实用英汉翻译技巧与实践(Chapter 1&2)
英译汉翻译技巧及方法1
英译汉翻译的基本程序
• Soon got, soon gone. 来得容易，去的快。
3. 加词法
• 这种方法就是在翻译时按意义上、修辞上、和句法 上的需要增加一些虽无其词而有其意的词典来更忠 实通顺地表达原文的思想内容。这种方法是加词不 加意。如：
• a. －The son: How much did you suffer?" －The old man: " Plenty." 孩子： "你吃了多少苦"？ 老人："一言难 尽" 这里"plenty" 不译作"很多"，而译作"一言难尽" 更佳。
• d. I like Chinese food. Lots of people do these days, sort
4. 减词法
• 减词法与增词法相反，即在翻译时，把原句中出现的一 些词不译出来，或是删去一些虽有词而无其意的词，使 译文更清楚、更简洁
• a. There was no snow, the leaves were gone from the trees, the grass was dead. 天未下雨， 但叶落草枯。 （本句若译成"天没有雪， 但树叶从树上落下来，草枯 死了"就远不如前一句译文简明洗炼）。
• 1.通读并透彻理解原文。翻译之前仔细研读 原文，解决好“翻译什么”的问题。边读边 琢磨，确切理解原文所述事物本身的含义与 之相关的外延联想，如原句的中心意思是什 么，有没有褒贬义或寓意，对其中的修饰语 的把握等。
1-5：英汉互译实践与技巧 (课堂PPT)
《现代汉语词典》：“翻译是把一种语言文字的 意义用另一种语言文字表达出来。”
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Ⅱ. Nature and Scope of Translation
翻译的性质和范围
Nature性质：
Translation is not a word for word activity
许建平 《英汉互译实践与技巧》清华大学出版社 2006年 郭著章、李庆生《英汉互译实用教程》武汉大学出版社
1996年 张培基 《英汉翻译教程》上海外语教育出版社 1980年 张光明 《英语实用文体翻译》中国科学技术大学出版社
2009年 连淑能 《英汉对比研究》高等教育出版社 1993年 李瑞华 《英汉语言文化对比研究》上海外语教育出版社
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Ⅱ. Nature and Scope of Translation 翻译的性质和范围
英 国 翻 译 教 育 家 Peter Newmark ： “ It is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text. 翻译是按作者的创造意图把一篇文章的意思 用另一种语言描述出来的过程。”
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实用文体翻译1：简历 实用文体翻译2：求职信 实用文体翻译3：通知 实用文体翻译4：致辞 实用文体翻译5：企业或学校简介 实用文体翻译6：六级英语 实用文体翻译7：考研英语 实用文体翻译8：新闻英语 实用文体翻译9：论文题目、摘要 实用文体翻译10：科技英语
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Suggested reading books and websites
英汉汉英翻译实训教程Chapter One Introduction to Translation
[点评] ：
(1)译文1中，well-paved确是“铺设得很好的”，可是，一见到well或good
[译就译文成1“]：好铺”，设显得得很语言好贫的乏公。事路实经上过，英一语排里排的这整两洁个的词在，汉现译代时有的很房多屋译法，。 如：a这w些ell房-be屋ha坐ved落gi在rl“树举中止得。体的姑娘”
[译文]: 我们都会想念他的，但我们祝愿他退休后快乐，长寿。 4. He has enough money to burn.
[译文]: 他有花不完的钱。 5. Why did you set the wolf to keep the sheep?
[译文]: 你为什么要引狼入室？
General Introduction to Translation
expression）。
General Introduction to Translation
英汉汉英翻译实训教程
以作者和读者为取向
Chapter One
• 这类翻译标准或原则的共同特点是：翻译既要“忠实”又要 “通顺”，即译文必须既要考虑到原作者又要考虑到译文的 读者。
• 所谓忠实，首先指忠实于原作的内容。译者必须把原作的内 容完整而准确地表达出来，不得有任何篡改、歪曲、遗漏阉 割或任意增删的现象。其次还应保持原作的风格——即原作 的民族风格、时代风格、语体风格、作者个人的语言风格等。 译者对原作的风格不能任意破坏和改变，不能以译者的风格 代替原作的风格。
英汉汉英翻译实训教程
以作者和读者为取向
Chapter One
十八世纪末的英国学者亚历山大·泰特勒（Alexander Fraser Tytler,1747-1814）在《论翻译的原则》（Essay on the Principles of Translation）一书中提出了著名的翻译三 原则：
完整word版段落翻译与实践英汉互译1
Part II段落翻译与实践I. 汉译英1. 和平统一1）促进统一，就要有个适当的方式。
2）所以我们建议举行两党平等会谈，实行第三次合作。
3）大陆和台湾有不同的意识形态，实行不同的政治制度，但绝不能让这一点妨碍我们发展两岸关系，实现和平统一的大业。
1)To promote the reunification of the motherland, we must find a proper means.2)So we suggest that the two Parties hold a talk on an equal footing and try for a third-time cooperation. 3) The fact the mainland and Taiwan have adopted different ideologies and political systems should not be allowed to stand in the way of developing the relations between two sides of the Taiwan Straits and achieving the peaceful reunification.2.大学生…1）现在大学生的学习压力相当重。
2）除了大四，他们开始找工作了，其余的学生总是忙于学习，而不愿参加校园团体和俱乐部，不愿参加体育锻炼和其他课外活动，不愿与他们的朋友玩玩，不愿关心和学习没有关系的事。
3）总之，他们就像一个机器人。
4）压力大，时间少，功课多。
5）看到同寝室里的人都上图书馆去学习，到深夜闭馆才回，而自己却去看电影，他们就会有一种内疚感。
6）一想到白天什么事都没干，心里就感到不安，会整夜因此睡不着觉。
7）他们学习太紧张，几乎没有时间好好品尝生活，干些其他事，成为一个全面发展的人。
8）读大学使他们失去太多的个人幸福和健康。
翻译技巧与实践1
wonderful time during my summer vacation.
