华中科技大学考博英语历年试题题型题量综合分析
博士研究生英语考试题型及试卷
博士研究生英语考试题型及试卷2018博士研究生英语考试题型及试卷博士研究生入学考试英语初试内容一般包括听力、词汇、语法、完形填空、阅读理解、语言运用(配伍题)、翻译(英译汉/汉译英/英汉互译)、写作等几个部分，各部分出题方式及题量分值由各招生院校自行确定，以下yjbys店铺列举部分院校试题结构供各位考生参考。
首都师范大学2008年博士研究生入学考试英语试卷Section I Vocabulary Test(20%)Directions：In this part, there are 20 incomplete sentences.Below each sentence, there are 4 choices respectively marked by letters A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase which best completes each sentence. There is only ONE right answer. Mark the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET l with a single line through the centre.1. After the snow storm, the government plans to ______the run-down houses in the rural area as soon as possible.A. reviveB. replaceC. renovateD. remove2. The doctor assured her that the pain would _________in a few days.A. die offB. wear offC. get offD. go off3. The speeding woman’s _______________for some mercy could not change the policeman’s decision to giv e her a fine.A. pleaB. flatteryC. distressD. demonstration4. Owing to lack of money, these experiments must now be _______before the objective has been achieved.A. transferredB. transformedC. terminatedD. testified5. Quite unexpectedly, the young man __________ with success, the problem which had baffled his forerunner.A. tickledB. trickedC. trickledD. tackled6. The Space Age _____ in October l957when the first artificial satellite—was launched by the Soviet Union.A. embarkedB. initialedC. commencedD. originated7. Indoor or roof space antennae do not ___________give satisfactory performance even in strong signal areas.A. faithfulB. invariablyC. voluntarilyD. habitually8. These old houses are in good state of ________ except for the wooden floors.A. preservationB. observationC. compensationD.conservation9. She works bard at her task before she felt sure that the result would ______her long effort.A. verifyB. rectifyC. testifyD. justify10. The country is now undergoing an economic _________in which business activity is greatly reduced and the unemployment rate is high.A. sanctionB. accessionC. flourishD. recession11. The river is already ____its banks because of excessive rainfall and the town is threatened with a likely flood.A. level inB. flat onC. parallel toD. flush with12. Because of his outstanding achievements, the university _____ an honorary degree upon Mr. Adams.A. conferredB. dedicatedC. awardedD. presented13. It is one of the paradox of social intercourse that a ___________is much harder to respond to than an insult.A. complimentB. condemnationC. complementD. complaint14. The shop assistant was straight with his customers. If an article was of _______quality he’d tell them so.A. minerB. inferiorC. awkwardD. humble15. A terrible traffic accident happened;people were saddened when they watched the ______sight on TV.A. periodicB. panicC. patheticD. patriotic16. Even you were not in the mood, you should have known better than to refuse a lady this way. You could have _______her instead.A. deniedB. declinedC. denotedD. denounced17. As the nation attaches excessive importance to football, the triumph or frustration of the national team is most likely to drive many of her nationals ______________.A. overexcitedB. turbulentC. overwhelmedD. hysterical18. On Labor Day the workers will march in __________though the town.A. processB. procedureC. processionD. progress19. Although we had lord them not to keep US waiting, they made no _____to speed up deliveries.A. trialB. actionC. attemptD. progress20. Mr.Moore is one of the most prosperous persons in the town, yet he does take _____at questioning the way he makes money.A. offenceB. rageC. hostilityD. revengeSection II Reading Comprehension(40%)Directions：There are 5 passages ill this section. Each passage is followed by 4 questions. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Please choose the best one for each question and mark the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET l with a single line through the centre.Passage 1An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students’ career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform. Very few writers Oil the subject have explored this distinction—indeed, contradiction—which goes to the heart of what is wrong with the campaign to put computers in the classroom.An education that aims at getting student a certain kind of job is a technical education, justified for reasons radically different from why education is universally required by law. It is not simply to raise everyone’s job prospects that all children are legally required to attend school into their teens. Rather, we havea certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently assess now his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself. But this was not always the case. Before it was legally required for all children to attend school until a certain age. It was widely accepted that everyone is fit to be educated. Computer-education advocates forsake this optimistic notion for a pessimism that betrays their otherwise cheery outlook. Banking on the confusion between educational and vocational reasons for bringing computers into schools, computer-education advocates often emphasize the job prospects of graduates over their educational achievement.There are some good arguments for a technical education given the right kind of student. Many European schools introduce the concept of professional training early in order to make sure children are properly equipped for the professions they want to join. It is, however, pre-sumptuous to insist that there will only be so many jobs for so many scientists, so many business-men, and so many accountants. . Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not. Of course, the basics of using any computer these days are very simple. It does not take a lifelong acquaintance to pick up various software programs. If one wanted to become a computer engineer, that is, of course, all entirely different story. Basic computer skills take—at the very longest—a couple ofmonths to learn. In any case, basic computer skills are only complementary to the host of real skills that are necessary to becoming any kind of professional. It should be observed, of course, that no school, vocational or not, is helped by a confusion over its purpose.21. The author thinks the present rush to put computers in the classroom is ________________.A. far-reaching B self-contradictoryC. dubiously orientedD. radically reformatory22. The belief that education is indispensable to all children ______________________.A. originated from the optimistic attitude of industrialized countriesB. is deeply rooted in the minds of computer education advocatesC. came into being along with the arrival of computersD. is indicative of a pessimism in disguise23. It could be