语言学教程复习题与答案

合集下载

语言学考试题库及答案

语言学考试题库及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言的最小意义单位是：A. 音素B. 词C. 语素D. 短语答案：C2. 语言学中，研究语言的结构和规律的学科是：A. 社会语言学B. 心理语言学C. 应用语言学D. 结构语言学答案：D3. 语言的语音系统包括：A. 音位和音节B. 音素和音节C. 音素和音位D. 音节和音位答案：C4. 下列哪个选项不是语言的交际功能？A. 表达情感B. 传递信息C. 娱乐消遣D. 记录历史答案：D5. 语言的词汇系统包括：A. 基本词汇和一般词汇B. 基本词汇和古语词汇C. 一般词汇和古语词汇D. 基本词汇和新词新义答案：D6. 语言的语法系统主要研究：A. 词的构成B. 句子的构成C. 词和句子的构成D. 词、短语和句子的构成答案：D7. 语言的语用功能主要研究：A. 语言的形式B. 语言的意义C. 语言的使用D. 语言的演变答案：C8. 语言的修辞功能主要涉及：A. 语言的准确性B. 语言的清晰性C. 语言的生动性D. 语言的逻辑性答案：C9. 语言的演变主要受到哪些因素的影响？A. 社会变迁B. 技术进步C. 人口迁移D. 所有以上因素答案：D10. 语言的标准化通常包括：A. 语音标准化B. 词汇标准化C. 语法标准化D. 所有以上因素答案：D二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言是一种__________的社会现象。

答案：符号系统2. 语言的语音单位包括音素、音节和__________。

答案：音位3. 语言的词汇系统由__________词汇和一般词汇构成。

答案：基本4. 语言的语法单位包括词、短语和__________。

答案：句子5. 语言的交际功能包括表达思想、传递信息、__________和娱乐消遣。

答案：表达情感6. 语言的语用功能主要研究语言的__________和语境的关系。

答案：使用7. 语言的修辞功能主要涉及语言的__________和表达效果。

语言学教程试题及答案

语言学教程试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学研究的中心是（）。

A. 语言B. 文字C. 语音D. 语法答案：A2. 以下哪个选项不属于语言学的分支学科？A. 语音学B. 词汇学C. 心理学D. 社会语言学答案：C3. 语言的最小意义单位是（）。

A. 音素B. 词C. 语素D. 句子答案：C4. 语言的交际功能不包括以下哪一项？A. 信息传递B. 情感表达C. 社会身份标识D. 艺术创作5. 以下哪个术语不是索绪尔语言学理论中的概念？A. 语言符号B. 语言系统C. 语言行为D. 语言结构答案：C6. 语言的演变过程不包括以下哪一项？A. 语音变化B. 词汇变化C. 语法变化D. 文化变化答案：D7. 以下哪个选项不是语言的交际方式？A. 口头交流B. 书面交流C. 非言语交流D. 内心独白答案：D8. 语言的规范性主要体现在（）。

A. 语法规则B. 词汇使用C. 语音系统D. 所有以上选项答案：D9. 以下哪个选项不是语言的变异现象？B. 社会方言C. 语言混合D. 语言的统一答案：D10. 语言的生成性是指（）。

A. 语言的创造性B. 语言的稳定性C. 语言的规范性D. 语言的交际功能答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学是一门研究人类语言的科学，其研究对象包括语言的结构、功能、起源和发展等。

2. 语言的音位学研究的是语言的_________系统。

答案：语音3. 语言的词汇学研究的是语言的_________单位。

答案：词4. 语言的句法学研究的是语言的_________结构。

答案：句子5. 语言的语用学研究的是语言在_________中的使用。

答案：交际6. 语言的语料库语言学研究的是语言的_________数据。

答案：实际7. 语言的语义学研究的是语言的_________关系。

答案：意义8. 语言的语篇分析研究的是语言的_________结构。

答案：连贯9. 语言的对比语言学研究的是不同语言之间的_________关系。

语言学教程试题及答案

语言学教程试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学是研究语言的科学，它包括以下哪些分支学科？A. 语音学B. 语法学C. 语义学D. 以上都是答案：D2. 下列哪一项不是语言的要素？A. 语音B. 语法C. 词汇D. 逻辑答案：D3. 以下哪个选项是语言的交际功能？A. 表达思想B. 传递信息C. 娱乐D. 以上都是答案：D4. 语言的变异性指的是什么？A. 语言随时间的变化B. 语言在不同地域的变化C. 语言在不同社会群体中的变化D. 以上都是答案：D5. 以下哪一项不是语言的属性？A. 任意性B. 创造性C. 规律性D. 可变性答案：D6. 语言学中“音位”指的是什么？A. 语言中最小的音义结合单位B. 语言中最小的意义单位C. 语言中最小的语音单位D. 语言中最小的语法单位答案：C7. 语言的“语法”指的是什么？A. 语言的发音规则B. 语言的词汇规则C. 语言的句法规则D. 语言的语义规则答案：C8. 以下哪一项是语言的语义学研究的内容？A. 音位的分类B. 词义的演变C. 句法结构的规则D. 语言的交际功能答案：B9. 语言的“方言”是指什么？A. 一种语言的不同变体B. 一种语言的书面形式C. 一种语言的口头形式D. 一种语言的文学形式答案：A10. 以下哪一项不是语言的语用学研究的内容？A. 语境对语言使用的影响B. 语言的交际功能C. 语言的词汇规则D. 语言的交际策略答案：C二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学的四大分支学科包括语音学、语法学、语义学和______。

答案：语用学2. 语言的任意性是指语言的______和意义之间没有必然的联系。

答案：形式3. 语言的创造性表现在人们可以创造新的______来表达新的概念。

答案：词汇4. 语言的规律性是指语言具有______的规则。

答案：系统性5. 语言的变异性包括语言随时间的______、地域的______以及社会群体的______。

语言学试题及答案

语言学试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言的最小意义单位是：A. 音素B. 词C. 语素D. 句子答案：C2. 以下哪个选项属于语言的词汇变化？A. 词义的扩展B. 词义的缩小C. 词义的转移D. 以上都是答案：D3. 语言学中，研究语言的生理基础的分支学科是：A. 语音学B. 社会语言学C. 神经语言学D. 心理语言学答案：C4. 语言的语法结构中，句子的基本单位是：A. 词B. 短语C. 从句D. 句子答案：A5. 以下哪个选项不属于语言的交际功能？A. 表达情感B. 传递信息C. 娱乐消遣D. 记录历史答案：D6. 语言学中，研究语言在社会中如何使用和变化的分支学科是：A. 社会语言学B. 历史语言学C. 心理语言学D. 神经语言学答案：A7. 语言的语用学研究的是：A. 语言的物理属性B. 语言的社会属性C. 语言的意义和使用D. 语言的历史发展答案：C8. 以下哪个选项是语言的语音变化？A. 音位的变化B. 音节的变化C. 音素的变化D. 以上都是答案：D9. 语言学中，研究语言与思维关系的分支学科是：A. 心理语言学B. 社会语言学C. 神经语言学D. 认知语言学答案：D10. 以下哪个选项是语言的词汇创新？A. 新词的产生B. 旧词的消失C. 词义的演变D. 以上都是答案：D二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言的音位变化通常包括音位的______、______和______。

答案：增加、减少、替换2. 语言的词汇变化可以通过______、______和______等方式实现。

答案：创造新词、借用外来词、词义演变3. 语言的语法结构中，______是构成句子的基本单位。

答案：词4. 语言的交际功能包括______、______和______等。

答案：表达思想、传递信息、表达情感5. 语言学中，______是研究语言的物理属性的分支学科。

答案：语音学6. 语言的语用学关注的是语言的______和______。

语言学教程测试题及答案

语言学教程测试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学研究的核心对象是什么？A. 语言B. 文学C. 历史D. 哲学答案：A2. 下列哪一项不是语言学的分支学科？A. 语音学B. 语法学C. 心理学D. 语义学答案：C3. 语言的最小意义单位是什么？A. 音素B. 词C. 句子D. 语篇答案：A4. 语言的三大功能不包括以下哪一项？A. 表达功能B. 交际功能C. 思考功能D. 娱乐功能答案：D5. 下列哪个术语用于描述一个语言项目在特定语境中的意义？A. 语义B. 句法C. 语音D. 语用答案：D6. 语言的系统性表现在哪些方面？A. 语言规则B. 语言结构C. 语言使用D. 所有选项答案：D7. 语言的变异性主要体现在哪些方面？A. 地域B. 社会C. 时间D. 所有选项答案：D8. 语言的任意性是指什么？A. 语言的规则性B. 语言的系统性C. 语言符号与其所指对象之间没有必然联系D. 语言的变异性答案：C9. 语言的双重性是指什么？A. 语言的规则性与变异性B. 语言的任意性与象似性C. 语言的表达性与交际性D. 语言的系统性与使用性答案：B10. 下列哪个术语描述了语言符号与其所指对象之间的关系？A. 语义关系B. 句法关系C. 语音关系D. 语用关系答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学的四大分支包括语音学、语法学、_______和语用学。

答案：语义学2. 语言的_______性是指语言符号与其所指对象之间没有必然联系。

答案：任意3. 语言的_______性是指语言符号与其所指对象之间存在某种程度的相似性。

答案：象似4. 语言的_______功能是指语言用于表达思想和情感。

答案：表达5. 语言的_______功能是指语言用于传递信息和交流思想。

答案：交际6. 语言的_______功能是指语言用于思考和认识世界。

答案：认知7. 语言的_______功能是指语言用于社会互动和建立社会关系。

大学语言教程考试题及答案

大学语言教程考试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 英语中“book”的中文意思是：A. 书B. 笔C. 纸D. 墨答案：A2. 下列哪个选项是正确的英语语法结构？A. She don’t like apples.B. She doesn’t like apples.C. She don’t likes apples.D. She doesn’t likes apples.答案：B3. 在英语中，表示“明天”的词是：A. yesterdayB. todayC. tomorrowD. tonight答案：C4. 以下哪个词组表示“在图书馆”？A. in the libraryB. on the libraryC. at the libraryD. to the library答案：A5. 英语中“Please”的意思是：A. 请B. 不C. 谢谢D. 对不起答案：A6. 英语中“goodbye”的中文意思是：A. 你好B. 再见C. 晚安D. 早安答案：B7. 下列哪个词是形容词？A. runB. fastC. catD. jump答案：B8. 英语中“Thank you”的中文意思是：A. 你好吗B. 谢谢C. 对不起D. 再见答案：B9. 英语中“library”的中文意思是：A. 图书馆B. 学校C. 医院D. 银行答案：A10. 以下哪个词组表示“在周末”？A. on the weekendB. in the weekendC. at the weekendD. to the weekend答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 英语中“happy”的反义词是______。

答案：sad2. 英语中“big”的反义词是______。

答案：small3. 英语中“many”的比较级形式是______。

答案：more4. 英语中“good”的最高级形式是______。

答案：best5. 英语中“run”的过去式是______。

语言学教程3试题及答案

语言学教程3试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学研究的核心对象是什么？A. 语言B. 文学C. 历史D. 哲学答案：A2. 下列哪一项不是语言学的分支学科？A. 语音学B. 句法学C. 心理学D. 语用学答案：C3. 索绪尔认为语言的两个基本要素是什么？A. 语音和语义B. 符号和意义C. 语法和词汇D. 语言和言语答案：D4. 语言的任意性原则是指什么？A. 语言的规则性B. 语言的系统性C. 语言符号与其所指对象之间没有必然联系D. 语言符号与其所指对象之间有必然联系答案：C5. 语言的层级结构理论是由哪位学者提出的？A. 索绪尔B. 乔姆斯基C. 布隆菲尔德D. 德里达答案：B6. 下列哪一项不是语言的交际功能？A. 信息传递B. 情感表达C. 命令与请求D. 艺术欣赏答案：D7. 语言的同义现象是指什么？A. 同音词B. 同义词C. 反义词D. 多义词答案：B8. 语言的演变过程是：A. 从简单到复杂B. 从复杂到简单C. 从单一到多样D. 从多样到单一答案：A9. 语言的交际功能包括哪些？A. 信息传递B. 情感表达C. 命令与请求D. 所有以上选项答案：D10. 语言的方言差异主要体现在哪些方面？A. 语音B. 词汇C. 语法D. 所有以上选项答案：D二、填空题（每空1分，共10分）1. 语言学是研究的科学。

答案：语言2. 语言的两个基本功能是和。

答案：表达思想、交流信息3. 语言的性是语言符号的一个显著特点。

答案：任意4. 语言的性决定了语言的多样性。

答案：社会5. 语言的性是语言能够传递信息的基础。

答案：结构6. 语言的性使得语言能够表达复杂的思想。

答案：创造性7. 语言的性使得语言能够适应不断变化的社会环境。

答案：动态8. 语言的性是语言学研究的重要内容。

答案：系统9. 语言的性是语言能够被学习和使用的基础。

答案：规则10. 语言的性是语言能够适应不同交际场合的关键。

语言学考试题库及答案

语言学考试题库及答案一、选择题1. 语言学研究的核心对象是什么？A. 语言的起源B. 语言的结构C. 语言的演变D. 语言的使用答案：B2. 下列哪一项不是语言的组成部分？A. 语音B. 语法C. 语义D. 逻辑答案：D3. 索绪尔将语言符号分为哪两个部分？A. 符号和意义B. 能指和所指C. 语音和语义D. 形式和内容答案：B二、填空题1. 语言是______的，它由______和______构成。

