托福阅读细节题课件

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According to the paragraph, which of the following is true of X?
According to the paragraph, X occurred because…
According to the paragraph, X did Y because…
高分技巧 2
Negative factual information questions （非事实信息题 / 否定事实信息题）
问题形式：又称EXCEPT 列举题，即排除列举题。要求判断哪些信息的是对的（true），哪些信息是错的（false），哪些是未提及的（not given）。
题目中常会见大写的“NOT”或“EXCEPT”
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直接对比推理
段2：Some nations, especially those who colors and emblems date back several hundred years, have different flags for different official uses. For example, the flag of Poland is a simple rectangle with a white upper half and red lower half. The …
经营者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为的，应当按照消费者的要求增加赔偿其受到的损失，增加赔偿的金额为消费者购买商品的价款或接受服务的费用

托福基础班阅读讲义

2011托福基础班阅读练习材料细节题APP LIED ARTS AND FINE ARTSSculp tures must, for exa mple, be stable, which requires an un dersta nding of the prop erties of mass, weightdistributi on, and stress. Pain ti ngs must have rigid stretchers so that the canvas will be taut, and the paint must not deteriorate, crack, or discolor. These are p roblems that must overcome by the artist because they tend to in trude upon his or her concep tio n of the work. For example, in the early Italian Renaissanee, bronze statues of horseswith a raised foreleg usually had a cannon ball un der that hoof. This was done because the cannon ball was n eeded to support the weight of the leg. In other words, the dema nds of the laws of p hysics, not the scu Ip tor's aesthetic inten ti ons, p laced the ball there. That this device was a n ecessary structural compro mise is clear from the fact that the cannon ball quickly disa pp eared whe n scu Ip tors lear ned how to strengthen the internal structure of a statue with iron braces (iron being much stronger than bron ze).Q1： Accord ing to p aragra ph 2, scu Ip tors in the Italia n Ren aissa nee stopped using cannon balls in bronze statues of horses because(A) They began using a material that made the statues weigh less(B) They found a way to strengthen the statues internally(C) The aesthetic tastes of the public had changed over time(D) The cannon balls added too much weight to the statuesLAKE BAIKALCrescent-shaped Lake Baikal, in Siberia, is only the ninth largest lake in area at 385 miles (650 km) in len gthand 46 miles (74 km) in width, yet it is easily the largest body of fresh water in the world. It holds on e-fifth of the world's total fresh water, which is more tha n the total of all the water in the five Great Lakes; it holds so much fresh water in sp ite of its less-tha n-im pressive area because it is by far the world's dee pest lake. The average depth of the lake is 1,312 feet (400 meters) below sea level, and the Olkh on Crevice, the lowest known poin t, is more tha n 5,250 feet (1,600 meters) dee p.Lake Baikal, which today is located n ear the cen ter of the Asia n penin sula, is most likely the world's oldest lake. It bega n formi ng 25 millio n years ago as Asia started sp litti ng apart in a series of great faults. The Baikal Valley dropped away, eventually filling with water and creating the dee pest of the world's lakes.Q2： What is stated in p aragra ph 1 about the sha pe of Lake Baikal?(A) It is wider tha n it is long.(B) It is circular in sha pe.(C) Its width is on e-half of its len gth.(D) It is sha ped like a new moon.It is in dicated in p aragra ph 1 that the area of Lake Baikal(A) is less tha n the area of eight other lakes(B) is one-ninth the area of Siberia(C) is greater tha n the area of any other freshwater lake(D) is equal to the area of the five Great LakesQ4: Accordi ng to p aragra ph 1, Lake Baikal(A) holds on e-fifth of the world's waterbe Q3(B)holds five times the water of the Great Lakes(C)holds one-ninth of the world's water(D)holds 20 p erce nt of the world's fresh waterQ5： Accord ing to p aragra ph 1, the Olkh on Crevice is(A)outside of Lake Baikal(B)400 meters below sea level(C)the dee pest part of Lake Baikal(D)5,000 meters deepQ6: It is men ti oned in p aragra ph 2 that Lake Baikal(A)is not as old as some other lakes(B)formed whe n secti ons of the Earth were movi ng away from each other(C)was fully formed 25 millio n years ago(D)is today located on the edge of the Asia n penin sulaTHE P OSTAGE STA MPThe postage stamp has been around for only a relatively short period of time. The use of stamps for postage wasfirst proposed in England in 1837, when Sir Rowland Hill published a pamphlet entitled "Post Office Reform: Its Importanee and Practicability" to put forth the ideas that p ostal rates should not be based on the dista nee that a letter or p ackage travels but should in stead be based on the weight of the letter or p ackage and that fees for p ostal services should be collected in adva nee of the