• 4） Her story is one of the saddest.
• 纯属谎言，我连一个字都不会相信。
• 嘿，伙计！别给我来这一套。我才不相信 你的鬼话呢！
• 长话短说，暑假期间我们玩得很愉快。
• 她的遭遇算是最悲惨的了
Practice these after class
• He killed time everyday at the park.
• moon
• He moons about in the street.
• Such a chance comes once in a blue moon.
• broken
• 跑得了和尚跑不了庙。 • The monk ran away, but the temple won’t run with him. • 你死了，我去当和尚。
• a broken man
• a broken soldier
• broken Correspondence at the world level
• 1) word- for –word correspondence • 2）one word with multiple equivalents • 3) One word with multiple equivalents of
the world • 阳：The strong active male principle or force in
the world
Difference in the Aspect of Sentence
• 1. subject • 2. predicate • 3. attributive • 4. sentence order
翻译技巧与实践智慧树知到课后章节答案2023年下东北农业大学
翻译技巧与实践智慧树知到课后章节答案2023年下东北农业大学东北农业大学第一章测试1.（）认为翻译是两种语言的话语转换活动；侧重于语言单位字词句段落以及篇章的转换。
A:语言学派 B:社会符号学派 C:交际学派答案:语言学派2.翻译分类，从涉及到的语言符号来分类，翻译分为（）A:语际翻译 B:语内翻译 C:符际翻译答案:语际翻译;语内翻译;符际翻译3.英译汉属于符际翻译。
（）A:错 B:对答案:错4.小说改编成电影，就是文学符号转换成了影像符号的符际翻译。
（）A:错 B:对答案:对5.逆译是把本族语(Native Language)译为外族语(Foreign Language)。
（）A:对 B:错答案:对6.把汉语文本译为英语文本，对于以英语作为母语的英美人来说就是顺译。
（）A:对 B:错答案:对7.多用于外交会晤、学术研讨和参观游览等场合，要求译员趁谈话间隙把一段话语(Discourse)迅速而准确地通过口头翻译转达给听者属于（）。
A:笔译 B:机器翻译 C:口译答案:口译8.被郁达夫称之为“翻译界的金科玉律”，影响最大的翻译标准（）A:傅雷的“形似神似” B:钱钟书“化境” C:严复的“信、达、雅”答案:严复的“信、达、雅”9.翻译过程可分为（）A:实施阶段 B:准备阶段 C:校核阶段答案:实施阶段;准备阶段;校核阶段10.译者要具备（）能力。
A:语言水平 B:知识水平 C:翻译水平答案:语言水平;知识水平;翻译水平第二章测试1.Every life has its roses and thorns. 每个人的生活都有甜有苦。
划线的部分在翻译时采用了______ 的翻译方法（）。
A:词义的褒贬 B:词义的抽象化引申 C:词义的具体化引申 D:词义的选择答案:词义的抽象化引申2.I was not one to let my heart rule my head. 我不是那种让感情支配理智的人。
英汉互译翻译和实践技巧1_12单元参考答案解析
Unit11.Every life has its roses and thorns.人生总是有苦有乐, 甘苦参半。
(人生的道路既铺满鲜花, 又充满荆棘.)2.I’ll have Lisa where I want her.我要丽莎去哪里她就得去哪里3.He carried his age astonishingly well.他一点儿都不显老，面容年轻得令人惊讶。
4.She’d never again believe anything in trousers.她再也不愿相信任何男人了.5.He was a dead shot.However,he met his Waterloo this time.他是一个神枪手，可这一次却遭到惨败。
/ 他遭遇了滑铁卢。
6.Nixon was pleased by the distinction,but not overwhelmed.尼克松对受到的破格礼遇非常高兴，但并没有受宠若惊。
7.Yet China was a land of constant surprise and shifting impression.而中国是一片令人惊讶、日新月异的土地。
