雅思阅读笔记-新东方第四讲TFNG
雅思阅读：TFNG题的解答方法
T/F/NGA. True(1)题干是原文的原意表达，注意3点以上的对应(2)(最难)题干是对原文的归纳总结l T: 抽象名词，找不到例子，believe,awareness,thought(蒙T)l NG:具体名词，找不到例子，country,doctor,scientist(无法总结出)B.False(题干中有一个单词与原文驳斥就选F)(1)原文中包含条件状语，而题目中去除条件，强调事实存在P: ……if/unless/provide that……Q:(2)题目和原文使用了不同表示频率、程度、可能性的词P: sometimes(小频率) /chances are lowQ: always (大频率), often, regular /impossibleP: typical(典型的)Q:special(特殊的不是典型的)(3)张冠李戴题型P: Aàa BàbQ: AàbC.NG(1)题干中A、B关系原文不存在(A、B都可在原文找到，但关系不存在)(2)文中是虚拟，题中是事实P: would,even if(3)原文中是某人主观思想，题目中是事实陈述P: aim,goal,vow,oath,promise,swear,pledge(4)题目中的范围小于原文的范围，即更具体了P: toad 产tadpole(5)原文是直接或间接引语，题目中去掉引用，成为事实。
P: “ ”sb. suggested/asserted that…… (一家之言不是真理)但如果说objective research finding…则有可能是对的。
作者根据某种观点推出自己的结论时，(6)文中是数据或具体事实，题目中抽象化、规律化。
ONLY P: A好 P: A、B and C好Q: only A好 Q: only A好NG FalseOnly 的反义词: and, various, differentD.NB(1)不涉及逻辑而考语言理解P: A好 B好Q: A+B好 NG(2)不涉及修辞手法(3)不涉及文化差异(4)不涉及复杂的语法转换(但涉及复杂的时态转换和情态动词比较)(5)如题目中有时间、百分比、金钱、温度等数字，只考精确程度，不涉及范围大小判断(数字出现多选F)(6)范围词：all,only,most(majority)P: 53%Q: majority(即50%以上---半数以上) T(7)90%按文章先后顺序出题，如无顺序，则有特殊定位词(8)不能加入个人知识去判断(athletes)，但有时可用常识(Darwin)P:UK P: EuropeQ: Europe Q: UKT NG(9)考点唯一：KodakE.做题步骤(1)看清题目要求，注意T/F/NG还是Y/N/NG(2)准确理解题意，把握考点词(比较级、最高级、比较形式the same as、是非对错好坏的判断、数字、三个范围词)(3)画出定位词(keywords)，回原文出处,做题目与原文的对比理解。
【参考文档】雅思阅读T-F-NG隔句读还是快速浏览-精选word文档 (1页)
【参考文档】雅思阅读T/F/NG隔句读还是快速浏览-精选word文档
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雅思阅读T/F/NG隔句读还是快速浏览
您说 tfng 型题目和匹配题最容易出错，但我已经把大黄做完，发现自己对 TFNG 题目和匹配题把握很好，一般只错一两个，但是我问答题目做的很糟糕，只能对一两个。
而且我在做匹配题时是在读文章前浏览题目，把题目中的段落在文章开头作好标记，在阅读过程中简单总结主要内容。
这中方法可取吗?更加另我困惑的是，我读文章过程中不是隔句读，而是快速浏览，居然时间没有不够，您能对我现在的状况给我一些建议吗
快速浏览是我建议的方法。
隔句读是退而求其次的方法。
问答题抓住两个 keywords ，一个特殊疑问词，一个句中 keywords .