delivery, rather tha n after, through the use of p ostage sta mps.The ideas proposed by Hill went into effect in England almost immediately, and other countries soon followed suit. The first English stamp, which featured a portrait of then Queen Victoria, was printed in 1840. This stamp, the "penny black," came in sheets that needed to be sep arated with scissors and pro vided eno ugh p ostage for a letter weigh ing 14 grams or less to any desti natio n. In 1843, Brazil was the n ext n ati on to p roduce n ati onal po stage sta mps, and various areas in what is today Switzerla nd also p roduced po stage sta mps later in the same year. Po stage sta mps in five-a nd ten-cent denomin atio ns were first appro ved by the U.S. Con gress in 1847, and by 186O P ostage sta mps were being issued in more tha n 90 gover nmen tal jurisdict ions worldwide.Q7： Accord ing to p aragra ph 1, p ostage sta mps were first suggested(A)in the first half of the eightee nth cen tury(B)in the sec ond half of the eightee nth cen tury(C)in the first half of the nin etee nth cen tury(D)in the sec ond half of the nin etee nth cen turyQ8: It is in dicated in p aragra ph 1 that Sir Rowla nd Hill believed that p ostage fees(A)should be p aid by the sen der(B)should be related to dista nee(C)should have nothing to do with how heavy a p ackage is(D)should be collected after the p ackage is deliveredQ9: I What is stated in paragraph 2 about the first English postage stamp?(A)It was desig ned by Quee n Victoria.(B)It contained a draw ing of a black penny.(C)It was p roduced in sheets of 14 sta mps.(D)It could be used to send a lightweight letter.Q1O: Accord ing to p aragra ph 2, Brazil in troduced po stage sta mps(A)before En gla nd(B)before Switzerla nd(C)after the Un ited States(D)after Switzerla ndQ I1: It is mentioned in paragra ph 2 that in 1847(A)p ostage sta mps were in use in 90 differe nt coun tries(B)it cost fiftee n cents to mail a letter in the Un ited States(C)two differe nt denomin ati ons of p ostage sta mps were in troduced in the Un ited States(D)the U.S. Con gress in troduced the "penny black" sta mpFLATFISHMembers of the flatfish family, sand dabs and floun ders, have an evoluti onary adva ntage over many colorfully decorated ocea n n eighbors in that they are able to ada pt their body coloratio n to differe nt en vir onmen ts. These aquatic chamele ons have flatte ned bodies that are well-suited to life along the ocea n floor in the shallower areas of the con ti nen tal shelf that they in habit. They also have remarkably sen sitive color visi on that registers the subtlest gradati ons on the sea bottom and in the sea life around them. Information about the coloration of the environment is carried through the nervous system to chromatophores, which are pigment-carrying skin cells. These chromatophores are able to accurately reproduce not only the colors but also the texture of the ocea n floor. Each time that a sand dab or floun der finds itself in a new en vir onment, the p atter n on the body of the fish ada pts to fit in with the color and texture around it.Q12: It is NOT stated in the passage that sa nd dabsA are a type of flatfishB are in the same family as floun dersC have evolvedD are colorfully decoratedQ13: Accord ing to the p assages, it is NOT true that sand dabs and floun ders A have flatte ned bodiesB live along the ocea n floorC live in the dee pest part of the ocea nD live along the con ti nen tal shelfQ I4: All of the following are stated about the vision of sand dabs and flounders EXCEPT that they areA overly sen sitive to lightB able to see colorsC able to see the sea bottomD aware of their surr oundingsIt is NOT true that chromat op hores A are ski n cellsQT5B carry p igme ntC ada pt to surr ounding colorsD cha nge the ocea n floorQ16: It is NOT men tio ned in the p assage that sand dabs and floun ders A move to new en vir onmentsB ada pt their behaviorC can cha nge colorD ada pt to textures around themWRIGLEY'S CHEWING GUMWrigley's chewing gum was actually developed as a premium to be given away with other p roducts rather tha n as a p rimary p roduct for sale. As a tee nager, William Wrigley Jr. was worki ng for his father in Chicago selling soap that had been manufactured in five cents, and this selling p rice did not leave a good p rofit margin for the mercha nts. Wrigley convin ced his father to raise the price to ten cents and to give away cheap umbrellas as a premium for the merchants. This worked successfully, confirming to Wrigley that the use of p remiums was an effective sales tool.Wrigley then established his own company; in his company he was selling soap as a wholesaler, giving bak ing soda away as a p remium, and using a cookbook to pro mote each deal. Over time, the bak ing soda and cookbook became more popu lar tha n the soa p, so Wrigley