中学英语语法助动词与情态动词
中学英语语法助动词与情态动词
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中学英语语法助动词与情态动词在中学英语语法中,助动词和情态动词都是常见的语法助词,它们在句子中起到不同的语法作用。
一、助动词(Auxiliary verb)是一种没有实际意义的动词,它的作用是帮助构成其他动词的各种时态和语态,或者用于否定、疑问、祈使等语态。
在英语中,常见的助动词包括be动词、do动词、have动词、will动词等。
1. be动词(am, is, are, was, were, been, being)2. do动词(do, does, did, done)3. have动词(have, has, had, having)4. had better (最好)5. would rather (宁愿)6. should (应该)7. ought to (应当)8. need (需要)9. dare (敢)10. used to (过去常常)这些助动词在英语语法中起到非常重要的作用,学生需要掌握它们的基本用法和常见用法,并且能够正确地运用它们来构成正确的句子。
二、情态动词(Modal verb)是一种表示说话人态度、意愿、推测、能力等的动词,它们通常用于表示说话人的主观态度或对某个行为的看法。
在英语中,常见的情态动词包括can、could、may、might、shall、should、will、would等。
情态动词是英语语法中的一类特殊动词,它们用于表达说话人的态度、意愿、推测、能力等。
情态动词通常不单独使用,而是和实义动词一起构成谓语动词,用于表达各种语态和时态。
以下是一些常见的英语语法情态动词:1. can (能够)2. could (过去能够)3. may (可能)4. might (可能)5. shall (将要)6. should (应该)7. will (将会)8. would (会)9. must (必须)10. need (需要)11. dare (敢)12. used to (过去常常)情态动词的使用可以表达说话人对某种情况或行为的看法、意愿、推测、能力等,因此在英语语法中非常重要。
助动词和情态动词的用法总结
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4) 祝愿:May you be happy!
情态动词--明晰每一个情态动词的具体功能
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2. might 1) 可否, 含义比may委婉。
A. 用于问句:Might I use your phone?
B. 用于陈述句:You might call at the chemist on the way home.
Cars must not park in front of the entrance. We mustn’t be
late.
情态动词--明晰每一个情态动词的具体功能
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3) 推断。
A. 现在可能: He must know the answer.
B. 过去可能: We must have read the same report.
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4) 轻微批评、抱怨。
A. 针对现在:You might tell me if you’re going to be late.\
B. 针对过去:You might at least have phoned me if you’re not
coming.
3. must
1) 必须、一定。
A. 指现在或将来:
2) 否定式和疑问式:
You don’t have to get up early. Do you have to leave so soon?
3) 可用于各种时态: We’ll have to help him as much as we can.
4) 可用于各种语态: A lot of letters had to be answered.
You must give up smoking. I must remember to post the
初中英语复习要点:助动词与情态动词
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初中英语复习要点:助动词与情态动词初中英语复习要点:助动词与情态动词(一)助动词有be, have, do, will, shall,它们本身没有词义,只和实义动词的一定形式构成复合谓语,用来表示时态和语态,构成否定、疑问及加强语气等。
1、be (am, is, are, were, been)(l)"be + -ing"构成进行时态;(2)"be + 过去分词"构成被动语态;(3)"be + 动词不定式"构成复合谓语:①表示按计划安排要发生的事。
The prime minister is to visit Japan next year. 总理将于明年访问日本。
② 用于命令。
You're to do your homework before you watch TV.你得做完了作业才能看电视。
2、have (has, had)(1)"have+过去分词"构成完成时态。
如:Have you seen the film ? (2)"have been + -ing"构成完成进行时态。
如:What have you been doing these days? 这些日子你一直在干?3、do (does, did)(1)"do not + 动词原形"构成行为动词的否定式。
如:His brother doesn't like playing basket.;(2)"Do + 主语 + 动词原形"构成行为动词的一般疑问句。
Does he go to school by bike every day? (3)"do + 动词原形"用于祈使句或陈述句中表示加强语气。
如:I did go to see him, but he wasn't in我确实去看望他了,但他不在家。
2020-2021学年人教版初中英语语法——第10章助动词和情态动词
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Do you like college life?你喜欢大学生活吗?(构成疑定句)He is studying English.他正在学英语。
(表示时态)A building was built beside the school.学校旁边建了一座大楼。
(表示语态)Do come to the party tomorrow evening.明天晚上一定要来参加聚会。
(加强语气)英语中的助动词主要有:do,does,did;be;have,has,had,will,would,shall,should等。
1.助动词 do,does,did的7种用法(1)do,does,did用来构成一般疑问句do,does用于一般现在时态,did用于一般过去时态;do用于主语为非第三人称单数形式的句子中,does只用于主语是第三人称单数的句子中。
如:Do you want to have a try?你想要试一试吗?Does she have any good idea?她有好主意吗?Did you study German?你们学德语了吗?(2)do,does,did+not 构成否定句do,does用于一般现在时态,did用于一般过去时态;do用于主语为非第三人称单数形式的句子中,does只用于主语是第三人称单数的句子中。
如:I do not want to go there now.我现在不想去那里。
He doesn't like playing the guitar.他不喜欢弹吉他。
In the past,many students did not know the importance of English.过去,许多学生不知道英语的重要性。
注意:①do not可以缩写为don't;does not可缩写为doesn't;did not可缩写为didn't。
②助动词do,does,did后要用动词原形。
第004章助动词和情态动词
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第四章助动词和情态动词助动词和情态动词都是动词的不同形式,不能单独使用,通常和谓语中心词一起构成谓语动词的各种时态,语态及其他用法。
第一节助动词一、助动词的种类英语中的助动词有四种:(1)be(is, am, are, was, were, being, been )(2)have(has, had, having)(3)do(does, did)(4)shall, will(should, would)二、助动词的用法助动词本身没有独立的词义,不能单独构成谓语,通常和谓语动词连用表示时态、语态、语气或构成否定句和疑问句。
1、构成除一般现在时和一般过去时之外的各种时态。
例如:she is having a meeting.她在开会。
I shall help you any minute.我将随时帮助你。
I have been working in the company for years.我已在这个公司工作多年了。
They’ll discuss the problem tomorrow.他们明天将讨论这个问题。
Soon they would have reached their time limit and must return to the camp.不久规定的时间就要到了,他们就得回到营地。
He has written the paper.他的论文已经写完了。
They had finished the work before I arrived there.在我到那之前,他们已经把工作做完了。
2、构成被动语态。
助动词和过去分词连用可构成被动结构。
例如:The documents have not been signed by the manager.这些文件经理还没签字。
The machine was made in Japan.那部机器是日本造的。