8.After the failure of his last novel,his reputation stands on slippery ground. 、他上一篇小说写砸了, 他的名声从此岌岌可危.9.Mrs.Sawyer looked radiant,too,and for the first time gobbled up her dinner likea little pig.索耶太太也容光焕发，第一次大口大口吃饭，活像一只小猪。
10.He walked at the head of the funeral procession,and every now and then wipedhis crocodile tears with a big handkerchief.他走在送葬队伍的前头，还不时有哪个一条大手绢抹去他那鳄鱼的眼泪。
英汉互译实用教程(一)
英汉互译实用教程(一)英汉互译实用教程1. 简介该教程旨在帮助读者掌握英汉互译的实用技巧和方法，以便更准确地进行翻译工作。
2. 基本原则在进行英汉互译时，我们需要遵守以下几个基本原则：•准确性：翻译应尽量准确传达原文的含义。
•通顺性：翻译应符合目标语言的表达习惯，通顺易懂。
•简洁性：尽量使用简洁明了的语言表达，避免冗长复杂的句子结构。
•场景适应性：根据不同的场景和目的，采用相应的翻译方式。
3. 实用技巧在进行英汉互译时，可采用以下实用技巧来提高翻译质量：•词汇对应：寻找准确的词汇对应关系，确保翻译准确。
•短语搭配：注意短语的搭配习惯，避免直译。
•语法结构：理解并掌握英语和汉语的语法结构，确保句子通顺。
•上下文理解：通过上下文理解原文的意思，以便更好地进行翻译。
•文化差异：考虑文化差异对翻译的影响，尽量做到意译。
4. 实例演练下面是一些实例演练，旨在帮助读者更好地理解和掌握英汉互译的实用技巧：1.英文句子：“The cat is on the table.” - 翻译成中文：“猫在桌子上。
”2.中文句子：“这是我的手机。
” - 翻译成英文：“This is my cell phone.”3.英文短语：“It’s raining cats and dogs.” -翻译成中文：“下大雨了。
”4.中文短语：“明天见。
” - 翻译成英文：“See youtomorrow.”5. 注意事项在进行英汉互译时，需注意以下几个事项：•专有名词：对于专有名词，应保持与原文一致。
•文化差异：根据不同的文化背景，适当进行意译，以便更好地传达信息。
•翻译细节：注意细节的处理，如时态、人称、单复数等。
6. 总结通过本教程的学习，读者可以掌握英汉互译的实用技巧和方法，提高翻译准确性和表达流畅度。
在实践中不断积累经验，不断提升翻译能力，才能成为一名出色的创作者。
希望本教程能帮助到您，在英汉互译的道路上取得更好的成绩！7. 深度学习在提高英汉互译能力的过程中，深度学习是一个重要的方向。
1-5：英汉互译实践与技巧
Ⅱ. Nature and Scope of Translation 翻译的性质和范围
类别：
语言 native foreign、 foreign native 工作方式 口译(interpretation)、笔译(translation)、机器翻 译(MT) 口译：连续传译(consecutive interpretation)、同声 传译(simultaneously interpretation) 文体 应用文体、科技文体、论述文体、新闻文体、艺 术文体
处理方式 全译、节译、摘译、编译、译述（综述和述评）
Ⅲ. Principles or Criteria of Translation 翻译的原则和标准
Principle原则：
严复：信，达，雅（faithfulness, expressiveness, elegance) 鲁迅：易解、保持原作的风姿 林语堂：忠实、通顺、美 傅雷：神似说（spiritual conformity） 钱钟书：化境说 (sublimed adaptation) 许渊冲：三美说（意美、音美、形美） 泰特勒Tytler ：翻译三原则 费道罗夫等：等值论 (translation equivalence) 奈达：读者反应论 (dynamic equivalence)
Nature性质：
Ⅱ. Nature and Scope of Translation 翻译的性质和范围
Translation is not a word for word activity
1、她现在非常红. *She is very red now. (She is very popular now.) 2、你给我站住！*You Give Me Stop!! (Stand!) 3、蠢蠢欲動。 *Stupid stupid want to move . (Be ready to do sth.(bad)) 4、寒暄 *coldly talk for a while (to exchange greetings and make small talk ) 5、跳伞处 *"Site of jumping umbrella" (paragliding site) 6、请爱护花草* "Cherishing Flowers and Trees" (keep off the grass.)
