国际货运代理专业英语,2009年版课文翻译
2009版货代英语unit2的翻译
一、货运代理人的概述及其发展1、早期货运代理人履行的职责英文原文：Originally, a freight forwarder was a commission agent performing on behalf of the exporter/importer routine tasks such as loading/unloading of goods, storage of goods, arranging local transport, obtaining payment for his customer, and so on( 这句话是比较长，一句一段，核心句子：.....a freight forwarder was a commission agent performing on behalf of the exporter/importer routine tasks....)注释：freight forwarder 货运代理人commission agent 委托代理人perform: 履行，执行，完成on behalf of 代表.... routine tasks 日常工作(routine: 日常的，常规的)loading/unloading of goods 装载/卸载货物storage of goods 货物存放，货物存储转自环球网校中文意思：起初，货运代理是作为委托代理人，替进出口商履行一些常规业务，比如装载/卸载货物，货物的存储，安排地方运输，替客户收款等。
2、货运代理人的发展英文原文：However, the expansion of international trade and the development of different modes of transport over the years that followed enlarged the scope of his services.(核心句子：....A and B enlarged the scope of his services.A 是指：expansion of international trade 国际贸易的扩大B 是指：development of different modes of transport 不同运输方式的发展)注释：expansion: 扩大，扩展 development: 发展，改善 modes of transport: 运输方式over the years that followed 在随后的几年里 enlarge: 扩大，增大，扩展中文意思：但是，在随后的几年里，由于国际贸易的扩大和不同运输方式的发展也随之加大了货运代理的服务范围。
国际货代英语完整讲义 Unit 11 Marine Cargo Insurance
国际货运代理专业英语 Unit 11 Marine Cargo Insurance一、Principles of Marine Cargo Insurance 海上货物保险的原则 (考试重点)1-1 课文： The marine cargo insurance is based on the principles of insurable interest, utmost good faith, and indemnity.注释：be based on: 基于 principle: 原则 insurable interest: 保险利益(interest: 一般意义是“兴趣，爱好”，在这里是“利益,权益”之意，在银行业务中我们常用“利息”这个词意) utmost good faith: 最大(高)诚信(utmost: 最大的，最高的;faith: 信任，信用，good faith: 真诚，善意) indemnity: 赔偿，补偿这句话的大致意思是：海上货物保险是基于保险利益的原则, 最大诚信原则和赔偿原则1-2 课文：No contract of marine insurance is valid unless the assured has an insurable interest in the subject matter insured at the time of loss.注释：(the)assured: 确定的，保证的(在这里引申为“被保险人”)subject matter insured: 保险标的 at the time of : 在...时候这句话的大致意思是：只有在被保险人的保险标的有损失时，海运保险合同才会生效。
1-3 课文：Cargo Insurance is a contract of indemnity, that is, to compensate for the loss of damage in terms of the value of the insured goods.注释：that is：即，就是，换句话说compensate: 赔偿，补偿in terms of : 按照，根据，在...方面value: 价值这句话大致的意思是：货物保险是一种补偿合同，即按照被保险货物的价值对它的损失进行赔偿。
货代英语)
1．课本：International trade is the exchange of capital, goods, and services across international borders or territories. In most countries, it represents a significant share of gross domestic product （GDP）.注释：International trade：国际贸易exchange：交换border：边界territory：领土represent：代表significant：显著的，重大的Gross Domestic Product（GDP）：国内生产总值译文：国际贸易是跨越国家边界和领土的资本、商品和服务的交换。
在大多数国家，国际贸易额都占了国内生产总值很大的一个部分。
2．课本：While international trade has been present throughout much of history, its economic, social, and political importance has been on the rise in recent centuries.注释：on the rise：上升译文：国际贸易几乎在整个历史中都存在，但是在最近几个世纪其经济，社会和政治上的重要性有所上升。
3．课本：Industrialization, advanced transportation, globalization, multinational corporations, and outsourcing are all having a major impact on the international trade system.注释：Industrialization：工业化advanced transportation：先进的运输globalization：全球化multinational corporations：跨国公司outsourcing：外包have an impact on ：对......有影响译文：工业化、先进的运输、全球化、跨国公司和出口外包都对国际贸易体系有重要影响。
国际货运代理专业英语
1. Scope of …Originally,a freight forward was a commission agent performing on behalf of the export/import route tasks such as loading/unloading of goods,storage of goods,arranging local transport,obtaining payment for his customer,etc..However,the expansion of international trade and the development of different modes of transport over the years that followed enlarged the scope of his services.Today,a freight forwarder plays an import role in international trade and transport.The services that a freight forwarder renders may often range from routine and basic tasks such as the booking of space or customs clearance to a comprehensive package of servicies covering the total transportation and distribution process.(Export) Unless the consignor,the person sending goods,or the consignee,the person receiving goods,wants to attend to any of the procedural（程序上的）and documentary formalities(正式的) himself,it is usually the freight forwarder who undertakes on his behalf to process the movement of goods through the various stages involved.The freight forwarder may provide these services directly or through sub-contractors（转包商）or otheragencies employed by him.He is also expected to utilize,in his connection,the services of his overseas agents.Briefly,these services are：Study the provisions of the letter of credit and all Government regulations applicable to the shipment of goods in the country of export,the country of import,as well as any transit country,he would also prepare all the necessary documents.Pack the goods,taking into account the route,the mode of transport,the nature of the goods and applicable regulations,if any , in the country of export,transit contries and country of destination.Arrange warehousing of the goods,if necessaryWeigh and measure the goodsDraw the consignorˊs attention to the need for insurance and arrange for the insurance of goods,if required by the consignorTransport the goods to the port,arrange for customs clearance,related documentation formalities and deliver the goods to the carrier.Attend to foreigh exchange transactions,if anyPay fees and other charges including freightObtain the signed bills of lading from the carrier and arrange delivery to the consignor Arrange for transshipment en route of necessaryMonitor the movement of goods all the way to the consignee through contacts with the carrier and the forwarderˊs agents abroad.Note damages or losses,if any,to the goodsAssist the consignor in pursuing claims,of any,against the carrier for loss of the goods or for damage to themOn behalf of the consigeeMonitor the movement of good on behalf of the consignee when the consignee controls freight,that is,the cargoReceive and check all relevant documents relating to the movement of the goodsTake delivery of the goods from the carrier and if necessary ,pay the freight costArrange customs clearance and pay duties fees and charges to the customs and other public authoritiesArrange transit warehousing,if