bega n a new op erati on selli ng bak ing soda. He bega n hun ti ng for a new p remium item to give away with sales of baking soda; he soon decided on chewing gum. Once again, when Wrigley realized that dema nd for the p remium was stron ger tha n the dema nd for the origi nal p roduct, he created the Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company to p roduce and sell chew ing gum.Wrigley started out with two brands of gum, Vassar and Lotta Gum, and soon introduced Juicy Fruit and Spearmint. The latter two brands grew in popularity, while the first two were p hased out. Juicy Fruit and Sp earm int are two of Wrigley's main brands to this day.Q17： It is NOT in dicated in p aragra ph 1 that young William was work ing A in ChicagoB for his fatherC as a soa p salesma nD in his father's factoryQ18: Accord ing to p aragra ph 1, it is NOT true that the soa p that young Wrigley was selli ngA was origi nally well-likedB was orig in ally p riced at five centsC origi nally pro vided little p rofit for mercha ntsD eve ntually became more popu lar with mercha ntsQ19： Accord ing to p aragra ph 2, it is NOT true that, whe n Wrigley first foun ded his own company, he wasA selli ng soa pB selli ng chew ing gumC giving away cookbooksD using bak ing soda as a p remiumQ2O: It is NOT mentioned in paragra ph 2 that Wrigley laterA sold bak ing sodaB used chew ing gun as a p remium to sell bak ing sodaC sold chew ing gumD used bak ing soda as a p remium to sell chew ing gumQ21:| Accordi ng to paragra ph 3, the Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company did all of the followi ng EXCE PT A beg in with two brands of gumB add new brands to the orig inal twoC p hase out the last two brandsD p hase out the first two brands推断题TIGER MOTHSOne of the most beautiful of the more tha n 100,000 known sp ecies in the order Lepidop tera are the tiger moths, moths known for the strik ing app eal of their dist in ctive colorati on. This type of moth is covered with highly conspi cuous oran ge-a nd-black or yellow-a nd-black p atter ns of spots and stri pes. Such boldly p atter ned color comb in atio ns are com monp lace in the ani mal world, serving the function of forewarning potential predators of unpleasant tastes and smells. This is unq uesti on ably the fun cti on served by the strik ing colorati on of the garde n tiger moth, which isquite visually attractive but is also poisonous to p redators. Certai n gla nds in the garde n tiger moth p roduce strong tox ins that circulate throughout the in sect's bloodstream, while other gla nds secrete bubbles that p roduce a no xious warning smell. The tiger moth, in deed, is a clear exa mple of a concept that many p redators in tuitively un dersta nd, that creatures with the brightest colorati on are ofte n the least suitable to eat.Q22：It is imp lied in the p assage about the order Lep ido ptera that(A)all members of the order are moths(B)there may be more tha n 100,000 sp ecies in this order(C)all members of the order are brightly colored(D)there are most likely fewer tha n 100,000 sp ecies in this orderQ23: It can be in ferred from the p assage that the tiger moth was so n amed because(A)its colorati on resembles that of a tiger(B)it is ferocious p redator, like the tiger(C)its habitat is the same as the tiger's(D)it is a member of the same scie ntific classificati on as the tigerQ24: What would most likely happen to a p redator that wan ted to eat a tiger moth?(A)The p redator would be un able to catch it(B)The p redator would cap ture it by poisoning it.(C)The p redator would be un able to find it.(D)The p redator would back away from it.Q25： Which of the followi ng would a p redator be most likely to attack successfully?(A) A purple and orange moth(B) A gree n and blue moth(C) A brow n and grey moth(D) A red and yellow mothTHE FILIBUSTERThe term filibuster has bee n in use since the mid-nin etee nth cen tury to describe the tactic of delay ing legislative acti on in order to p reve nt the p assage of a bill. The word comes from the Dutch freebooter, or pirate, and most likely devel oped from the idea that some one con duct ing a filibuster is trying to steal away the opportun ity that proponents of a bill have to make it successful.In the earlier history of the U.S. Congress, filibusters were used in both the House of Rep rese ntatives and in the Sen ate, but they are now much more a part of the culture of the Sen ate tha n of the House. Because the House is a much larger body tha n is the Sen ate, the House now has rules which greatly limit the amount of time that each membermay sp eak, which effectively serves to elimi nate the filibuster as a mecha nism for delay ing legislatio n in the House.In the Sen ate, the smaller of the two bodies, there are now rules that can con strain but not totally elimi nate