Smith has been sent to California for a year.史密斯被派到加利福尼亚去一年。
语法中的情态动词和助动词的区别
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语法中的情态动词和助动词的区别语法是语言学的重要组成部分,它研究的是词汇、句法和语用之间的关系。
在语法中,情态动词和助动词是两个不同概念的词类。
尽管它们在句子中扮演着类似的角色,但它们在用法和含义上有显著的区别。
本文将详细解析情态动词和助动词的区别。
一、情态动词的定义和特点情态动词是一种特殊的动词形式,用于表达情感、意愿、能力、推测、建议、义务等含义。
常见的情态动词包括can、could、may、might、shall、should、will、would、must等。
1. 情态动词缺乏时态和人称的变化。
无论主语是什么,情态动词的形式都保持不变。
例如:- He can swim.(他会游泳。
)- They might come.(他们可能会来。
)2. 情态动词后面通常直接跟动词原形,表示主观意愿、能力、推测等。
例如:- She should study harder.(她应该更加努力学习。
)- We could go to the movies.(我们可以去看电影。
)3. 情态动词可以用于构成否定句、疑问句、条件句等。
例如:- You must not smoke here.(你不能在这里抽烟。
)- Could you lend me some money?(你能借我点钱吗?)- If it rains, we will stay at home.(如果下雨,我们就呆在家里。
)二、助动词的定义和特点助动词是一种辅助动词,用于构成时态、语态、情态或否定等。
常见的助动词包括be、do、have等。
1. 助动词在构成时态、语态、情态或否定时,与主谓结构中的实义动词一起使用。
例如:- She is watching TV.(她正在看电视。
)- They did not finish the project.(他们没有完成这个项目。
)2. 助动词有时也可以独立使用,表示强调、肯定等。
例如:- Yes, I do.(是的,我是。
情态动词和助动词 知识点讲解
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情态动词和助动词情态动词的语法特征1)情态动词本身有意义,表示说话人的某种语气、态度或看法情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情,只表示期待或估计某事的发生。
2)情态动词不能单独做谓语,同行为动词或系动词一起构成谓语动词。
除ought 和have 外,后面只能接不带to 的不定式。
3)情态动词没有人称,数的变化,即情态动词第三人称单数不加-s。
4)情态动词有现在式和过去式没有非谓语形式,即没有不定式,分词,等形式。
助动词的语法特征(be, do, have has, shall, will)1)一般没有词义;2)不能单独做谓语,同其他动词一起构成谓语,表示时态、语态、语气构成疑问或否定形式;3)有人称和数的变化4)有时态的变化常见助动词的用法1. Be ---用于构成现在进行时(be+现在分词)被动语态(be+过去分词)2. Has (have)--- 用于构成现在完成时has (have) +过去分词过去完成时had+过去分词3. Do ---用于构成行为动词一般现在时和一般过去式的否定式或疑问式<构成祈使句的否定式;so, neither, nor倒装结构>eg: Don’t eat too much.4. Shall (will) ---构成一般将来时,shall 只用于第一人称主语;will用于各种人称主语常见情态动词的用法1. Can与could1) (表示能力、功能)能,会can用于现在时,could用于过去式The classroom can seat thirty students. 这教室能坐三十位学生。
June can drive now. 琼现在会开车了。
比较can 和be able to●be able to 强调通过努力而获得的能力,而can则强调自身已具有的能力。
如:She can sing the song in English. 她能用英语唱这首歌。
助动词和情态动词归纳
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助动词和情态动词归纳助动词情态动词归纳他们到底是什么的家伙?助动词和情态动词本身不能做谓语动词,只能帮动词来构成谓语,起到相关的语法功能助动词:be, do, have一.Be 动词用法1.Be 动词后接现在分词,构成进行时态He is cleaning the classroom2.Be 动词后接过去分词,构成被动语态These iphones are made in China3.Be 动词后接不定式,分下列几种情况情况一:表示未来的计划或安排The Girl's Generation is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.情况二:表目的The dinner is to honour the guestsYour job is to take care of the baby情况三:表可能(近似于can, may)Such books are to be found in any library情况四:表示命令,应该....(近似should/ought to)You're to hand in your exercise this afternoon.二.Do 的用法1.构成疑问,否定,祈使句Do you always play table tennis? I don't think he will come Do remember to your family 2.表示强调The letter we were expecting never did arrive.三.Have 的用法构成完成时态或虚拟语气I have seen the film. If you had listened to the doctor, you would be much better now.情态动词情态动词用法例句can/could 表示能力I could swim across the river when I was young表示客观可能性(理论上的),用于肯定句Anybody can make mistakes Accidents can happen on such rainy days.表示请求,允许Can I go now? Could you lend me some money? 表示惊讶,怀疑How can Bigbang come to Chongqing?shall 用于第一,三人称疑问句中,表征求对方意见Shall I write it down? Shall he come in?用于第二,三人称陈述句,表示命令,警告You shall never see Allen Su's concert unless you can sing his song.should 表示建议,劝告或推测,当“应该”讲Lie to ME should be a good serial We should strict with ourselves.ought to 和should 一样表示应该,可能性还要更大Human ought to stop polluting natureStudying oughtn't to occupy all of your spare timewill/would 表示意志或愿望I will never do that again表示请示,建议Would/will you please tell me the way to the CSC? 表示经常,习惯性动作Fish will die without water 表示预料或猜想It will be about ten minutes' way to get CSC may/might 表示允许许可,否定回答时,用mustn't May I watch TV after supper?Yes, you may. / No, you mustn't表示推测,否定时没有mightn't 说法,区分may not/ can not 用法It may be a trick.He may not come today It can't be our headteacherMay 在祈使句表祝愿May you success. May you have a happy lifemust 必须,强调主观,用于非常肯定的推测You must come to school on timeJustin Biber must be famous in European contrieshave to 必须,不得不,客观I have to go now, and it's already 12:00 used to 过去常常... 现在没有I used to be the fan of Hejie He didn't use to go to work by bikehad better 最好,接动词原形,否定为had better not You'd better talk so loudly. What had we better do next?would rather 宁愿,接动词原形I would rather dance with Michealneed 情态动词,用于否定,疑问句中,需要,必要You needn't ask me the questionNeed I finish the work before ten? Yes, you must.实意动词,need to do need to be done= need doing I need to go to Beijing to attend an important meeting. The windows need to be cleaned/ cleaningWe don't need to watch this filmdare 情态动词,敢,用于否定,有过去式dared,Idare say, 固定短语。