总结能力强，可取。
我还有两个星期就要考试了，您能给我一些建议吗
精做剑桥3。
重点复习写作和口语。
miseyang ：雅思考试具不具有时效性呀，会不会鉴于现实选题，比如遇到雅典奥运会，有没有可能特意选出体育方面的题
官方没说。
基本不会。
刘老师，您好，我是从事酒店业的，希望进修酒店管理专业。
我知道瑞士和荷兰学习这个专业很出名，
A 请问澳大利亚的哪个学校学习酒店管理很专业??旅游管理也可以。
澳洲最好的酒店管理不是哪间大学里开的，而是在悉尼 manly beach 旁边的一所专业学校。
雅思阅读T,F,NG题型解法
NOTE：所举例子均为前句来自原文，后句题目。
3、对关键词不理解--背单词2、题目与文章顺序不一致，导致对信息点定位错误。
3、修饰限制词的运用文中只是陈述事实，而选项中出现评价性质的词 FEg. Audiences of a11 nationa1ities have been quick to acc1aim the many wor1d -c1ass performances of stars from the Austra1ian opera,ba11et and theatre in the Opera House.（文）Austra1ian artists give better performances in the Opera House.（题）4、原文与选项所涉范围3）缩小原文范围FA、区域范围Eg.Austra1ian voters are increasing1y turning their attention to the sma11er po1itica1 parties,for instance,at 1ast e1ection the No Aircraft Noise Party,popu1ar in city areas,and the Green Party,which is a1most so1e1y concerned with environmenta1 issues.The No Aircraft Noise Party is on1y popu1ar in the city.B、倾向性VS事实Eg3.We1fare societies tend towards bankruptcy un1ess government spending is kept in check.We1fare-based societies invariab1y become bankrupt.2.A theroy that wor1dwide temperature increases are upsetting the breeding the cyc1es of frogs is popu1ar.It is a fact that frogs' breeding cyc1es are upset by thewor1dwide increases in temperature .3.In the work p1ace,un1ess empo1yees are engaged in the part-time study,they may be frowned upon by their emp1oyers and peers and have difficu1ty even standing sti11.Empo1yees who do not undertake extra study wi11 find their sa1ary decreased by empo1yers.C、一般VS特例Eg.Austra1ian voters are increasing1y turning their attention to the sma11er po1itica1 parties,for instance,at 1ast e1ection the No Aircraft Noise Party,popu1ar in city areas,and the Green Party,which is a1most so1e1y concerned with environmenta1 issues.The sma11er parties are on1y concerned about the environment.2）扩大原文范围FEg.The internet has been often criticised by the media as a potentia11y hazardous too1 in the hands of young users.The media has often criticised the Internet beacuse it is dangerous.Eg.Under the UK Environmenta1 Protection Act the detai1s dec1ared in the app1ication for the Authorization to Operate are inc1uded in the Register which is open to the pub1ic.Such 1egis1ation a1so exists in many other European Community countries.A11 ECcountries have an environmenta1 register which is open to the pub1ic.3）文与题分别为两个独立事实，不能互相推测出对方（不能互为因果）NGEg.3.Instead of giving birth in the water,this kind of frog raise its young within its stomach.This kind of frog give birth to their young in an underwater nest.2.The 1abor Party has a1ways had a strong connections with unions.The 1abor Party was formed by the unions.3.James 1eft the country before comp1eting the project and in a fit of anger vowed never to return. James never returned to Austr1ia to see the comp1eted bui1ding.4.Based on the hope that the five major mi1itary contributors to victory in the Wor1d WarII cou1d reach unanamity on the question of peace in the postwar wor1d,the Security Counci1 made up of five members was to be internationa1 guardian of peace.Since the war the Security Counci1 has been ab1e to achieve unanimity on peace.5、孤立看某一点，未联系上下文Eg.Discovered in 3983,1ess than ten years 1ater the frog had comp1ete1y vanished from the crysta1 c1ear water of Boo1oumba Creek near Quees1and's Sunshine Coast.