答案：符号系统；形式；内容2. 语言的______功能是指人们通过语言进行交流的能力。

答案：交流3. 语言的______功能是指语言能够表达思想和情感的能力。

答案：表达三、简答题1. 简述语言和言语的区别。

答案：语言是指一种抽象的符号系统，它包括语音、语法、语义等规则和结构；言语则是指个人使用语言进行交流的具体行为。

2. 描述索绪尔的“能指”和“所指”概念。

答案：索绪尔认为语言符号由“能指”和“所指”两部分组成。

“能指”指的是语言符号的声音形式，而“所指”指的是符号所代表的概念或意义。

四、论述题1. 论述语言的任意性原则及其对语言学习和教学的影响。

答案：语言的任意性原则指的是语言符号的声音形式和它所代表的概念之间没有必然的联系。

这一原则对语言学习和教学有着深远的影响，因为它意味着学习者需要记忆每个符号的声音和意义之间的联系，而不能依赖于逻辑或直观的关联。

这对语言教学提出了挑战，要求教师设计有效的教学方法来帮助学生记忆和理解这些任意的联系。

2. 分析语言的交际功能及其在现代社会中的重要性。

答案：语言的交际功能是指语言作为交流工具，使人们能够传递信息、表达情感和进行社会互动。

在现代社会，随着全球化和信息技术的发展，语言的交际功能变得尤为重要。

有效的沟通能够促进国际合作、文化交流和商业交易，同时也有助于解决社会冲突和增进理解。

因此，掌握一门或多门语言对于个人和社会的发展至关重要。

语言学教程复习题与答案胡壮麟版

语言学教程复习题与答案(胡壮麟版第一章)Chapter I IntroductionI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general.3. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks.4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on languagefacts and checked against the observed facts.5. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole.6. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other areas, studiesthe basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study. 7.7. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies thecombinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication.8. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaningfulsentences.9. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words iscalled morphology.10. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies themorphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences.11. The study of meaning in language is known as semantics.12. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings.13. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies meaning notin isolation, but in context.14. Social changes can often bring about language changes.15. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society.16. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive.17. Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar.18. A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point intime.19. Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the writtenlanguage.20. The distinction between competence and performance was proposed bySaussure.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:21. Chomsky defines “competence”as the ideal user’s k__________ of the rules of his language.refers to the a__________ linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules.is one of the design features of human language which refers to the pheno广告网址n that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units.24. Language is a system of a_________ vocal symbols used for human communication.25. The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into permissible sentences in languages is called s________.26. Human capacity for language has a g ____ basis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned.27. P ____ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.28. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems. The study of such applications is generally known as a________ linguistics.29. Language is p___________ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard before.30. Linguistics is generally defined as the s ____ study of language.III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.31. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be ______________.A. prescriptiveB. analyticC. descriptiveD. linguistic of the following is not a design feature of human language?A. ArbitrarinessB. DisplacementC. DualityD. Meaningfulness33. Modern linguistics regards the written language as ____________.A. primaryB. correctC. secondaryD. stable34. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, because ___________. A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writingB. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed.C. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongueD. All of the above35. A historical study of language is a ____ study of language.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. prescriptiveD. comparative took a (n)__________ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a ________ point of view.A. sociological…psychologicalB. psychological…sociologicalC. applied…pragmatic and linguistic37. According to F. de Saussure, ____ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.A. paroleB. performanceC. langueD. Language38. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between _________ and meanings.A. senseB. soundsC. objectsD. ideas39. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This feature is called_________,A. displacementB. dualityC. flexibilityD. cultural transmission40. The details of any language system is passed on from one generation to the next through ____ , rather than by instinct.A. learningB. teachingC. booksD. both A and BIV. Define the following terms:41. Linguistics 42. Phonology 43. Syntax 44. Pragmatics 45. Psycholinguistics 46. Language 47. Phonetics 48. Morphology 50. Sociolinguistics 51. Applied Linguistics 53 Productivity 54. Displacement 56. Design Features 57. Competence 58 Performance 59. Langue 60 ParoleV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:61. Language is generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Explain it in detail.62. What are the design features of human language? Illustrate them with examples.63. How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?64. How do you understand the distinction between a synchronic study and a diachronic study?65. Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of language as primary, not the written?66. What are the major distinctions between langue and parole?67. How do you understand competence and performance ?68. Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole seems similar to Chomsky’s distinction between competence and performance. What do you think are their major differences?69. Do you think human language is entirely arbitrary? Why?I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the le tter given: 21. knowledge 22. abstract 23. Duality 24. arbitrary 25. syntax 27. Parole 28. applied 29. productive 30. scientific (or systematic)III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.IV. Define the following terms: 41. Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 42. Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology. 43. Syntax: The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax. : The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics.45. Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to the workings of mind is called psycholinguistics. 46. Language: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 47. Phonetics: The study of sounds which are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics. 48. Morphology: The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology. 49. Semantics: The study of meaning in language is called semantics. 50. Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics. 51. Applied linguistics: In a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages. In a broad sense, it refers to the application of linguistic findings to the solution of practical problems such as the recovery of speech ability. 52. Arbitrariness: It is one of the design features of language. It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds 53. Productivity: Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the con-struction and interpretation of new signals by its users.54. Displacement: Displacement means that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker55. Duality: The duality nature of language means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings. 56. Design features: Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication 57. Competence: Chomsky defines competence as the idealuser's knowledge of the rules of his language, 58. Performance: performance is the actual realization of the knowl-edge of the rules in linguistic communication.59. langue : Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community; Langue is the set of conventions and rule s which language users all have to follow; Langue is relatively stable, it does not change frequently 60. Parole: Parole refers to the realization of lang ue in actual use; parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the appli cation of the rules; parole varies from person to person, and from situation t o situation.V. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give exam ples for illustration if necessary:61. Language is generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Explain it in of all, language is a system, beca use elements of language are combined according to rules. Secondly, languag e is arbitrary because there is no intrinsic connection between form and mea ning, or between the sign and what it stands for. Different languages have dif ferent words for the same object in the world. This fact is a good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language. This also explains the symbolic nature o f language: words are just symbols; they are associated with objects, actions, ideas, etc. by convention . Thirdly, language is vocal because the primary m edium is sound for all languages, no matter how well - developed their writin g systems are. The term "human" in the definition indicates that languagei s possessed by human beings only and is very different from the communica tion systems of other living creatures. The term "communication" means that language makes it possible for its users to talk to each other and fulfill their communicative needs.62. What are the design features of human language? Illustrate them with ex amples. 1) Arbitrariness As mentioned earlier, the arbitrary property of langu age means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.For instance, there is no necessary relationship between the word elephant and the animal it symbolizes. In addition, different sounds are used to refer t o the same object in different languages, and even within the same language, the same sound does not refer to the same thing. However, language is not entirelyarbitrary. There are words which are created in the imitation of sound s by sounds, such as crash, bang in English. Besides, some compound word s are also not entirely arbitrary. But the non-arbitrary words are quite limited in number. The arbitrary nature of language makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions. 2) Productivity Language is prod uctive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. This is why they can produce and understand a n infinitely large number of sentences, including sentences that they have ne ver said or heard before. They can send messages which no one else has ev er sent before. Productivity is unique to human language. Most animal comm unication systems appear to be highly restricted with respect to the number of different signals that their users can send and receive. 3) Duality The du ality nature of language means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meaning s. At the lower or the basic level, there is the structure of sounds, which are meaningless, discrete, individual sounds. But the sounds of language can be combined according to rules into units of meaning such as morphemes and words, which, at the higher level, can be arranged into sentences. This duality of structure or double articulation of language enables its users to talk abou t anything within their knowledge. No animal communication system has duali ty or even comes near to possessing it. 4) Displacement Displacement mea ns that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not pre sent, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away p laces. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed fro m the immediate situations of the speaker. Animal calls are mainly uttered in response to immediate changes of situation. 5) Cultural transmission Human beings were born with the ability to acquire language, but the details of an y language are not genetically transmitted or passed down by instinct. They have to be taught and learned, but animal call systems are genetically transmi tted.63. How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammar? Traditional gram-mar is prescriptive; it is based on "high "(religious, literary) writte n language. It sets grammatical rules and imposes the rules on language users. But Modern linguistics is descriptive; It collects authentic, and mai nly spoken language data and then it studies and describes the data in a n objective and scientific way.64. How do you understand the distinction between a synchronic study anda diachronic study? The description of a language at some point in timeis a Synchronic study; the description of a language as it changes throu gh time is a diachronic study. A synchronic study of language describesa language as it is at some particular point in time, while a diachronic study of language is the study of the historical development of language o ver a period of time.65. Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of language as primary, not the written? First, the spoken form is prior to the writ-ten for m and most writing systems are derived from the spoken form of langua ge. Second, the spoken form plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed and it serves a wider range of purp oses Finally, the spoken form is the medium through which we acquire o ur mother tongue.66. What are the major distinctions between langue and parole? The distinction between langue, and parole was made by the famous linguist Ferdinand de Saussure early this century. Langue refers to the abstract linguisticsystem shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole ref ers to the realization of langue in actual use. Langue is the set of conve ntions and rules which language users all have to follow while parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules. Lang ue is abstract; it is not the language people actually use, but parole is c oncrete; it refers to the naturally occurring language events. Langue is rel atively stable; it does not change frequently; while parole varies from per son to person, and from situation to situation.67. How do you understand competence and performance? American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950’s proposed the distinction between comp etence and performance. Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language. This internalized set of rules e nables the language user to produce and understand an infinitely large n umber of sentences and recognize sentences that are ungrammatical and ambiguous. According to Chomsky, performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. Although the speaker’s knowledge of his mother tongue is perfect, his performances may have mista kes because of social and psychological factors such as stress, embarras sment, etc.. Chomsky believes that what linguists should study is the co mpetence, which is systematic, not the performance, which is too haphaz ard.68. Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole seems similar to Chomsky’s distinction between competence and performance. What do you thi nk are their major differences? Although Saussure’s distinction and Cho msky’s are very similar, they differ at least in that Saussure took a soci ological view of language and his notion of langue is a mater of social c onventions, and Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of vies and to him, competence is a property of the mind of each individual.69. Do you think human language is entirely arbitrary? Why? Language isarbitrary in nature, it is not entirely arbitrary, because there are a limited number of words whose connections between forms and meanings can be logically explained to a certain extent, for example, the onomatopoeia,words which are coined on the basis of imitation of sounds by sounds s uch as bang, crash,etc.. Take compounds for another example. The two el ements “photo”and “copy”in “photocopy”are non-motivated, but t he compound is not arbitrary.语言学教程复习题与答案(胡壮麟版第二章)Chapter 2：PhonologyI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English.2. If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning, they are said to be in complementary distribution.3. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.4. English is a tone language while Chinese is not.5. In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.6. In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed.7. Articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physical properties of thestream of sounds which a speaker issues with the help of a machinecalled spectrograph.8. The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas: the throat, the mouth and the chest.9. Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing.10. English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulationand the part of the tongue that is raised the highest.11. According to the manner of articulation, some of the types into whichthe consonants can be classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alv eolar.12. Vowel sounds can be differentiated by a number of factors: the position of tongue in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels.13. According to the shape of the lips, vowels can be classified into close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels and open vowels.14. Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme.15. Phones are the sounds that can distinguish meaning.16. Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories.17. A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting one sound for another results in a change of meaning. 18. When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a phonemic contrast.19. The rules governing the phonological patterning are language specific.20. Distinctive features of sound segments can be found running over asequence of two or more phonemic segments.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with t he letter given:21. A ____ refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds.22. A ____ phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ.23. The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, , theyare all b_______ sounds.24. Of all the speech organs, the t ____ is the most flexible, and is responsible for varieties of articulation than any other.25. English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of p____ of articulation.26. When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released a nd the air passing out again is called a s________. <![endif]>27. S_________ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc.28. The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called s ____ rules.29. The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is calledbroad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called n_________ transcription.30. When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i_________.31. P______ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular language and how sounds are combined into meaningful units t o effect linguistic communication.32. The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important cavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the o_______ cavity and the na sal cavity.33. T____ are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates ofvibration of the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just li ke phonemes. <![endif]>34. Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are twokinds of stress: word stress and s_________ stressIII. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark t he choice that can best complete the statement.35. Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/ are the most flexible. A. mouth B. lips C. tongue D. vocal cords36. The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds. A. voiceless B. voiced C. vowel D. consonantal37. __________ is a voiced alveolar stop.A. /z/B. /d/C. /k/D./b/38. The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying”a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________. A. identical B. same C. exactly alike D. similar39. Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be _________ __.A. in phonemic contrastB. in complementary distributionC. the allophonesD. minimal pair40. The sound /f/ is _________________. A. voiced palatal affricateB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricativeD. voiceless labiodental fricative41. A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position. A. back B. central C. front D. middle42. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two ormore phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called ____________. A. phonetic components B. immediate constituents C. suprasegmental features D. se mantic features43. A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstractunit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features. A. phone B. so und C. allophone D. phoneme44. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the ____ of that phoneme. A. phones B. sounds C. phonemes D. allophones <![endif]>IV. Define the terms below:45. phonology 46. phoneme 48. international phonetic alphabet 49. intonation 50. phonetics 51. auditory phonetics52. acoust ic phonetics 53. phone 54. phonemic contrast 55. tone 56.minimal pairV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give ex-amples for illustration if necessary:57. Of the two media of language, why do you think speech is more basic than writing?58. What are the criteria that a linguist uses in classifying vowels?59. What are the major differences between phonology and phonetics?60. Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning.61. In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme or not?I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:16. F 17. T 18. F 19. T 20. TII. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begin s with the letter given:21. Aspiration 23. bilabial 24. tongue 25. place 26. stop 27. Suprasegmental 28. sequential 29. narrow 30. intonation 31. Phonology 32.oral 33. Tone 34. sentenceIII. There are four choices following each of the statements below.Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:IV. Define the terms below:: Phonology studies the system of sounds of a particular language; it ai ms to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.46. phoneme: The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unitof distinctive value. But it is an abstract unit. To be exact, a phoneme is not a sound; it is a collection of distinctive phonetic features.47. allophone: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme.48. international phonetic alphabet: It is a standardized and internationallyaccepted system of phonetic transcription.49. intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i ntonation.50.51. phonetics: Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world' s languages52. auditory phonetics: It studies the speech sounds from the hearer's point of view. It studies how the sounds are perceived by the hear-er.53. acoustic phonetics: It studies the speech sounds by looking at the sound waves. It studies the physical means by which speech sounds are transmitted through the air from one person to another.54. phone : Phones can be simply defined as the speech sounds we usewhen speaking a language. A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. Itdoes not necessarily distinguish meaning.55. phonemic contrast: Phonemic contrast refers to the relation between two phonemes. If two phonemes can occur in the same environment and distinguish meaning, they are in phonemic contrast.56. tone: Tones are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords.57. minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the stri ngs, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.V. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give ex-amples for illustration if necessary:58. Of the two media of language, why do you think speech is more basic than writing? 1) In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.2) In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed. 3) Speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue,and writing is learned and taught later at school.59. What are the criteria that a linguist uses in classifying vowels?1) Vowels may be distinguished as front, central and back in terms of the position of the tongue in the mouth. 2) According to how wide our mouth i s opened, we classify the vowels into four groups: close vowels, semi-clo se vowels, semi-open vowels, and open vowels. 3) According to the shape of the lips, vowels are divided into rounded vowels and unrounded vowel。

语言学教程复习题与答案(胡壮麟版)