情态动词与助动词的区别
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情态动词与助动词的区别情态动词和助动词都是英语中非常重要的语法成分,它们在句子中起到不同的作用。
虽然它们都属于动词的一种,但是它们之间有着明显的区别。
本文将详细探讨情态动词和助动词的区别。
一、情态动词的定义与特点情态动词(Modal Verbs)指的是一类用来表示说话人的态度、推测、许可、能力等情态或用途的动词。
情态动词并不具备本意上的动词功能,因此在句中需要搭配其他动词来完成意义的表达。
1. 情态动词的特点(1)情态动词没有人称和数的变化,也没有时态的变化。
例如,can在任何人称和数下都保持不变,可以表示“能够”。
(2)情态动词后面直接接动词原形,不需要加上to。
例如,Shecan swim really well.(3)情态动词具备否定形式和疑问形式,结构为助动词+not或助动词+主语+动词原形。
例如,I can't sing. Can you swim?二、助动词的定义与特点助动词(Auxiliary Verbs)指的是用来构成英语中的完成时态、进行时态、被动语态以及否定句和疑问句的动词。
助动词与实义动词的结合形成各种时态和语态,起到辅助的作用。
1. 助动词的特点(1)助动词一般没有实际的意义,主要用来表示时态、语态以及情态。
(2)助动词在句子中的位置是紧靠在实义动词或情态动词之前。
(3)助动词的否定和疑问形式也是通过助动词本身的调整来实现。
例如,在一般现在时中,否定形式是在助动词do后面加not,疑问形式是将助动词do移到主语前。
三、情态动词与助动词的区别情态动词和助动词虽然都属于动词的一种,但是它们在用法和功能上存在着一些明显的区别。
1. 区别一:语义上的差异情态动词主要用来表达说话人的态度、能力、推测、许可等情态。
例如,can表示能力,may表示许可,must表示推测。
助动词主要用来辅助构成时态、语态以及否定句和疑问句。
例如,have用于构成完成时态,be用于构成进行时态,do用于否定句和疑问句。
中考英语 词汇与语法—助动词、情态动词素材
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中考英语词汇与语法满分快车道书稿第八章助动词·情态动词在英语中,助动词一般没有词义,主要帮助构成谓语,表示时态、语态或构成疑问及否定形式。
对于助动词,同学们一般了解即可。
情态动词与助动词不同,它有词义,但它也和助动词一样,不能单独作谓语,它必须和其他动词一起构成谓语,另外重要的一点是情态动词没有人称和数的变化;情态动词后必须跟动词原形。
第一节知识点概述助动词的种类1.be(am,are,is,was,were,been,being)它与现在分词结合,可以构成进行时态,与过去分词结合可以构成被动语态。
I am reading the book.我正在读这本书。
The book was written by me.这本书是我写的。
2. have(has,had,having)它与过去分词结合,构成完成时态。
I have finished my homework.我已经写完作业了。
3.shall(should),will(would)它与动词结合构成将来时。
I will visit Beijing tomorrow.我明天将到北京参观。
4. do(does,did)它与其他动词结合构成否定句和疑问句。
I don't like dog.我不喜欢狗。
Do you clean the room.你打扫房间吗?情态动词的种类can,may,mustcan,may,must是三个最重要的情态动词,其基本句型如下:肯定句:主语+can,may,must +动词原形否定句:主语+can,may,must +not +动词原形疑问句:Can,May,Must +主语+动词原形?1. can,may,must的肯定句You may eat lunch,but you must wash your hands.你可以吃饭,但是你必须洗手。
(1)cana.表示能力;能,会She can run fast,but I can't.她很会跑,但是我不会。
初中语法24讲 第10讲 助动词和情态动词
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第份初中语法讲义助动词&情态动词年月日第10章助动词和情态动词在英语中,助动词一般都无具体意义,主要包括:be,have,do,will和shall,而情态动词有具体的词义,但是它们都不能单独作谓语,必须和其他动词一起构成谓语。
本章从情态动词(如can,may,must等)的用法讲解入手,再深入到句子,如对Will you...和Shall I...等句型的解析。
典型例句:1.He is listening to music.(他正在听音乐。
)典型例句:2.I can speak English fluently.(我会讲一口流利的英语。
)1.助动词和情态动词1.助动词和情态动词的定义在英语中,助动词一般没有词义,主要帮助构成谓语,表示时态、语态、构成疑问及否定形式或加强语气。
情态动词与助动词不同,它有词义,但它也和助动词一样,不能单独作谓语,必须和其他动词一起构成谓语。
另外重要的一点是情态动词没有人称和数的变化,其后必须跟动词原形。
His brother doesn’t like playing basketball.(他哥哥不喜欢打篮球。
)(表示否定)I did go to see him,but he wasn’t in.(我确实去看望他了,但他不在家。
)(加强语气)Have you seen the film?(你看这部电影了吗?)(表示时态)(⚪)Maria types well.(×)Maria cans type well.(⚪)Maria can type well.(×)Maria can types well.(玛丽亚打字打得很好。
)说明:当主语是第三人称单数(如Maria)时,can的后面不能加s;也不能在行为动词后加s,必须用动词原形。
2.助动词和情态动词的种类(1)助动词的种类A.be(am,is,are,was,were,been,being)助动词be与现在分词结合,可以构成进行时态(参见(第13章动词的进行时));与过去分词结合,可以构成被动语态(参见(第16章被动语态))。
情态助动词
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寒假英语学习资料—语法词汇(2)助动词与情态助动词概说助动词(auxiliary)主要有两类:基本助动词(primary auxiliary)和情态助动词(modal auxiliary)。
基本助动词有三个:do, have和be;情态助动词有十三个:may, might; can, could; will, would; shall, should; must, need, dare, used to, ought to. 上述两类助动词的共同特征是,在协助主动词构成限定动词词组时,具有作用词的功能:1)构成否定式:He didn’t go and neither did she.The meeting might not start until 5 o‟clock.2)构成疑问式或附加疑问式:Must you leave right now?Y ou have been learning French for 5 years, haven’t you?3)构成修辞倒装:Nowhere can he obtain any information about his sister.Hardly had he arrived when she started complaining.4)代替限定动词词组:A: Who can solve this crossword puzzle? B: Tom can.A: Shall I write to him? B: Y es, do.情态助动词的特征基本助动词与情态助动词最主要的区别之一是,基本助动词本身没有词义,而情态助动词则有自己的词义,能表示说话人对有关动作或状态的看法,或表示主观设想:What have you been doing since? (构成完成进行体,本身无词义)I am afraid I must be going. (一定要)Y ou may have read some account of the matter. (或许已经)除此之外,情态助动词还有如下词法和句法特征:1)除ought和used以外,其他情态动词后面只能接不带to的不定式。
语法中的情态动词和助动词的区别与联系
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语法中的情态动词和助动词的区别与联系语法中的情态动词和助动词是英语中常见的两种动词形式。
尽管它们在词性和用法上有所不同,但它们都扮演着重要的角色,对句子的意思和结构有着重要的影响。
本文将深入探讨情态动词和助动词在语法中的区别与联系。
一、情态动词的定义和特点情态动词是一类特殊的动词,用来表达说话人的观点、态度、愿望、推测和能力等。
它们通常与动词原形搭配使用,不具备时态和人称的变化。
英语中常见的情态动词包括can、could、may、might、shall、should、will、would、must等。
情态动词的特点有以下几点:1.情态动词后面跟动词原形,不能直接接动词的过去分词或现在分词形式;2.情态动词没有人称和数的变化,即不受主语的影响;3.情态动词后面的动词一般不加to。
二、助动词的定义和特点助动词是用来构成各种时态、语态和情态的动词,它会辅助主要动词来表达更多的含义。
助动词的使用能够使句子更加完整和准确。
英语中常见的助动词有be、do、have等。
助动词的特点有以下几点:1.助动词用于构成否定句、疑问句、进行时态、完成时态、被动语态等各种语法结构;2.助动词的变化形式较多,包括各种时态的形式变化以及人称和数的变化,与主语保持一致;3.助动词后面跟的是动词原形,通常不加to。
三、情态动词和助动词的联系虽然情态动词和助动词在词性和用法上存在一些差异,但它们也有一些联系:1.表达能力:情态动词和助动词都能够增强句子的表达能力,使句子更具说服力。