necessaryDeliver the cleared goods to the consigneeAssist the consignee,if necessary,in pursuing claims,if any against the carrier for the loss of the goods or any damage to themAssist the consignee ,if necessary,In warehousing and distribution2. Incoterms 2000---major trade termsInternational rules for interpretation of trade termsICC:International Chamber Of CommerceLater amendments and additions were made to it to bring the rules in line with current international trade practices（贸易惯例）,Eeach term specifies whether the buyer or the seller is responsible for arranging such necessary as export license,customs clearance,inspections,and other obligations.They specify at which point the risk of loss and /or damage passes from seller to buyer as well as which party pays for specific activities .A buyer and a seller who conduct their purchase and sale under one of the Incoterms,therefore,will have a mutual understanding of their rights,cost,and obligations1. FOB---Free on board―Free on board‖ means that the seller delivers when the goods pass the shipˊs rail at the named port of shipment .This means that the buyer has to bear all costs and risks of loss of or damage to the goods from that point.The FOB term requires the seller to clear the goods for export .This term can be used for sea or inland waterway transport.2. CFR---Cost and freight―Cost and freight‖ means that the seller delivers when the goods pass the shipˊs rail in the port of shipment.The seller must pay the costs and freight necessary to bring the goods to the named port of destination BUT the risk of loss of or damage to the goods,as well as any additional costs due to events occurring after the time of delivery,are transferred from the seller to the buyer. The CFR term requires the seller to clear the goods for export.This term can be used only for sea and inland waterway transport..3. CIF---Cost,Insurance and freight―Cost Insurance and freight‖ means that the seller delivers when the goods psss the shipsˊs rail in the port of shipment.The seller must pay the costs and freight necessary to bring the goods to the named port of destination BUT the risks of loss of or damage to the goods,as well as any additional costs due to events occurring after the tine of delivery ,are transferred from the seller to the buyer.However ,In CIFthe seller also has to procuer insurance against the buyerˊs risk of loss of or damage to the goods during the carriage.Consequently,the seller contracts for insurance and pays the insurancepremium.The CIF term requires the seller to clear the goods for export.3. Terms of shipment in the Contracts for the International Sale of goods When buyer and seller discuss the terms of the contract, terms of shipment are compulsory.Terms of shipment inculde methods of trasport , time of shipment,partial shipment and transshipment,port or place of loading and unloading ,shipping documents,etc,Here only time of shipment will be discussed.Time of shipment refers to the time limit for loading the goods on board the vessel at port of shipment ( If shipment is made by sea ).There are several ways of stipulating time of shipment :●Shipment on or about June 20,2002●Shipment not later than July 31st 2002.or latest shipment date:July 31st,2002●Shipment to be made during June/July ,2002●Shipment with 15 days after receipt of remittance.●Shipment with 30 days after receipt of L/C .In order to prevent the buyer from openingthe L/C later ,the export should stipulate at the same time ―The relevant L/C must reach the seller not later than August 20,2002.‖●According to UCP 500, if the experssion ―on or about‖or similar experssions areused,banks will interpert them as a stiulation that shipment is to be made during the period ,from five days before to five days after the specified date,both end days included.For example , if the L/C stipulates that shipment date is ―on or about July 20 ,2002‖. Then the goods can be shipper from July 15 to July 25.The word‖to‖, ―until‖, ―till‖,‖from‖and words of similar expressions applying to any date or period in the credit referring to shipment will be understood to include the date mentioned.The word ―after‖ will be understood to exclude the date mentioned.The terms‖first half‖, ―second half ― of a month shall be construed respectively as the 1st to the 15th , and the 16th to the last day of such month, all dates inclusive.The terms ―beginning‖ ,‖middle‖,or ―end‖ of a month shall be construed respectively as the 1st to the 10th , the 11th to the 20th ,and the 21st to the last day of such month ,all dates inclusive.When the traders discuss the time of shipment in the contract.1. The export should consider whether he can get the goods ready before the shipmentdate and whether the ship is available if the goods are ready.2. The time of shipment should be stipulated in a clear and flexible way.Stipulation like ―shipment on July 20‖ is clear,but not flexible, if the seller can not get the goods ready befort that, he will break the contract.Expressions such as ―prompt‖, ―innediately‖, ―as soon as possible‖, and the like should not be used .If they are used bankes will disregard them ,If these terms are used,disputes may occur because there is no uniform explanation of these terms.3. Sometimes ,the L/C simply stipulates an expiry date without a shipment date ,which means these two dates are the same ,For example, if the L/C stipulates that the expiry date is July 31st without a shipment date, then the latest shipment date is also july 31st .In this case,the exporter should ship the goods much earlier than july 31st so that he can leave enough time fou himself to get all the documents ready and present the documents to his bank within the validity of the L/C .If the exporter ships the goods on july 31,it is very difficult for him to present the documents to the bank on the same day.3. The Expiry Datea. If the expiry date of the credit and/or the last day of the period of time forpresentation of documents stipulated by the credit falls on a day on which the band to which presentation has to be made is closed,the stipulated expiry date and/or the last day of the period of tine after the date of