语言学教程复习题与答案(胡壮麟版第四章)I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: 1. Synta x is a subfied of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language, i ncluding the combination of morphemes into words. 2.Grammatical sentences are formed following a set of syntactic rules. 3. Sentences are composed of sequence of words arranged in a simple linear order, with one adding onto a nother following a simple arithmetic logic.4.Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules that comprise the system of internali zed linguistic knowledge of a language speak-er are known as linguistic com petence. 5. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but ther e is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend. 6. In a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other.7. Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of gram maticality belong to the same syntactic category.8. Minor lexical categories ar e open because these categories are not fixed and new members are allowed for.9. In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly rec ognized and discussed, namely, noun phrase, verb phrase, infinitive phrase, a nd auxiliary phrase. 10. In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb.11.What is actually internalized in th e mind of a native speaker is a complete list of words and phrases rather th an grammatical knowledge.12. A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional.13. It is believed that phrase structure rules, with the i nsertion of the lexicon, generate sentences at the level of D-structure.14. WH-movement is obligatory in English which changes a sentence from affirmative to interrogative.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which b egins with the letter given: 15. A s________ sentence consists of a single cla use which contains a sub-ject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence. 16.A s______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprise s a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command. 1 7.A s______ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually pre cedes the predicate.18. The part of a sentence which comprises a finite verb or a verb phrase and which says something about the subject is grammatical ly called p_________.19. A c_________ sentence contains two, or more, clause s, one of which is incorporated into the other.20. In the complex sentence, th e incorporated or subordinate clause is normally called an e_______ clause.21. Major lexical categories are o___ categories in the sense that new words are constantly added.22. A _____ Condition on case assignment states that a ca se assignor and a case recipient should stay adjacent to each other.23. P___ ____ are syntactic options of UG that allow general principles to operate in o ne way or another and contribute to significant linguistic variations between a nd among natural languages.24. The theory of C____ condition explains the f act that noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions.III. There ar e four given choices for each statement below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement: 25. A sentence is considered ____ when it does not conform to the grammatical-cal knowledge in the mind of native speakers.A. rightB. wrongC. grammaticalD. ungrammatical 26. A __________ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the em bedded clause. A. coordinator B. particle C. preposition D. subordinator 2 7. Phrase structure rules have ____ properties. A. recursive B. grammatica l C. social D. functional 28. Phrase structure rules allow us to better und erstand ____________A. how words and phrases form sentences.B. what constitutes the grammati cality of strings of wordsC. how people produce and recognize possible sent encesD. All of the above. 29. Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditi onally called ________. A. transformational rulesB. generative rules C. phrase s tructure rules D. x-bar theory 30. The theory of case condition accounts for the fact that __________. A. noun phrases appear only in subject and object po sitions. B. noun phrases can be used to modify another noun phrase C. noun phrase can be used in adverbial positions D. noun phrase can be moved to any place if necessary. 31. The sentence structure is ________. A. only linear B. Only hierarchical C. complex D. both linear and hierarchical 32. The synt actic rules of any language are ____ in number.A. largeB. smallC. finiteD. infinite 33. The ________ rules are the rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sentencesA. lexicalB. morphologicalC. linguisticD. combinational 34._______ rul es may change the syntactic representation of a sentence. A. Generative B. Transformational C. X-bar D. Phrase structure IV. Define the following ter ms: 35. syntax 36. Sentence 37. coordinate sentence 38. syntactic categories 39. grammatical relations 40. linguistic competence 41. transformational rule s 42. D-structure V. Answer the following questions:43. What are the basic components of a sentence? 44. What are the major ty pes of sentences? Illustrate them with examples. 45. Are the elements in a s entence linearly structured? Why? 46. What are the advantages of using tree diagrams in the analysis of sentence structures? 47. What is NP movement. Il lustrate it with examples.I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: l.F 2.T 3.F 4.T 5.T 6.T 7.T 8.F 9.F 10.T 11.F 12.T 13.T 14.T II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given: 15. simple, 16. sentence 17. subject 18. predicate 19. complex 20.embedded 21. open 22.adjacency 23.Parameters 24.Case III. There are four given choices fo r each statement below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statemen t: 25. D 26. D 27. A 28. D 29. A 30. A 31. D 32. C 33. D 34. BIV. Define the following terms: 35. syntax: Syntax is a subfield of linguistics. It studies the sentence structure of language. It consists of a set of abstract rules that allo w words to be combined with other words to form grammatical sentences. 36. Sentence: A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually compri ses a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command. Normally, a sentence consists of at least a subject and a predicate which co ntains a finite verb or a verb phrase. 37. coordinate sentence: A coordinate s entence contains two clauses joined by a linking word called coordinating co njunction, such as "and", "but", "or". 38. syntactic categories: Apart from sen tences and clauses, a syntactic category usually refers to a word (called a le xical category) or a phrase ( called a phrasal category) that performs a partic ular grammatical function. 39. grammatical relations: The structural and logica l functional relations of constituents are called grammatical relations. The gra mmatical relations of a sentence concern the way each noun phrase in the s entence relates to the verb. In many cases, grammatical relations in fact refer to who does what to whom .40. linguistic competence: Universally found in t he grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker known as linguistic c ompetence.41. Transformational rules: Transformational rules are the rules tha t transform one sentence type into another type.42. D-structure: D- structure i s the level of syntactic representation that exists before movement takes plac e. Phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentence s at the level of D-structure.V. Answer the following questions: 43. What are t he basic components of a sentence? Normally, a sentence consists of at leas t a subject and its predicate which contains a finite verb or a verb phrase. 4 4. What are the major types of sentences? Illustrate them with examples. T raditionally, there are three major types of sentences. They are simple senten ce, coordinate( compound) sentence, and complex sentence. A simple sentenc e consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and s tands alone as its own sentence, for example: John reads extensively.A coordinate sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word that is called coordinating conjunction, such as "and", "but", "or". For example: John is reading a linguistic book, and Mary is preparing for her history exam. A complex sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of whic h is incorporated into the other. The two clauses in a complex sentence do n ot have equal status, one is subordinate to the other. For exam-ple: Before J ohn gave her a lecture, Mary showed no interest in lin-guistics. 45. Are the e lements in a sentence linearly structured? Why? No. Language is both line arly and hierarchically structured. When a sentence is uttered or written down, the words of the sentence are produced one after another in a sequence. A closer examination of a sentence shows that a sentence is not composed of sequence of words arranged in a simple linear order with one adding onto an other following a simple arithmetic logic. In fact, sen-tences are also hierarchi cally structured. They are orga-nized by grouping together words of the same syntactic category, such as noun phrase (NP) or verb phrase (VP), as can b e seen from the following tree diagram: S NP VP Det N Vt NP De t N The boy likes the music. 46. What are the advant ages of using tree diagrams in the analysis of sentence structures? The tre e diagram can not only reveal a linear order, but also a hierarchical structure that groups words into structural constituents. It can, in addition, show the syntactic category of each structural constituent, thus it is believed to most t ruthfully illustrate the constituent relationship among linguistic elements. 47. What is NP movement. Illustrate it with examples. NP movement in-volves the movement of a noun phrase. NP-movement occurs when, for example, a sen tence changes from the active voice to the passive voice: (A) The man beat t he child. (B). The child was beaten by the man. B is the result of the mov ement of the noun phrases "the man" and "the child" from their original posi tions in (A) to new positions. That is, "the man" is postposed to the right an d "the child" is preposed to the left. Not all instances of NP-movement, ho wever, are related to changing a sentence from the active voice to the passiv e voice. For example: (C) It seems they are quite fit for the job. (D) They seem quite fit for the job. These sentences are identical in meaning, but different in their superfi-cial syntactic representations. It is believed that they hav e the same underly-ing structure, but (27b) is the result of an NP movement.语言学教程复习题与答案(胡壮麟版第五章)I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: 1. Diale ctal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as Britis h English and American English but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or American English. 2. Sense is concer ned with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience, while the reference deals with the inherent meaning of t he linguistic form. 3. Linguistic forms having the same sense may have diff erent references in different situations. 4. In semantics, meaning of language is considered as the intrinsic and inherent relation to the physical world of e xperience. 5. Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can deriv e meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts. 6. Behaviourists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the situation in whic h the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer. 7. The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all its componen ts. 8. Most languages have sets of lexical items similar in meaning but ran ked differently according to their degree of formality. 9. “it is hot.”is a n o-place predication because it contains no argument. 10. In grammatical anal ysis, the sentence is taken to be the basic unit, but in semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is predication, which is the abstraction of the meani ng of a sentence. II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word whic h begins with the letter given: 11. S________ can be defined as the study of meaning. 12. The conceptualist view holds that there is no d______ link betw een a linguistic form and what it refers to. 13. R______ means what a linguis tic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship bet ween the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience. 14. Words that are close in meaning are called s________. 15. When two words are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning, they are called h__ ________. 16.R_________ opposites are pairs of words that exhibit the reversa l of a relationship between the two items. 17. C ____ analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning componen ts. 18. Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules c alled s________ restrictions, which are constraints on what lexical items can go with what others. 19. An a________ is a logical participant in a predicatio n, largely identical with the nominal element(s) in a sentence. 20. According t o the n ____ theory of meaning, the words in a lan-guage are taken to be la bels of the objects they stand for. III. There are four choices following each s tatement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement: 21. The nami ng theory is advanced by ________. A. Plato B. Bloomfield C. Geoffrey Leech D. Firth 22. “We shall know a word by the company it keeps.”This statement represents _______. A. the conceptualist view B. contexutalism C. the naming theory D.behaviourism 23. Which of t he following is not true? A. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning o f the linguistic form. B. Sense is the collection of all the features of the ling uistic form. C. Sense is abstract and de-contextualized. D. Sense is the aspe ct of meaning dictionary compilers are not interested in. 24. “Can I borrow your bike?”_______ “You have a bike.” A. is synonymous with B. is inconsistent with C. entails D. presupposes 25. ___________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning compone nts, called semantic features. A. Predication analysis B. Componenti al analysis C. Phonemic analysis D. Grammatical analysis 26. “aliv e”and “dead”are ______________. A. gradable antonyms B. relati onal opposites C. complementary antonyms D. None of the above 27. _________ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience. A. Reference B. Concept C. Semantics D. Sense 28. ___________ refers to the pheno广告网址n that words having different meanings have the same form. A. Polyse my B. Synonymy C. Homonymy D. Hyponymy 29. Words that are close in meaning are called ______________. A. homony ms B. polysemy C. hyponyms D. synonyms 30. The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by _______. A. grammatical rules B. selectional restrictions C. semantic rules D. semantic features IV. Define the following terms: 31. semantics 32. sense 33 . reference 34. synonymy 35. polysemy 36. homonymy 37. homop hones 38. Homographs 39. complete homonyms 40. hyponymy41.antonymy 42 componential analysis 43.grammatical meaning 44. predication 45. Argument 46. predicate 47. Two-place predication V. Answer the following questions: 48. Why do we say tha t a meaning of a sentence is not the sum total of the meanings of all its co mponents? 49. What is componential analysis? Illustrate it with examples. 5 0. How do you distinguish between entailment and presupposition in terms of truth values? 51. How do you account for such sense relations between sentences as synonymous relation, inconsistent relation in terms of truth valu es? 52. According to the way synonyms differ, how many groups can we cl assify synonyms into? Illustrate them with examples. 53. What are the major views concerning the study of meaning? How they differ?I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: l.F 2.F 3.T 4.F 5.T 6.T 7.F 8.T 9.T 10.T II. Fill in each of the following blan ks with one word which begins with the letter given: 11. Semantics 12. direct 13.Reference 14. synonyms 15.homophones 16.Relational 17. Componential 1 8. selectional 19. argument 20. naming III. There are four choices following ea ch statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement: 2l.A 22.B 23.D 24.D 25.B 26.C 27.A 28.C 29.D 30.A IV. Define the following terms: 31. Semantics: Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning in lan guage. 32. Sense: Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is ab stract and de -contextualised. 33. Reference: Reference means what a linguisti c form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship bet ween the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience 34. Sy nonymy :Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning. 35. Polysemy :Polysemy refers to the fact that the same one word may have mo re than one meaning. 36. Homonymy :Homonymy refers to the pheno广告网址n that words having different mean-ings have the same form, i.e. , different w ords are identical in sound or spelling, or in both. 37. homophones :When tw o words are identical in sound, they are called homophones 38. homographs : When two words are identical in spelling, they are homographs. 39. complete homonyms.:When two words are identical in both sound and spelling, they a re called complete homonyms. 40.Hyponymy :Hyponymy refers to the sense r elation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. 41. Antonymy :Antonymy refers to the relation of oppositeness of meaning.42. Componential analysis : Componential analysis is a way to analyze word meaning. It was pro-posed by structural semanticists. The approach is based on the belief that the meaning of a -word can be divided into meaning comp onents, which are called semantic features. 43.The grammatical meaning : The grammatical meaning of a sentence refers to its grammaticality, i.e. , its gra mmatical well-formedness . The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by t he grammatical rules of the language. 44. predica-tion :The predica-tion is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence. 45. ar-gument : An ar-gument is a logical participant in a predication. It is generally identical with the nominal element (s) in a sentence. 46. predicate : A predicate is something that is sai d about an argument or it states the logical relation linking the arguments in a sentence. 47. two-place predication : A two-place predication is one which con-tains two arguments. V. Answer the following questions: 48. Why do w e say that a meaning of a sentence is not the sum total of the meanings of all its components? The meaning of a sentence is not the sum total of themeanings of all its components because it cannot be worked out by adding up all the meanings of its constituent words. For example; (A) The dog bit the man. (B) The man bit the dog. If the meaning of a sentence w ere the sum total of the meanings of all its components, then the above two sentences would have the same meaning. In fact they are different in meanin gs. As we know, there are two aspects to sentence meaning: grammatical me an-ing and semantic meaning. The grammatical meanings of “the dog”and “the man”in (A) are different from the grammatical meanings of “the dog”and “the man”in (B). The meaning of a sentence is the product of both le xical and grammatical meaning. It is the product of the meaning of the consti tuent words and of the grammatical constructions that relate one word syntag matically to another. 49. What is componential analysis? Illustrate it with exa mples. Componential analysis, pro-posed by structural semanticists, is a wa y to analyze word meaning. The approach is based on the belief that the me aning of a word can be divided into meaning components, which are called s emantic features. Plus and minus signs are used to indicate whether a certai n semantic feature is present or absent in the meaning of a word, and these feature symbols are usually written in capitalized letters. For example, the wo rd “man”is ana-lyzed as consisting of the semantic features of [+ HUMAN, + ADULT, + ANIMATE, +MALE] 50. How do you distinguish between entailme nt and presupposition in terms of truth values? Entailment is a relation of inc lusion. Suppose there are two sentences X and Y: X: He has been to Fran ce. Y: He has been to Europe. In terms of truth values, if X is true, Y is n ecessarily true, e.g. If he has been to France, he must have been to Europe. If X is false, Y may be true or false, e. g. If he has not been to France, he may still have been to Europe or he has not been to Europe. If Y is true, X may be true or false, e.g. If he has been to Europe, he may or may not hav e been to France. If Y is false, X is false, e.g. If he has not been to Europe, he cannot have been to France. Therefore we conclude that X entails Y or Y is an entailment of X. The truth conditions that we use to judge presupposition is as follows: Suppose there are two sentences X and Y X: John' s bike needs repairing. Y: John has a bike. If X is true, Y must be true, e.g. If John' s bike needs repairing, John must have a bike. If X is false, Y is still true, e. g. If John' s bike does not need repairing, John still has a bike. If Y is true, X is either true or false, e.g. If John has a bike, it may or may n ot need repairing. If Y is false, no truth value can be said about X, e.g. If Jo hn does not have a bike, nothing can be said about whether his bike needs repairing or not. Therefore, X presupposes Y, or Y is a presupposition of X.51. How do you account for such sense relations between sentences as syn onymous relation, inconsistent relation in terms of truth values? In terms of truth condition, of the two sentences X and Y, if X is true, Y is true; if X is false, Y is false, therefore X is synonymous with Y e.g. X; He was a bachelo r all his life. Y: He never married all his life. Of the two sentences X and Y, i f X is true, Y is false; if X is false, Y is true, then we can say A is inconsist ent with Y e.g. X: John is married. Y: John is a bachelor.52. According t o the ways synonyms differ, how many groups can we classify synonyms int o? Illustrate them with examples. According to the ways synonyms differ, s ynonyms can be divided into the following groups. i. Dialectal synonyms Th ey are synonyms which are used in different regional dialects. British English and American English are the two major geographical varieties of the Englis h language. For examples: British English American Englishautumn fall lift elevator Then dialectal s ynonyms can also be found within British, or American English itself. For exa mple, "girl" is called "lass" or "lassie" in Scottish dialect, and "liquor" is call ed "whisky" in Irish dialect. ii. Stylistic synonyms They are synonyms which differ in style or degree of formality. Some of the stylistic synonyms tend to be more formal, others tend to be casual, and still oth-ers are neutral in style. For example: old man, daddy, dad, father, male parent chap, pa l, friend, companion iii. Synonyms that differ in their emotive or evaluative m eaning They are the words that have the same meaning but express differentemotions of the user. The emotions of the user indicate the attitude or bias of the user toward what he is talking about . For exam-ple, “collaborator” a nd “accomplice” are synonymous, sharing the meaning of "a person who h elps another", but they are different in their evaluative meaning. The former means that a person who helps another in do-ing something good, while the latter refers to a person who helps another in a criminal act. iv. Collocational synonyms They are synonyms which differ in their collocation. For example, we can use accuse, charge, rebuke to say that someone has done somethin g wrong or even criminal, but they are used with different preposi-tions accu se. . . of, charge. . . with, rebuke. . .for. v. V. Semantically different synonym s Semantically different synonyms refer to the synonyms that differ slight-ly i n what they mean. For example, "amaze" and "astound" are very close in me aning to the word "surprise," but they have very subtle differences in meanin g. While amaze suggests confusion andbewilderment, " astound" implies difficulty in believing. " 53. What are the major views concerning the stud y of meaning? How do they differ? One of the oldest was the naming theor y, proposed by the ancient Greek scholar Plato, who believed that the words used in a language are taken to be la-bels of the objects they stand for. The conceptualist view holds that there is no direct link between a lin-guistic for m and what it refers to. The form and the meaning are linked through the m ediation of concepts in the mind. Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts. Two kinds of context are recognized; the situational context and the linguisti c context. For example, the meaning of the word "seal" in the sentence "The seal could not be found" can only be determined ac-cording to the context i n which the sentence occurs: The seal could not be found. The zoo keeper b ecame worried. (seal meaning an aquatic mammal) The seal could not be found. The king became worried. (seal meaning the king's stamp) Behaviorism drew on behaviorist psychology when he tried to define the meaning of ling uistic forms. Behaviorists attempted to de-fine the meaning of a language for m as " the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls f orth in the hearer".语言学教程复习题与答案(胡壮麟版第六章)Historical Linguistics I. Decide whether each of the following statements is Tr ue or False: 1. One of the tasks of the historical linguists is to explore meth ods to reconstruct linguistic history and establish the relationship between la nguages. 2. Language change is a gradual and constant process, therefore of ten indiscernible to speakers of the same generation. 3. The history of the E nglish language is divided into the periods of Old English, Middle English an d Modern English. 4. Middle English began with the arrival of Anglo-Saxons, who invaded the British Isles from northern Europe. 5. In Old English, all the nouns are inflected to mark nominative, genitive, dative and accusative case s. 6. In Old English, the verb of a sentence often precedes the subject rather than follows it. 7. A direct consequence of the Renaissance Movement was t he revival of French as a literary language. 8. In general, linguistic change in grammar is more noticeable than that in the sound system and the vocabula ry of a language. 9. The sound changes include changes in vowel sounds, a nd in the loss, gain and movement of sounds. 10. The least widely-spread morphological changes in the historical development of English are the loss and addition of affixes. 11. In Old English, the morphosyntactic rule of adjec tive agreement stipulated that the endings of adjective must agree with the h ead noun in case, number and gender. 12. The word order of Modern Englis h is more variable than that of Old English. 13. Derivation refers to the proc ess by which new words are formed by the addition of affixes to the roots, s tems, or words. 14. “Smog”is a word formed by the word-forming process。