2.情态动词与助动词的并用:有时情态动词和助动词会同时出现在句子中,共同表达更加复杂的含义。
例如,“He must have been studying hard”中的must和have构成了情态动词和助动词的并用。
四、情态动词和助动词的区别尽管情态动词和助动词在某些方面存在联系,但它们之间也有着明显的区别:1.意义和功能:情态动词用来表达说话人的观点、态度和推测等情感,而助动词用于构成各种时态和语态的句子。
第十四章助动词和情态动词(思维导图知识梳理好题精炼)2022-2023初中英语中考语法归纳
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第十四章助动词和情态动词思维导图知识梳理一、助动词(一)概说助动词不能单独作谓语,本身没有词义,也不表示动作,只能和主要动词一起构成谓语,表示否定、疑问、时态、语态或其他语法关系.助动词的分类及其变化形式:(二)助动词的用法1.助动词be有八种形式(1)与现在分词构成各种进行时态以及与have和现在分词构成完成进行时态.You are working hard today.你们今天干得很努力.Is Su Ming working this week?本周苏明上班了吗?What have you been doing these days?这几天来你在干什么?(2)与过去分词构成被动语态.A new computer has been bought by the office.办公室已购买了一台新电脑.He was been invited to teach at a university there.他被邀请在那儿的一所大学任教.Such books are written for children.这种书是为儿童写的.(3)与形容词、名词、代词、从句等构成“系+表”结构.My job is very interesting and I like it very much. But sometimes it's boring.我的工作很有趣,我非常喜欢它,可有时候也令人烦.(4)与动词不定式构成谓语.The new text seems to be easy, but actually, it is rather difficult.这篇新课文好像很容易,其实相当难. These books are not to be taken out of the room.这些书不得带出室外.2.助动词have有五种形式(1)与过去分词构成各种完成时.We've known each other since 1987.我们从1987年起就互相熟悉了.He's been to Shanghai.他去过上海.We have not seen each other since I left Beijing.自从我离开北京,我们就没见过面.By the end of last month, we had studied English for two years.到上月底,我们已经学习了两年英语了.(2)和动词不定式连用构成谓语,表示因客观环境促使不得不做的事.The bus has left, and if we want to catch the train, we'll have to take a taxi.公交车开走了,假如想赶上那趟火车,我们不得不打的.点拨have还可用作实义动词,表示“有”“吃”等含义.Would you like to have some beer?你想喝点啤酒吗?We're having breakfast.我们正在吃早饭.3.助动词do有三种形式(1)构成一般现在时和一般过去时的疑问句.Do you know what they are talking about?你知道他们在谈论什么吗?What question did he ask you?他问你什么问题?(2)构成一般现在时和一般过去时的否定句.He doesn't want to go there, neither do they. 他不想去那儿,他们也不想.He didn't come to school last Monday.上星期一他没来上学.(3)代替前面刚出现的动词,以避免重复.-Do you learn English?你学习英语吗?-Yes, I do.是的,我学习英语.This material looks nice. So does that one.这料子看来很好.那种也很好.(4)用于加强语气,表示强调(多用于肯定式中).Do come and join us.一定要来参加我们的活动.I do think you are right.我的确认为你是对的.I do like you.我真的喜欢你.点拨do还可用作实义动词,表示“做、干”等含义.(1)They went out to do some shopping.他们外出买东西去了.(2)Would you please do me a favour?你愿帮我一个忙吗?4.助动词shall(过去式should)和will(过去式would)有下列几种形式(1)“shall/will+动词原形”,构成一般将来时,表示将来意义.shall用于单复数第一人称,will可用于所有人称.在今日英语中,shall常被will替代.Will you close the door, please?请关上门好吗?Shall I open the door? It's stuffy in the room.我打开门好吗?房间里很闷.When will Mike arrive here tomorrow?迈克明天什么时候到达这里?He will arrive here at three o'clock tomorrow.他明天三点钟到达这里.(2)“should/would+动词原形”,构成过去将来时.should作为“shall”的过去形式,用于单复数第一人称;would 作为“will”的过去式,可用于各人称.They said that they would finish it soon.他们说很快就要做完了.Did you ask Kate when they would return?你问没问凯特他们什么时候返回来?点拔will可表示某种倾向或习惯性动作The door won't shut.门关不上.Fish will die out of water.鱼离开水不能活.二、情态动词(一)概说情态动词表示说话人的语气和观点.情态动词有一定的词义,但不能单独作谓语,它必须和表示动作或状态的不带to的不定式(ought除外)连用,构成复合谓语.情态动词只有情态意义,即它表示说话人对动作的观点,如需要、可能、意愿或怀疑等.情态动词主要有:can(could),may(might),must, ought to, need, dare(dared), have to(had to).此外shall, will, should, would在一定场合下也可用作情态动词.(二)情态动词具有以下特征1.在形式上,情态动词没有实义动词的各种变化,只有could, would, had to, might, should等几个过去式.其他如must, ought to等的过去式皆与现在式同形,且在各种人称后都用同样的形式2.在意义上,大多数情态动词有多个意义.如can可表示“能够”“可能”“允许”等,may可表示“可能”“允许”“目的”“让步”等3.在用法上,情态动词(除ought跟不定式外)与助动词一样,须后接动词原形,而构成谓语动词(三)情态动词的用法1.can的用法(1)表示能力“会、能”等.The hall can hold at least 2000 people.这个大厅至少能容纳2000人.Can you drive a car?你会开车吗?点拨(1)can和be able to都可表示“能力”,意思上相同.但can只有现在式和过去式(could)两种形式,如需用其他时态,用be able to代替.He can still be alive.他可能还活着.He can't be poor.他不可能贫穷.He has not been able to finish the work in time.他没能及时完成工作.I'll be able to see you tomorrow,我明天将能去看你.(2)如果我们要表示一个动作成功地完成了,那么必须使用was able to,而不能用could.He was able to leave Europe before the war began.他设法在战前离开了欧洲.He was able to go to Paris yesterday and he enjoyed himself very much.他昨天设法去了巴黎,而且他玩得非常高兴.(3)在否定句中could与be able to两者意思一样.I could nor swim to the other side of the river.I wasn't able to swim to the other side of the river.我没能游到河的对岸去.(4)can/could不应与be able to同时使用.(2)表示“建议”或“请求”,可用can I...或can you...等结构,语气比较客气.Can I go swimming today, please, Mum?妈妈,我今天可以去游泳吗?Can I borrow your bike?我可以借你的自行车用一下吗?(3)表示惊异、怀疑、不相信等态度(主要用于否定句和疑问句).No, no, this can't be true.不,不,这不可能是真的.How can you be so careless?你怎么能这样粗心呢?(4)表示“允许”或“请求允许”,其意思相当于may(可以),但can比may用得更广泛,can不仅表示说话人同意、允许,还可表示客观条件的许可.may通常表示说话人的许可.No one can smoke in the office.在办公室里任何人都不能吸烟.That sort of thing can't go on like this.那样的事不能再这样继续下去.2.could的用法(1)could是can的过去式,表示过去有能力及过去存在的可能性.He couldn't go that day.那天他不可能去.