shipment for presenation of documents, as the case may be ,shall be extended to the first following day on which such bank is open.b. The lastest date for shipment shall not be extended by reason of the extension ofthe expiry date and /or the period of time after the date of shipment for presentation of documents. If no such lastest date for shipment is stipulated in the credit or amendments,banks will not accept transport documents indicating a date of shipment later than the expiry date stipulated in the credit or amendments.4. Marine Cargo Insurance1. Principles of marine cargo insuranceThe marine cargo insurance is based on the principles of insurable interest ,utmost good faith ,and indemnity .No contract of marine insurance is valid unless the assured has an insurable interest in the subject matter insured at the time of loss. Cargo insurance is a contract of indemnity ,that is, to compensate for the loss or damage in terms of the value of the insured goods , The amount insured as agreed between the insurer and the assured forms the basic of indemnity .The principle of utmost good faith is indispensable in any insurance contract .A contract of marine insurance is a contract based upon the utmost good faith ,and ,if the utmost good faith be not observed by either party, the contract may be avoided by the other party .2. Insurance PremiumThe premium is the consideration which the insurers receive from the assured inexchange for their undertaking to pay the sum insured in the event insured against .The general guiding rate of the insurance premium is 1% of the amount insured .The premium rates may vary ,for example , from 0.5% to 2.5% or less depending on factors such as :type of goods ,the contry and distance of destination ,value of the goods ,mode of transportation, the type of risks covered ,container or bulk shipment and type of packing . The minimum amount insured should be the CIF or the CIP value of the goods plus 10%.3. Insurance PolicyInsurance policy is an evidence of insurance contract issued by the insurer or underwrite to the assured .It stipulates each party ˊs rights and responsibilities .The format of insurance policy forms varies from insurer to insurer. Insurance policy or certificate ,and endorsement are the main ones used in daily business. The policy must be issued and signed by an insurance company or its agent . If more than one original is issued and is so indicated in the policy , all the originals must be presented to the bank, unless otherwise anthorized in the letter of credit .4. Types of basic coverageThe basic coverage in PICC Ocean Marine Cargo Clauses is FPA , WA/WPA and All Risks Coverage .（1）Free From Particular AverageThe risks coverd in FPA coverage basically means that only total or constructive total loss of the whole consignment of cargo but no partial loss or damage is recoverable from the insurer resulting from natural calamities , such as heavy weather , lightning , tsunami ,earthquake and flood .Total loss or partial loss is recoverable from the insurer incurred as a result of specific casualties ,e ,g.,collision ,standing siking of the vessel .It also covers general average and salvaing the goods or averting or minimizing a loss recoverable under the policy .（2）With Particular Average (WA / WPA)WA / WPA provides larger cover than FPA since partial loss and damage is recoverable from the insurer resulting from natural calamities ,That is the only difference between WA / WPA and FPA in PICC Ocean Marine Cargo Clauses . （3）All RisksThis type of coverage is the most widely used in the transport of general cargo because it provides better coverage the WA / WPA type .Aside from the risks covered under WA / WPA type , it also provides insurance against all risks of less of or damage to the cargo insured arising from external causes in the course of transit . The All Risks does not cover risks of war , strike and other special additional risks such as failure to delivery , import duty , on deck , rejection ,aflatoxin etc .The general additional risks such as theft , pilferage & non—delivery risks , fresh water and /or rain damage risks shortage risks , intermixture and contamination risks , leakage risks ,clask and breakage risks , taint of odour risks , sweat and heating risks , hook damage risks , breakage ofpacking risks and rust risks are covered in All Risks coverage .5. The Practice Of International Ocean Cargo Transportation1. Transport GeographyAn internationanl freight forwarder should be familiar with international trade routes . He or she should have knowledge of main traffic routes location of ports ,trans—shipment points and inland centres . A freight forwarder shoule also have a general idea of the pattern of international trade and its changing trends .2.1) Conference linesA shipping conference is a group of shiping lines operating in any particular routeunder agreement to provide a scheduled service with a common tariff and a fixed itinerary of ports of call .The purpose of a shipping conference is to eliminate price competition among member lines and reduce outside competition by trying to capture most of the traffic for member lines through loyalty arrangements with shippers .The main advantages of the conference system to shippers are stability of freight rates and regularity of srevices . However , the disadvantages are obvious . Rates are usually high . Rates do not fluctuate accoding to supply and demand as in a tramp service Rules and procedures are inflexible .2) None—conference linesIn recent years , along most international routes , none—conference lines have posed a challenge to the conference system . This is attributable to the development of containerization and emergence of many independent carriers .As a result ,along some routes ,the conference lines have been forced to come to terms with the non—conference lines in regard to rates , and terms and condition of service .3) Non—vessel operating common carrier (NVOCC)An NVOCC is a carrier when operates a regular scheduled service . He does not own or operate the vessels by which sea transportation is provided . Although the NVOCC is a carrier in his relationship