语言学教程试题及答案

语言学教程试题及答案作为一名语言学教程的教师，我了解到测试是帮助学生巩固知识和提高能力的重要手段。

为了帮助学生更好地备考，我为大家准备了一套语言学教程试题及答案。

希望这套试题对大家的学习有所帮助。

一、选择题1. 语言学的研究对象是：A. 辞典与语法B. 语音、词汇、句法、语义等语言的实质C. 中文与外语D. 文学作品和口语交际答案：B2. 下列哪个不属于语音学研究范畴？A. 音素B. 语音环境C. 语调D. 韵律答案：B3. "语法关系"是指：A. 语句中不同成分之间的关系B. 语句的构成与语法规则的联系C. 语言的音、调、律的关系D. 语义关系的表现形式答案：A4. 下列哪项不是语义学关注的重点？A. 逻辑关系B. 词汇关系C. 句子结构D. 句子意义答案：C5. 人类语言的主要特点是：A. 声音符号、社会符号、有限可组合、稳定可持续B. 声音符号、手势符号、无限可组合、不稳定可持续C. 声音符号、手势符号、有限可组合、稳定可持续D. 图形符号、手势符号、有限可组合、不稳定可持续答案：A二、简答题1. 解释语言的交际功能。

答：语言的交际功能是指通过语言来进行人际交往与沟通的能力。

它包括表达思想、交流信息、取得共识、表达情感等，是语言最基本的功能。

通过语言的运用，人们可以分享知识、传递信息、表达心情，以及建立和维持彼此之间的关系。

2. 解释语音学与音系学的区别。

答：语音学是研究语言中的音素和音的规律的学科，它关注语言中声音的发声、发音、听觉特征等方面。

而音系学是语音学的一个分支学科，它研究音素在一定语言系统中的组合与分布规律。

简单来说，语音学关注单个音素及其特征，而音系学则关注音素之间的关系及其在具体语言系统中的表现。

三、论述题1. 语言作为一种符号系统，具有哪些基本特征？答：语言作为一种符号系统，具有以下基本特征：首先，语言是声音符号系统，通过发声来传递信息。

不同语言以不同的声音符号表示不同的意义，这是语言的基本特征之一。

语言学教程复习题与答案

语言学教程复习题与答案(胡壮麟版第一章)Chapter I IntroductionI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general.3. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks.4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on languagefacts and checked against the observed facts.5. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole.6. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other areas, studiesthe basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study. 7.7. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies thecombinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication.8. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaningfulsentences.9. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words iscalled morphology.10. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies themorphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences.11. The study of meaning in language is known as semantics.12. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings.13. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies meaning notin isolation, but in context.14. Social changes can often bring about language changes.15. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society.16. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive.17. Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar.18. A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point intime.19. Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the writtenlanguage.20. The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F.deSaussure.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:21. Chomsky defines “competence”as the ideal user’s k__________ of the rules of his language.ngue refers to the a__________ linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules.23.D_________ is one of the design features of human language which refers to thepheno广告网址n that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units.24. Language is a system of a_________ vocal symbols used for human communication.25. The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into permissible sentences in languages is called s________.26. Human capacity for language has a g ____ basis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned.27. P ____ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.28. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems. The study of such applications is generally known as a________ linguistics.29. Language is p___________ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard before.30. Linguistics is generally defined as the s ____ study of language.III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.31. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be ______________.A. prescriptiveB. analyticC. descriptiveD. linguistic32.Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?A. ArbitrarinessB. DisplacementC. DualityD. Meaningfulness33. Modern linguistics regards the written language as ____________.A. primaryB. correctC. secondaryD. stable34. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, because ___________. A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writingB. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed.C. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongueD. All of the above35. A historical study of language is a ____ study of language.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. prescriptiveD. comparative36.Saussure took a (n)__________ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a ________ point of view.A. sociological…psychologicalB. psychological…sociologicalC. applied…pragmaticD.semantic and linguistic37. According to F. de Saussure, ____ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.A. paroleB. performanceC. langueD. Language38. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between _________ and meanings.A. senseB. soundsC. objectsD. ideas39. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This feature is called_________,A. displacementB. dualityC. flexibilityD. cultural transmission40. The details of any language system is passed on from one generation to the next through ____ , rather than by instinct.A. learningB. teachingC. booksD. both A and BIV. Define the following terms:41. Linguistics 42. Phonology 43. Syntax 44. Pragmatics 45. Psycholinguistics 46. Language 47. Phonetics 48. Morphology 49.Semantics 50. Sociolinguistics 51. Applied Linguistics 52.Arbitrariness 53 Productivity 54. Displacement 55.Duality 56. Design Features 57. Competence 58 Performance 59. Langue 60 ParoleV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:61. Language is generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Explain it in detail.62. What are the design features of human language? Illustrate them with examples.63. How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?64. How do you understand the distinction between a synchronic study and a diachronic study?65. Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of language as primary, not the written?66. What are the major distinctions between langue and parole?67. How do you understand competence and performance ?68. Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole seems similar to Chomsky’s distinction between competence and performance. What do you think are their major differences?69. Do you think human language is entirely arbitrary? Why?I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:l.T 2.F 3.F 4.T 5.T 6.F 7.T 8.F 9.T 10.F 11.T 12.T 13.T 14.T 15. T 16.F 17.T 18.F 19.F 20.FII. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the le tter given: 21. knowledge 22. abstract 23. Duality 24. arbitrary 25. syntax 26.genetic 27. Parole 28. applied 29. productive 30. scientific (or systematic)III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement. 3l.C 32.D 33.C 34.D 35.B 36.A 37.C 38.B 39.A 40.DIV. Define the following terms: 41. Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 42. Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology. 43. Syntax: The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax. 44.Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics. 45. Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to the workings of mind is called psycholinguistics. 46. Language: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.47. Phonetics: The study of sounds which are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics. 48. Morphology: The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology. 49. Semantics: The study of meaning in language is called semantics. 50. Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics.51. Applied linguistics: In a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages. In a broad sense, it refers to the application of linguistic findings to the solution of practical problems such as the recovery of speech ability. 52. Arbitrariness: It is one of the design features of language. It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds 53. Productivity: Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the con-struction and interpretation of new signals by its users. 54. Displacement: Displacement means that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker55. Duality: The duality nature of language means that language is a system, whichconsists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings. 56. Design features: Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication 57. Competence: Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language, 58. Performance: performance is the actual realization of the knowl-edge of the rules in linguistic communication.59. langue : Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community; Langue is the set of conventions and rule s which language users all have to follow; Langue is relatively stable, it does not change frequently 60. Parole: Parole refers to the realization of lang ue in actual use; parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the appli cation of the rules; parole varies from person to person, and from situation t o situation.V. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give exam ples for illustration if necessary:61. Language is generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Explain it in detail.First of all, language is a sys tem, because elements of language are combined according to rules. Secondl y, language is arbitrary because there is no intrinsic connection between form and meaning, or between the sign and what it stands for. Different language s have different words for the same object in the world. This fact is a good i llustration of the arbitrary nature of language. This also explains the symbolic nature of language: words are just symbols; they are associated with object s, actions, ideas, etc. by convention . Thirdly, language is vocal because the primary medium is sound for all languages, no matter how well - developed t heir writing systems are. The term "human" in the definition indicates that l anguage is possessed by human beings only and is very different from the c ommunication systems of other living creatures. The term "communication" m eans that language makes it possible for its users to talk to each other and fulfill their communicative needs.62. What are the design features of human language? Illustrate them with ex amples. 1) Arbitrariness As mentioned earlier, the arbitrary property of langu age means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. For instance, there is no necessary relationship between the word elephant and the animal it symbolizes. In addition, different sounds are used to refer t o the same object in different languages, and even within the same language, the same sound does not refer to the same thing. However, language is not entirelyarbitrary. There are words which are created in the imitation of sound s by sounds, such as crash, bang in English. Besides, some compound word s are also not entirely arbitrary. But the non-arbitrary words are quite limited in number. The arbitrary nature of language makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions. 2) Productivity Language is prod uctive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. This is why they can produce and understand a n infinitely large number of sentences, including sentences that they have ne ver said or heard before. They can send messages which no one else has ev er sent before. Productivity is unique to human language. Most animal comm unication systems appear to be highly restricted with respect to the number of different signals that their users can send and receive. 3) Duality The du ality nature of language means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meaning s. At the lower or the basic level, there is the structure of sounds, which are meaningless, discrete, individual sounds. But the sounds of language can be combined according to rules into units of meaning such as morphemes and words, which, at the higher level, can be arranged into sentences. This duality of structure or double articulation of language enables its users to talk abou t anything within their knowledge. No animal communication system has duali ty or even comes near to possessing it. 4) Displacement Displacement mea ns that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away p laces. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed fro m the immediate situations of the speaker. Animal calls are mainly uttered in response to immediate changes of situation. 5) Cultural transmission Huma n beings were born with the ability to acquire language, but the details of an y language are not genetically transmitted or passed down by instinct. They have to be taught and learned, but animal call systems are genetically transmi tted.63. How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammar? Traditional gram-mar is prescriptive; it is based on "high "(religious, literary) writte n language. It sets grammatical rules and imposes the rules on language users. But Modern linguistics is descriptive; It collects authentic, and mai nly spoken language data and then it studies and describes the data in a n objective and scientific way.64. How do you understand the distinction between a synchronic study anda diachronic study? The description of a language at some point in timeis a Synchronic study; the description of a language as it changes throu gh time is a diachronic study. A synchronic study of language describesa language as it is at some particular point in time, while a diachronic study of language is the study of the historical development of language o ver a period of time.65. Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of language as primary, not the written? First, the spoken form is prior to the writ-ten for m and most writing systems are derived from the spoken form of langua ge. Second, the spoken form plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed and it serves a wider range of purp oses Finally, the spoken form is the medium through which we acquire o ur mother tongue.66. What are the major distinctions between langue and parole? The distinction between langue, and parole was made by the famous linguist Ferdinand de Saussure early this century. Langue refers to the abstract linguisticsystem shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole ref ers to the realization of langue in actual use. Langue is the set of conve ntions and rules which language users all have to follow while parole is t he concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules. Lang ue is abstract; it is not the language people actually use, but parole is c oncrete; it refers to the naturally occurring language events. Langue is rel atively stable; it does not change frequently; while parole varies from per son to person, and from situation to situation.67. How do you understand competence and performance? American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950’s proposed the distinction between comp etence and performance. Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language. This internalized set of rules e nables the language user to produce and understand an infinitely large n umber of sentences and recognize sentences that are ungrammatical and ambiguous. According to Chomsky, performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. Although the speaker’s knowledge of his mother tongue is perfect, his performances may have mista kes because of social and psychological factors such as stress, embarras sment, etc.. Chomsky believes that what linguists should study is the co mpetence, which is systematic, not the performance, which is too haphaz ard.68. Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole seems similar to Chomsky’s distinction between competence and performance. What do you thi nk are their major differences? Although Saussure’s distinction and Cho msky’s are very similar, they differ at least in that Saussure took a soci ological view of language and his notion of langue is a mater of social c onventions, and Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of vies and to him, competence is a property of the mind of each individual.69. Do you think human language is entirely arbitrary? Why? Language isarbitrary in nature, it is not entirely arbitrary, because there are a limited number of words whose connections between forms and meanings can be logically explained to a certain extent, for example, the onomatopoeia,words which are coined on the basis of imitation of sounds by sounds s uch as bang, crash,etc.. Take compounds for another example. The two el ements “photo”and “copy”in “photocopy”are non-motivated, but t he compound is not arbitrary.语言学教程复习题与答案(胡壮麟版第二章)Chapter 2：PhonologyI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English.2. If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning, they are said to be in complementary distribution.3. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.4. English is a tone language while Chinese is not.5. In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.6. In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed.7. Articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physical properties of thestream of sounds which a speaker issues with the help of a machinecalled spectrograph.8. The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas: the throat, the mouth and the chest.9. Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing.10. English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulationand the part of the tongue that is raised the highest.11. According to the manner of articulation, some of the types into whichthe consonants can be classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alv eolar.12. Vowel sounds can be differentiated by a number of factors: the position of tongue in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels.13. According to the shape of the lips, vowels can be classified into close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels and open vowels.14. Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme.15. Phones are the sounds that can distinguish meaning.16. Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories.17. A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting one sound for another results in a change of meaning. 18. When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a phonemic contrast.19. The rules governing the phonological patterning are language specific.20. Distinctive features of sound segments can be found running over asequence of two or more phonemic segments.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with t he letter given:21. A ____ refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds.22. A ____ phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ.23. The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b_______ sounds.24. Of all the speech organs, the t ____ is the most flexible, and is responsible for varieties of articulation than any other.25. English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of p____ of articulation.26. When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released a nd the air passing out again is called a s________. <![endif]>27. S_________ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc.28. The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called s ____ rules.29. The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is calledbroad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called n_________ transcription.30. When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i_________.31. P______ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular language and how sounds are combined into meaningful units t o effect linguistic communication.32. The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important cavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the o_______ cavity and the na sal cavity.33. T____ are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates ofvibration of the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just li ke phonemes. <![endif]>34. Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are twokinds of stress: word stress and s_________ stressIII. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark t he choice that can best complete the statement.35. Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/ are the most flexible. A. mouth B. lips C. tongue D. vocal cords36. The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds. A. voiceless B. voiced C. vowel D. consonantal37. __________ is a voiced alveolar stop.A. /z/B. /d/C. /k/D./b/38. The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying”a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________. A. identical B. same C. exactly alike D. similar39. Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be _________ __.A. in phonemic contrastB. in complementary distributionC. the allophonesD. minimal pair40. The sound /f/ is _________________. A. voiced palatal affricateB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricativeD. voiceless labiodental fricative41. A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position. A. back B. central C. front D. middle42. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two ormore phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called ____________. A. phonetic components B. immediate constituents C. suprasegmental features D. se mantic features43. A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstractunit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features. A. phone B. so und C. allophone D. phoneme44. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the ____ of that phoneme. A. phones B. sounds C. phonemes D. allophones <![endif]>IV. Define the terms below:45. phonology 46. phoneme 47.allophone 48. international phonetic alphabet 49. intonation 50. phonetics 51. auditory phonetics52. acoustic phonetics 53. phone 54. phonemic contrast 55. tone 56. minimal pairV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give ex-amples for illustration if necessary:57. Of the two media of language, why do you think speech is more basic than writing?58. What are the criteria that a linguist uses in classifying vowels?59. What are the major differences between phonology and phonetics?60. Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning.61. In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme or not?I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:l.T 2.F 3.F 4.F 5.T 6.T 7.F 8.F 9.T 10.F 11.F 12.T 13.F 14.F 15.F 16. F 17. T 18. F 19. T 20. TII. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begin s with the letter given:21. Aspiration 22.Articulatory 23. bilabial 24. tongue 25. place 26. stop 27. Suprasegmental 28. sequential 29. narrow 30. intonation 31. P honology 32. oral 33. Tone 34. sentenceIII. There are four choices following each of the statements below.Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:35.C 36.A 37.B 38.D 39.A 40.D 41.C 42.C 43.D 44.DIV. Define the terms below:45.phonology: Phonology studies the system of sounds of a particular lan guage; it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patter ns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic com munication.46. phoneme: The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unitof distinctive value. But it is an abstract unit. To be exact, a phoneme is not a sound; it is a collection of distinctive phonetic features.47. allophone: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme.48. international phonetic alphabet: It is a standardized and internationallyaccepted system of phonetic transcription.49. intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i ntonation.50.51. phonetics: Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world' s languages52. auditory phonetics: It studies the speech sounds from the hearer's point of view. It studies how the sounds are perceived by the hear-er.53. acoustic phonetics: It studies the speech sounds by looking at the sound waves. It studies the physical means by which speech sounds a re transmitted through the air from one person to another.54. phone : Phones can be simply defined as the speech sounds we usewhen speaking a language. A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. It does not necessarily distinguish meaning.55. phonemic contrast: Phonemic contrast refers to the relation between two phonemes. If two phonemes can occur in the same environment a nd distinguish meaning, they are in phonemic contrast.56. tone: Tones are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords.57. minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the stri ngs, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.V. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give ex-amples for illustration if necessary:58. Of the two media of language, why do you think speech is more basic than writing? 1) In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.2) In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed. 3) Speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue, and writing is learned and taught later at school.59. What are the criteria that a linguist uses in classifying vowels?。