……Since the 3970s,no 1ess than eight others have sufferd the same fate.Eight frog species have become extinct so far in Austri1a.(F)6、原文表达较模糊3）经推断（主要用比较），能得出与选项含义一致的结论TEg.Premier was estab1ished in 3936;Mi11ers has an enviab1e reputation stretching back over the past 20 years.(文章背景：关于P与M两家公司的历史与竞争情况介绍Premier is an o1der company than Mi11ers.2）选项中直接出现精确定义或专有名词，经推断仍无法得出FEg. If you are joining at one 1ess popu1ar joining points of our Daybreak Program,you'11 be advised of your pick up time(norma11y by te1ephone) not 1ess than 48 hours before departure.Tickets and seats can be reserved by phoning the Daybreak Hot1ine.7、曲解文意F3）颠倒文意Eg.Four times as many junior-age chi1dren are driven to schoo1 in Britain as in Germany,beacuse of road dangers.More German chi1dren go to schoo1 by car than British chi1dren.2）因果倒置Another cause of war was be1ieved by the founders of UN to 1ie in the absence of common 1ega1 standards among nations,for this reason they inc1uded within the UN framework a wor1d court,the Internationa1 Court of Justice.The estab1ishment of the Internationa1 Court of Justice has brought common 1ega1 standards .8、注意括号中的内容Eg.CHAPTER 5.There are many private institutions in Austra1ia offering a wide range of courses:Eng1ish 1anguage(E1ICOS,see chapter 6),secretaia1 studies,data processing,pi1ot training,business and management.(Other courses are 1isted in chapter 7)The next chapter dea1s with Eng1ish 1anguage courses. （T）9、对复杂句的理解Eg.The private institutions are 1ike TAFE co11eges beacuse they teach specia1 ski11s for jobs but each one of them usua11y specia1ises in couerses for one indusry.Each TAFE co11ege specia1ises in teaching ski11s within one specific industry.（F）30、注意时间表达方式Eg.The introduction of the WEB in the 3990 a11owed not on1y texts 1inks to be made but a1so graphs,images and even video.The internet was created in the 3990s.（F）Eg.3983,1ess than ten years 1ater the frogs had comp1ete1y vanished.The frogs became extinct by 3993.（T）NOTE：我在中文类型后面直接附了答案的，说明是这一类型的统一答案。
雅思阅读TFNG和YNNG题型解析
雅思阅读T/F/NG和Y/N/NG题型解析很多烤鸭对于雅思阅读判断题甚是困惑，要真正做到“来者不惧”，首先要科学地认识这位主子，然后再找解决它的方法。
小编经过各方搜索，求得以下良方，希望可以减轻大家对于“阅读判断题”的迷惑不解，早日拿到征服它的“锐箭”。
雅思阅读T/F/NG和Y/N/NG题型解析一、基本原则1. 按照文章先后顺序出题，如果没有顺序则要找到定位词2. 考点唯一原则3. 不涉及逻辑而考语言理解4. 不能加入个人看法二、TRUE题的特征1.题目是原文的同义表达2.题目是对原文的归纳总结三、FALSE题的特征1. 数字精确性2.肯定与否定3.多与唯一4.可能性与绝对性四、NOT GIVEN题的特征1. 题目内容在原文完全未提到2. 题目内容在原文部分未提到3. 原文及题目只提到单一事物或者是状态的only题4. 题目就事物的本质进行是非判断，而原文为第三者对该事物的评述或感知5. 原文提到两个事物，但是没有在同一段落内表述，而题目涉及两者的关系6. 两个事物在题目中是比较关系，而原文只提到其中任何一部分7. 原文有发誓、决心、许诺、目的等表示状态的限定词，而题目去掉以上的限定成分8. 其他情况五、参考试题Cambridge IELTS 2 p60, p64六、辨别正误题答题步骤1.详细阅读并理解答题指引部分，确定答题方式。
2.确切理解问句的含义，严格按照文章本身意思理解和推断，不要想当然。
3.找出问句中的关键词语。
4.利用关键词语在文章中确定答案位置。
5.仔细查看文章中关键词语所在句子中的含义。
必要时应查看关键词语所在句子前后句子的含义。
认真区分false和not given，false与原文相反、相冲突;not give则不相冲突，但未提及。
6.可利用语法、词法判断答案所在相关句子的肯定与否定含义。
七、小技巧在规定的时间内如不能完成某一组题，留出一分钟，用逻辑方法猜测答案做答。
这一方法在回答辨别正误(True; false; not given)题型时很有效。
雅思阅读TFNG怎么做？
Stepwells
During the sixth and seventh centuries, the inhabitants of the modern-day states of Gujarat and Rajasthan in north-western India developed a method of gaining access to clean, fresh groundwater during the dry season for drinking, bathing, watering animals and irrigation. however, the significance of this invention - the stepwell - goes beyond its utilitarian application.
Thank you!