filibusters. The Sen ate ado pted its first cloture rule in 1917, a rule which requires a vote of two-thirds of the Sen ate to limit debate to one hour on each side. The rule was cha nged in 1975 and now requires a vote of three-fifths of the members to inv oke cloture in most situati ons.The Iongest filibuster on record occurred in 1957, when Senator Strom Thurmond of South Caroli na wan ted to delay vot ing on civil rights legislatio n. The filibuster was con ducted for twenty-four hours and 18 minutes on August 28 and 29, when Thurmond held the floor of the Sen ate by lecturi ng on the law and read ing from court decisi ons and n ews paper colu mn s. It was his hope that this filibuster would rally opponents of civil rights legislati on; however, two weeks after the filibuster, the Civil Rights Act of 1957 passed.Q26: It can be in ferred from the in formatio n in p aragra ph 1 that around 1800(A)the first filibuster took p lace(B)legislative actio n was n ever delayed(C)the term filibuster was not in use in the U.S. Con gress(D)the Dutch in troduced the term freebooterQ27： It can be determ ined from p aragra ph 1 that a freebooter was most likely some one who(A)served in the Sen ate(B)robbed p ass ing shi ps(C)en acted legislatio n(D)served in the Dutch gover nmentQ28: It is imp lied in p aragra ph 2 that, i n its early years, the House(A)had no rules aga inst filibusters(B)had few filibusters(C)had fewer filibusters tha n the Sen ate(D)had the Ion gest filibuster on recordQ29： Based on the in formatio n in p aragra ph 3, a vote of cloture would most likely be used to(A)in itiate filibusters(B)break filibusters(C)exte nd filibusters(D)en courage filibustersQ30： It can be in ferred from the in formatio n in p aragra ph 3 that the 1975 rule cha nge(A)in creased the nu mber of people n eeded to vote for cloture(B)made it easier to limit a filibuster(C)covered all types of Sen ate votes(D)decreased the nu mber of people in the Sen ateQ31： It is imp lied in p aragra ph 4 that Sen ator Thurm ond was opp osed to(A)filibusters(B)lecturi ng on the law(C)sp eak ing in the Sen ate(D)the Civil Rights Act of 1957THE CAMBRIAN EXP LOSIONMany of the major p hyla of ani mals arose duri ng the Cambria n p eriod, in what is called the Cambria n Expl osi on. P rior to the Cambria n p eriod, simp le on e-celled orga nism had slowly evolved into p rimitive multicellular creatures. Then, in a relatively rap id expl osi on duri ng the p eriod from 540 millio n years ago to 500 milli on years ago, there was a p eriod of ast onishing diversificati on in which quickly devel oping orga nism became widely distributed and formed comp lex com mun ities.One theoretical explanation for the rapid diversification that occurred during the Cambrian p eriod is known as the theory of po lar wan der. Accordi ng to this theory, the rapid diversificati on occurred because of an unusually rapid reorganization of the earth ' crust during the Cambrian p eriod. This rapid cha nge in the Earth 'crust in itiate evoluti onary cha nge in asmuch as cha nge in the en vir onment serves to trigger evoluti onary cha nge.Q32: It can be in ferred from the p aragra ph 1 that(A)some major p hyla devel oped duri ng p eriods other tha n the Cambria n p eriod(B)many other p hyla of ani mals became exti net duri ng the Cambria n Expl osi on(C)descri ptio n of various ani mals p hyla were created duri ng the Cambria n p eriod(D)the major p hyla of ani mals that came about duri ng the Cambria n p eriod died out in the CEQ33： It can be determ ined from p aragra ph 1 that the Cambria n Expl osi on most likely lasted(A)40 millio n years(B)450 millio n years(C)500 millio n years(D)540 millio n yearsQ34: It is imp lied in the p aragra ph 2 that(A)only one theory to explain the rapid diversificati on has bee n prop ose(B)the po lar wan der explan ati on is acce pted by all scie ntists(C)the theory of po lar wan der fails to adequately exp lai n the rapid diversificati on(D)the theory of po lar wan der is not the only theory to explain the rapid diversificati onQ35： It can be in ferred from p aragra ph 2 that one basis of the theory of po lar wan der is that(A)relatively little cha nge in the earth 'crust took p lace duri ng the Cambria n p eriod(B)rap id diversificatio n was un able to take p lace because of the cha nges in the Earth ' crust(C)the Earth 'crust changed more slowly in other periods(D)evoluti onary cha nge is un related to cha nges in the en vir onment为何举例题XEROGRAPHYOne more familiar use of electrochemistry that has made its way into the main stream is xerogra phy, a p rocess for rep licati ng docume nts that is dependent on p hotoc on ductive materials. A p hotoc on ductive material is an insulator in the dark but becomes a con ductor whe n exp osed to bright light. When a photocopy is being made, an