(可能性)I could drive a car before I left school.毕业前我就会开车了.(能力)(2)用于现在时和将来时,代替can;表示更为客气、婉转地提出请求或陈述看法,有时则表示可能性不大.Could you tell me where I can change some money?你能告诉我在哪儿能换钱吗?Could you sign here please, Sir?先生,请在这儿签字好吗?3.may的用法(1)表示客气或委婉的请求时用may,回答时也用may就会显得冷淡、不客气,所以最好避之而改用热情、客气的答语.-May I come in?我可以进来吗?-Yes, please.可以,请进.-May I borrow your bicycle?我可以借用一下你的自行车吗?-Certainly.当然可以.(2)表示“可以”即表示说话人同意、许可,或在疑问句中,征询对方的许可.其否定式可用may not.但在表示“不可以”“不许”“禁止”“阻止”等意思时,常用must not(mustn't)代替may not.-May I take this book out of the reading-room?这本书我可以带出阅览室吗?-No, you mustn't.不可以.(3)表示可能.用来表示一件事或许会发生,或是某种情况可能会存在.通常只用于肯定或否定陈述句中,而不用于疑问句中.It may rain today.今天可能下雨.You may have another cake.你可以再吃一块蛋糕.She may not go to the concert tonight.今晚她可能不去听音乐会了.(4)表示祝愿.May you succeed!祝你成功!May all your dreams come true!愿你的理想都成为现实!4.might的用法(1)作为may的过去式,用来表示过去的“可能”和“允许”,多用于间接引语.He said that the news might be true.他说这消息可能是真的.She asked if she might have my bike.她问是否可以借用我的自行车.(2)代替may,表示可以做的事或可能发生的事.也可用于有礼貌地提出建议或请求,意为“可以”,在这种情况下,may和might无时间上的差别,只是更客气或更婉转些.They might have a lot of work to do.他们可能有很多事要做.Might I have a word with you?我可以同你说句话吗?5.must的用法(1)表示“必须”“应当”.用第一人称时,表示说话人认为有义务、有必要做某事.用第二、三人称时,表示说话人命令或要求别人做某事;在疑问句中,表示询问对方的意图.We must love our country.我们要爱国.I must take a day off tomorrow.我明天必须请假一天.Soldiers must obey orders.士兵必须服从命令.(2)must的否定式(mustn't)表示“不应该”“不许可”“不准”“禁止”等,语气比较强烈.You mustn't speak loudly in the library.不许在图书馆大声喧哗.We mustn't waste our time.我们不应该浪费我们的时间.点拨对must问句的否定回答,需要用;need not(needn't)不需要,或don't have to不必.-Must I do my homework now?我现在必须做作业吗?-Yes, you must.是的,你非做不可.-No, you needn't(need not)./don't have to.不,你不必现在做.(3)表示肯定的揣测(只用于肯定句):一定、准是、必定.The lady must be a doctor.那个女人一定是个医生.He hasn't come yet. He must be ill.他还没来,准是病了.Miss Gao must be in the office.高老师一定在办公室里.This must be Wang Hai's book.这一定是王海的书.点拨(1)表示现在对已发生过的事情的推测,一般用“must+have+过去分词”结构,意思是“想必是”“(过去)一定”.If you were at the party, you must have seen Mary.你如果参加了这次聚会,准保看见了玛丽.(2)表示对现在某个动作或即将发生的事情的推测,可以用“must be+ -in g”结构,意思是“一定”“准是”.You must be joking!你一定是在开玩笑!6.have to的用法(1)表示“不得不”“必须”的意思,与must在这个意思上很接近.must强调说话者的主观看法,意为“必须”;have to强调客观的需要,意为“不得不”.I missed the train, so I had to take a taxi.我误了火车,所以我得乘出租车.must仅用于表示现在和将来的义务,讲述过去,要用had to.I had to leave early because I wasn't feeling well.我不得不早点儿离开,因为我觉得不舒服.(2)have to也可用来表示“推测”,意思是“定是”“必定是”.She has to be(=must be) sick. She looks pale.她一定是生病了,脸色看来很苍白.点拨在口语中,可用have got to代替have to.Sorry I have got to go (=have to go) now.抱歉,我现在非走不可了.7.need的用法(1)need表示“需要”“必须”.作为情态动词主要用于否定句和疑问句,无时态、人称变化,后面跟动词原形.其否定式为:need not(needn't).You needn't try to explain.你不需要解释.She needn't come tomorrow.她明天不必来.点拨needn't后面跟“have+过去分词”结构,表示“过去已做了(但)没有必要做的事情”.The question needn't have been discussed.此问题本来不需讨论的.(2)need用作及物动词,主要用于肯定句,有人称、时态和数的变化,后接带to的不定式.其否定形式要借助于don't, doesn't或didn't;疑问形式要借助于do, does或did.He needs to know it.他需要知道这件事.Do you need any help?你需要帮助吗?I don't need things like that.我不需要那样的东西.8.dare的用法dare作为情态动词,主要用于否定句和疑问句,表示“敢于”,本身无变化(各人称都用dare),后面跟不带to的不定式,过去时用dared,其否定式为:dare not/daren't,dared not.How dare they do such a thing?他们怎么敢做出这样的事?Dare he say so?他敢这样说吗?She knows he was wrong but she daren't tell him.她知道他错了,却不敢告诉他.点拨dare用作及物动词的时候更多一些.这时dare后可以跟动词不定式,用于各种结构中.Do I dare to ask her?我敢问她吗?He didn't dare to go.他不敢去.She did not dare to tell them the truth.她不敢对他们说真话.9.ought to表示“应该”做某事,常可与should互换.You ought to be punctual.你应该守时.Students ought not to be late for class.学生上课不应该迟到.Ought we to answer this question now?我们应当现在就回答这个问题吗?点拨ought to后面跟“have+过去分词”结构,表示对过去该做而未做之事的责难、后悔或遗憾的心情.You ought to have helped her.你本该帮助她的.(却没有帮助她)He ought to have returned these books to the library last week.他上星期就应该把这些书还给图书馆.(却没有还书)10.shall的用法(1)shall作为情态动词,用于陈述句的第二、三人称,表示说话人的强烈意愿和决心,有“允诺”“警告”“命令”等含义,意思是“必须”.You shall come whenever you are wanted.什么时候叫你就要什么时候到.(强制)You shall not leave your post.你不得离开岗位.(警告)He shall get the answer tomorrow.他明天可以得到答复.(允诺)(2)shall作为情态动词,在疑问句中可用于第一、三人称,表示征询对方意见或请求,意思是“要不要”“好不好”.Shall he come to see you?要不要他来看你?Shall we go for walk?我们去散散步好吗?Shall I turn on the light?我要开灯吗?11.will的用法(1)表示“意志”“意愿”,可用于多种人称.He'll help you if you ask him.如果你请他帮忙,他是愿意帮忙的.Will you give him a message when you see him?见到他时,请你通知他一下好吗?(2)will还可用来表示一种习惯性动作或状态,有“总是”“惯于”等意思.Fish will die out of water.鱼儿离开水会死去.He will talk for hours if you give him the chance.如果你给他机会,他会滔滔不绝地谈上几个钟头.12.should的用法(1)表示“义务或责任”,意思是“应该”.I should speak and write English every day.我应该天天说、写英语.We should learn from each other and help each other.我们应该互相学习,互相帮助.(2)表示推测、预期.They should be here by now.他们现在该到了.Tom should know her address.