翻译技巧与实践
第二部分 英汉翻译技巧与实践第一课第一课 词类转换词类转换I. 课堂练习课堂练习 1. Her refusal of your proposal is a surprise to me. 2.3. His acceptance into the Party is a quite natural thing. 4.5. The use of chemical weapon is a clear violation of law. 6.7. The father was present at the birth. 8.1. Officially, he Officially, he’’s on holiday; actually, he is in hospital. 2.3. It is a great harm to you if you often work into to late night. 4.5. In the event of rain, the sports meet will have to be put off. 6.7. Quite Quite a a a few few few girls girls girls doesn doesn doesn’’t t realize realize realize the the the stupidity stupidity stupidity of of of being being being ““the the third third third party party party”” in in other other other’’s marriage. 8.第三课第三课 代词使用对比代词使用对比I. 课堂练习课堂练习1. My My daughter daughter daughter is is is five. five. five. She She She can can can wash wash wash her her her face face face and and and brush brush brush her her her teeth teeth teeth after after after getting getting getting up up up in in in the the morning. 2.3. If you are too fortunate, you will not know yourself; if you are too unfortunate, nobody will know you. 4.5. It It is is is said said said that that that there there there might might might have have have left left left only only only two two two languages languages languages in in in the the the world, world, world, that that that is, is, is, English English English and and Chinese, by the year 3010. 6.7. “一个国家，两种制度”， 我们已经讲了很多次了，全国人民代表大会已通过了这个政策。
英汉翻译技巧（12.09学生版）
英汉翻译技巧（12.09学生版）英汉翻译技巧第一部分英译汉CHAPTER ONE THE GENERAL INTRODUCTION OF TRANSLATIONTHE V ARIOUS DEFINITIONS OF TRANSLATION1)ALEXANDER FRASER TYTLER (1747-1814)I WOULD THEREFORE DESCRIBE A GOOD TRANSLATION TO BE: THAT, IN WHICH THE MERIT OF THE ORIGINAL WORK IS SO COMPLETELY TRANSFUSED INTO ANOTHER LANGUAGE, AS TO BE DISTINCTLY APPREHENDED, AND AS STRONGLY FELT, BY A NATIVE OF THE COUNTRY TO WHICH THAT LANGUAGE BELONGS, AS IT IS BY THOSE WHO SPEAK THE LANGUAGE OF THE ORIGINAL WORK.好的翻译应该是把原作的长处如此完备地移注入另一种语言，以使译入语所属国家的本地人能明白地领悟、强烈地感受，如同使用原作语言的人所领悟、所感受的一样。
THE THREE GENERAL RULES FOR TRANSLATION:FIRST GENERAL RULE: A TRANSLATION SHOULD GIVE A COMPLETE TRANSCRIPT OF THE IDEAS OF THE ORIGINAL WORK.译文完全复写出原作的思想。
SECOND GENERAL RULE: THE STYLE AND MANNER OF WRITING IN A TRANSLATION SHOULD BE OF THE SAME CHARACTER WITH THAT OF THE ORIGINAL.译文的风格与笔调应与原作具有相同的特性。
大学实用翻译教程(英汉双向)第一章 翻译概述
2、翻译是艺术性与科学性的辩 证统一
译者从事翻译活动是带着镣铐跳 舞。如果单纯地强调翻译是一门 艺术，有时就会夸大译者的主观 能动性，从而割裂主观与客观、 理论与实践之间的辩证关系。翻 译并不是无客观规律可循的纯粹 主观性，也不是毫无主体创造性 的纯粹客观性。
2、社会语言能力问题
这里的社会语言能力主要突出学生的 社会文化背景知识及其在语言交际中 运用的适切性。据一项调查显示, 学 生的社会语言能力并不与他们的语言 能力同步发展, 往往滞后。表现在虽 然学生意识到不同语言的文化差异, 但不能自觉运用到语言实践中。另外, 他们对一些高层次的文化背景缺乏了 解, 对一些具有文化内涵的词汇缺乏 认识。
大学实用翻译教程（英汉双向）第一章 翻译概述
第一节 中西翻译简史
无论在中国或是在西方，翻译都是一 项极其古老的活动。事实上，在整个 人类历史上，语言的翻译几乎同语言 本身一样古老。两个原始部落间的关 系从势不两立，到相互友善，依赖于 语言和思想的交流，也依赖于相互理 解，依赖于翻译，中国也好，西方也 好，在出现有文字记载的翻译之前， 翻译活动早就存在，但我们谈翻译史， 只能从有历史见证的时期谈起。
2、加强中西方文化的导入
教师要强调对学生的文化导入，注 重学生文化意识和文化修养的培养， 注意研究中西方文化差异在语言表 达上的反映、熟悉英语形成和变化 所依赖的地理环境、风俗习惯、宗 教信仰和历史典故。
学生应充分利用课外时间来扩大自 己的目的语语言文化知识，多看英 美原版报纸杂志、电影和文学作品 等，培养和提高跨文化意识。
3、加强语篇意识
应强化学生的语篇意识，在讲解 阅读课文时应把重点放在帮助学 生了解对语篇理解起重要作用的 知识上（指称、替代与省略、衔 接等），培养学生判断和推理句 子间的逻辑关系以及了解语篇连 贯的衔接手段，从而使学生翻译 出的句子连贯、顺畅。
翻译理论与实践1(英译汉)实战练习 15篇1
翻译理论与实践1（英译汉）实战练习15篇1．The Policy of Mass Media1) Life is indeed full of problems on which we have to make decisions as citizens or as private individual.2) But neither the real difficulty of these decisions nor their true and disturbing challenge to each individual can often be communicated through the mass media.3) The disinclination to suggest real choice which is to be found in the mass media is not simply the product of a commercial desire to keep the customers happy.4) The organs of the Establishment however well—intentioned they may be have a vested interest in ensuring that the public boat is not violently rocked and will so affect those who work within the mass media that they will be led insensibly towards forms of production which though they go through the motions of dispute and inquiry do not break through the skin to where such inquires might really hurt.5) They will tend to move when exposing problems well within the accepted cliché—assumptions of democratic society and will tend neither radically to question these clichés nor to make a disturbing application of them to features of contemporary life2. The American and the English1) Of the intrinsic differences that separate American from English the chief have their roots inthe obvious disparity between the environment and traditions of the American people since the seventeenth century and those of the English.2) The latter have lived under a relatively stable social order and it has impressed upon their souls their characteristic respect for what is customary and of good report.3) Until the World War brought chaos to most of their institutions their whole lives were regulated perhaps more than those of any other people save the Spaniards by a regard for precedent.4) The Americans though partly of the same blood have felt no such restrain and acquired no such habit of