with the actual carrier . He is a shipper in his relationship with the actual shipper . He assumes the role of a principal and performs several functions . He assumes responsibility for ocean carriers , both conference and non—conference lines .He renders a useful service by providing grouppage or consolidation services , particularly to small shipper who do not have much bargaining power in nagotiating rates .4) Tramp serviceTramp service has on fixed itinerary or schedule and is operated on any route according to supply and demand Tramp vesseles are usually chartered at negotiated rates , particularly when the quantity of cargo is large .2. Shipping documentsThe documents commonly used in carriage of goods by sea are bills of lading , sea waybills, manifests , shipping notes , delivery orders and mat e′s receipt .The bill of lading by itself is not a contract of carriage as it is signed only by the carrier . Howerever , it provides evidence of contract of carriage . It serves as a receipt for goods delivered to the carrier . Besides , the bill of lading serves as a document of title enabling the goods to be transferred from the shipper to the consignee or any other party by endorsment .A sea waybill is the replacement of the traditional ocean bill of lading . The way billis a non—negotiable document and made out to a named consignee who is allowed , upon production of proper identification , to claim the goods without presenting the waybill .A cargo manifest provides information regarding cargo on board . A freightmanifest gives information regarding freight rates , surcharge ,rebates , etc . The manifest is prepared by the carrie r′s agent , but freight forwarder has to handle it while dealing with the customs and port authorities .A shipping note is issued by the shipper to the carrier requesting allocation ofshipping space . It is a commitment on the part of the shipper to ship the goods and serves as the basis for the preparation of the bill of lading .A delivery order is issued by the carrier or his agent to enable the consignee or hisforwarding agent to take delivery of the cargo (import cargo) from the vessel .A mat e′s receipt is the receipt issued by the carrier in the acknowledgement to thegoods received on board (export cargo)which is subsequently exchanged for the bill of lading .6. Documentary CreditIn international sales transactions different methods of payment are adopted depending mainly upon the relationship between the seller and the buyer . For example , if the seller and buyer know each other and have a long—standing business relationship , they may transact business on trust and the seller may periodically send invoices to the buyer for settlement . Payment may also be made by other methods such as ―cash with order‖ when the buyer sends a cheque or a bank draft with his order , or by ―documentary collection‖ , when the seller sends the buyer in the buye r′s country on the buyers′acceptance or payments , as may be specified in the documents .But in many cases , the seller and the buyer do not know each other and located in countries thousands of miles apart . They are not in a position to conduct their commercial transactions on trust . The seller is reluctant to part with his goods unless he is assured of possession of the goods . In order to reconcile the conflicting interests of both the parties and to provide a mechanism for payment in such situations , the International Chamber of Commerce has evolved what is knowm as ―Documentary Credit‖ . In simple terms , documentary credit means payment against documents instead of against goods . The documents transfer title to the goods .The ―Uniform Customs and Practive for Documentary Credit‖(UCP) Published by the International Chamber of Commerce contains detailed provisions dealing with the operation of documentary credit . It has been accepted and adopted by banks and banking associations throughout the world . It has brought the UCP into line with established and foreseeable practices regarding containerized transport and trade facilitation, the use of electronic data processing and the development of new types of credit like deferred payments and stand—by credits .As the documentary credit is operated through banks , therefore , it has certain advantages to both the seller and buyer : for the seller , it is a bank undertaking to which he can look for payment ; for the buyer , it is a conditional undertaking where payment can be made on his behalf only against the documents which will transfer to him the title to the goods .For practical purpose , assume that a local buyer agrees to buy goods from an overseas seller and under the sales contract , payment is to be made by banker′s letter of credit . To fulfill the contract , the buyer arranges with his bank to open a letter of cerdit for his account in favour of the overseas seller . The buyer is not required to pay for the goods until the arrival of the relevant shipping document . The seller , on receipt of a letter of credit , will have to prepare shipment of the contract goods within the delivery date . Once shipment of the goods is completed , the seller will be able to present all the documents to the negotiating bank for payment under the terms of the credit . The negotiating bank should ensure that the seller′s documents are drawn up in accordance with the credit terms before such documents are paid for and forwarded to the issuing the negotiated documents it will make up a debit note showing the total cost due and request payment from the buyer . Once the buyer accepts that the documents are in compliance with the terms of the letter of credit he must settle the bill in order to obtain the shipping documents so that he will be able to take delivery of the goods from the carrier or its agent . On settlement of the bill , the whole operation of documentary credit will be regarded as completed .8. Marine Bill of Lading---General Introduction1. General Concept of Marine Bills of LadingMarine Bills of lading are used primarily international sales of goods where the carriage of goods is by sea . Definitions of the bill of lading vary from country to