估计汤姆知道她的住址.(3)should后面跟“have+过去分词”结构,其肯定句,表示过去应该做而未做的事,其否定句则表示过去不该做但做了的事情.He looks very tired. He should have had a good rest at home.他看上去很累了,本应该待在家里好好休息.As an adult, he shouldn't have misunderstood it.作为成人,他本来就不应该误解这件事.13.would(1)would作为情态动词will的过去式,表示过去时间的“意志”“愿望”或“决心”等,可用于各人称.I said I would do anything for him.我说过,我愿意为他做任何事.He said he would get up earlier the next morning.他说第二天早上要早点起床.(2)would可用来表示人的意愿、个人想法.在疑问句中用于第二人称,表示有礼貌、较婉转的请求.如:Would you like to have a glass of tea?你要喝一杯茶吗?Would you mind closing the door?请关上门好吗?I would like to buy a silk scarf for my wife.我想给妻子买一条丝巾.(3)would与动词连用,可表示过去反复发生的动作,相当于汉语中的“常常”“总是”等意思.如:The old retired worker would often go to the park to play chess.这位退休老工人常常到公园去下棋.When I was a student, I would take a walk along the country road after class.当学生时,放学后我常常沿着乡间小路散步.好题精练一、用适当的助动词和情态动词填空1.His father_________ not a lawyer.2.He_________ two sisters and a brother.3.I_________ never met him before I heard his speech.4.The visitors_________ given a warm welcome.5.Excuse me, _________ I have a look at the photo?6. _________ you work out(算出)this difficult problem without any help?7.This is a reading room. You_________ sing here.8. _________ I speak to the headmaster, please?9. _________ you like a sandwich?10.I_________ love a cup of tea.11.You_________ not drink and drive.12.We_________ buy a new lock for the front door.13.You_________ to knock at door before you come in.14.He_________ to pass an examination before he can start work.15. _________ you guess the answer? Sorry, I can't.16.May I come in? No, you_________.17.Your father is free now. You_________ ask him to tell you a story.18. _________ we hand in the exercises today?No, you needn't. You_________ hand them tomorrow.答案:1.is2.has3.had4.are5.may6.Can7.mustn't8.Could9.Would 10.would11.should 12.should 13.have 14.has 15.Can16.mustn't 17.may 18.Must,may二、选择填空1.-What_________ it be?-It_________ be a mail box, for it is moving. It_________ be a car.A. can; can't; mustB. can; can; mustC. can; mustn't; mustD. must; mustn't; can2.My mother is out. I_________ look after my little brother.A. have toB. canC. has toD. may not3.At that time she_________ sit here like that for hours.A. willB. wouldC. had toD. shall4.The radio says it is sunny today. You_________ take a raincoat with you.A. can'tB. needn'tC. mustn'tD. can5.I_________ like Chinese tea with nothing in it.A. wouldB. mustC. needD. can't6.- _________ we go out for a walk?-Good idea. What time shall we meet?A. ShallB. LetC. WillD. Must7.He_________ to go there when he was young.A. usedn'tB. didn't useC. is usedD. both A and B8.-Must we finish our homework now, Mrs. Read?-Oh no, you_________.A. mustn'tB. can'tC. won'tD. needn't9.These useful dictionaries_________ good care of.A. must takeB. must be takeC. must be takenD. must to take10.Don't be late again. You_________ be here on time.A. mustB. canC. mayD. needn't11.Tom,don't worry, you_________ get the book next morning.A. shallB. willC. mayD. can12. _________ you swim in the river?A. CanB. MustC. MayD. Need13.Chinese must have the largest number of speakers, _________?A. mustn't theyB. haven't theyC. don't theyD. doesn't it14.You did not go to the party yesterday, or I_________ you.A. would seeB. could meetC. might have seenD. might see15.-Is the boy by the window your brother?-It_________ him.A. maybeB. may beC. would beD. need be16.What_________ you like for breakfast?A. mayB. willC. wouldD. can17.- _________ you like some drink?-Yes, please.A. WouldB. WillC. CouldD. Can18.-May I throw a frisbee in the street?-No, you_________.A. may not B .mustn't C. needn't D. don't19.-Can you mend a TV set?-No, I_________.A. mustn'tB. can'tC. may notD. needn't20.-Please don't make a noise.-_________.I'll be as quiet as a mouse.A. Yes, I won'tB. No, I won'tC. No, I willD. Yes, I will21.The traffic_________ stop when lights are red.A. mustB. mayC. canD. mustn't22.- _________ I ask you a question, please?-Yes, please.A. MayB. MustC. NeedD. Will23.Go and ask Mr. Wu. He_________ tell you1 how to use the dictionary.A. mayB. shouldC. wouldD. could24. _________ you please tell me the way to the station?A. ShallB. WouldC. MayD. Might25. _________ I open the window? It's hot here.A. MustB. WillC. ShallD. Would 答案:1-5AABBA 6-10ADDCA11-15 BADCB 16-20 CABBB21-25 AAABC。
初中英语语法助动词情态动词
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助动词 的 应用
Does Tom go to school every day? Tom has finished his homework. Tom will go on a picnic tomorrow. Tom is playing football.