conformity.5) On the contrary they have plunged to the other extreme for the conditions of life in their country have put a high value upon the precisely opposite qualities of curiosity and daring and so they acquired that character of restlessness that impatience of forms that disdain of the dead hand which now broadly marks them.3. The Education of Humanists1)The education of humanists cannot be regarded as complete or even adequate without exposure in some depth to where things stand in the various branches of science particularly in the areas of our ignorance.2)Physics professors most of them look with revulsion on assignments to teach their subjects to poets.3) The liberal arts faculties for their parts will continue to view the scientists with suspicion and apprehension. 4) But maybe a new set of courses dealing systematically with ignorance in science will take hold.5) The scientists might discover in it a new and subversive technique for catching the attention of students driven by curiosity delighted and surprised to learn that science is exactly as some scientists described it: an “endless frontier.”6) The humanists for their part might take considerable satisfaction in watching their scientific colleagues confess openly to not knowing everything about everyone.7) And the poets on whose shoulders the future rests might late nights thinking things over begin to see some meanings that elude the rest of us.4. . American Study1) The scientific interest of American history centered in national character and in the workings of a society destined to become bast in which individuals were imp0rtant chiefly as types.2) Although this kind of interest was different from that of European history it was at least as important to the world.3) Should history ever become a true science it must expect to establish its laws not from the complicated story of rival European nationalities but from the economical evolution of a great democracy.4) North America was the most favorable field on the globe for the spread of a society so large uniform and isolated as to answer the purposes of science.5) There a single homogeneous society could easily attain proportions of three or four hundred million persons under conditions of undisturbed growth.6) In Europe or Asia undisturbed social evolution had been unknown.7) Without disturbance evolution seemed to cease.8) Wherever disturbance occurred permanence was impossible.9) Every people in turn adapted itself to the law of necessity.5. Jack London1) Life itself led London to reject this approach in his writing.2) He knew what it meant to be one of the disinheritedto be chained to the deadening routine of the machine and to soul-destroying labor for an insufficient reward.3) Consequently he swept aside not only the literature that pretended that ours is a society of sweetness and light but also that which contended that the inculcation of the spirit of Christian fellowship would put an end to class controversy.4) He did not oppose labor organization nor balk at the strike as a weapon of labor; rather he took his heroes and heroines from the labor movement and wove his plots within their struggles.5) He poured into his writings all the pain of his life the fierce hatred of the bourgeoisie that it had produced in him and the conviction it had brought to him that world could be made a better place to live in if the exploited would rise up and take the management of society out of the hands of the exploiters.6. President Carter1) President Carter has been calling his closest advisers together for what is called as a hard reappraisal of his administration’s troubles but who will tell him the truth? 2) You can almost put it down as a general rule in this town that presidents often invite “honest criticism” from their aides but seldom get it and usually don’t follow it when they do.3) The reasons for this are not obscure.4) The Oval Office is the most frightening room inAmerica.5) It imposes a kind of respect on most visitors and even those legislative lions who roar against the president on Capital Hill tend to usually lower their voices and follow their prepared speeches when they walk through the White House door.6) Few While House aides dare to say anything against the president without betraying their fears.7) Even Henry Kissinger who is not an excessively modest or silent man hesitated to face President Nixon with the disaster he knew lay ahead.7.On “Mein Kampf”1) Mein Kampf’s the me song recurring again and again is race race purity race supremacy though nowhere did Hitler attempt to define race.2) It was never intended by Nature Hitler claims that all races should be equal any more than individuals are equal.3) Some are created superior to others.4) The Germans as the world’s strongest race should rule over the inferior through having the habitat of the highest race extended and scattered Germanic peoples united under one rule.6) The vast expansion visualized by Hitler would take place principally at the expense of other races.7) To attain the objectives set by his soaring ambition Hitler proposes three methods: propaganda diplomacy and force. 