country . Broadly , the bill of lading has been defined as receipt for goods shipped of board a ships , signed by the person ( or his agent ) contracts to carry them , and stating the terms on which the goods were delivered to and received by the ship . It is not the actual contract , but forms excellent evidence of the terms of the contract .2. Functions of Marine Bills of LadingMarine bills of lading perform a number of functions . Generally , it is receipt for thegoods shipped , a document of title to the goods and evidence of the terms of the contract of affreightment .A bill of lading is a receipt issued , by a carrier that an identifiable consignment ofgoods has been received by him for shipment , or actually loaded on board his ship .The bill of lading as a receipt willl show the quantity and condition of the cargo loaded ,ship′s name , port of loading , the destination , details of date and so on .A bill of lading is a document of title to the goods . The possession of a bill of lading isequivalent in law to possesion of the goods . The holder of the bill of lading is able to obtain delivery of the goods at the port of destination and during transit the goods can be sold merely by endorsing the bill of lading .Additionally , the terms of the bill of lading provide evidence of the contract of carriage between the carrier and the shipper . The terms of the bill of lading contain the terms of the contract .3. Types of Marine Bills of LadingThere are several forms of bills of lading and these include the following :1) Order of ladingOrder bills are issued by carriers to the order of shipper or conginee . This means that the carrier , shippower , charterer or master will deliver the goods at the port of destination not solely to the named consignee , but so any person designated by him .An order bill of lading is a negotiable document . Order bills made out to consignee ―or order ― can be transferred by them by endorsment .2) Straight Bills of LadingIn contract with the order bills of lading , straight bills are those made out to named consigness without the addition of the word ―or order ― . They are not negotiable and cannot be transferred to third parties . Delivery of goods , thereore , can only be taken by the named consignee .3) Shipped Bills of LadingShipped bills state definitely that the goods have been loaded . It confirms that goods are actually on board the vessel . Most bills of lading forms are printed as shipped bills and commence with the wording :‖shipped in apparent good order and condition .‖4) Received for Shipment Bills of LadingReceived for shipment bills state that the goods have been received for shipment , and do not indicate the actual date of loading . The received for shipment bill of lading grew up because with the development of the liner services it became the custom for the shipowner to receive the cargo some hours or even days before it was actually loaded .5) Direct Bills of LadingDirect bills of lading are those covering shipment between direct ports of lading or discharge .6) Through Bills of LadingThrough bills of Lading cover shipment from or to ports involving transport by two or more shipping or railways companies . The shipping company , for additional freight ,undertakes to make all arrangement to get the goods to their destination .7) Clean Versus Foul Bills of LadingThe clean bill of lading bears an indication that the goods were received without damages , irregularities or short shipment ,usually the words ―apparent good order and condition ―. ―clean on board ― or the like are indicated on the B/LThe foul bill of lading—unclean bill of lading , dirty bill of lading or claused bill of lading –is the opposite of the chean bill of lading . It bears an indication that the goods were received with damages , irregularities or short shipment , usually the words ― unclean on board ―or the like are indicated on the B/L , for example , ― insufficient padking ―,‖missing safety seal ― and ―one carton short ―.9.Marine Bills of Lading ( 2 )--Making and signing ofA marine bill of lading can be drawn up in a variey of ways , but it is nearly always prepared on a pre—printed form .whatever its form , a bill of lading may contain some main elements ,such as quantity of cargo ,accurate cargo description and condition ,date of the bill of lading ,names of shipper and consignee , ports of lading and discharging , ship′s name,terms and conditions of carriage and payment of freight.The shipp′s port agent , in fact , may be given the task of drawing up bills of lading .If there are subsequently required for letter of credit transactions , it is useful that the agent be supplied with appropriate details of that letter of credit so that all relevant material can be included in the wording .The main parties on a bill of lading are shipper,Conssignee. Notify Party and Carrier . The shipper is the person , usually the exporter , who sends the goods .Consignee refers to the person entitled to take delivery of the goods . Carrier is the person or company who has concluded a contract with the shipper for carriage of goods . Notify party is the party that the carrier must notify when the goods arrive at the port of destination . The carrier issues an Arrival Notice informing the Notify Party about the cargo discharge point , number of packages and other information.It is important to the date bills of loding correctly ,and as per the date on which the cargo is actually loaded . Cargo quantity and condition should also be adequately and correctly described in the bills of lading . Relevant comments should be entered in either tally or mate′s receipts , and thereafter in bills of lading .2. Issuing Marine Bills Of LadingAll bills should be signed by either shipping company or by a duly authorised agent .If time does not permit the ship′s master to sign the bills , a letter is usually dra wn up giving the port agent appropriate authority to sign bills of lading . The bill of lading must show how many signed originals were issued .The oringinals are marked as ―original ―on their face and all have equal value , that is , all have the same validity .The purpose of issuing more than one original is to ensure that the port of destination will receive the original when dispatched separately . The original B/ ;L are proof of ownership of goods , one of which must be surrendered to the carrier at destination , duly endorsed by the title holder in the goods in exchange for the goods or。