何为 情态动词? 情态 + 动词
用于 【动词】 前,表达 情感、语气 状态
常见 情态动词
现在式(原形) 过去式
词义
can may must shall will
could might must should would
能够 可以,或许 必须,不得不 应该 将要,愿意
情态动词 的 应用
I can do it. I may be late, so don`t wait for me. You must get to school on time.
初中英语·语法趣讲
FROM NEWBIE TO MASTER
英语组 教师______ 学校______
助动词&情态动词
何为 助动词?
助 + 动词:帮助 【动词】 的词
英语中的助动词有be,do,have,shall, will等。助动词本身一般没有词义,不能 单独作谓语,其作用是同其他动词一起构 成谓语,表示时态、语态、语气,构成疑 问或否定形式。
常见 情态动词
现在式(原形) 过去式
词义
can mayLeabharlann must shall willcould might must should would
能够 可以,或许 必须,不得不 应该 将要,愿意
情态动词 的 应用
Could you please give me a book? Would you like some tea? Might I borrow your pen?
初中高中英语语法动词,助动词,情态动词(最全)
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第十章动词,助动词,情态动词一.动词概论:所谓动词,主要是指表示动作的词,此外还有表示状态和性质的词,有时态,语态和语气等的变化的词。
1.根据其在句中的功能,动词基本可分为四大类:实意动词、系动词、助动词和情态动词。
2.根据其是否可直接带有宾语,动词又可以分为两大类:及物动词和不及物动词。
3.根据其是否受主语人称和数的限制,动词又可以分为两大类:谓语动词和非谓语动词。
4.根据其组成形式,动词又可以分为三大类:单子动词、短语动词、动词短语。
5.根据其动词的过去式和过去分词的变化规律,动词又可以分成规则变化动词和不规则变化动词。
及物动词和不及物动词(1)及物动词及物动词不可以单独的使用其后必须和宾语一起使用,这就是我们常说的及物动词直接加宾语。
(2)不及物动词不及物动词可以单独使用,但是没有被动语态,其后加宾语时必须加介词或者其他词类,这就是我们常说的不及物动词动词,不能直接加宾语。
系动词系动词又称为连系动词,本身有词义,但不能单独用作谓语,后面必须跟表语(系动词后面一定是表语)短语动词和动词短语和介词短语和短语介词一个形式(如果不懂请移步小明语法介词),也是看他们的落脚点一个是动词一个是短语涵义不同,一个不能表达完整的意思,另一个能表达完整的意思。
二.助动词概论:所谓助动词,本身无意义,助动词的助,就是帮助,主要就是帮助主要的动词构成时态,语气,语态以及否定和疑问结构。
助动词be的形式与用法be动词有两种性质:系动词和助动词,现在我们来介绍助动词的性质。
原型一般现在时现在分词过去式过去分词be 第一人称第三人称单数第二人称单数和复数being第一,三人称单数第二人称单数和复数been am is are was were助动词have的形式和用法原型第三人称单数现在分词过去式过去分词have has having had had助动词do的形式和用法原型第三人称单数现在分词过去式过去分词do does doing did done三.情态动词概论所谓情感动词,就是情感态度的动词。
初中英语-助动词及情态动词
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连系动词
助动词--起帮助作用的动词
He writes a story.
否定 疑问 回答
He does not write a story. Does he write a story? Yes, he does./ No, he doesn’t.
时态
语态
He is writing a story. He is going to write a story. He has written a story. He will write a story. A story is written (by him). Do come in, please. Do study hard.
can’t / catch The boy can’t catch the butterfly.
may / get
You may/can get the present. may / ask May / Can I ask you a question? may / do They may have a picnic on Sunday.
助动词缩略形式练习
He’s=He is He’s here. It’s=It has It’s been snowing since midnight. We’d better=We had We’d better hurry up. I’d finish before he came. I’d=I would
2. may : 1)表示客气的请求 (1)--May I come in? --Come in, please. (2)--May I borrow your pen , please? --Certainly! (3)--May I have a piece of paper? --Of course. 2)表示许可 You may have a rest. 3) 表示一件事或许会发生 I may be a sailor when I grow up. What may happen? * 用 may 提问的肯定回答一般用sure, certainly, of course, 避免用may. * 否定回答一般用mustn’t , can’t , 也可以用may not. -- May I smoke here? --No, you mustn’t. *
五种英语语法功能词
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五种英语语法功能词(1)情态动词与助动词(15个)情态动词具有一定的词汇含义,情态动词后接不带“to”的不定式共同构成复合谓语。
情态动词可以直接构成否定句和疑问句。
助动词除了构成否定句和疑问句外,谓语动词的时态除了一般现时和一般过去是通过谓语动词的形态变化来构成外,其它时态都需要通过助动词来构成。
英语情态动词can aux. 能够;可以;可能could aux. can的过去式shall aux.用于征求对方意见;表示许诺、命令、警告、威胁will aux.将要; 将会;用于请求would aux. will的过去式need aux. 需要may aux. 可以; 可能的过去式might aux.may 的过去式must aux.必须;应该should aux.应该dare aux.敢于used to aux. 用于表示过去真实或经常性的行为,特别强调现在不那样了ought to aux. 应当;应该应当;应该had better aux. 最好would rather aux.宁愿英语助动词be 用于构成时行时态和被动词语态is be的第三人称单数形式am be的第一人称单数形式are be的第二人称单复数现在式was be的单数过去式were be的复数数过去式do 用于构成疑问句和否定句have 用于构成完成时态has have的第三人称单数现在式had have的过去式(3)系动词(20个)系动词本身有词义,但不能单独用作谓语,后边必须跟表语,构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。
be 表示判断turn 变得become 成为feel 感觉起来; 觉得grow(逐渐)变得taste 尝起来remain 仍然是keep 使保持(某种状态)fall 变成,进入(某种状态)get 成为;变成appear 好像,似乎smell 闻起来sound 听起来;令人觉得seem 看来;似乎turn out 结果是prove 证明为stay 保持; 继续是go 变得,成为lie 保留,保持(某种状态)weigh 重量有…;重…(4)连词(53个)连词是用来连接并列的语法成分或从句的语法功词,大多数连接有一定的含义,部分连词在句子中不充当语法成分,只起连接作用。
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中学英语语法助动词与情态动词(一)助动词助动词本身无词义,它仅仅是用来帮助主要动词构成各种时态、语态、语气以及否定和疑问结构。
1)由be, have, shall(should), will(would)构成除现在一般时和过去一般时外的全部时态。
如:I shall be here any minute.我将随时到达这里。
(由shall构成将来一般时)The train is now rapidly approaching the city of Beijing.火车现在正迅速地临近北京城。
(由is构成现在进行时)We shall be having rain, rain, and nothing but rain.我们会有没完没了的雨。
