的短语：如of the people/by the people/for the peoplec.从句方面：使用结构相似的从句，如where there is a will there is a way, 具有相同的结构，there is an x/ there is a y。

d. 句子方面：相邻的句子结构相同，意思或相近或相反。

5.分类：a.由并列连词(coordinating conjunctions)连接：如and, but, or。

例如：Timber is needed for construction 1and to withstand floods2.分析：1部分是介词+名词的结构；2部分是不定式结构+名词的结构；由于两个词由and 衔接，可使用平行结构，让表达更加地道。

可以改为：Timber is needed to provide materials for construction 1and to withstand floods2. 这样1与2两个部分都是不定式结构。

b. 由关联连词（correlative conjunctions) 连接：如both...and, either...or, neither...nor, not only...but also, not...but.例如：These are vital issues for the next century: both for people’s quality of life1 and for saving the environment2.分析：1是介词+名词，2是介词+动名词；此时，1与2 由关联连词both...and，可用平行结构，将二者的词性调整一致，可改为：These are vital issues for the next century: affecting both the quality of people’s life1and the preservation of the environment2.b.同一个话题下的多个分话题，多个话题一般由first, second, third 连接（Items in a list or a series of headings）：例如：Socialism has two major requirements. First, its economy must be dominated by public ownership1, and second, there must be no polarization2.分析：句中的1 和2两个句子都有结构must be，而构成平行结构。