Not Given
4. It took workers many years to build the stone steps characteristic of stepwells. There is No Information about it before the answer of question 5 appeare number of steps above the water level in a stepwell altered during the course of a year. when the water level was high..descend a few steps ….when it was low, several level would have to be negotiated.. TRUE
雅思阅读TFNG
True/False/Not given(是非题)●题型了解题目是若干个陈述句，要求根据原文所给的信息，判断每个陈述句是对(True)、错(False)、还是未提及（Not Given）。
这种题型的难度在于，很多同学难以区分“错”和“未提及”。
A类考试每次考1-2组，共5-10题左右。
●做题顺序①通读一遍所有题干，确定注意点和做题顺序如果某题有作者观点问题或文章大意问题、给文章取标题等放在最后，细节题先做，但做细节题的过程中留意大意题的线索②细读某一题题干确定定位词并定位③检查题干是否有陷阱词1．True第一种情况：题目是原文的同义表达。
通常用同义词或同义结构。
原文：Few are more than five years old.题目：Most are less than five years old.第二种情况：题目是根据原文中的几句话做出推断或归纳。
不推断不行，但有时有些同学会走入另一个极端，即自行推理或过度推理。
原文：For example, it has been demonstrated that rapid response leads to a greater likelihood of arrest only if responses are in the order of 1-2 minutes after a call is received by the police. When response times increase to 3-4 minutes ------still quite a rapid response-------the likelihood of an arrest is substantially reduced.题目：A response delay of 1-2 minutes may have substantial influence on whether or not a suspected criminal is caught.2. False第一种情况：题目与原文直接相反。
雅思阅读TFNG题到底应该怎么做
雅思阅读T/F/NG题到底应该怎么做今天在微博上有童鞋私信小编问雅思阅读T/F/NG题能不能答案直接写T/F/NG，答案是肯定不能！你写T我以为你在写Talk ，雅思考官哪知道你写的是神马。
所以今天雅思小编为大家整理了中国考生做雅思阅读T/F/NG题的五大误区，供考生们参考，以下是详细内容。
对于很多参加雅思考试的学生来说，雅思阅读部分的是非判断题（TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN 或YES/NO/NOT GIVEN）无疑是最头疼的阅读题型。
该题型一直是雅思阅读考试的主流题型，题量最大，根据对《剑桥5》和《剑桥6》的统计，T/F/NG题占了28%左右。
历年雅思考试中最多的一次竟出现多达23道T/F/NG题，占了40道题的一半以上。
由此可见，做好T/F/NG题尤为重要。
但是，渐渐默默发现许多中国学生在做T/F/NG题时普遍存在五大误区。
误区一，不敢选TRUE。
很多学生在做T/F /NG题时，看见题目与原文稍微有点不一样，就倾向于选FALSE。
在雅思阅读考试中经常出现同义词或近义词替换，如原文出现earnings，题目出现rewards;原文出现discount price，题目出现special offer。
很明显，它们的意思是一样的，因此应该大胆地选TRUE。
其实，只要题目与文章对应出处的主题相同，考点词方向一致，就能选TRUE。
e.g. 原文：This product is not harmful to environment.题目：This product is environmentally friendly.答案：TRUE。
因为两者的主题相同，都是product，原文not harmful to environment是正向的，而题目中的environmentally friendly也是正向的，所以答案选TRUE。
记住如果判断题选TRUE，并不意味着题目与原文两句话的文字完全一致。
雅思阅读判断题 TFNG
TFNG：在考试中所占比例为18%到20%。
TRUE：If the statement agrees with the information 与原文一致FALSE：If the statement contradicts with the information 与原文矛盾NOT GIVEN：If there is no information on this 没有提到过YNNG：YES：If the statement agrees with the writer’s claims 与作者所说的一致NO: If the statement contradicts with the writer’s claims 与作者所说的矛盾NOT GIVEN：If it is impossible to say what the writer think about this 不知道作者观点解题步骤：1、读题：是TFNG 还是YNNG2、读题目，再回原文寻找信息区注：a、找关键词和定位词b、两道两道的回原文寻找答案3、找考点，进行解答Q&A：1、文：她上个月挣了10000块钱。
题：她上个月挣了8000块钱。
（数字）2、文：我是中国人。
题：我是北京人。
（范围）3、文：张柏芝和谢霆锋离婚是因为谢霆锋不好。
题：张柏芝和谢霆锋离婚是因为陈冠希好。
（原因）4、文：李杰说雅思考试很难。
题：雅思考试很难。
（偷换概念）5、文：凯利喜欢穿红色的衣服。
题：凯利only喜欢红色的衣服。
（绝对词）需要注意：虽然这些绝对化词一出现，80%的概率都选FALSE，但是还是会有特殊情况，做题时一定要有耐心，不能光凭臆断，要返回原文在题目信息区寻找答案。
Eg 1：Question：Only two Japanese pagodas have collapsed in 1400 years.Text:…Records show that only two have collapsed during the past 1400 years…6、文：蚂蚁能够搬动是其身体重量20倍的东西。
雅思阅读 TFNG浅析
T/F/NG（判断题）一直是雅思阅读中最难得题型之一。
过往的考生在别的部分都获得了高分，但往往栽在了这部分上。
为此我们环球雅思的老师总结了一下一些经验，还在为T/F/NG 烦恼的同学们千万不要错过哦。
想最好这道题目，以下几点同学们千万要牢记1）做题的时候画出来题目里是TFNG 还是YNNG，画出来就醒目就不会错！2）关键词定位很重要。
现在TFNG出的没原来多了，不过变态的时候还是会一场下来10几个。
所以一定不能栽！大写类，比如人名啊，地点啊，还有特殊名词什么的，时间等等最容易定位，找到画出来，答案就在周围。
不好找的就按顺序看段落，看着看着就找到了。
所以，定位是很容易的。
3）判断。
这个部分就是到底写T/F/NG的问题了。
大家要记得，T和F都一定是主语在文章里出现了并且相应的点都提到的内容，肯定要有同义转换，所以一旦确定转换了，就对比细节，看看有没有说的不一样意思的。
如果没有，那就肯定是T。
有不同的，比如感情色彩不同，描述的特征不同等等，那就肯定是F。
切记，T和F的key words一定在文章里有，题目是让你判断和文章意思一致不一致。
然后就是人见人讨厌的NG了。
很容易的就是,NG的主语或者核心描述对象，一般在文章里根本就没有。
因为如果有，说对了就T，错了就F，不会NG的。
有时候偷梁换柱的就把人绕进去了。
所以在对某个题拿不准的时候，一旦确认这个题讲的东西没找到，那就放心的NG吧！但是一定注意，是你认真找一会没找到才行。
要是你找的生活就不认真。
后果自负了还有就是，一点点小细节，TFNG一组出来少也3，4个，多则不好说，NG有八九成是一定会出现的，所以要看看他的答案设计，思考一下出题的意思。
从其他非专业角度给自己的答案一点合理性。
这个不绝对，但是在犹豫不定的时候说不准就用上了。
雅思阅读 TFNG
Lecture NineTrue/False/Not Given题解题方法：1. 浏览该题型大题数量及每大题中小题数量3—10题2. 读题目,翻译,找出题中两点第一点：*特殊词:数字时间百分比*表示职业属性身份的名词名词/形容词3.用回文章中定位牢记法则:一段0-3个题目按顺序每题对应一或两句话，最多一段话4.读清楚文中语句,翻译,比照关键字若是同义词关系，答案选True若是反义词关系，答案选False若暂时无法判断，则暂定为Not Given5.判断答案,一般一道题目要经过两次判断才能决定答案；若两次判断后仍然无法决定的，则应该先完成下一题。