8) Nowhere in Mein Kampf is the author more revealing of himself and his tactics than in his discussionof propaganda techniques—correctly believed by him to be one of the Nazis’ most effective and formidable weapons.8. How to Write Clearly1) I have never had much patience with the writers who claim from the reader an effort to understand their meaning.2) You have only to go to great philosophers to see that it is possible to express with lucidity the most subtle reflections.3) One cause of obscurity is that many writers think not before but as they write.4) The pen originates the thought.5) The disadvantages of this and indeed it is a danger against which the author must be always on his guard is that there is a sort of magic in the written word.6) The idea acquires substance by taking on a visible nature and then stands in the way of its own clarification.7) But this sort of obscurity merges very easily into the willful.8) Some writers who do not think clearly are inclined to suppose that their thoughts have a significance greater than at first sight appears.9) It is flattering to believe that they are too profound to be expressed so clearly that all who run may read and very naturally it does not occur to such writers that the fault is with their own minds which have not the faculty of precise reis with their own minds which have not the faculty of precise reflection.9. 1) Of course there is a strong element of luck in both success and failure but it is my belief that there are no “secrets” to success.2) One thing I have discovered is that attitudes and values that I acquired in China long before came to the United States have had a great bearing on the success in my business.3) These values have much in common with some of the virtues of Confucianism the Chinese philosophy that stresses moderation.4) However although I respect the spirit of Confucianism I have not tried to adapt this ancient Chinese philosophy to modern society.5) For besides moderation other things I have found to be essential to success are patience adaptability decisiveness confidence unconventional thinking social responsibility and last luck.6) The importance of these attributes is in their interaction.7) Some of them are antithetical to others—patience will often collide with decisiveness for instance—and yet it is hard to think of any of my decisions in which they did not play a role.10. Tragedy1) Our tragedy today is a general and universal physical fearso long sustained by now that we can even bear it.2) There are no longer problems of the spirit.3) There is only the question:4) When will I be blown up? 5) Because of this the young man or woman writing today has forgotten the problems of the human heart in conflict with itself which alone can make good writing because only that is worth writing about worth the agony and the sweat.6) He must learn them again.7) He must teach himself that the basest of all things is to be afraid; and teaching himself that forget it forever leaving no room in his workshop for anything but the old verities and truths of the heart the universal truths lacking which any story is ephemeral and doomed—love and honor and pity and pride and compassion and sacrifice.8) Until he does so he labors under a curse.9) He writes not of love but of lust of defeats in which nobody loses anything of value of victories without hope and worst of all without pity or compassion.11. The Choice of Life1) The lives of most men are determined by their environment.2) They accept the circumstances amid which fate has thrown them not only with resignation but even with goodwill.3) They are like streetcars running contentedly on their rails and they despise the motorcycle that dashes in and out of the traffic and speeds so jauntily across the open country.4) I respect them; they are good citizens good husbands and good fathers and of course somebody has to pay the taxes; but I don’t find them exciting.5) I am fascinated by the men few enough in all conscience who take life in their own hands and seem to mould it to their own liking.6) It may be that we have no such thing as free will but at all events we gave the illusion of it.7) At a cross-road it does seem to us that we might go either to the right or the left and the choice once made it is difficult to see that whole course of the world’s history obliged us to take the turning we did.12. Science Fiction1) Moreover if SF is the laboratory of the imagination its experiments are often of the kind that may significantly alter the subject matter even as they are being carried out.2) That is SF has always had a certain feedback effect on society as its visions emotionally engage the future consciousness of the mass public regarding especially desirable and undesirable possibilities.3) The shape a society takes in the present is in part influenced byits image of the future.4) For that matter some individuals in recent years have even shaped their own life-style after appealing models provided by SF stories.5) The diffusion of SF futuristic images of alternative societies through the media of movies and television may have speeded up and augmented SF’s social feed back effects.6) Thus SF is not only change speculator but change agent sending an echo from the future that is becoming into the present that is sculpting it.7) This fact alone makes imperative in any education system the study of the kinds of works discussed here.13. 