国际货代英语完整讲义 Unit 15 Multimodal Transport
国际货运代理专业英语 Unit 15 Multimodal Transport一、多式联运的定义(考试重点)1-1 课文：Multimodal transport refers to a transport system usually operated by a carrier with more than one mode of transport under the control or ownership of one operator. (多式联运的定义，掌握)注释：multimodal transport: 多式联运 refer to: 查阅，提到，谈到 transport system: 运输系统，运输方法 operate: 营运 carrier: 承运人 mode: 模式，方式，样式control: 控制 ownership: 所有权，物主身份 operator: 营运人课文意思：多式联运是指由一个多式联运经营人控制或所有由一个承运人运营的使用两个或两个以上的运输方式的运输系统。
1-2 课文：Goods moving in international trade often have to pass through the hands of more than one carrier and over more than one mode of transport.注释：international trade: 国际贸易 pass through: 经过，通过课文意思：货物运输在国际贸易中通常会经手几个承运人并且要通过两个以上的运输方式才能完成。
1-3 课文：Under the conventional system of segmented transport, the consignor enters into separate contracts with each carrier, the liability of each carrier being limited to the carriage performed by him.注释：conventional: 常规的，传统的，惯例的 segmented transport: 分段运输(segmented: 分段的，区段的) consignor: 托运人，发货人 enter into: 缔结 separate: 分开的，不同的 liability: 责任，义务 be limited to: 受...限制，限制于... perform: 履行，执行课文意思：在传统的分段运输中，发货人/托运人需要与每个区段的承运人签订单独的运输合同，各区段承运人所承担的责任又受限于该承运人实际履行的情况。
国际货运代理货代英语
1-1 课文：Origi nally, a freight forwarder was a commissi on age nt perform ing on behalf of the exporter/importer routine tasks such as loading/unloading of goods, storage of goods, arra nging local tran sport, obta ining payme nt for his customer, etc这句话是比较长，一句一段，核心句子： a freight forwarder was a commission agent performing on behalf of the exporter/importer routine tasks...注释：freight forwarder 货运代理人commission agent 委托代理人on behalf of 代表..routine tasks 日常工作loading/unloading of goods 装载/卸载货物storage of goods 货物存放，货物存储这句话大致意思是：最开始，货运代理是进出口商的委托代理人，替进出口商做一些常规事务，比如装载/卸载货物，货物的存储，安排地方运输….1-2 课文：However, the expansion of international trade and the development of different modes of transport over the years that followedenlarged the scope of his service.s 核心句子： ..... A and B enlarged the scope of his services.A 是指：expansion of international trade 国际贸易的扩大B 是指：development of different modes of transport 不同运输方式的发展注释：Over the years that followed 在随后的几年里;international trade: 国际贸易modes of transport: 运输方式这句话大致意思是：在以后的几年里，国际贸易的扩大和不同运输方式的发展加大了货运代理的服务范围。
国际货运代理 英语
国际货运代理英语As an international freight forwarder, I'm always onthe lookout for new opportunities to expand our services. You know, it's not just about shipping boxes from A to B;it's about understanding the client's needs and making sure the goods arrive safely and on time.One of the keys to success in this industry is communication. We deal with clients from all over the world, and sometimes, a simple email or phone call isn't enough. So, we need to be able to speak the language of our clients – whether it's English, Chinese, or Spanish.Handling customs and regulations in different countries is another challenge. Each country has its own rules and procedures, and it's our job to navigate through these complexities and make sure the cargo clears customs smoothly. We've got a team of experts who keep updated with the latest changes in customs regulations, so our clients can rest assured.Of course, technology plays a big role in our work too. We use advanced software to track and manage shipments, ensuring that our clients have real-time information about the status of their cargo. This way, they can always stay on top of things and make informed decisions.And let's not forget about the environment. As an international freight forwarder, we're committed to reducing our carbon footprint and making our operations as sustainable as possible. We're always looking for new ways to reduce emissions and waste, and we encourage our clients to do.。
国际货代英语完整讲义Unit9MarineBillsofLading
国际货运代理专业英语 Unit 9 Marine Bills of Lading一、 General concept of Marine Bills of Lading 海运提单的一般概念 (考试重点)1-1 课文：Marine Bills of lading are used primarily in international sales of goods where the carriage of goods is by sea.注释：marine bills of lading: 海运提单 primarily: 首先，起初，主要地international sales of goods: 国际货物的销售 carriage: 运输课文意思：海运提单主要用于国际货物销售的海上运输中。
1-2 课文：Definitions of the Bill of Lading vary from country to country. Broadly, the bill of lading has been defined as receipt for goods shipped on board a ship, signed by the person (or his agent) contracts to carry them, and stating the terms on which the goods were delivered to and received by the ship.(海运提单的定义，掌握)注释：definition: 定义 vary from: 不同 broadly: 宽广地，广泛, 总体而言on board: 在船上 stating: 陈述，申明课文意思：每个国家对于提单的定义各有不同。
总体而言，提单是货物装船的收据;它由达成货物运输协议的承运人签字，上有货物送到船上及被船方接收的条款。
09年国际货运代理货代英语第十三章讲义（2）
⼆、合并运输⼈的⾝份(考试重点) 2-1 课⽂：as a consolidator, the freight forwarder will provide the service in his own name and issue a house bill of lading. 注释：provide: 提供 in one’s own name: 以⾃⼰的名义 issue: 签发 house bill of lading: 货代提单 课⽂意思：作为合并运输⼈，货运代理⼈将以他⾃⼰的名义提供服务并签发货代提单。
2-2 课⽂：to the individual consignors, the consolidator is the carrier, while in his relationship with the actual carrier, he is the consignor. 注释：relationship: 关系，联系 actual: 实际的 课⽂意思：就发货⼈⽽⾔，合并运输⼈是指承运⼈，⽽就其与实际承运⼈关系⽽⾔，他是发货⼈。
2-3 课⽂：the individual consignors and consignees do not deal directly with actual carrier. 注释：deal with：安排，处理，做⽣意 directly: 直接地 课⽂意思：发货⼈和收货⼈不会直接与实际承运⼈联系。
2-4 课⽂：the consolidator buys shipping space “wholesale” from the actual carrier and sells it “retail” to the individual consignors. 注释：shipping space: 船位，舱位 wholesale: 批发 retail: 零售 课⽂意思：合并运输⼈从实际承运⼈那⾥“批发”舱位并将这些舱位以“零售”的⽅式卖给发货⼈ 2-5 课⽂：in groupage transport, the forwarder acts as a sort of wholesaler by buying large amounts of space which are sold out in retail to his customers. 注释：groupage transport: 拼箱运输 a sort of: ⼀种 wholesaler: 批发商 large amounts of: ⼤量的 sell out: 出卖，出售，卖完 customer: 顾客 课⽂意思：拼箱运输中，货运代理⼈类似于批发商，⼤量购买舱位并以零售的⽅式卖给他们的顾客。
2009版货代英语unit13的翻译