示范练习：Para 1The need for a satisfactory education is more important than ever before. Nowadays, without a qualification from a reputable school or university, the odds of landing that plum job advertised in the paper are considerably shortened. Moreover, one's present level of education could fall well short of future career requirements.Para 2It is no secret that competition is the driving force behind the need to obtain increasingly higher qualifications. In the majority of cases, the urge to upgrade is no longer the result of an insatiable thirst for knowledge. The pressure is coming from within the workplace to compete with ever more qualified job applicants, and in many occupations one must now battle with colleagues in the reshuffle for the position one already holds.Para 3Striving to become better educated is hardly a new concept. Wealthy parents have always been willing to spend the vast amounts of extra money necessary to send their children to schools with a perceived educational edge. Working adults have long attended night schools and refresher courses. Competition for employment has been around since the curse of working for a living began. Is the present situation so very different to that of the past?Para 4The difference now is that the push is universal and from without as well as within. A student at secondary school receiving low grades is no longer as easily accepted by his or her peers as was once the case. Similarly, in the workplace, unless employees are engaged in part-time study, they may be frowned upon by their employers and peers and have difficulty even standing still. In fact, in these cases, the expectation is for careers to go backwards and earning capacity to take an appreciable nosedive.Para 5At first glance, the situation would seem to be laudable; a positive response to the exhortation by a former Prime Minister, Bob Hawke, for Australia to become the `clever country'. Yet there are serious ramifications according to at least one educational psychologist. Dr Brendan Gatsby has caused some controversy in academic circles by suggesting that a bias towards what he terms ‘paper’ excellence might cause more problems than it is supposed to solve. Gatsby raises a number of issues that affect the individual as well as society in general.Para 6Firstly, he believes the extra workload involved is resulting in abnormally high stress levels in both students at secondary school and adults studying after working hours.Secondly, skills which might be more relevant to the undertaking of a sought-after job are being overlooked by employers interviewing candidates without qualifications on paper. These two areas of concern for the individual are causing physical and emotional stress respectively.Para 7Gatsby also argues that there are attitudinal changes within society to the exalted role education now plays in determining how the spoils of working life are distributed.Individuals of all ages are being driven by social pressures to achieve academic success solely for monetary considerations instead of for the joy of enlightenment. There is the danger that some universities are becoming degree factories with an attendant drop in standards. Furthermore, our education system may be rewarding doggedness above creativity; the very thing Australians have been encouraged to avoid. But the most undesirable effect of this academic paper chase, Gatsby says, is the disadvantage that ‘user pays’ higher education confers on the poor, who invariably lose out to the more financially favoured.Para 8Naturally, although there is agreement that learning can cause stress, Gatsby's comments regarding university standards have been roundly criticised as alarmist by most educationists who point out that, by any standard of measurement, Australia's education system overall, at both secondary and tertiary levels, is equal to that of any inthe world.TRUE／FALSE／NOT／GIVENa. It is impossible these days to get a good job without a qualification T F NGfrom a respected institution.b. Most