1) Since the 1970s the Chinese community in the USA has undergone tremendous changes among which is its rapid increase in population as many Chinese have kept flooding into America’s shore.3) As the population of the American citize ns of Chinese descent has increased and their qualities have evidently improved so their economic conditions have prospered.4) It is said that since 1986 the US citizens of Chinese descent have leapt to a good lead over other racial minorities Japanese and Koreans for instance.5) The average Chinese family’s yearly income has now come to exceed that of the average American family.6) At present there is a number ofenterprisers of Chinese descent in the economic circles in the US who enjoy considerable fame.7) An even more cheerful phenomenon is that in recent years there have sprung up in the US prominent scientific and technical talents of Chinese descent.8) Their achievements have come to command the notice and admiration of scientists and technical experts in the world.9) Meanwhile Chinese-descent citizens have roles to play in American political circles as they have risen evidently in political status.14. Attitudes towards retirement vary from person to person.2) Some people think that they will enjoy their time in retirement, 3) but when it comes they may feel a little disappointed.4) Unwilling to resign themselves to the prospect of being put on the scrap heap they try to seek alternative outlets for their energies and alternative sources of income that employment can provede.5) Others have already prepared themselves for the significant change in their lives.6) Tired out after all exhausting life revolving around work they are anxious to relax in retirement with all the strains relieved.7) As there is no more need to rush to catch a morning bus and no more anxiety about promotion they now have enough time to fulfill an old dreamsuch as writing painting growing flowers and traveling around.8) On the whole female workers tend to have a more favorable attitude towards retirement than male workers.9) Withdrawal from employment to complete domesticity is a far less threatening experience for a woman than for a man.15. Mr. Zhang a retired miner bought four chicks early this yeae.2) One day he found one of them missing.2) He got so angry that he kept blaming his wife for it all the time.3) Towards evening into his yard came a chick followed by his neighbor Wang who ran to catch the chick.4) Naturally Zhang’s wife wouldn’t let him go with the chick.5) and so a quarrel ensued.6) It turned out that Wang had also lost one of his two chicks recently which he bought nearly the same time as Mr Zhang did.7) Their quarrel drew another neighbor Lee to the yard to see what was happening.8) Having heard the story he put the chick somewhere between their homes and let it off.9) The chick went straight to join Zhang’s flock and kept returning whenever it was driven to Wang’s home.10) And at Zhang’s call “Chick chick” all the chicks including the one in question recede in response to him.11) Wang had no more to say but made an immediate apologize. Thus ended the quarrel over a chick.。
英汉互译理论与实务课件及其参考答案 第一章第三节翻译的标准和译者的素养
❖ 例如：“……妈妈水氏已故, 别无儿女。” (冯梦龙, 2008: 74))
❖ 译文1： His mother, nee Shui, had died and she had no other children except Qiu Xian.
❖ 译文2：His wife, nee Shui, had died and left him no children.
❖ （3） 具备一定的专门知识和杂学知识 ❖ 傅雷曾说:“.…译事虽近舌人，要以艺术修养为根本；无敏
感之心灵，无热烈之同情，无适当之鉴赏能力，无相当之社 会经验，无充分之常识，势难彻底理解原作，即或理解，亦 未必能深切领悟。”(转引自罗新璋, 1984) ❖ 著名学者吕叔湘1984年在“翻译工作与 ‘杂学’一文中”指出： “上自天文，下自地理，人情风俗，俚语方言，历史上的事 件，小说里的人物，五花八门，无以名之，名之曰 ‘杂学’。” （转引自姜倩等, 2008: 55）
❖ 译文1的译者显然对古汉语知识掌握不够，不懂古汉语的 “妈妈”并不等同于现代汉语的“妈妈”， 而是“妻子”的 意思。理解错了“妈妈”必然会导致“别无儿女”的张冠李 戴。
❖ （2） 一定的文化素养 ❖ “ 对于真正成功的翻译而言，熟悉两种文化甚至比掌握两种
语言更重要，因为词语只是在其作用的文化背景中才有意 义……实际上，文化之间的差异比语言结构上的差异给读者 带来的复杂性更多。” (Nida, 1993:110) ❖ 作为翻译不仅要熟悉两种语言，还要熟悉这两种语言背后的 文化，具有相当的文化素养，从而能体会到中西文化的差异， 才能在译语中得以充分传达，为译语读者所接受。
❖ （4） 高效的学习能力 ❖ 怎样去利用资源，尤其是有效地利用现代技术获取
超实用英汉翻译技巧汇总经典收藏版推荐文档
第一节省略法所谓省略”并不是把原文的意义删去，而是省略一些可有可无的，或者有了反而显得累赘甚至违背译文语言习惯的词。
一、结构考虑的省略1代词的省略A •省略作主语的代词在英文句子中，作主语的代词较多。
为了使译文前后句子的意思紧凑，避免重复用词，或者为了使译文前后句子的主语能清楚地表示出来，有时可以将作主语的代词省去。
但省去的人称代词在意思上仍明显地包含在译文里。
例如：1) . That is the way I am, and try as I_ might,丄haven ' t been able to change it.但我就是这个脾气，虽然几经努力，却未能改变过来。
Like his friends he had many wonderful ideas, but _he only put a few into practice.2)像他的朋友一样，他头脑里虽然有许多美妙的想法，却只有少数付诸实施。
B. 在英语句子中，泛指的人称代词常常不译出来。
例如：1) One is never too old to learn. 活到老，学到老。
2) They say it ' s so.据说是这样。
C. 作宾语的代词往往也可省略。
在英语句子中，有时作宾语的代词，无论在前面是否提到过，翻译成汉语的时候往往可以不译出来。
例如：1) The following letter will explain itself and needs no apology.下面的话一看就明白，用不着道歉。