语言学教程3试题及答案

语言学教程3试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学的主要研究对象是什么？A. 语言的历史发展B. 语言的结构系统C. 语言的社会功能D. 语言的地理分布答案：B2. 下列哪项不是语言的属性？A. 任意性B. 线性C. 离散性D. 连续性答案：D3. 语音学研究的主要内容是什么？A. 语言的语法结构B. 语言的词汇系统C. 语言的发音规律D. 语言的书写形式答案：C4. 语法学的研究对象是什么？A. 语言的声音系统B. 语言的词汇系统C. 语言的语法结构D. 语言的语义内容答案：C5. 语用学主要研究什么？A. 语言的发音规则B. 语言的语法规则C. 语言的使用环境D. 语言的书写规则答案：C6. 语言的最小意义单位是什么？A. 音素B. 词C. 语素D. 句答案：C7. 以下哪个选项是语言的交际功能？A. 表达思想B. 传递信息C. 娱乐消遣D. 教育指导答案：B8. 语言的演变主要受到哪些因素的影响？A. 社会变迁B. 地理隔离C. 文化交流D. 所有以上选项答案：D9. 语言的同源词指的是什么？A. 同一词根派生出的词B. 词义相近的词C. 形式和意义相同的词D. 形式和意义都不同的词答案：A10. 下列哪项是社会语言学的研究内容？A. 语言的语音变化B. 语言的词汇变化C. 语言与社会的关系D. 语言的语法变化答案：C二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学是研究________的科学。

答案：人类语言2. 语言的任意性是指语言的________与________之间没有必然的联系。

答案：形式意义3. 语言的线性是指语言在时间上是________的。

答案：连续4. 语言的离散性是指语言的单位是________的。

答案：有限5. 语音学是研究人类语言的________规律的学科。

答案：发音6. 语法学是研究语言的________和________的学科。

答案：结构规律7. 语用学是研究语言在________中的使用情况的学科。

英语语言学教程参考答案

英语语言学教程参考答案在英语语言学教程中，我们深入探讨了语言学的多个方面，包括语音学、语法学、语义学、语用学、社会语言学和心理语言学等。

以下是一些常见问题及其参考答案的概述。

一、语音学1. 问题：什么是音素？答案：音素是语言中最小的音位单位，能够区分词义。

例如，在英语中，/p/和/b/是两个不同的音素，因为它们可以改变词义，如“pat”和“bat”。

2. 问题：什么是元音和辅音？答案：元音是气流在口腔中不受阻碍时发出的声音，如英语中的/i:/（长音“ee”）。

辅音则是气流在口腔或喉部受到部分或完全阻碍时发出的声音，如/p/、/t/、/k/。

二、语法学1. 问题：什么是句子成分？答案：句子成分包括主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、补语等，它们共同构成句子的基本结构。

2. 问题：什么是时态和语态？答案：时态表示动作发生的时间，如过去时、现在时和将来时。

语态则表示动作的执行者和承受者之间的关系，如主动语态和被动语态。

三、语义学1. 问题：什么是词义？答案：词义是词在特定语境中所表达的意义。

它可以是直接的（字面意义）或隐喻的（比喻意义）。

2. 问题：什么是多义词和同形异义词？答案：多义词是一个词具有多个相关意义，如“bank”可以指银行或河岸。

同形异义词则是不同的词具有相同的拼写形式，但意义不同，如“bat”可以指球棒或蝙蝠。

四、语用学1. 问题：什么是言语行为？答案：言语行为是说话者通过语言实现的交际行为，如陈述、询问、请求、命令等。

2. 问题：什么是隐喻和转喻？答案：隐喻是一种将一个概念的属性应用到另一个概念上的修辞手法，如“时间是金钱”。

转喻则是用一个事物来代表与之相关的事物，如用“白宫”来指代美国政府。

五、社会语言学1. 问题：什么是方言和社会方言？答案：方言是某一地区或社会群体特有的语言变体。

社会方言是特定社会群体使用的语言形式，如青少年群体的俚语。

2. 问题：什么是语言变体和语言接触？答案：语言变体是语言在不同地区或社会群体中的不同表现形式。

语言学试题及答案

语言学试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学研究的主要内容是什么？A. 语言的起源B. 语言的演变C. 语言的规则D. 语言的规则和演变答案：D2. 下列哪项不是语言学的分支学科？A. 语音学B. 语法学C. 心理学D. 语义学答案：C3. 语言的最小意义单位是什么？A. 音素B. 词C. 句D. 语素答案：D4. 以下哪个选项是语言的交际功能？A. 表达思想B. 娱乐C. 教育D. 所有选项答案：D5. 语言学中，研究语言的物理属性的学科是？A. 社会语言学B. 心理语言学C. 计算语言学D. 语音学答案：D6. 语言的“能指”指的是什么？A. 语言的声音B. 语言的意义C. 语言的书写形式D. 语言的语法结构答案：A7. 以下哪项属于语言的内部因素？A. 社会环境B. 历史发展C. 语言使用者D. 语言规则答案：D8. 语言的“所指”指的是什么？A. 语言的声音B. 语言的意义C. 语言的书写形式D. 语言的语法结构答案：B9. 语言的“共时研究”和“历时研究”分别指的是什么？A. 同时期的语言研究和不同时期语言的变化研究B. 语言的内部结构研究和语言的外部影响研究C. 语言的规则研究和语言的演变研究D. 语言的语法研究和语言的词汇研究答案：A10. 语言的“方言”和“土语”有何区别？A. 方言是大范围的地域性语言，土语是小范围的地域性语言B. 方言是小范围的地域性语言，土语是大范围的地域性语言C. 方言和土语没有区别D. 方言是书面语言，土语是口头语言答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学的四大分支包括语音学、语法学、语义学和______。

答案：语用学2. 语言的“词汇”是由一系列______组成的。

答案：词3. 语言的“句法”是指语言中词和词的组合规则。

答案：语法4. 语言的“语义”是指语言中的词和句子所表达的______。

答案：意义5. 语言学中，研究语言与社会的关系的学科是______。

语言学入门考试题及答案

语言学入门考试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学的主要研究对象是什么？A. 语言B. 文学C. 历史D. 数学答案：A2. 以下哪个选项不属于语言学的分支？A. 语音学B. 语法学C. 心理学D. 语义学答案：C3. 语言学研究的是哪类现象？A. 物理现象B. 自然现象C. 社会现象D. 文化现象答案：C4. 语言的最小意义单位是什么？A. 音素B. 词C. 句子D. 语篇答案：A5. 以下哪个术语不属于语言变异？A. 方言B. 社会方言C. 语言接触D. 语言死亡答案：D6. 语言的哪一层级负责表达意义？A. 语音层B. 语法层C. 语义层D. 语用层答案：C7. 以下哪个选项是语言的交际功能？A. 表达情感B. 描述事物C. 命令他人D. 所有选项答案：D8. 以下哪个选项是语言的内部结构？A. 音位B. 词汇C. 语音D. 语法答案：D9. 以下哪个选项是语言的外部功能？A. 信息传递B. 情感表达C. 命令控制D. 所有选项答案：D10. 语言的哪一层级负责表达关系？A. 语音层B. 语法层C. 语义层D. 语用层答案：B二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学研究的最小意义单位是________。

答案：音素2. 语言学研究的最小语音单位是________。

答案：音位3. 语言学研究的最小语法单位是________。

答案：词4. 语言学研究的最小语义单位是________。

答案：词义5. 语言学研究的最小语用单位是________。

答案：句子6. 语言学研究的最小社会单位是________。

答案：方言7. 语言学研究的最小文化单位是________。

答案：语言8. 语言学研究的最小交际单位是________。

答案：话语9. 语言学研究的最小心理单位是________。

答案：概念10. 语言学研究的最小认知单位是________。

答案：思维三、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1. 简述语言学的主要研究内容。

胡壮麟语言学教程复习及答案

胡壮麟语言学复习及答案Chapter I IntroductionI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2.Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general.3. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks.4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts.5. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole.6. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other areas, studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study.7. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication.8. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaningful sentences.9. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called morphology.10. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies the morphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences.11. The study of meaning in language is known as semantics.12. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings.13. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies meaning not in isolation, but in context.14. Social changes can often bring about language changes.15. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society.16. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive.17. Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar.18. A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point in time.19 Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the written language.20. The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F. de Saussure.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:21. Chom sky defines “ competence” as the ideal user’s k__________ o f the rules of his language.ngue refers to the a__________ linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules.23.D_________ is one of the design features of human language which refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units.24. Language is a system of a_________ vocal symbols used for human communication.25. The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into permissible sentences in languages is called s________.26. Human capacity for language has a g ____ basis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned.27. P ____ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.28. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems. The study of such applications is generally known as a________ linguistics.29. Language is p___________ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard before.30. Linguistics is generally defined as the s ____ study of language.III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.31. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be ______________.A. prescriptiveB. analyticC. descriptiveD. linguistic32.Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?A. ArbitrarinessB. DisplacementC. DualityD. Meaningfulness33. Modern linguistics regards the written language as ____________.A. primaryB. correctC. secondaryD. stable34. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, because ___________.A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writingB. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed.C. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongueD. All of the above35. A historical study of language is a ____ study of language.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. prescriptiveD. comparative36.Saussure took a (n)__________ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a ________ point of view.A. sociological…psychologicalB. psychological…sociologicalC. applied… pragmaticD. semantic and linguistic37. According to F. de Saussure, ____ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.A. paroleB. performanceC. langueD. Language38. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between _________ and meanings.A. senseB. soundsC. objectsD. ideas39. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This feature is called_________,A. displacementB. dualityC. flexibilityD. cultural transmission40. The details of any language system is passed on from one generation to the next through ____ , rather than by instinct.A. learningB. teachingC. booksD. both A and BI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:l.T 2.F 3.F 4.T 5.T 6.F 7.T 8.F 9.T 10.F11.T 12.T 13.T 14.T 15.T 16.F 17.T 18.F 19.F 20.FII. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:21. knowledge 22. abstract 23. Duality 24. arbitrary25. syntax 26.genetic 27. Parole 28. applied 29. productive30. scientific (or systematic)III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.3l.C 32.D 33.C 34.D 35.B 36.A 37.C 38.B 39.A 40.DIV. Define the following terms:41. Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.42. Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology.46. Language: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.47. Phonetics: The study of sounds which are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics.48. Morphology: The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology.57. Competence: Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language,58. Performance: performance is the actual realization of the knowledge of the rules in linguistic communication.59. langue : Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community; Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to follow; Langue is relatively stable, it does not change frequently 60. Parole: Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use; parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules; parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation.V. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:63. How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?Traditional gram-mar is prescriptive; it is based on "high "(religious, literary) written language. It sets grammatical rules and imposes the rules on language users. But Modern linguistics is descriptive; It collects authentic, and mainly spoken language data and then it studies and describes the data in an objective and scientific way.65. Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of language as primary, not the written?First, the spoken form is prior to the writ-ten form and most writing systems are derived from the spoken form of language.Second, the spoken form plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed and it serves a wider range of purposesFinally, the spoken form is the medium through which we acquire our mother tongue.66. What are the major distinctions between langue and parole?The distinction between langue, and parole was made by the famous linguist Ferdinand de Saussure early this century. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to follow while parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules. Langue is abstract; it is not the language people actually use, but parole is concrete; it refers to the naturally occurring language events. Langue is relatively stable; it does not change frequently; while parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation.67. How do you understand competence and performance?American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950’s proposed the distinction between competence and performance. Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language. This internalized set of rules enables the language user to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences and recognize sentences that are ungrammatical and ambiguous. According to Chomsky, performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. Although the speaker’s knowledge of his mother tongue is perfect, his performances may have mistakes because of social and psychological factors such as stress, embarrassment, etc.. Chomsky believes that what linguists should study is the competence, which is systematic, not the performance, which is too haphazard. 68. Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole seems similar to Chomsky’s distinction between competence and performance. What do you think are their major differences?Although Saussure’s distinction and Chomsky’s are very similar, they differ at least in that Saussure took a sociological view of language and his notion of langue is amater of social conventions, and Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of vies and to him, competence is a property of the mind of each individual. Chapter 2：PhonologyI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. V oicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English.2. If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning, they are said to be in complementary distribution.3. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.4. English is a tone language while Chinese is not.5. In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.6. In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed.7. Articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physical properties of the stream of sounds which a speaker issues with the help of a machine called spectrograph.8. The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas: the throat, the mouth and the chest.9. Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing.10. English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part of the tongue that is raised the highest.11. According to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which the consonants can be classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar.12. V owel sounds can be differentiated by a number of factors: the position of tongue in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels.13. According to the shape of the lips, vowels can be classified into close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels and open vowels.14. Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme.15. Phones are the sounds that can distinguish meaning.16. Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories.17. A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting one sound for another results in a change of meaning.18. When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to forma phonemic contrast.19. The rules governing the phonological patterning are language specific.20. Distinctive features of sound segments can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:21. A ____ refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds. 22．A ____ phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ.23. The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b_______ sounds.24．Of all the speech organs, the t ____ is the most flexible, and is responsible for varieties of articulation than any other.25．English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of p____ of articulation.26．When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a s________.27．S_________ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc.28．The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called s ____ rules.29．The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called n_________ transcription.30．When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i_________.31．P______ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular language and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication.32．The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important cavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the o_______ cavity and the nasal cavity.33． T____ are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes. 34．Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and s_________ stress.III. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:35．Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/ are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords36．The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.A. voicelessB. voicedC. vowelD. consonantal37．__________ is a voiced alveolar stop.A. /z/B. /d/C. /k/D./b/38．The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________.A. identicalB. sameC. exactly alikeD. similar39．Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be ___________.A. in phonemic contrastB. in complementary distributionC. the allophonesD. minimal pair40．The sound /f/ is _________________.A. voiced palatal affricateB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricativeD. voiceless labiodental fricative41. A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position.A. backB. centralC. frontD. middle42. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called ____________.A. phonetic componentsB. immediate constituentsC. suprasegmental featuresD. semantic features43. A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. soundC. allophoneD. phoneme44．The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the ____ of that phoneme.A. phonesB. soundsC. phonemesD. allophonesI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:l.T 2.F 3.F 4.F 5.T 6.T 7.F 8.F 9.T 10.F11.F 12.T 13.F 14.F 15.F 16. F 17. T 18. F 19. T 20. TII. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:21. Aspiration 22.Articulatory 23. bilabial 24. tongue 25. place26. stop 27. Suprasegmental 28. sequential 29. narrow 30. intonation31. Phonology 32. oral 33. Tone 34. sentenceIII. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:35.C 36.A 37.B 38.D 39.A 40.D 41.C 42.C 43.D 44.DIV. Define the terms below:45. phonology: Phonology studies the system of sounds of a particular language; it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.46. phoneme: The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit of distinctive value. But it is an abstract unit. To be exact, a phoneme is not a sound; it is a collection of distinctive phonetic features.47. allophone: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme.50. phonetics: Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world' s languagesV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:58. What are the criteria that a linguist uses in classifying vowels?1) V owels may be distinguished as front, central and back in terms of the position of the tongue in the mouth.2) According to how wide our mouth is opened, we classify the vowels into four groups: close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels, and open vowels.3) According to the shape of the lips, vowels are divided into rounded vowels and unrounded vowels.4) The English vowels can also be classified into long vowels and short vowels according to the length of the sound.59. What are the major differences between phonology and phonetics?They differ in their approach and focus. Phonetics is of a general nature; it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages: how they are produced, how they differ from each other, what phonetic features they possess, how they can be classified. Phonology, on the other hand, is interested in the system of sounds of a particular language; it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.61. In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme or not?A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting one sound for other results in a change of meaning. If it does, the two sounds then represent different phonemes.Chapter 3：MorphologyI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Morphology studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.2.Words are the smallest meaningful units of language.3. Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a morpheme the basic unit in the study of morphology.4. The smallest meaningful units that can be used freely all by themselves are free morphemes.5. Bound morphemes include two types: roots and affixes.6. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree, and case.7. The existing form to which a derivational affix can be added is called a stem, which can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself.8. Prefixes usually modify the part of speech of the original word, not the meaning of it.9. There are rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word. Therefore, words formed according to the morphological rules are acceptable words.10. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress.II. Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given:11. M ____ is the smallest meaningful unit of language.12. The affix “-ish” in the word boyish conveys a g____ meaning.13. B______ morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.14. Affixes are of two types: inflectional affixes and d____ affixes.15. D______ affixes are added to an existing form to create words.16. A s______ is added to the end of stems to modify the meaning of the original word and it may case change its part of speech.17. C______ is the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words.18. The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word are called m____ rules.19. In terms of morphemic analysis, d____ can be viewed as the addition of affixes to stems to form new words.20. A s____ can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself to which a derivational affix can be added.III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:21. The morpheme “vision” in the common word “television” is a(n) ______.A. bound morphemeB. bound formC. inflectional morphemeD. free morpheme22. The compound word “bookstore” is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound ______.A. is the sum total of the meaning of its componentsB. can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemesC. is the same as the meaning of a free phrase.D. None of the above.23. The part of speech of the compounds is generally determined by the part of speech of _______.A. the first elementB. the second elementC. either the first or the second elementD. both the first and the second elements.24. _______ are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.A. Free morphemesB. Bound morphemesC. Bound wordsD. Words25. _____ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.A. SyntaxB.GrammarC. MorphologyD. Morpheme26. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _______.A. lexicalB. morphemicC. grammaticalD. semantic27. Bound morphemes are those that ___________.A. have to be used independentlyB. can not be combined with other morphemesC. can either be free or boundD. have to be combined with other morphemes.28. ____ modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.A. PrefixesB. SuffixesC. RootsD. Affixes29. _____ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists.A. WordsB. MorphemesC. PhonemesD. Sentences30. “-s” in the word “books” is _______.A. a derivative affixB. a stemC. an inflectional affixD. a rootI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:l.T 2.F 3.T 4.T 5.T 6.T 7.T 8.F 9.F 10.TII. Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given:11. Morpheme 12. grammatical 13. Bound 14. derivative 15.Derivative16. suffix 17. Compounding 18. morphological 19. derivation 20. stem III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:2l.D 22.D 23.B 24.B 25.C 26. C 27. D 28. A 29. B 30. CIV. Define the following terms:31. Morphology: Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.34. Morpheme: It is the smallest meaningful unit of language.35. free morpheme: Free morphemes are the morphemes which are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves or in combination with other morphemes.36. bound morpheme: Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.Chapter 4：SyntaxI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Syntax is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language, including the combination of morphemes into words.2.Grammatical sentences are formed following a set of syntactic rules.3. Sentences are composed of sequence of words arranged in a simple linear order, with one adding onto another following a simple arithmetic logic.4.Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules that comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speak-er are known as linguistic competence.5. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.6. In a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other.7. Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.8. Minor lexical categories are open because these categories are not fixed and new members are allowed for.9. In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly recognized and discussed, namely, noun phrase, verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase.10. In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb.11.What is actually internalized in the mind of a native speaker is a complete list of words and phrases rather than grammatical knowledge.12. A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional.13. It is believed that phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentences at the level of D-structure.14. WH-movement is obligatory in English which changes a sentence from affirmative to interrogative.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:15. A s________ sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.16.A s______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command.17.A s______ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedes the predicate.18. The part of a sentence which comprises a finite verb or a verb phrase and which says something about the subject is grammatically called p_________.19. A c_________ sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other.20. In the complex sentence, the incorporated or subordinate clause is normally called an e_______ clause.21. Major lexical categories are o___ categories in the sense that new words are constantly added.23. P_______ are syntactic options of UG that allow general principles to operate in one way or another and contribute to significant linguistic variations between and among natural languages.III. There are four given choices for each statement below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:。