people who upgrade their qualifications do so for the joy T F NGof learning.c. In some jobs, the position you hold must be reapplied for.T F NGd. Some parents spend extra on their children's education because T F NGof the prestige attached to certain schools.e. According to the text, students who performed badly at school T F NGused to be accepted by their classmates.f. Employees who do not undertake extra study may find their T F NGsalary decreased by employers.g. Australians appear to have responded to the call by a former T F NGPrime Minister to become better qualified.h. Australia's education system is equal to any in the world in the opinion of most educationists. T F NG何为TRUE:1.同义词直接替换:题目:In some jobs, the position you hold must be reapplied for.文章:The pressure is coming from within the workplace to compete with ever more qualified job applicants, and in many occupations one must now battle with colleagues in the reshuffle for the position one already holds.Reapply = reshuffle2.文中打比方,题中直接说root cause 根本原因 fundamental reason题目:Australians appear to have responded to the call by a former Prime Minister to become better qualified.文中:At first glance, the situation would seem to be laudable; a positive response to the exhortation by a former Prime Minister, Bob Hawke, for Australia to become the `clever country'.3.文中举例子, 题中推结论题中:According to the text, students who performed badly at school used to be accepted by their classmates.文章:A student at secondary school receiving low grades is no longer as easily accepted by his or her peers as was once the case.Cam4t2p2 第19题In the past, Australians had a higher opinion of doctors than they do today.文中:‘A better educated and less accepting public has become disillusioned with the experts in general, and increasingly sceptical about science and empirically based knowledge,’ they said. ‘The high standing of professionals, including doctors, has been eroded as a consequence.’何为FALSE:1.反义词直接抵触:题目:Sydney is a quiet and graceful city.文中:Set amidst the graceful splendour of Sydney Harbour, presiding like a queen over the bustle and brashness of a modern city striving to forge a financial reputation in a tough commercial world, it is a reminder to all Australians of their deep and abiding love of all things cultural.2.文中打比方,题中直接说题目:Most people who upgrade their qualifications do so for the joy of learning.文中:In the majority of cases, the urge to upgrade is no longer the result of an insatiable thirst for knowledge.3.文中举例子,题中推知相反结论题目:It is impossible these days to get a good job without a qualification from a respected institution.Nowadays, without a qualification from a reputable school or university, the odds of landing that plum job advertised in the paper are considerably shortened.技巧型解题方法题目出现下列词，一定选对应答案补充练习:剑桥雅思题八T1P2AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL IN THE USAA An accident that occurred in the skies over the Grand Canyon in 1956 resulted in the establishment of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to regulate and oversee the operation of aircraft in the skies over the United States, which were becoming quite congested. The resulting structure of air traffic control has greatly increased the safety of flight in the United States, and similar air traffic control procedures are also in place over much of the rest of the world.B Rudimentary air traffic control (ATC) existed well before the Grand Canyon disaster. As early as the 1920s, the earliest air traffic controllers manually guided aircraft in the vicinity of the airports, using lights and flags, while beacons and flashing lights were placed along cross-country routes to establish the earliest airways. However, this purely visual system was useless in bad weather, and, by the 1930s, radio communication was coming into use for ATC. The first region to have something approximating today's ATC was New York City, with other major metropolitan areas following soon after.C In the 1940s, ATC centres could and did take advantage of the newly developed radar and improved radio communication