一、CMR 国际公路货物运输合同公约 (考试重点)1-1 课文：Rail transport plays more or less the same role as road transport in the domestic economy of a country.注释：rail transport: 铁路运输 more or less: 或多或少 play (a) role: 扮演角色 the same as: 与...相同 road transport: 公路运输 domestic: 本国的，国内的，对内的 economy: 经济，经济制度课文意思：在一国国内经济中，铁路运输或多或少与公路运输扮演同一角色。
2-2 课文：Rail transport and road transport are often complementary, with rail transport undertaking the long haul and road transport undertaking the local collection and distribution. Freight forwarders should be able to organize the carriage of goods by road and rail efficiently.注释：complementary: 互相补足的，补充的，补足的 undertake: 承担，担任 long haul: 长途运输(haul: 拖拉，拖运)local collection and distribution: 本地的集散(collection: 收集，采集，聚集 distribution: 分配，分发，散布)be able to: 能够，有能力(做)... organize: 组织，筹备carriage of goods: 货物的运输 efficiently: 有效率地，有效地课文意思：铁路运输和公路运输通常是相辅助性的，铁路运输承担长距离运输，公路运输从事本地的集散。
国际货运代理专业英语读书笔记英语版
国际货运代理专业英语读书笔记英语版篇一：Title: International货运代理: A Practical Course in English读书笔记Introduction:International trade and logistics have become increasingly important in today"s globalized world. International货运代理(International Logistics Service Provider) is a company that provides logistics services to international clients, including transportation, storage, and distribution. As a result, many companies have turned to international 货运代理 services to ensure efficient and effective transportation of goods.This book aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of international货运代理 and its various functions, including market analysis, product development, route planning, and customs declaration. It also covers the latest trends and developments in the industry, as well as the challenges and opportunities that arise when working with international clients.Content:1. Introduction to International Logistics- Definition of logistics- Importance of logistics in international trade- Overview of international货运代理2. Functions of International货运代理- Market analysis- Product development- route planning- customs declaration-运输保险- Storage and Distribution3. Current Trends and Developments in International货运代理 - Globalization and digitization- e-commerce and online trade- Automation and technology- New regulations and policies4. Challenges and Opportunities in International货运代理- Global trade tensions- 高昂的运输成本和费用- New technologies and innovation- 如何应对国际贸易中的挑战5. Conclusion- Importance of international货运代理 in international trade - Conclusion of the book- Future展望Conclusion:This book provides a comprehensive understanding of international 货运代理 and its various functions. It covers the latest trends and developments in the industry, as well as the challenges and opportunities that arise when working with international clients. It is a must-read for anyone interested in international logistics and international trade. The book also includes practical examples and case studies, which help readers to understand the real-world scenarios and experiences of international 货运代理 companies. With this book, readers can gain a practical and comprehensive understanding of international货运代理 and its various functions, and can start working in the industry with confidence.。
09年国际货运代理货代英语第八章讲义（4）
特点： 1.Received for shipment bills state that the goods have been received for shipment, and do not indicate the actual date of loading. 收货待运提单表明货物已经收货待运，但是不显⽰实际的装载⽇期。
(注释：indicate: 指出，显⽰) 2.The received for shipment bill of lading grew up because with the development of the liner services it became the custom for the shipowner to receive the cargo some hours or even days before it was actually loaded. 收货待运提单因班轮运输业务的发展⽽成长起来的并逐渐成为惯例，船东在实际装载期之前⼏个⼩时甚⾄⼏天收到货物。
(注释：grow up:成长，发展 development: 发展 liner services: 班轮运输业务 ) 3-5 Direct Bills of Lading 直达提单 特点：Direct bills of lading are those covering shipments between direct ports of loading or discharge. 直达提单是货物从装运港直接运⾄⽬的港卸货的提单。
(货物从装货港受载后，中途不经换船，直接运⾄⽬的港卸船交付货物的提单) 3-6 Through Bills of Lading 联运提单 特点： 1.Through bills of lading cover shipment from or to ports involving transport by two or more shipping or railways companies. 联运提单是由两个或者两个以上的海运或铁路运输公司负责货物从或者⾄多个港⼝间的运输。
2009版货代英语unit12的翻译
一、课文序言介绍1-1 课文：Customs clearance in the import-export trade is one of the traditional functions of a freight forwarder. A freight forwarder should have a working knowledge of procedures prevalent in ports in order to provide an efficient service to clients.注释：customs clearance: 结关，清关，通关import-export trade: 进出口贸易 traditional: 传统的，惯例的 function: 功能，作用，职责 working knowledge: 能够实际应用的 procedure: 程序，手续 prevalent: 普遍的，流行的 efficient: 有效率的，生效的 client: 客户课文意思：在进出口贸易中，清关是货运代理的一项传统职能。
货运代理应了解各港口常见的手续以便为客户提供高效的服务。
1-2 课文：The basic customs laws or regulations applicable to the arrival and departure of ships and to goods imported or exported are more or less the same in most countries although they may differ in procedural and documentary details.注释：customs laws: 海关法规 regulation: 规则，规章 applicable: 适用的 arrival: 到港 departure: 离港 more or less: 或多或少 differ: 不同，不一致 procedural and documentary details: 程序和文件的细节课文意思：尽管各国在程序和文件的细节上可能会有不同，但在许多国家，对于船舶的到港和离港适用的基本的海关法规或多或少总有相同之处。
2009年版《货运代理专业英语》中文翻译第六章
2009年版《货运代理专业英语》中文翻译第六章信用证是一种国际支付方式。
在中国，国际交易的支付通常是使用信用证。
为了提供统一的规则对后续的交易，国际商会（ICC）建立统一的海关和跟单信用的规程，已被修改几次。
最新版本叫做UCP600（一般惯例，ICC出版no.600，2007修订）。
1、定义信用证是指银行应申请人的要求和其指示开立的承诺在受益人履行信用证条款后按信用证规定的金额付款给受益人的书面保证文件。
2、信用证的有关各方当事人(考试重点)信用证操作过程中涉及到许多当事人(方)，他们是申请人，开证银行，通知银行，受益人，议付银行等。
(申请人)申请人是指向银行申请开立信用证的一方。
申请人也称“申请开证人”或“开证申请人”。
通常是合同中的买方或进口商。
(开证行)开证行应申请人要求开立信用证的银行，并在信用证条款履行后负责支付信用证项下的款项。
(通知行)通知行通常是卖方所在国银行，也可在第三国家。
凭开证行的指示和委托，通知受益人相关信用证事宜。
(受益人)受益人是指信用证受益一方，需按信用证条款履行义务以获得付款。
通常是指的卖方，或出口商。
（议付银行）议付行是对受益人汇票进行议付的银行。
议付行可以是通知行或者其他有权议付单证的银行。
如果信用证中无特殊规定，出口商可以向任何银行提交跟单汇票进行议付。
3、信用证的基本内容信用证可以通过邮件，电报以及SWIFT格式开立。
尽管信用证没有统一的格式，但其内容基本一样。
这些基本内容包括所有买卖方双方签署的合同中的重要条款：单证要求，银行保证条款，以及其他信用证的特别规定。
4、跟单信用证的基本程序(考试重点)在信用证操作的过程中有三个基本步骤。
第一个步骤是信用证开立--信用证开立是买方向开证行申请开立信用证，通过通知行向卖方发出开证行开证通知。
第二个步骤是如需对信用证进行修改--在信用证开立后如需对跟单信用证的条款进行更改需进行信用证的修改。
第三个步骤是使用和支付--这一过程是卖方装运货物，将单证通过因银行转让给买方，并且再由买方通过银行向卖方通过各种途径付款。
国际货运代理专业英语,2009年版课文翻译
第一单元国际贸易1.定义及重要性国际贸易是很重要的。
国际贸易是资金，物品和服务通过国际边境或边疆地区的交换。
在大多数国家，它代表国内生产总值的很大份额。
然而国际贸易历尽昔日蹉跎，它的经济，社会，政治的重要性在最近世纪已经上升。
工业化，先进的运输系统，全球化，跨国公司，外包在国际贸易组织中都有很重要的影响。
渐增的国际贸易成为全球化继续进行的决定性因素。
国际贸易是任何一个被认为是世界强国的国家（地区）的经济利益的主要来源。
没有国际贸易，国家将会把货物和服务的生产制造限制在自己的边界范围内。