语言学教程第四版答案

语言学教程第四版答案【篇一：《语言学教程》测试题答案】xt>i.1~5 b a c c c6~10 b a c a cii.11~15 f f t f f 16~20 f f f f fiii.21. verbal 22. productivity / creativity 23. metalingual function24. yo-he-ho25. scientific26. descriptive 27. speech 28. diachronic linguistic29. langue 30. competenceiv.31. design feature: it refers to the defining properties of human language that tell the differencebetween human language and any system of animal communication.32. displacement: it means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events andconcepts, which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication.33. competence: it is an essential part of performance. it is the speaker’s knowledge of his or herlanguage; that is, of its sound structure, its words, and its grammatical rules. competence is, in a way, an encyclopedia of language. moreover, the knowledge involved in competence is generally unconscious.a transformational-generative grammar is a model of competence.34. synchronic linguistics: it refers to the study of a language at a given point in time. the timestudied may be either the present or a particular point in the past; synchronic analyses can also be made of dead languages, such as latin. synchronic linguistics is contrasted with diachronic linguistics, the study of a language over a period of time.v.35. duality makes our language productive. a large number of different units can be formed out of asmall number of elements – for instance, tens of thousands of words out of a small set of sounds,around 48 in the case of the english language. and out of the huge number of words, there can beastronomical number of possible sentences and phrases, which in turn can combine to formunlimited number of texts. most animal communication systems do not have this design feature ofhuman language.if language has no such design feature, then it will be like animal communicational system whichwill be highly limited. it cannot produce a very large number of sound combinations, e.g. words,which are distinct in meaning.36. it is difficult to define language, as it is such a general term that covers too many things. thus,definitions for it all have their own special emphasis, and are not totally free from limitations.vi.37. it should be guided by the four principles of science: exhaustiveness, consistency, economy andobjectivity and follow the scientific procedure: form hypothesis – collect data – check against theobservable facts – come to a conclusion.第二章：语音参考答案i1~5 a c d a a6~10 d b a b bii.11~15 t t t f f 16~20 t t t f fiii.21. voiced, voiceless, voiced 22. friction23. tongue 24. height 25. obstruction26. minimal pairs27. diphthongs 28. co-articulation29. phonemes30. air streamiv.31. sound assimilation: speech sounds seldom occur in isolation. in connected speech, under the influenceof their neighbors, are replaced by other sounds. sometimes two neighboring sounds influence eachother and are replaced by a third sound which is different from both original sounds. this process is called sound assimilation.32. suprasegmental feature: the phonetic features that occur above the level of the segments are calledsuprasegmental features; these are the phonological properties of such units as the syllable, the word, and the sentence. the main suprasegmental ones includes stress, intonation, and tone.33. complementary distribution: the different allophones of the same phoneme never occur in the samephonetic context. when two or more allophones of one phoneme never occur in the same linguistic environment they are said to be in complementary distribution.34. distinctive features: it refers to the features that can distinguish one phoneme from another. if we cangroup the phonemes into two categories: one with this feature and the other without, this feature is called a distinctive feature. v.35. acoustic phonetics deals with the transmission of speech sounds through the air. when a speech soundis produced it causes minor air disturbances (sound waves). various instruments are used to measure the characteristics of these sound waves.36. when the vocal cords are spread apart, the air from the lungs passes between them unimpeded. soundsproduced in this way are described as voiceless; consonants [p, s, t] are produced in this way. but when the vocal cords are drawn together, the air from the lungs repeatedly pushes them apart as it passes through, creating a vibration effect. sounds produced in this way are described as voiced. [b, z, d] are voiced consonants.vi. 37.omit.第三章：词汇参考答案i1~5 a a c b b6~10 b c a d bii. 11~15 f t f t t16~20 f t f f fiii.21. initialism, acronym 22. vocabulary 23. solid, hyphenated, open 24. morpheme25. close, open 26. back-formation 27. conversion 28. morpheme29. derivative, compound 30. affix, bound rootiv.31. blending: it is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining themeanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its full form or both of which are not in their full forms, like newscast (news + broadcast), brunch (breakfast + lunch)32. allomorph: it is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoiningsounds.33. close-class word: it is a word whose membership is fixed or limited. pronouns, prepositions,conjunctions, articles, etc. are all closed-class words.34. morphological rule: it is the rule that governs which affix can be added to what type of base to forma new word, e.g. –ly can be added to a noun to form an adjective.vi .37. (1) c (2) a (3) e (4) d (5) b第四章：句法参考答案i1~5 d c d d d 6~10 a d d b aii. 11~15 t t t t f16~20 f t f t tiii.21. simple 22. sentence 23. subject24. predicate25. complex 26. embedded 27. open28. adjacency29. parameters 30. caseiv.31. syntax: syntax refers to the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in alanguage, or simply, the study of the formation of sentences.32. ic analysis: immediate constituent analysis, ic analysis for short, refers to the analysis of a sentence interms of its immediate constituents – word groups (phrases), which are in turn analyzed into theimmediate constituents of their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate sake of convenience.33. hierarchical structure: it is the sentence structure that groups words into structural constituents andshows the syntactic category of each structural constituent, such as np, vp and pp.34. trace theory: after the movement of an element in a sentence there will be a trace left in the originalposition. this is the notion trace in t-g grammar. it’s suggested that if we have the notion trace, all the necessary information for semantic interpretation may come from the surface structure. e.g. thepassive dams are built by beavers. differs from the active beavers built dams. in implying that all dams are built by beavers. if we add a trace element represented by the letter t after built in the passive as dams are built t by beavers, then the deep structure information that the word dams was originally the object of built is also captured by the surface structure. trace theory proves to be not only theoretically significant but also empirically valid.v.35. an endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent, or approachingequivalence, to one of its constituents, which serves as the center, or head, of the whole. a typicalexample is the three small children with children as its head. the exocentric construction, opposite to the first type, is defined negatively as a construction whose distribution is not functionally equivalent to any of its constituents. prepositional phrasal like on the shelf are typical examples of this type.36. (1) more | beautiful flowers(2) more beautiful | flowers第五章：意义参考答案i1~5 a b d d b 6~10 c a c d aii. 11~15 f f t f t 16~20 t f t t tiii.21. semantics 22. direct 23. reference 24. synonyms25.homophones26. relational27. componential 28. selectional 29. argument 30. namingiv.31. entailment: it is basically a semantic relation (or logical implication), and it can be clarified withthe following sentences:a. tom divorced jane.b. jane was tom’s wife.in terms of truth value, the following relationships exist between these two sentences: when a is true,b must be also true; when b is false, a must also be false. when b is true, a may be true or false.therefore we can say a entails b.32. proposition: it is the result of the abstraction of sentences, which are descriptions of states of affairs andwhich some writers see as a basic element of sentence meaning. for example, the two sentences“caesar invaded gaul” and “gaul was invaded by caesar” hol d the same proposition.33. compositional analysis: it defines the meaning of a lexical element in terms of semantic components, orsemantic features. for example, the meaning of the word boy may be analyzed into three components: human, young and male. similarly girl may be analyzed into human, young andfemale.34. reference: it is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it is a matter of the relationshipbetween the form and the reality.v.35. hyponymy, metonymy or part-whole relationship36. (omit.)vi.37. (1)the (a) words and (b) words are male.the (a) words are human, while the (b) words are non-human.(2)the (a) words and (b) words are inanimate.the (a) words are instrumental, while the (b) words are edible.(3)the (a) words and (b) words are worldly or conceptual.the (a) words are material, while the (b) words are spiritual.第七章：语言、文化和社会参考答案i1~5 b c a a c 6~10 d a c a dii. 11~15 f t f f f 16~20 t f t f fiii.21. community22. variety 23. dialectal 24.planning25.sociolects26. stylistic 27. official28. superposed29. vernacular 30. inflectionaliv.31. lingua franca: a lingua franca is a variety of language that serves as a common speech for socialcontact among groups of people who speaks different native languages or dialects.32. regional dialect: regional dialect, also social or class dialect, is a speech variety spoken by themembers of a particular group or stratum of a speech community.33. register: register, also situational dialect, refers to the language variety appropriate for use in particularspeech situations on which degrees of formality depends.34. sociolinguistics: defined in its broadest way, sociolinguistics, a subdiscipline of linguistics, is the studyof language in relation to society. it is concerned with language variation, language use, the impact of extra-linguistic factors on language use, etc.v. 35. american english is not superior to african english. as different branches of english, africanenglish and american english are equal. similar as they are, they are influenced by their respective cultural context and thus form respective systems of pronunciation, words and even grammar.36. in china, chinese has a more strict and complex relationship system. so in chinese there are a lot morekinship words than in english.vi. 37. (omit.)第八章：语言的使用参考答案i1~5 d b c b a 6~10 c b c a dii. 11~15 f t t f f 16~20 f f f t tiii.21. context22. utterance 23. abstract 24. constatives 25. performatives26. locutionary 27. illocutionary28. commissive29. expressive30. quantityiv.31. conversational implicature: in our daily life, speakers and listeners involved in conversation aregenerally cooperating with each other. in other words, when people are talking with each other, they must try to conversesmoothly and successfully. in accepting speakers’ presuppositions, listenershave to assume that a speaker is not trying to mislead them. this sense of cooperation is simply one in which people having a conversation are not normally assumed to be trying to confuse, trick, orwithhold relevant information from one another. however, in real communication, the intention of the speaker is often not the literal meaning of what he or she says. the real intention implied in the words is called conversational implicature.32. performative: in speech act theory an utterance which performs an act, such as watch out (= a warning).33. locutionary act: a locutionary act is the saying of something which is meaningful and can beunderstood.34. horn’s q-principle: (1) make your contribution sufficient (cf. quantity); (2) say as much as you can(given r).v.35. pragmatics is the study of the use of language in communication, particularly the relationshipsbetween sentences and the contexts and situations in which they are used. pragmatics includes the study of(1) how the interpretation and use of utterances depends on knowledge of the real world;(2) how speakers use and understand speech acts;(3) how the structure of sentences is influenced by the relationship between the speaker and thehearer.pragmatics is sometimes contrasted with semantics, which deals with meaning without referenceto the users and communicative functions of sentences.36. yes, b is cooperative. on the face of it, b’s statement is not an answer to a’s question. b doesn’t say“when.” however, a will immediately interpret the s tatement as meaning “i don’t know” or “i am not sure.” just assume that b is being “relevant” and “informative.” given that b’s answer contains relevant information, a can work out that “an accident further up the road” conventionally involves “trafficja m,” and “traffic jam” preludes “bus coming.” thus, b’s answer is not simply a statement of “when the bus comes”; it contains an implicature concerning “when the bus comes.”vi.37. it occurs before and / or after a word, a phrase or even a longer utterance or a text. the context oftenhelps in understanding the particular meaning of the word, phrase, etc.the context may also be the broader social situation in which a linguistic item is used.(1)a. a mild criticism of someone who should have cleaned the room.b. in a language class where a student made a mistake, for he intended to say “tidy.”c. the room was wanted for a meeting. (2)a. a mild way to express disagreement with someone who has complimented on a lady’sappearance. b. a regret that the customer had not taken the dress. c. that she wore a red shirt was not in agreement with the custom on the occasion.第十二章：现代语言学理论与流派参考答案i1~5 b a c a a 6~10 a b d c cii. 11~15 f f t t f 16~20 f t t t fiii.21. synchronic22. phonetics23. j. r. firth 24. systemic25. sociologically26. distribution27. bloomfieldian 28. descriptivism29. innateness30. hypothesis-maker iv.31. fsp: it stands for functional sentence perspective. it is a theory of linguistic analysis which refers to ananalysis of utterances (or texts) in terms of the information they contain.32. cohesion: the cohesion shows whether a certain tagmeme is dominating other tagmemes or isdominated by others.33. lad: lad, that is language acquisition device, is posited by chomsky in the 1960s as a deviceeffectively present in the minds of children by which a grammar of their native language is constructed.34. case grammar: it is an approach that stresses the relationship of elements in a sentence. it is a type ofgenerative grammar developed by c. j. fillmore in the late1960s.v. vi. omit.【篇二：语言学教程(胡壮麟版)综合测试题含标准答案】 class=txt>英语语言学试卷（一）第一部分选择题i. directions: read each of the following statements carefully. decide which one of the fourchoices best completes the statement and put the letter a, b, cor d in the brackets.(2%x10=20%)1.saussure’s distinction and chomsky’s are very similar, but they differ in that ____________. a.saussure took a sociological view of language while chomsky took a psychological point of viewb. saussure took a psychological view of language while chomsky took a sociological point ofviewc. saussure took a pragmatic view of language while chomsky took a semantic point of viewd. saussure took a structural view of language while chomsky took a pragmatic point of view2. language is a system of ____________ vocal symbols used for human communication. a.unnatural b. artificialc. superficiald. arbitrary3. we are born with the ability to acquire language,_______________.a. and the details of any language system are genetically transmittedb. therefore, we needn’t learn the details of our mother tonguec. but the details of language have to be learnt.d. and the details are acquired by instinct4. a(n)________ is a phonological unit of distinctive value. it isa collection of distinctivephonetic features. a. phone b. allophonec. phonemed. sound5. the morpheme –ed in the word “worked” is a(n) __________ morpheme. a. derivationalb. inflectionalc. freed. word-forming6. wh-movement is __________ in english which changes a sentence from affirmative tointerrogative. a. obligatoryb. optionalc. selectionald. arbitrary7. naming theory, one of the oldest notions concerning meaning, was proposed by_____________. a. griceb. platoc. saussured. ogden and richards8. “john married a blond heiress.”__________ “john married a blond.” a. is synonymous withb. is inconsistent withc. entailsd. presupposes9. in semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is called ____________, which is theabstraction of the meaning of a sentence. a. utterance b. referencec. predicationd. morpheme10. in austin’s speech act theory, ___________ is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; itis the act performed in saying something. a. a perlocutionary act b. alocutionary actc. a constative actd. an illocutionary act第二部分非选择题ii. directions: fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter ofwhich is already given as a clue. note that you are to fill in one word only, and you are notallowed to change the letter given. (1%x10=10%)11. p___________ relates the study of language to psychology. it aims to answer such questionsas how the human mind works when people use language.12. a d_________ study of language is a historical study; it studies the historical development oflanguage over a period of time.13. language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. at the lower level,there is a structure of meaningless sounds, which can be combined into a large number ofmeaningful units at the higher level. this design feature is called d___________.14. the articulatory apparatus of a human being is containedin three important areas: thepharyngeal cavity, the o_________ cavity and the nasal cavity.15. the localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain iscalled l_____________.16. s_____________ features such as stress, tone and intonation can influence the interpretationof meaning.17. phrase structure rules can generate an infinite number of sentences, and sentences with infinitelength, due to their r_________ properties.18. h__________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.19. some important missions of historical linguists are to identify and classify families of related languages in a genealogical family tree, and to reconstruct the p____________, the original form of a language family that has ceased to exist.20. in sociolinguistics, speakers are treated as members of social groups. the social group isolated for any given study is called the speech c___________.iii. directions: judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. put a t for true or f for false in the brackets in front of each statement. (2%x10=20%)( ) 21. linguists believe that whatever occurs in the language people use should be described and analyzed in their investigation.( ) 22. language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between words and what these words actually refer to.( ) 23. the conclusions we reach about the phonology of one language can be generalized into the study of another language.( ) 24. the meaning-distinctive function of the tone is especially important in english because english, unlike chinese, is a typical tone language.( ) 25. the syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, and yet there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.( ) 26. when we think of a concept, we actually try to see the image of something in our mind’s eye every time we come across a linguistic symbol.( ) 27. all utterances can be restored to complete sentences. for example, “good morning!” can be restored to “i wish you a good morning.”( ) 28. two people who are born and brought up in the same town and speak the same regional dialect may speak differently because of a number of social factors.( ) 29. black english is linguistically inferior to standard english because black english is not as systematic as standard english.( ) 30. any child who is capable of acquiring some particular human language is capable of acquiring any human language spontaneously and effortlessly.iv. directions: explain the following terms. (3%x10=30%)31. parole:32. broad transcription:33.allophones:34.phrase structure rules:35.context36.historical linguistics:37.standard language:38.linguistic taboo:39.acculturation:40.care-taker speech:v. answer the following questions. (10%x2=20%)41. enumerate three causes that lead to the systematic occurrence of errors in second language acquisition and give your examples.42. english has undergone tremendous changes since its anglo-saxon days. identify the major periods in its historicaldevelopment and name major historical events that led to the transition from one period to the next.英语语言学试卷答案(一)第一部分选择题i. directions: read each of the following statements carefully. decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter a, b, c or d in the brackets.(2%x10=20%)1. a2. d3. c4. c5.b6. a7. b8. c9. c 10. d第二部分非选择题ii. directions: fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. note that you are to fill in one word only, and you are not【篇三：语言学教程第四版练习第一章】inguisticsi. mark the choice that best completes the statement.1.all languages’ have three major components: a sound system ,a system of___and a system of semantics.a. morphologyb. lexicogrammarc. syntaxd. meaning2.which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?3.the function of the sentence water boils at 100 degrees centigrade is ___.a.interpersonalb.emotivermatived.performative4.in chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say 碎碎（岁岁）平安as a means of controlling the forces which they believe might affect their lives. which function does it perform?a.interpersonalb.emotivermatived.performative5.which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place of speaking (due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation)?a. transferabilityb. dualityc. displacementd. arbitrariness6. what language function does the following conversation play?(the two chatters just met and were starting their conversation by the following dialogue.)a：a nice day, isn’t it?b : right! i really enjoy the sunlight.a. emotiveb. phaticc. performatived. interpersonal7.------- refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in utterances.8.when a dog is barking, you assume it is barking for something or at someone that exists here and now. it couldn’t be sorrowful for some lost love or lost bone. this indicates that dog’s language does not have the feature of --------- .a. referenceb. productivityc. displacementd.duality9.--------- answers such questions as we as infants acquire our first language.a. psycholinguisticsb. anthropological linguisticsc. sociolinguisticsd. applied linguistics10.-------- deals with the study of dialects in different social classes in a particular region.a. linguistic theoryb. practical linguisticsc. sociolinguisticsd. comparative linguisticsii. mark the following statements with “t” if they are true or “f” if they are false.(10%)1. the widely accepted meaning of arbitrariness was discussed by chomsky first.2. for learners of a foreign language, it is arbitrariness that is more worth noticing than its conventionality.3. displacement benefits human beings by giving them the power to handlegeneralizations and abstractions.4. for jakobson and the prague school structuralists, the purpose of communication is to refer.5. interpersonal function is also called ideational function in the framework of functional grammar.6. emotive function is also discussed under the term expressive function.7. the relationship between competence and performance in chomsky’s theory is that between a language community and an individual language user.8.a study of the features of the english used in shakespeare’s time is an example of the diachronic study of language.9.articulatory phonetics investigates the properties of the sound waves.10.the nature of linguistics as a science determines its preoccupation with prescription instead of description.iii．fill in each of the following blanks with an appropriate word. the first letter of the word is already given(10％)1. nowadays, two kinds of research methods co-exist in linguistic studies, namely,qualitative and q__________ research approaches.2. in any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can becombined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. this feature is usually termed as p__________.nguage has many functions. we can use language to talk about language. this function is m__________function.4.the claim that language originated by primitive man involuntary making vocal noises while performing heavy work has been called the y＿theory.5.p________ is often said to be concerned with the organization of speech within specific language, or with the systems and patterns of sounds that occur in particular language.6.modern linguistics is d＿ in the sense that linguist tires to discover what language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe.7.one general principle of linguistics analysis is the primacy of s___________over writing.8.the description of a language as it changes through time is a d___________ linguistic study.9.saussure put forward the concept l__________ to refer to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.10.linguistic potential is similar to saussure’ s langue and chomsky’ s c__________.iv. explain the following concepts or theories.1.design features2.displacement。