2) If you have read these stories, tell them in your own words.如果你读过这些故事，就用自己的话讲出来。
3) The more he tried to hide his warts, the more he revealed them.他越是要掩盖他的烂疮疤，就越是会暴露。
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An Applied Course in English-Chinese Translation Skills and Practice实用英汉翻译技巧与实践(Definition of Translation)1.2 翻译的原则(Principles of Translation)忠实(Faithfulness)通顺(Smoothness)1.3 翻译的基本步骤(Basic Steps in Translation)a. 原文理解（Comprehension of Source Texts)•词义确定（Determination of Word Meaning)It is quite another story now.The officials concerned refused to confirm the story in the Post.The white-haired girl's story is one of the saddest.A young man came to police station with a story.•语法分析（Grammatical Analysis)W hile I was waiting to enter university, I saw advertised in a local newspaper a teaching post at a school in a suburb of London about ten miles from where I lived.•逻辑判断（Logical Judgement)H e bought a picture of the house which many people thought to be replica.•文体把握（Understanding of Style)旅游景点警示语：路滑, 小心跌倒！译1：The road is slippery, fall down carefully！译2：The path is so slippery that you should be careful not to fall down.译3：Slippery // Wet path！b.译文表达（Expression of Target Texts)c. 译文校核(Proofreading of Target Texts)1.4 翻译的主要方法（Major Translation Approaches)a. 直译法（Literal Translation）p aper tigerl ose facer unning dogG ood to begin well, better to end well.b. 意译法（Free Translation）Q ueen’s Englishs mall talkr eceive glove moneyE very life has its roses and thorns．c. 归化法（Domestication）b lack sheepa s timid as a hared.异化法（Foreignization）1.5 翻译的常用技巧（Practical Translation Skills)异&选择（Choice of Word Meaning)一词多义（Polysemous Words）•New homes are for sale.•I’ll see her home tonight.•He’s at home with classics.•Maternity home costs in America have gone up sharply.a. 语境与词义（Context and Word Meaning）A caller to the broadcasting station claimed responsibility for the bombing.T hroughout centuries London has claimed to be the foremost city of the world.b.词性与词义（Word Class and Word Meaning）M y room was big, light and looked out on the East lake.H e lighted his cigarette, said good night, and went on.c.文体与词义（Style and Word Meaning）•United States Declaration of Independence：He has affected to render the military independent of and superior to the civil power.•The third power of 2 is 8.2.2 引申翻译a. 具体化引申翻译（Extension from the Abstract or General Words to the Concrete Words)•抽象名词的具体化（Concreteness fromAbstract Nouns)T he car in front of me stalled and I missed the green.T he administration was free from corruption.•概括词语的具体化（Concreteness from General Words）A nimal waste is the best food for the soil.T he weather has a great effect on the farmer¡¯s work and the products of his work.b. 概括化引申翻译（Extension from the Concrete or Special Words to the General Words)H e was born with a silver spoon in his mouth.M y father is the bread earner.2.3 增补翻译(Addition)a. 语法增补（Grammatical Addition)•动词的增补（Addition of Verbs)I fell madly in love with her, and she with me.A fter the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis exhibition, he went home tiredly.•量词的增补（Addition of Measure Words)A red sun rose slowly from the calm sea.T he carefully planned party turned out to be a bad dream.•时态词的增补（Addition of Words Denoting Tenses)T he tutor had taught the girl to play the piano.T he old man said, “They say his father was ¡°a fisherman. Maybe he was as poor as we are.”译文：老头儿说: “听人说，从前他爸爸是个打鱼的。
他过去也许跟我们现在一样穷。
”•名词的增补（Addition of Nouns）T o wash before meal.T hese X-pictures are useful in diagnosing, or finding the causes of, many illnesses.b. 修辞增补（Rhetorical Addition)•名词复数的增补（Addition of Plural Form of Nouns)F lowers bloom all over the yard.T he lion is the king of animals.•语气助词的增补（Addition of Mood Auxiliary Words)D on’t take it seriously. It’s only a joke.A s for me ,I didn’t agree from the very beginning .•逻辑增补（Logical Addition）You and ILung cancer, diagnosed early, can be successfully treated by surgery.For mistakes had been made, bad ones.2.4 省略翻译(Omission)a. 冠词的省略（Omission of Articles)T he sky was blue and the sun was shining.A teacher should have patience in his work.b. 介词的省略（Omission of Prepositions)S moking is not allowed in the store-house.I t will be idle for them to pretend that they have never heard of me.c.连词的省略（Omission of Connectives)T he driver immediately pulled over to the side of the highway and radioed the police. T he boy ran so fast that I couldn't catch him.d. 代词的省略（Omission of Pronouns)I had many wonderful ideas, but I only put a few into practice.H e shrugged his shoulders, shook his head, cast up his eyes, but said nothing.e. it 的省略（Omission of it)O utside it was pitch dark and it was raining cats and dogs.I t is the people who are really powerful.I t took me a long time to reach the hospital.f. 动词的省略（Omission of Verbs)W hen the pressure gets low, the boiling-point becomes low.T his chapter provides a brief review of applicable theory for computer.g. 逻辑上的省略（Logical Omission)T his treatment did not produce any harmful side effect.N either party shall cancel the contract with-out sufficient cause or reason.。