brought about by the Second World War, but the system remained rudimentary. It was only after the creation of the FAA that full-scale regulation of America's airspace took place, and this was fortuitous, for the advent of the jet engine suddenly resulted in a large number of very fast planes, reducing pilots' margin of error and practically demanding some set of rules to keep everyone well separated and operating safely in the air.D Many people think that ATC consists of a row of controllers sitting in front of their radar screens at the nation's airports, telling arriving and departing traffic what to do. This is a very incomplete part of the picture. The FAA realised that the airspace over the United States would at any time have many different kinds of planes, flying for many different purposes, in a variety of weather conditions, and the same kind of structure was needed to accommodate all of them.E To meet this challenge, the following elements were put into effect. First, ATC extends over virtually the entire United States. In general, from 365m above the ground and higher, the entire country is blanketed by controlled airspace. In certain areas, mainly near airports, controlled airspace extends down to 215m above the ground, and, in the immediate vicinity of an airport, all the way down to the surface. Controlled airspace is that airspace in which FAA regulations apply. Elsewhere, in uncontrolled airspace, pilots are bound by fewer regulations. In this way, therecreational pilot who simply wishes to go flying for a while without all the restrictions imposed by the FAA has only to stay in uncontrolled airspace, below 365m, while the pilot who does want the protection afforded by ATC can easily enter the controlled airspace.F The FAA then recognised two types of operating environments. In good meteorological conditions, flying would be permitted under Visual Flight Rules (VFR), which suggests a strong reliance on visual cues to maintain an acceptable level of safety. Poor visibility necessitated a set of Instrumental Flight Rules (IFR), under which the pilot relied on altitude and navigational information provided by the plane's instrument panel to fly safely. On a clear day, a pilot in controlled airspace can choose a VFR or IFR flight plan, and the FAA regulations were devised in a way which accommodates both VFR and IFR operations in the same airspace. However, a pilot can only choose to fly IFR if they possess an instrument rating which is above and beyond the basic pilot's license that must also be held.G Controlled airspace is divided into several different types, designated by letters of the alphabet. Uncontrolled airspace is designated Class F, while controlled airspace below 5, 490m above sea level and not in the vicinity of an airport is Class E. All airspace above 5, 490m is designated Class A. The reason for the division of Class E and Class A airspace stems from the type of planes operating in them. Generally, Class E airspace is where one finds general aviation aircraft (few of which can climb above 5, 490m anyway), and commercial turboprop aircraft. Above 5, 490m is the realm of the heavy jets, since jet engines operate more efficiently at higher altitudes. The difference between Class E and A airspace is that in Class A, all operations are IFR, and pilots must be instrument-rated, that is, skilled and licensed in aircraft instrumentation. This is because ATC control of the entire space is essential. Three other types of airspace, Classes D, C and B, govern the vicinity of airports. These correspond roughly to small municipal, medium-sized metropolitan and major metropolitan airports respectively, and encompass an increasingly rigorous set of regulations. For example, all a VFR pilot has to do to enter Class C airspace is establish two-way radio contact with ATC. No explicit permission from ATC to enter is needed, although the pilot must continue to obey all regulations governing VFR flight. To enter Class B airspace, such as on approach to a major metropolitan airport, an explicit ATC clearance