语言学试题及答案

语言学试题及答案一、选择题1. 语言学是一门研究语言的科学，它主要关注语言的哪些方面？A. 语音和语法B. 词汇和语义C. 语音、语法、词汇和语义D. 语法和语用答案：C2. 下列哪个选项不属于语言学的分支学科？A. 语音学B. 语法学C. 心理学D. 语用学答案：C3. 语言的最小意义单位是什么？A. 音素B. 词C. 语素D. 句子答案：C二、填空题4. 语言学中的“_______”是指语言的物理表现形式。

答案：语音5. 语言学中的“_______”是指语言的抽象系统，包括语法规则和词汇。

答案：语法6. 语言学中的“_______”是指语言的最小意义单位。

答案：语素三、简答题7. 简述语言学的主要研究方法。

答案：语言学的主要研究方法包括观察法、实验法、调查法、统计法等。

观察法是通过观察语言现象来收集数据；实验法是在控制条件下进行语言实验以验证假设；调查法是通过问卷、访谈等方式收集语言使用情况；统计法是利用统计学原理分析语言数据。

8. 描述语言学和历史语言学的区别。

答案：描述语言学关注的是特定语言在某一特定时间点的状态，它试图描述和解释语言的结构和功能；而历史语言学关注的是语言随时间的变化和发展，研究语言的起源、演变以及不同语言之间的亲缘关系。