image of a document is projected onto the surface of a rotati ng drum, and bright light causes the p hotoc on ductive material on the surface of the drum to become con ductive.As a result of the con ductivity, the drum loses its charge in the lighted areas, and toner (small grains to which dry ink adheres) attaches itself on ly to the darker p arts of the image. The grains are the n carried to a sheet of paper and fused with heat. Whe n a laser prin ter is used, the image is p rojected by means of a laser beam, which creates a brighter light and a greater con trast betwee n lighter and darker areas and therefore results in shar per printed images.Q37： The author beg ins the first p aragra ph with One more familiar use of electrochemistry in order to(A)expl ai n that xerogra phy is one of the less familiar uses of electrochemistry(B)make it clear that electrochemistry requires p hotoc on ductive materials(C)show that xerogra phy is the on ly known use for electrochemistry(D)in dicate that other less familiar uses have already bee n discussedQ38: Why does the author exp lai n that A p hotoc on ductive material is an in sulator in the dark but becomes a con ductor whe n expo sed to bright light?(A)It gives an explan atio n of a prop erty that is n ecessary for xerogra phy.(B)It in dicates that bright light is required for in sulatio n to take p lace.(C)It gives one exa mple of a successful xerogra phic p rocess.(D)It explains the role of in sulati on in xerogra phy.Q39：The author p laces the p hrase small grains to which dry ink adheres in paren theses in order to(A)p rovide in formatio n that con tradicts the prev ious stateme nt(B)pro vide ano ther exa mple of con ductivity(C)pro vide further detail in formati on about toner(D)p rovide an alternate explan ati on for the effective ness of tonerQ40： Why is a laser prin ter men tio ned?(A)It is an alter native to xerogra phy.(B)It is a way of dup licati ng without using electrochemistry.(C)It is a sec ond exa mple of xerogra phy.(D)It is a less effective type of xerogra phy tha n is a p hotoc op ier.DEMOGRA PHIC CHANGEBy the end of the 1920s, American society had undergone a long and historic demographic cha nge. Since the 1870s, the country had bee n movi ng from a more rural mode that was based on high birthrates-as high as 50 births annually per thousand people in the early nineteenth century-to a more metropolitan mode. Prior to the 1870s, the population of the country wasin creas ing by about a third every decade; however, by the end of the 1920s, a radical about-face had take n p lace.One major factor to affect the demogra phics of the country duri ng this p eriod was a dramatic decrease in birthrates. The trend duri ng this era was more pronoun ced in urba n areas but also had an effect in rural areas. As a result of the trend toward smaller families, p articularly in cities, the birthrate was dow n to 27.7 births annu ally per thousa nd wome n by 1920 and had dropped eve n further-to 21.3 births annu ally per thousa nd wome n-by 1930.At the same time, the death rate, too, was falling. Urban living led to better sanitation, refrigerati on, and water p urificatio n; it also resulted in better medical care as doctors and hos pitals were more readily available. Most likely as a result of these factors, there were only eleve n deaths per thousa nd annu ally by the early 1920s, which was half the rate of the 1880s.Q41： Why does the author in clude the p hrase as high as 50 births annu ally per thousa nd people in the early nin etee nth cen tury in p aragra ph 1?(A)To show that metro polita n areas of the country had higher birthrates tha n rural areas(B)To pro vide statistical evide nee of the elevated birthrate in the 1870s(C)To qua ntify what had happened with the America n popu lati on in the p revious cen tury(D)To argue aga inst the belief that the demogra phics of the country had cha ngedQ42The author uses the word however in p aragra ph 1 in order to(A)to make it clear that an extreme cha nge had take n pl ace(B)to emp hasize how treme ndously the popu lati on was in creas ing(C)to point out an alter nate explan ati on for the cha nge(D)to in dicate a differe nee of opinion with other demogra phersQ43：The author in cludes the word too in paragraph 3(A)to in dicate that both the birthrate and the death rate were holdi ng steady(B)to show that the rural mode was similar to the metro polita n mode(C)to clarify the explan ati on that popu lati on trends before and after 1870 were similar(D)to emp hasize that p aragra ph 3 discusses a sec ond factor in the demogra phic cha ngeQ44：I Why does the author mention better medical care in paragraph 3?(A)It helps to explain why the birthrate is in creas ing.(B)It is an exa mple of a factor that con tributed to the impro ved birthrate.