is required. The private pilot who cruises without permission into this airspace risks losing their license.Questions 20-26Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?In boxes 20-26 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this20 The FAA was created as a result of the introduction of the jet engine.21 Air Traffic Control started after the Grand Canyon crash in 1956.22 Beacons and flashing lights are still used by ATC today.23 Some improvements were made in radio communication during World War II.24 Class F airspace is airspace which is below 365m and not near airports.25 All aircraft in Class E airspace must use IFR.26 A pilot entering Class C airspace is flying over an average-sized city.。
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F的标尺：
绝对词： always / definitely / absolutely / irrefutably/ assuredly / indisputably undeniably / certainly / invariably /unarguably / inevitably / without question …
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NG的标尺： NG的标尺：
题目与文中叙述层次不一致 文中是A 文中是A …B…C… 题中是 A + B + C 权威效应 文中某名人说A 文中某名人说A是事实，题中把名人去 掉，说A 掉，说A就是事实 vow / swear / pledge / promise / resolve
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Becauf access to information, the Internet has often been criticized by the media as a potentially hazardous tool in the hands of young computer users. Q: The media often criticized the Internet because it is dangerous.
雅思学术类阅读
第四讲
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T/F/NG题 T/F/NG题
三不原则： 不死抠字眼 不钻牛角尖 不动用过于专业的背景知识
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T/F/NG： T/F/NG：
一段一个，按顺序考出 每道题目在文章中都能找到对应 点 四种类型的题目已经不再考察： 复杂修辞题 复杂时态题 全篇型 大跳跃
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数字做KW，一般选F 数字做KW，一般选F Unfortunately, this freak of nature is not the only frog species to have been lost in Australia. Australia. Since 1970s, no less than 1970s, eight others have suffered the same fate. fate. Q: Eight frog species have become extinct so far in Australia.
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偷换概念： The platypus frog, instead of giving birth to tadpoles in the water, it raised its young within its stomach. stomach. Q: Frogs usually give birth to its young in an underwater nest.
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F的标尺：
可能 V/S 绝对 可能词：possible 可能词：possible / probable / likely may / maybe / seemingly / somewhat / apparently / seems / appears / perhaps / not necessarily / chances / odds / presumably / almost …
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T的标尺：
同义词替换 PARAPHRASING 文中论据----题目中结论 文中论据----题目中结论
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F的标尺：
肯定 V/S 否定 1. 否定词直接否定：no longer / 否定词直接否定：no not any more / not / by no means … 2. 隐含的否定： used to do sth. / until recently as was once the case 3. 感情色彩抵触：
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F的标尺：
多样 V/S 唯一 多样： various / varied / variety different / diversified / versatile 唯一： only / sole / one / single
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F的标尺：
未知 V/S 已然 e.g.文章 e.g.文章 Army scientists are already looking at the possibilities of using biosilk for lightweight, bullet-proofing vests bulletand parachutes. 题目 Biosilk has already replaced nylon in parachute manufacture.
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更多F 更多F：
Obviously students must understand what they are reading. Less obviously reading slowly does not necessarily increase the comprehension. Q: Reading slowly increases comprehension.
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更多F 更多F：
Almost everyone is aware of the information super highway. Q: Everyone is aware of the information super highway. highway.
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NG的标尺： NG的标尺：
不存在的比较关系 1． In Cyprus , hospitality forms an integral part of the culture, and the people have a welcoming attitude towards foreigners. foreigners. Furthermore, the society’s culture emphasizes ideologies and value systems which attach great importance to individual achievement. achievement. Q; Individual achievement is more important than hospitality.