2.国际贸易与国内贸易间的区别国际贸易通常是比国内贸易更昂贵的。
理由是通常越过国有的边界涉及附加成本例如关税，由于边界的时间的费用拖延，与国家区别相关花费例如语言，法律系统，或一种不同文化。
国际贸易与国内贸易间的另一个区别是生产要素，例如，资本和劳动力等生产要素跨越国界，在一个国家内通常移动的更多比国家与国家之间。
因此，国际贸易主要限制在货物和服务贸易。
然后，在商品和服务贸易，可以作为生产要素的替代品贸易。
进口生产要素，而不是一个国家的进口货物，使生产要素的集约利用，从而体现了各自的因素。
一个例子是由美国从中国进口劳动密集型商品。
进口中国的劳动力，而不是美国从中国进口商品与中国劳动生产。
3.国际贸易风险在多边贸易中有一些风险。
他们主要包括经济风险和政治危机。
经济风险包括买主的破产的风险；支付数量的应得物的买主的故障的风险中在到期日后六月；出口的非更新的风险批准；战争冒险；征用或进口商的公司的没收的风险；一个进口禁令的强迫接受的风险在货物的发货之后；在一个进口商的公司上的政党的转移风险强迫接受。
4.世界贸易组织世界贸易组织最好地被描述为一个伞式组织正在来自多边贸易谈判的乌拉圭回合的协议哪个被收集。
世界贸易组织因此服务四基本功能:(1) 实施，管理，执行世界贸易组织协议和其附件，(2) 为正在进行多边贸易谈判按照一个论坛行事，(3) 为了解决争议担任一个仲裁法庭，(4) 查看贸易政策和成员的练习陈述。
国际货代英语完整讲义
国际货运代理专业英语 Unit 8 Chartering Business1、租船的定义英文原文：Chartering is the business of providing employment for a vessel and arranging suitable sea transport for a variety of commodities.租船是提供使用船舶和为各类货物安排适宜海上运输的业务。
注释：chartering: 租用(在这里引申为“租船”)employment: 雇用，使用，利用suitable: 适当的，相配的 variety: 变化，多样性，品种 commodity: 商品英文原文：The different requirements of employment for vessels call for several different kinds of chartering. The term charter party is employed to describe contracts relating to the use of vessels owned controlled by others.注释：requirement: 需求，要求 call for: 需要，要求 charter party: 租船合同中文意思：由于使用船舶的不同需求产生了几种不同的类型的租船业务。
租船合同这一术语被用来描述租用他人船舶的各种合同。
二、租船业务的三种基本类型：航次租船、定期租船、光船租船(掌握各自的定义，合同内容，特点以及承租人和船东之间的费用、责任的划分)1、Voyage Chartering 航次租船(考试重点)1)英文定义：Voyage chartering means that the shipowner promises to carry on boarda specific ship a particular cargo for a single voyage from one or more loading ports to one or more discharging ports. 航次租船是指船东承诺按一个单程航次装运约定的货物，从一个或多个港口运至另一个或多个港口。
2009年版《货运代理专业英语》中文翻译第十八章
2009年版《货运代理专业英语》中文翻译第十八章Part Ⅰ商业书信1、商业书信的写作原则总的来说，撰写商务信函时应遵循以下原则：合理的布局，符合逻辑的观点，正确的语法、拼写和标点符号，合适的格式和语气以及巧妙地组织信息。
具体来说，撰写商业书信要注意以下7个原则，简称7C原则：1）清晰原则首先要确保信函所表达的意思清晰而不被误解。
如果信函表达的意思模棱两可，那么必然就会需要进一步的信函来往用于解释这些不清楚的地方，这样即浪费时间又浪费金钱。
其次，当明确了要表达的内容时，尽量用简单明了的话语表达清楚。
2）简洁原则当撰写商业书信时要牢记一个原则就是要使语言简单，清晰并且易读。
无论如何避免冗长的，花哨的或者老套的词句，简洁的文字可以节省阅读者的时间并且更能引起他们的注意。
3）礼貌原则做到礼貌周到，最重要的一点就是要回复迅速，特别是当你回复客户的信函时，不能有任何延迟。
其次，避免使用过激的，无礼的和轻视的语句。
此外，运用策略和机智去平息分歧。
礼貌原则不但要用礼貌的措辞比如“请”，“谢谢”，而且要表现出你为阅读者所做的考虑。
4）周到或替人考虑原则周到原则是指你应当体谅你的读者。
这要求我们做到拒绝给以帮助的同时又要保持友好，拒绝客户请求的同时不断送将来的业务可能性。
如果你不能满足客户的需要或者要求，你应当表现出你对他们的要求很感兴趣并且非常关心，尽量用肯定积极的句子。
而不用否定消极的句子，并且强调你能做什么，而不强调不能做什么。
5）完整原则当一封商业信函包含阅读者需要的所有信息时，它才算是完整的。
必须要完整的原因：完整信息容易达到预期的结果；能使买卖双方相互产生好感；能够避免昂贵的诉讼。
要想做到完整原则，要遵循下面两个方针：写下你想要涉及的所有要点并把它们按逻辑顺序排列；如果你是回复信函，要强调寻求信息的部分并且回答对方询问的所有问题。
6）具体原则写作具体是指要详尽、明确和形象而不是含糊笼统的；尽量用详尽确实的信息和积极主动的动词，选择生动鲜明，形象的词语。
国际货运代理英语
国际货运代理英语We arrange shipments to any part of the world. 我们承揽去世界各地的货物运输。
From what I ‘ve heard you 're ready well up in shipping work. 据我所知，您对运输工作很在行。
What is your specific transport requirement? 你们需要的运输条件是什么?It will cause a lot of problems in our transportation. 这将给我们的运输带来很多问题。
The two sides finally reached an agreement on the mode of transportation.双方就运输方式达成了协议。
Today let ‘s discuss the mode of transportation of the steel we ordered.今天我们就谈谈关于钢材的运输方式吧。
How do you usually move your machines? 你们出口机器习惯使用哪种运输方式?The goods are now in transit.此批货物正在运输途中。
A part of the goods were damaged in transit. 一部分货物在运输途中受损。
If the cargo space must be reserved ，please send us the necessary application forms.如果要预订货舱，请将订舱表寄给我们do you do any chartering?你们租船吗?Words and Phrasestransport 运输to be in transit 正在运输move 运输transportation business 运输业transportation company (corporation) 运输公司transportation cost 运输成本mode of transportation 运输方式way of transportation 运输方式means of transportation 运输方式to do charter 租船cargo space 货舱We think it necessary to move the articles by way of combined transportation.我们认为联运货物十分必要。
国际货代英语完整讲义_Unit_10_Ocean_Freight_Rates
国际货运代理专业英语 Unit 10 Ocean Freight Rates一、海运运费率的类型 (考试重点)1-1 课文： Ocean freight rates may be broadly divided into tramp rates and liner freight rates.注释：freight rate: 海运运费率 broadly: 广泛，宽广地，大致上地 divide into: 分为，分成 tramp rate: 不定期船运费率 liner freight rate: 班轮运输费率课文意思：海运运费费率可大致上分成不定期船运费率和班轮运费率。
1. 不定期船费率课文：Tramp rates fluctuate with market conditions of supply and demand. In a boom period, the tramp rates rise; in a period of recession, they decline.1不定期船费率随航运市场的供求关系而波动。
在市场繁荣时期，不定期船费率上升，在市场萧条时期，费率下降(注释：fluctuate:变动，波动，涨落 boom: 繁荣 recession: 不景气， 2.班轮运输费率课文：Liner freight rates are fixed by shipping conferences and other liner operators; they are related more to the costs of operation and remain comparatively steady over a period of time. 班轮运费率由班轮公会和其他的班轮营运人确定;他们多与营运成本密切相关，在一定时期内保持相对稳定。
(注释：fixed: 固定的，确定的 shipping conference: 班轮公会 liner operator: 班轮营运人 comparatively: 比较地，相当地 steady: 稳定的，稳固的，坚定的 over a period of time: 在一定时期内 )二、班轮运费费用的范围 (考试重点)2-1 课文：Freight forwarders are mainly concerned with liner freight rates.注释：mainly: 大体上，主要地 be concerned with: 和…有关课文意思：货运代理主要涉及班轮运费率。
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第一单元国际贸易
1.定义及重要性
国际贸易是很重要的。
国际贸易是资金，物品和服务通过国际边境或边疆地区的交换。
在大多数国家，它代表国内生产总值的很大份额。
然而国际贸易历尽昔日蹉跎，它的经济，社会，政治的重要性在最近世纪已经上升。
工业化，先进的运输系统，全球化，跨国公司，外包在国际贸易组织中都有很重要的影响。
渐增的国际贸易成为全球化继续进行的决定性因素。
国际贸易是任何一个被认为是世界强国的国家（地区）的经济利益的主要来源。
没有国际贸易，国家将会把货物和服务的生产制造限制在自己的边界范围内。
2.国际贸易与国内贸易间的区别
国际贸易通常是比国内贸易更昂贵的。
理由是通常越过国有的边界涉及附加成本例如关税，由于边界的时间的费用拖延，与国家区别相关花费例如语言，法律系统，或一种不同文化。
国际贸易与国内贸易间的另一个区别是生产要素，例如，资本和劳动力等生产要素跨越国界，在一个国家内通常移动的更多比国家与国家之间。
因此，国际贸易主要限制在货物和服务贸易。
然后，在商品和服务贸易，可以作为生产要素的替代品贸易。
进口生产要素，而不是一个国家的进口货物，使生产要素的集约利用，从而体现了各自的因素。
一个例子是由美国从中国进口劳动密集型商品。
进口中国的劳动力，而不是美国从中国进口商品与中国劳动生产。
3.国际贸易风险
在多边贸易中有一些风险。
他们主要包括经济风险和政治危机。
经济风险包括买主的破产的风险；支付数量的应得物的买主的故障的风险中在到期日后六月；出口的非更新的风险批准；战争冒险；征用或进口商的公司的没收的风险；一个进口禁令的强迫接受的风险在货物的发货之后；在一个进口商的公司上的政党的转移风险强迫接受。
4.世界贸易组织
世界贸易组织最好地被描述为一个伞式组织正在来自多边贸易谈判的乌拉圭回合的协议哪个被收集。
世界贸易组织因此服务四基本功能:(1) 实施，管理，执行世界贸易组织协议和其附件，(2) 为正在进行多边贸易谈判按照一个论坛行事，(3) 为了解决争议担任一个仲裁法庭，(4) 查看贸易政策和成员的练习陈述。
此外，世界贸易组织是与国际货币基金会和世界银行合作以在全球经济决策中完成更大的一致。
5.对国际贸易的障碍
一个贸易障碍是描述任何政府政策或限制国际贸易的规则的一项一般条款。
障碍可以花费很多资金（原文为fooms，无解释，本人认为应为fund)，包括：进口关税，进口批准，出口牌照，进口配额，关税，补助金，进行贸易的非关税障碍。
多数贸易障碍致力于相同的原则：筹集贸易产品的价格的贸易上的某种费用的强迫接受。
如果二或多个国家重复使用针对彼此的贸易障碍，一个贸易战争结果。
6.国际贸易的脚步
任何国际交易的脚步应该开始于市场调查。
一个进口商必须获取对外国市场
的好的知识到那他的产品是被销售，以便他可以跟客户一起成功进行贸易。
此后，以下事情应该完成。
*寻求客户
*通过送信联系彼此询问
*状态询问
*报价或提议；接受或非接受
*安排；合同
*获取进出口牌照；打开L \ C，如果任何
*由卖主所作的货物的筹备
*检验或货物的测量
*保留发给空间也通过卖主或买主，取决于贸易燕欧
*实现保险
*关税清除和装货
*发出建议
*正在L 的出口文件的谈判\ 由受益人所作的C
*正在L 的文件的接收\ C
*对于进口的关税清除
*货物的发送
*供给和确定要求（如果任何）。