(C)It helps to expl ai n why the death rate is in creas ing.(D)It is an exa mple of a factor that con tributed to the imp roved death rate.Q45： The author in cludes the exp ressi on Most likely in p aragra ph 3 to show(A)that the data about the average nu mber of deaths was not verified(B)that doctors and hos pitals may not have actually bee n more available(C)that other factors may have con tributed to the decreas ing death rate(D)that the death rate may not have decreased as much as statedTERRITORIALITYIn many species, members of the species exhibit aggressive behavior toward one another, ofte n with a focus on territoriality, the fight for exclusive con trol of a p articular area. The level of violenee in territorial aggression varies widely from species to species, though few species fightother members of the sp ecies to death and in stead rely on non-lethal con tests for con trol of territory that invo Ives no ise-mak ing man euvers such as roari ng or hiss ing or aggressive p osturi ng or gestures.Most bird sp ecies are known to be territorial to some degree, though the territorial behaviors exhibited by most sp ecies are limited to singing con tests, which can go on for days, or threate ning p ostures with wi ngs lifted or exte nded. The swa n, on the other han d, is quite un like other birds in this res pect. The swan may seem p articularly elega nt and sere ne as it glides across the surface of a lake; however, male swa ns are, i n reality, quite territorial and will fight other male swa ns for the exclusive use of a lake no matter how large the lake is. Males will en gage in ferocious con tests, with their n ecks entwined as they atte mpt to cause mortal injury to each other.046: Why does the author in clude the fight for exclusive con trol of a p articular area in p aragra ph 1(A)It p rese nts an argume nt aga inst a p reviously stated point.(B)It pro vides a defi niti on of a p reviously stated term.(C)It p rese nts a sec ond area of focus of aggressive behavior.(D)It in troduces a new idea to be further devel oped in the p aragra ph.Q47： The author uses the word in stead in p aragra ph 2 to show that the in formatio n that follows(A)con tradicts what p recedes it(B)expands upon what p recedes it(C)pro vides an exa mple of what p recedes it(D)explains an effect of what p recedes itQ48Why does the author men ti on singing con tests in p aragra ph 2?(A)To dem on strate that birds create beautiful sounds(B)To pro vide an exa mple of unu sual behavior by birds(C)To show how viole ntly aggressive some bird behavior is(D)To dem on strate that some types of territorial behaviors are not very aggressiveQ49: The author discusses the swa n in p aragra ph 2 to pro vide an exa mple of(A) a bird that makes threate ning p ostures with its wings(B) a bird whose territorial behavior is extremely aggressive(C)non-lethal con tests for con trol of territory(D)the limited aggressive behavior gen erally exhibited by birdsQ50： The author men ti ons their n ecks entwined in p aragra ph 2 in order(A)to in dicate that swa ns are really rather affecti on ate(B)to emp hasize how long swa ns' n ecks are(C)to make the point that the swans are only p rete nding to hurt one ano ther(D)to create a men tal image for the reader of fighti ng swa ns四、词汇指代题SMOGThe oxidation of exhaust gases is one of the primary sources of the world's pollution. The brown haze that is poised over some of the world's largest cities is properly called photochemical smog; it results from chemical react ions that take pl ace in the air, using the en ergy of sun light. The p roduct ion of smog beg ins when gases are created in the cyli nders of vehicle engin es. It is there that oxyge n and n itroge n gas comb ine as the fuel burns to form nitric oxide (NO), a colorless gas. The n itric oxide is forced out into the air through the vehicle tail pipe along with other gases.When the gas reaches the air, it comes into con tact with available oxyge n from the atmos phere and comb ines with the oxyge n to p roduce n itroge n dioxide (NO2), which is a gas with a brow nish hue . This n itroge n dioxide pl ays a role in the formatio n of acid rain in wetter or more humid climates and tends to deco mpose back into n itric oxide as it releases an oxyge n atom from each molecule; the released oxyge n atoms quickly comb ine with oxyge n (O2) molecules to form ozone (O3). The brow nish colored n itroge n dioxide is p artially res pon sible for the brow n color in smoggy air; the ozone is the toxic substa nee that causes irritati on to eyes.Q51： The word poised is closest in meaning to(A)in teracti ng(B)sitt ing(C)blowi ng(D)poisoningQ52：The p hrase take place— is closest in meaning to(A)p ositi on themselves(B)p ut(C)are seated(D)occurQ53： The word forced could best be rep laced by(A)obliged(B)required(C)pushed(D)comma nded。