四、论述题9. 论述语言与文化之间的关系。

答案：语言与文化之间存在着密切的关系。

首先，语言是文化的载体，通过语言可以传递和保存文化信息。

其次，语言反映了文化的特点，不同文化背景下的语言会有不同的表达方式和词汇。

此外，语言的使用也受到文化规范和价值观的影响，例如礼貌用语、禁忌语等。

最后，语言的发展和变化也受到文化因素的影响，文化变迁往往伴随着语言的演变。

10. 分析语言的多样性对全球化的影响。

答案：语言的多样性对全球化有着复杂的影响。

一方面，语言多样性丰富了人类的文化生活，促进了不同文化之间的交流与理解。

另一方面，语言多样性也带来了沟通上的障碍，全球化进程中需要跨越语言障碍以实现信息的自由流通。

1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。

语言学教程复习题与答案（胡壮麟版第一章）Chapter I In troduct ionI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Lin guistics is gen erally defi ned as the scie ntific study of Ian guage.2. Lin guistics studies particular Ian guage, not Ian guages in gen eral.3. A scientific study of Ianguage is based on what the linguist thinks.4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on Ianguage facts and checkedaga inst the observed facts.5. Gen eral lin guistics is gen erally the study of Ian guage as a whole.6. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other areas, studies the basicconcepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable inany lin guistic study. 7.7. Phon etics is differe nt from phono logy in that the latter studies the comb in ati onsof the sounds to convey meaning in com muni cati on.8. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meanin gful senten ces.9. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is calledmorphology.10. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies the morphemes, but alsothe comb in ati on of morphemes into words and words into senten ces.11. The study of meaning in Ianguage is known as semantics.12. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings.13. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies meaning notin isolatio n, but in con text.14. Social changes can often bring about Ianguage changes.15. Sociolinguistics is the study of Ianguage in relation to society.16. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive.17. Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar.18. A diachronic study of Ianguage is the description of Ianguage at some point in time.19. Modern linguistics regards the written Ianguage as primary, not the writtenIan guage.20. The disti nction betwee n compete nee and performa nee was proposed by F.deSaussure.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the lettergive n:21. Chomsky defi nes “ compete nee ” as the ideal user ' s k ___________ of the rulesof his Ian guage.22. La ngue refers to the a _______ lin guistic system shared by all the membersof a speech com munity while the parole is the con crete use of the conven ti ons and applicati on of the rules.23. D _______ is one of the desig n features of huma n Ian guage which refers to thepheno 广告网址 n that Ianguage consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless in dividual sounds and a higher level of meanin gful un its.24. Language is a system of a ___________ vocal symbols used for human communication.25. The discipli ne that studies the rules gover ning the formati on of words intopermissible sentences in Ian guages is called s ______ .26. Huma n capacity for Ian guage has a g __ basis, but the details of Ian guage have to be taught and lear ned.27. P ___ refers to the realizati on of Ian gue in actual use.28. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of somepractical problems. The study of such applicati ons is gen erally known as a ___________________ lin guistics.29. Language is p ____________ in that it makes possible the construction and in terpretati on of new sig nals by its users .In other words, they can produce and un dersta nd an infin itely large nu mber of sentences which they have n ever heard before.30. Lin guistics is gen erally defi ned as the s __ study of Ian guage.complete the stateme nt.31. If a linguisticstudy describes and analyzes the Ianguage people actually it is said to be _____________ . A.prescriptive B. an alytic descriptiveD. li nguistic 32.Which of the follow ing is not a desig n feature of huma n Ian guage?A. Arbitrari nessB. Displaceme nt Duality D. Meaningfuln ess 33. Moder n lin guistics regards the writte n Ian guage as _________ .A. primaryB. correctC. sec on daryD. stable34. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, because . A. in lin guistic evoluti on, speech is prior to writ ingB. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information con veyed.C. speech is always the way in which every n ative speaker acquires his mother ton gueD. All of the above35. A historical study of Ian guage is a __ study of Ian guage.A. sociological …psychologicalB. psychological…sociological C. applied …pragmatic D.sema ntic and lin guistic 37. According to F. de Saussure, _______ r efers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech com mun ity.A. paroleB. performa neeC. la ngueD. Lan guage38. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connectionbetween III. There are four choices followingeach stateme nt. Mark the choice that can best use, C. C. A. synchronicB. diachr onicC. prescriptive Dcomparative 36.Saussure took a (n) ____________ from a ________ point of view.while Chomsky looks at Ianguageview of Ianguage,________ and meanin gs.A. senseB. soundsC. objectsD. ideas39. Lan guage can be used to refer to con texts removed from the immediate situati onsof the speaker. This feature is called ________ , for huma n com muni cati on. Expla in it i n detail.62. What are the design features of human Ianguage? Illustrate them with examples.63. How is moder n lin guistics differe nt from traditi onal grammar?64. Howdo you understand the distinctionbetween a synchronic study and a diachronicstudy?65. Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form ofIanguage as primary, not the writte n?66. What are the major dist inctions betwee n Ian gue and parole?67. How do you un dersta nd compete nee and performa nee ?68. Saussure ' s distinction between Iangue and parole seems similar to Chomsky' s disti nctio n betwee n compete nee and performa nee. What do you th ink are their major differe nces?69. Do you think human Ianguage is entirely arbitrary? Why?I. Decide whether each of the follow ing stateme nts is True or False: I.T 2.F 3.F 4.T 5.T 6.F 7.T 8.F 9.T 10.F 11.T 12.T 13.T 14.T 15.T 16.F 17.T 18.F19.F 20.F II. Fill in each of the follow ing bla nks with one word which begi ns with the I etter given: 21.knowledge 22. abstract 23. Duality 24. arbitrary 25. syn tax 26.ge netic 27. Parole 28. applied 29. productive 30. scie ntif ic (or systematic)III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that canbest complete the stateme nt. 3l.C 32.D 33.C 34.D 35.B 36.A 37.C 38.B 39.A 40.DA. displaceme ntB. dualityC. flexibilityD. cultural tran smissi on40. The details of any Ianguage system is passed on from onethrough ____ , rather tha n by in sti net.A. lear ningB. teach ingC. booksD. both A and BIV. Define the followi ng terms:41. Lin guistics 42. Psycholi nguistics 46. Morphology 49.Sema ntics 52.Arbitrari ness 53 Pho no logy 43. Syn tax 44. Lan guage 47. 50. Socioli nguistics 51. Productivity 54. Displaceme nt generation to the next PragmaticsPhonetics 48. 45. Applied55.Duality 60 ParoleGive Lin guistics 56. Desig n Features 57. Compete nee 58 Performa nee 59. Lan gue V. Answer the followingquestions as comprehensively as possible. illustrati on if n ecessary:61. Lan guage is gen erally defi ned as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used examples forIV. Define the follow ing terms: 41. Lin guistics: Lin guistics is gen erallydefi ned as the scie ntific study of Ian guage. 42. Phono logy: The study of howsounds are put together and used in com muni catio n is called phono logy.43. Syn tax: The study of how morphemes and words are comb ined to form sentencesis called syn tax. 44.Pragmatics: The study of meaning in con text of use is called pragmatics. 45. Psycholi nguistics: The study of Ian guage with reference tothe work ings of mind is called psycholi nguistics. 46. Lan guage: Lan guage isa system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for huma n com muni catio n.47. Phonetics: The study of sounds which are used in linguistic communication iscalled phonetics. 48. Morphology: The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology. 49. Semantics: The study ofmeaning in Ian guage is called sema ntics. 50. Socioli nguistics: The studyof Ianguage with reference to society is called sociolinguistics.51. Applied lin guistics: In a n arrow sen se, applied lin guistics refers to theapplication of linguistic principles and theories to Ianguage teaching and learning, especially the teaching of foreign and second Ianguages. In a broad sense, it refers to the application of linguistic findings to the solution of practical problems such as the recovery of speech ability. 52. Arbitrariness: It is one ofthe design features of Ianguage. It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds 53. Productivity: Language is productive or creative inthat it makes possible the con-struction and interpretation of new signals by its users. 54. Displaceme nt: Displaceme nt means that Ian guage can be used to refer to things which are prese nt or not prese nt, real or imag ined matters in the past, prese nt, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, la nguage can be used to refer to con texts removed from the immediate situati ons of the speaker55. Duality: The duality nature of Ianguage means that Ianguage is a system, whichcon sists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanin gs. 56. Desig n features: Desig n features refer to the defi ningproperties of huma n Ian guage that dist in guish it from any ani mal system of com muni cati on 57.user's Compete nee: Chomsky defi nes compete nee as the idealkno wledge of the rules of his Ian guage, 58. Performa nee: performa nee is the actual realizati on of the kno wl-edge of the rules in lin guistic com muni cati on.59. Ian gue : Lan gue refers to the abstract lin guistic system shared by all the members of a speech com muni ty; Lan gue is the set of conven ti ons and rules which Ian guage users all have to follow; Lan gue is relatively stable, it does no t cha nge freque ntly 60. Parole: Parole refers to the realizati on of langue in actual use; parole is the con crete use of the conven ti ons and the applic ation of the rules; parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situatio n.V. An swer the followi ng questi ons as comprehe nsively as possible. Give examples for illustrati on if n ecessary:61. Lan guage is gen erally defi ned as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for huma n com mun icati on. Expla in it in detail.First of all, la nguage is a syst em, because eleme nts of Ian guage are comb ined accord ing to rules. Secon dly, la n guage is arbitrary because there is no in tri nsic connection betwee n form and meaning, or betwee n the sig n and what it sta nds for. Different Ian guages have different words for the same object in the world. This fact is a good illustra tion of the arbitrary nature of Ianguage. This also explains the symbolic natu re of Ian guage: words are just symbols; they are associated with objects, acti ons, ideas, etc. by convention . Thirdly, language is vocal because the primar y medium is sound for all Ian guages, no matter how well - developed their writ ing systems are. The term "huma n" in the defi niti on in dicates that la nguag e is possessed by huma n beings only and is very differe nt from the com muni cati on systems of other livi ng creatures. The term "com mun icatio n" means that lang uage makes it possible for its users to talk to each other and fulfill their c ommun icative n eeds.62. What are the desig n features of huma n Ian guage? Illustrate them with exa mples. 1) Arbitrari ness As men ti oned earlier, the arbitrary property of Ian guage means that there is no logical connection betwee n meanings and soun ds. F or in sta nee, there is no n ecessary relati on shipbetwee n the word elepha nt and the ani mal it symbolizes. In additi on, differe nt sounds are used to refer to t he same object in differe nt la nguages, and even with in the same Ian guage, the same sound does not refer to the same thing. However, language is not entirely arbitrary. There are words which are created in the imitatio n of sounds by sou n ds, such as crash, bang in En glish. Besides, some compo und words are also not en tirely arbitrary. But the non-arbitrary words are quite limited in nu mber.The arbitrary n ature of Ian guage makes it possible for Ian guage to have an uni imited source of expressi ons. 2) Productivity Lan guage is productive or creative in that it makes possible the con struct ion and in terpretati on of new si gn als by its users. This is why they can produce and un dersta nd an infin itely large nu mber of senten ces, in cludi ng senten ces that they have n ever said or he ard before. They can send messages which no one else has ever sent before. Pro ductivity is unique to huma n Ian guage. Most ani mal com mun icati on systems appea r to be highly restricted with respect to the nu mber of differe nt sig nals that their users can send and receive. 3) Duality The duality n ature of Ian gua ge means that la nguage is a system, which con sists of two sets of structure, o r two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanin gs. At the lower or the bas ic level, there is the structure of soun ds, which are meanin gless, discrete, i n dividual soun ds. But the sounds of Ian guage can be comb ined accord ing to rule s into un its of meaning such as morphemes and words, which, at the higher leve I, can be arran ged into senten ces. This duality of structure or double articul ati on of Ian guage en ables its users to talk about anything with in their kno wle dge. No ani mal com mun icati on system has duality or eve n comes n ear to possessi ng it. 4) Displaceme nt Displaceme nt mea ns that la nguage can be used to refe r to things which are prese nt or not prese nt, real or imagi ned matters in thepast, prese nt, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, la nguage can be used to refer to con texts removed from the immediate situatio ns of the spea ker. Animal calls are mainly uttered in response to immediate changes of situa tion. 5) Cultural tran smissi on Huma n beings were born with the ability toacquire Ian guage, but the details of any Ian guage are not gen etically tran smit ted or passed dow n by in st inct. They have to be taught and lear ned, but animalcall systems are gen etically tran smitted.63. How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammar? Traditional gram-mar is prescriptive; it is based on "high "(religious, literary) written Ianguage. It sets grammatical rules and imposes the rules on langu age users. But Modern linguistics isdescriptive; It collects authentic, a nd mainly spoke n Ian guage data and the n it studies and describes the data in an objective and scie ntific way.64. How do you un dersta nd the disti ncti on betwee n a synchronic study and a diachronic study? The description of a Ianguage at some point in time is a Synchronic study; the description of a Ianguage as it changes through tim e is a diachr onic study. A synchronic study of Ian guage describes a Ian gua ge as it is at some particular point in time, while a diachr onic study of Ian guage is the study of the historical developme nt of Ian guage over a per iod of time.65. Why does moder n lin guistics regard the spoke n form of Ian guage as primary, n ot the written? First, the spoke n form is prior to the writ-te n formand most writi ng systems are derived from the spoke n form of Ian guage. Se cond, thespoken form plays a greater role than writing in terms of the am ount of in formati on con veyed and it serves a wider range of purposes Final ly, the spoke n form is the medium through which we acquire our mother tong ue.66. What are the major disti nctions betwee n Ian gue and parole? The dist inction betwee n Ian gue, and parole was made by the famous lin guist Ferd inand deSaussure early this cen tury. Lan gue refers to the abstract lin guistic system shared by all the members of a speech com muni ty, and parole refers tothe realization of Iangue in actual use. Langue is the set of conventionsand rules which Ianguage users all have to follow while parole is the conerete use of the conventions and the application of the rules. Langue is abstract; it is not the Ian guage people actually use, but parole is con crete;it refers to the naturally occurring Ianguage events. Langue is relatively stable; it does not change frequently; while parole varies from person to pers on, and from situati on to situati on.67. How do you un dersta nd compete nee and performa nee? America n lin guist N.Chomsky in the late 1950 ' s proposed the disti ncti on betwee n compete nee and performa nee. Chomsky defi nes compete nee as the ideal user ' s kno wledge ofthe rules of his Ian guage. This intern alized set of rules en ables the Ian guage user to produceand understand an infinitely large number of sentenc es and recog nize sentences that are un grammatical and ambiguous. Accord ing to Chomsky, performanee is the actual realization of this knowledge in lin guistic com muni cati on. Although the speaker ' s kno wledge of his mother tongue is perfect, his performa nces may have mistakes because of social and psychological factors such as stress, embarrassme nt, etc.. Chomsky believesthat what lin guists should study is the compete nee, which is systematic,not the performa nee, which is too haphazard.68. Saussure ' s distinction between Iangue and parole seems similar to Chomskys disti nction betwee n compete nee and performa nee. What do you thi nk are their major differences? Although Saussure ' s distinction and Chomsky ' s are very similar, they differ at least in that Saussure took a sociologicalview of Ian guage and his no tio n of Ian gue is a mater of social conven ti ons,and Chomsky looks at Ian guage from a psychological point of vies and to him, compete nee is a property of the mind of each in dividual.69. Do you think human Ianguage is entirely arbitrary? Why? Language is arbitrary in n ature, it is not en tirely arbitrary, because there are a limited nu mber of words whose connections betwee n forms and mea nings can be logically expla ined to a certa in exte nt, for example, the ono matopoeia, wordswhich are coined on the basis of imitati on of sounds by sounds such as bang, crash,etc.. Take compo unds for ano ther example. The two eleme nts“ p hoto ” and “copy” in “photocopy ” are non-motivated, but the compound is n ot arbitrary.语言学教程复习题与答案（胡壮麟版第二章）Chapter 2 : PhonologyI. Decide whether each of the follow ing stateme nts is True or False:1. Voici ng is a phono logical feature that disti nguishes meaning in both Chin ese and En glish.2. If two phon etically similar sounds occur in the same environments andthey distinguish meaning, they are said to be in complementary distribu tion.3. A phone is a phon etic un it that dist in guishes meaning.4. En glish is a tone Ian guage while Chin ese is not.5. In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.6. In everyday com muni cati on, speech plays a greater role tha n writi ng interms of the amount of in formati on con veyed.7. Articulatory phon etics tries to describe the physical properties of thestream of sounds which a speaker issues with the help of a mach ine called spectrograph.8. The articulatory apparatus of a huma n being are contained in three important areas: the throat, the mouth and the chest.9. Vibrati on of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voici ng.10. English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulationand the part of the ton gue that is raised the highest.11. According to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which t he consonants canbe classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alv eolar.12. Vowel sounds can be differentiated by a number of factors: the position of ton gue in the mouth, the ope nn ess of the mouth, the shape of the li ps, and the len gth of the vowels.13. According to the shape of the lips, vowels can be classified into close vowels, semi-closevowels, semi-ope n vowels and ope n vowels.14. Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme.15. Phones are the sounds that can distinguish meaning.16. Phono logy is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into diffe rent categories.17. A basic way to determine the phonemes of a Ianguage is to see if substi tuti ng one soundfor ano ther results in a cha nge of meaning.18. When two different forms are identical in every way except for one soun d segme nt whichoccurs in the same place in the stri ngs, the two words are said to form a pho nemic contrast.19. The rules gover ning the phono logical patter ning are Ian guage specific.20. Disti nctive features of sound segme nts can be found running over a se que nee of two ormore phon emic segme nts.II. Fill in each of the follow ing bla nks with one word which begi ns with t he letter give n:21. A ___ refers to a strong puff of air stream in the product ion of speech soun ds.22. A ___ phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ.23. The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in com mon, i.e, they are all b ______ soun ds.24. Of all the speech organs, the t ___ is the most flexible, and is responsible for varieties of articulation than any other.25. English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulationor in terms of p __ of articulati on.26. When the obstruct ion created by the speech orga ns is total or complete,the speech sound produced with the obstruct ion audibly released and th e air pass ing out aga in is called a s ____________________ . <![e ndif]>27. S ________ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segme nts. They in clude stress, tone, inton ati on, etc.28. The rules that gover n the comb in ati on of sounds in a particular Ian guage are called s ____ rules.29. The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called n ________________________ tran scripti on.30. When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolati on, they are collectively known as i _______ .31. P _____ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular Ian guage and how sounds are comb ined into meanin gful un its to effec t lin guisticcom muni cati on.32. The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important cavities: the phary ngeal cavity, the o _____ cavity and the n asal cavity.33. T ___ are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates ofvibration of the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just li ke phon emes. <![e ndif]>34. Depe nding on the con text in which stress is con sidered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and s ________ stressIII. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the stateme nt.35. Of all the speech organs, the ______ i s/ are the most flexible. A. mouth B. lips C. ton gue D. vocal cords36. The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ___ sounds.A. voicelessB. voicedC. vowelD. consonan tal37. _________ i s a voiced alveolar stop.A. /z/B. /d/C. /k/D./b/38. The assimilatio n rule assimilates one sound to ano ther by “ copy inga feature of a seque ntial phon eme, thus making the two phones _________ . A. ide ntical B. same C. exactly alike D. similar39. Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can disti nguish meaning, they are said to be __________ .A. in phon emic con trastB. in compleme ntary distributi onC. the alloph onesD. mini mal pair40. The sound /f/ is _________________ . A. voiced palatal affricate B. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricativeD. voiceless labiode ntal fricative41. A ___ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tonguemaintaining the highest positi on. A. back B. cen tral C. front D. middle42. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequenee of two or more phon emic segme nts. The phon emic features that occur above the level of the segme nts are called ___________ . A. phon etic comp onents B. immediate con stitue nts C. suprasegme ntal features D. sema nticfeatures43. A(n) _________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract un it, a collect ion of disti nctive phon etic features. A. phone B. sound C. alloph one D. phon eme44. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the ___ of that phon eme. A. phones B.sounds C. phon emes D. allopho nes <![e ndif]>IV. Define the terms below:45. phono logy 46. pho neme 47.alloph one 48. intern ati onalphon etic alphabet 49. inton ati on 50. phon etics 51. au ditory phon etics52. acoustic pho netics 53. phone 54. pho nemic co ntrast 55. tone 56. mi nimal pairV. An swer the follow ing questi ons as comprehe nsively as possible. Give examples for illustrati on if n ecessary:57. Of the two media of Ian guage, why do you thi nk speech is more basic th an writing?58. What are the criteria that a lin guist uses in classify ing vowels?59. What are the major differe nces betwee n phono logy and pho netics?60. Illustrate with examples how suprasegme ntal features can affect meaning.61. In what way can we determ ine whether a pho ne is a phon eme or not?I. Decide whether each of the follow ing stateme nts is True or False:I. T 2.F 3.F 4.F 5.T 6.T 7.F 8.F 9.T 10.F 11.F 12.T 13.F 14.F 15.F 16. F 17. T 18. F 19. T 20. TII. Fill in each of the follow ing bla nks with one word which begi nswith the letter give n:21. Aspiration 22.Articulatory 23. bilabial 24. tongue 25. place 26. stop 27. Suprasegme ntal 28. seque ntial 29. narrow 30. intona tion 31. Pho no logy32. oral 33. Tone 34. sentenceIII. There are four choices followi ng each of the stateme nts below. Mark the choice that can best complete the stateme nt:35.C 36.A 37.B 38.D 39.A 40.D 41.C 42.C 43.D44. DIV. Define the terms below:45. ph ono logy: Phono logy studies the system of sounds of a particular langu age; it aims to discover how speech sounds in a Ian guage form patter ns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.46. phon eme: The basic un it in phono logy is called phon eme; it is a unit of disti nctive value. But it is an abstract un it. To be exact, a phon emeis not a sound; it is a collection of distinctive phonetic features.47. allophone: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phon etic environments are called the alloph ones of that pho neme.48. international phonetic alphabet: It is a standardized and internationally accepted system of phon etic tran scripti on.49. intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather tha n the word in isolati on, they are collectively known as in ton ati on.50.50. phonetics: Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of lan guage; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world' s。

语言学教程复习题与答案

语言学考试题库及答案

语言学教程试题及答案

语言学教程试题及答案

语言学试题及答案

语言学教程测试题及答案

最新《语言学教程》（修订版）复习测试题（1-12章,含答案）培训资料

大学语言教程考试题及答案

语言学教程3试题及答案

语言学考试题库及答案

语言学教程复习题与答案胡壮麟版

语言学教程复习题与答案(胡壮麟版)

语言学教程试题及答案

语言学教程复习题与答案

语言学教程3试题及答案

英语语言学教程参考答案

语言学试题及答案

语言学入门考试题及答案

胡壮麟语言学教程复习及答案

语言学教程第四版答案

语言学试题及答案