(由shall be构成将来进行时)The roads were full of people. We hadn't foreseen that.路上都是人。
这是我们事先未料到的。
(由had构成过去完成时) Soon they would have reached their time limit and must return to the camp.不久规定的时间就要到了,他们就得回营地了。
(由would have 构成过去将来完成时)He has been scoring plenty of goals this season.在这个(足球)赛季里,他踢进了许多球。
(由has been构成现在完成进行时)2)由be构成被动语态。
如:One is not guilty until he is proved.在没有证明有罪之前,人都是无罪的。
(现在一般时的被动式)She almost felt that she was being mocked.她几乎感觉到她在被嘲弄。
(过去进行时的被动式)I suspected that I had been followed and watched since I arrived in London.我怀疑我到达伦敦以后就已被跟踪和监视。
(过去完成时的被动式)I know he hates being interrupted.我知道他不喜欢别人打断他的话。
(动名词的被动式)3)由had, should, would, should have, would have等构成各种虚拟语气。
如:If I had Jim's build, I'd go out for the wrestling team.假如我有吉姆那样的体格,我早就去参加摔跤队了。
The soup would've been better if it had had less salt.假如少放点盐,这汤会好喝得多?4)由do构成现在一般时和过去一般时的疑问结构。
如:When do we meet again?我们什么时候再见?Did you know the hot dog did not originate in the United States, but in Germany?你知道“热狗”不是来源于美国,而是来源于德国吗?5)由do+ not构成现在一般时和过去一般时的否定结构。
如:Don't knit your brow like that.别那样皱眉头。
We didn't think we'd be this late.我们没想到我们会到得这么晚。
当两个或两个以上包含相同助动词的谓语动词并列时,后面的助动词通常省略。
如:The letter will be typed and sent off immediately.这封信将立即打好并发出。
助动词在句中一般不重读,但当它代替前面的动词或强调动词的意义时则应重读。
如:-Do you speak English? 你会说英语吗?-Yes, I do. 是,我会说。
But I have done it. 但是我把它干了。
be的形式和用法助动词be有八种形式:肯定式缩略肯定式否定式缩略否定式原形 be现在式第一人称单数I am ’m am not aren't/'m not现在式第三人称单数he, she, it is 's is not isn't /'s not现在式第二人称单、复数和第一、三人称复数you, we, they are 're are not aren't/re not过去式第一、三人称单数I, he,she, it was was not wasn't过去式第二人称单、复数和第一、三人称复数you, we, they were were not weren't现在分词 Being not being过去分词 been not been[注]在英国英语中,aren't使用很广泛。
在美国英语中使用较多的是被认为非标准的ain't。
助动词be的主要用法是:1)与现在分词构成各种进行时态以及与have和现在分词构成完成进行时态。
如:Fear of crime is slowly paralyzing American society.犯罪恐惧症正逐渐地使美国社会陷于瘫痪。
The telephone had been ringing for three minutes before it was answered.电话铃响了三分钟才有人接。
2)与过去分词构成被动语态。
如:He was an ardent fighter for freedom and independence. He was loved by millions and hated only by a handful.他是个争取自由和独立的热诚战士,为成百万人所爱戴,为仅仅一小撮人所仇恨。
They came to Europe where their mother had been educated and stayed three years.他们来到他们的母亲受教育的欧洲,并待了三年。
此外,be还可用作连系动词。
如:It was one of the happiest afternoons he had ever spent.那是他有生以来最愉快的一个下午。
词组be to有情态意义,详见“情态动词”。
have的形式和用法助动词have有五种形式:肯定式缩略肯定式否定式缩略否定式原形 have 've have not haven't 've not现在式第三人称单数 has 's has not hasn't 's not过去式 had 'd had not hadn't'd not现在分词 having not having过去分词 had助动词have的主要用法是:1)与过去分词构成各种完成时态。
如:Newton has explained the movements of the moon from the attractions of the earth.牛顿阐明了月球受到地球引力而运行的规律。
Reluctantly, she opened the door, she had not kept it locked; there had been no need.她勉强地开了门。
她没有锁门,也没有必要锁门。
2)与been+ 现在分词构成各种完成进行时态。
如:Men have been digging salt out of it for six hundred years. and yet there seems as much left as ever.人们在这里掘盐已六百年,但盐似乎还是那么多。
In another month's time Mr. Henry will have been teaching here for exactly thirty years.再过一个月,亨利先生就将在这里从事教学整30年了。
此外,have还可用作实义动词,意谓“有”、“吃”等。
如:Bad news has wings.丑事传千里。
You're anaemic, you must have some iron.你患贫血症了,应该服一些铁。
have还可用作使役动词。
如:We now have the problem solved.我们现已把这个问题解决了。
I had a tooth out this afternoon.我今天下午拔了一颗牙。
have用作实义动词时不能使用缩略形式。
词组have to有情态意义,详见“情态动词”。
do的形式和用法助动词do有三种形式:肯定式否定式缩略否定式原形do do not Don’t现在式第三人称单数 does does not doesn't过去式 did did not didn't[注]do用作实义动词时有现在分词doing和过去分词done。
助动词do的主要用法是:1)构成现在一般时和过去一般时的疑问句。
如:Do you always carry an umbrella?你经常带伞吗?Did everything come off all right?一切都进行得顺利吗?2)构成现在一般时和过去一般时的否定句。
如:She didn't cool down for hours after that argument.在那场争辩之后,她有好几个小时都没平静下来。
Don't worry, he will be brought to book for his wickedness one day.别担心,他的恶行总有一天要受到惩罚的。
[注]如用其它时态,疑问句的助动词须提至主语前,否定句的助动词之后加not。
如:①Will he be able to hear at such a distance?离这么远,他会听得到吗?②You haven't been abroad before, have you?你以前没出过国,是吗?3)用于替代,以避免重复。
如:-May I come round in the morning?上午我可以来拜访你吗?-Yes, please do.可以,请来吧。
(do替代come round)I don't like coffee and neither does my wife.我不喜欢咖啡,我妻子也不喜欢。
(does替代like)4)用于强调。