TOEFL阅读理解之十大题型PPT课件

The hind leg of Basilosaurus was a significant find because it showed that Basilosaurus
A. lived later than Ambulocetus natans
B. lived at the same time as Pakicetus
As a meteorological concept, “eye” refers to a round area in the middle of an extreme wind disturbance.
该例使用了同义词进行同意转述。
Because this area is so small and irregular, it is difficult to observe.
.
2
1. 改写题（ Paraphrasing）
Factual Information questions Negative Factual Information questions Sentence Simplification questions
.
3
① Factual Information questions
TOEFL 阅读理解之十大题型
.
1
TOEFL阅读十大题型之再分类
1. 改写题（Paraphrasing） Factual Information questions (3-6 questions per set) Negative Factual Information questions (0-2 questions per set) Sentence Simplification questions (0-1questions per set) 2. 语篇纽带题（Text Connectors) Reference questions (0-2 questions per set) Insert Text question (0-1 questions per set) 3. 推论题 Inference questions (0-2 questions per set) Rhetorical Purpose questions (0-2 questions per set) 4. 篇章结构题（Text Structure） Prose Summary Fill in Table 5. 词汇题

TOEFL Junior 小托福阅读课件

TOEFL Junior 考试介绍
考试内容：
1.听力理解（Listening Comprehension）
2.语言形式与含义（Language Form and Meaning）
3.阅读理解（Reading Comprehension）题目数量：各42道题，共126道题考试时间：110分钟考试形式：纸质笔考，均为选择题
What is this text mostly about? A. Gray clouds B. San Francisco C. A famous bridge D. Taking photographs
“The Golden Gate Bridge is a famous bridge in San Francisco. The bridge has a red color, but gray clouds often surround it. On clear days people come to take pictures of the bridge. The pictures show the green hills next to the bridge and the blue water under it.”
问题类型
1.主旨题 2.目的题 3.推断题
4. 指代题 5. 词义理解题 6. 细节题
1. 主旨题 Main Idea
“The Golden Gate Bridge is a famous bridge in San Francisco. The bridge has a red color, but gray clouds often surround it. On clear days people come to take pictures of the bridge. The pictures show the green hills next to the bridge and the blue water under it.”

TOEFL阅读理解之十大题型PPT课件

○ Since functional applied-art objects vary only within certain limits, arbitrary decisions cannot have determined their general form.
7
② Sentence Simplification questions
句子简化题与细节题在本质上类似，都是对原句的改写句子简化题应注意两点：文间逻辑关系一致；核心信息点
一致问题形式：Which of the following best expresses the
essential information in the highlighted sentence? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
According to the passage, why did states need private companies’ help in road building?
A. The states were unable to build roads themselves financially B. Private companies could spend less time completing roads C. The states did not have as much equipment as private companies D. Private companies had more knowledge of the interior
5ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ

托福阅读技巧 (细节题)

• 例文Online Test: Lascaux Cave Paintings(P6)
• Paragraph 6: Perhaps so much time has passed that there will never be satisfactory answers to the cave images, but their mystique only adds to their importance. Certainly a great art exists, and by its existence reveals that ancient human beings were not without intelligence, skill, and sensitivity.
托福阅读技巧
第一章事实信息题
• 出题方式： • The author’s description of x mentions which of the following? • According to the paragraph, x occurred because… • According to the paragraph, x did y because… • According to the paragraph, why did x do y?
11. According to paragraph 6, why might the puzzling questions about the paintings never be answered? •Keeping the paintings a mystery will increase their importance. •The artists hid their tools with great intelligence and பைடு நூலகம்kill. •Too many years have gone by since the images were painted. •Answering the question is not very important to scholars.

《新托福阅读》课件

词汇积累
通过记忆单词、词组和固定搭配，增加词汇量，提高阅读理解能力。
同义词替换
学习并掌握同义词替换技巧，丰富表达方式，提高阅读流畅度。
语境中学习词汇
在具体语境中理解词汇含义和用法，加深记忆。
熟悉题型和解题技巧
题型分析
了解托福阅读考试中不同题型的出题方式和解题要求，做到心中
有数。
解题技巧
05
新托福阅读备考策略
提高阅读速度和效率
01
02
03
快速阅读训练
通过速读练习，提高阅读速度和理解能力，减少阅读过程中的回视和重读现象。
限时阅读
在规定时间内完成阅读任务，培养时间意识和紧迫感，提高阅读效率。
精读与泛读结合
在精读基础上，增加泛读练习，提高阅读广度和理解深度。
扩大词汇量
掌握不同题型的解题技巧和方法，如定位、筛选、推断等，提高答题正确率。
模拟题练习
通过模拟题练习，熟悉题型和解题技巧，提高应试能力。
多做模拟题和真题
模拟题选择
选择质量较高、难度适中的模拟题进行练习，提高解题能力和应
试水平。
真题回顾
回顾历年托福阅读真题，了解考试趋势和出题规律，针对性地进
行备考。
定位关键信息
找到问题中提到的关键信息和细节，并回到原文关系，如因果关系、比较关系等。
推断结论
根据分析出的逻辑关系，推断出问题的答案。
排除干扰选项
排除与文章信息不符或逻辑关系不成立的选项。
长难句理解技巧
分析句子结构
注意句子的主谓宾结构，以及从句、短语等修饰成分。
推理题分析
总结词
推理题是一种要求考生根据文章内容进行推理判断的题型，主要测试考生的逻辑推理能力。

01托福阅读一看就懂 | 题型之细节题精讲

01托福阅读一看就懂 | 题型之细节题精讲托福阅读Vol.01题型之事实信息题精讲事实信息题是阅读考试里面占比最高的题型，以一篇文章14道题目为例，事实信息题的数量在4-6道之间，可以说是“得细节题者，得半壁江山了”。

我们来看《托福官方指南》对于事实信息题的一个阐述：以下信息来自《托福官方指南》第38页These questions ask you to identify factual information that is explicitly stated in the passage. Factual Information questions can focus on facts，details，definitions，or other information presented by the author. They ask you to identify specific information that is typically mentioned only in part of the passage. They generally do not ask about general themes that the passage as a whole discusses. Often the relevant information is in one or two sentences.这其中对我们最有用的信息是“explicitly stated”，也就是说事实信息题考察我们辨别文章当中“明确阐述”的信息的能力。

换句话说，正确答案一定是与原文一一对应的，而不需要考生做过多的推断。

往下看，will佬斯带着大家来“解剖”这个题型：1提问方式①Accordin g to Paragraph 2, where is groundwater usually found?②According to Paragraph 3, which of the following is true of trees in the middle and upper altitudes?③Paragraph 2 supports which of the following statements about deciduous trees?2难点列举3纸上谈兵永远是理论阶段了解以上基本情况，下面我们来看事实信息题该如何具体解决。