inferred from the passage that in the author, s country the European model of professional training is __________________________.A. dependent upon the starting age of candidatesB. worth trying in various social sectionsC. attractive to every kind of professionalD. of little practical value24. According to the author, basic computer skill should be ______________________.A. highlighted I acquisition of professional qualification5B. included as an auxiliary course in schoolC. mastered through a lifelong courseD. equally emphasized by any school, vocational or otherwisePassage 2The prevention of illness through exercise and nutrition was a small step from movements like hydreopathy (which advocated the ‘‘natural" healing powers of water), to the idea that flesh air, healthy food, and exercise could be beneficial. The physical fitness movement in America followed the influx of a large number of German immigrants who fled their country due to the 1848 revolution. The movement began there with Fredrich Ludwig Jahn who unified exercise and sport with German history and tradition and saw a connection between mental and physical health. Charle Pollen, Jahn’s student, led the movement in America, organizing the Round Hill School at Harvard, which stressed rigorous mental and physical exercise. In the mid-west the Germans established their first gymnastic institution called the Turnverein in Cincinnati in l848. Later called the Turners, these groups developed nationally and organized outings of picnics, games, gymnastics, and celebrations of German culture.Catherine Beecher promoted physical fitness for women, and felt that corsets (束腹) not only made such exercise impossible, but actually deformed wo men’s bodies, and could even be passed on to future generations and degrade the race. She was also in advocate of improving nutrition and an early opponent of gluttony (暴食), believing condiments on food stimulated the appetite towards excess. Others championed vegetarianism, or saw lack of sunshine as a cause of stomach discomfort. Regardless of their particular inclination, all of the food reformers had a common philosophy: bad eating habits led to social disorder. Like physical fitness proponents, they saw a connection between reshaping the body and reshaping American society to improve the individual and the country.The physical fitness movement declined in the years preceding the Civil War, then revived, as Americans became city dwellers and took sedentary jobs. Advocates promoted "Muscular Christianity," a movement begun in England, which stressed that the best and most moral Christians were those with sound bodies. Indian clubs became a favorite exercise tool with entire books written for club exercises. Team sports became popular after l 865, reflecting America’s growing urbanization. The most popular was baseball, and in l 869 the Cincinnati Red Stockings became the country’s first professional team. By the l 900s, Luther Gulick transformed the Young Men’s Christian Association (VMCA) into the epitome of typical "Muscular Christianity.’’ It became the largest organization of urban gymnasiums and fitness centers in America.25. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that as to the physical fitness movement in the 19th century _____________________.A. hydropathy was popularB. not all groups had a German focus、C. Germans were fitter than AmericansD. Harvard became a leader in America26. It can be inferred from the passage that the Tumverein was ________________.A. successful in the mid-westB. 1imited to GermansC. 1ater named Turners because it was too difficult to pronounceD not popular with many non=Germans because they celebrated German culture27. Why did the physical fitness movement revive after theCivil War?A. Because people returned to their usual occupationsB. Because ‘‘Muscular Christianity" became popular.C. Because of urbanization.D. Because of physical injuries caused by the war.28. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. The prevention of illness through exercise and nutrition.B. The German and Christian influences on nutrition and physical fitness.C. Development of the physical fitness movement.D. The nutrition and physical fitness movements.Passage 3An industrial society, especially one as centralized and concentrated as that of Britain, is heavily dependent on certain essential services, for instance, electricity supply, water, rail and road transport, the harbours. The area of dependency has widened to include removing rubbish, hospital and ambulance services, and, as the economy develops, central computer and information services as well. If any of these services ceases to operate, the whole economic system is in danger.It is this economic interdependency of the economic system that makes the power of trade unions such an important issue. Single trade unions have the ability to cut off many countries’ economic blood supply. This can happen more easily in Britain than in some other countries, in part because the labour force is highly organized. About 55 percent of British workers belong to unions, compared to under a quarter in the United States. For historical reasons, Britain’s unions have tended to develop along trade and occupational lines, rather than on an industry-by-industry basis, which makes a wages policy, democracy inindustry and the improvement of procedures for fixing wage levels difficult to achieve.There are considerable strains and tensions in the trade union movement, some of them arising from their outdated and inefficient structure. Some unions have lost many members because of their industrial changes. Others are involved in arguments about who should represent workers in new trades. Unions for skilled trades are separate from general unions, which means that different levels of wages for certain jobs are often a source of bad feeling between unions. In traditional trades which are being pushed out of existence by advancing technologies, unions can fight for their members’ disappointing jobs to the point where the jobs of other union members are threatened or destroyed. The printing of newspapers both in the United States and in Britain has frequently been halted by the efforts of printers to hold on to their traditional highly-paid jobs.Trade unions Nave problems of internal communication just as managers in companies do, problems which multiply in very large unions or in those which bring workers in very different industries together into a single general union Some trade union officials have to be reelected regularly; others are elected, or even appointed for life: Trade union officials have to work with a system of "shop stewards" in many unions, "shop stewards" being workers’ elected by other workers as their representatives at factory or works level.下载文档。
华中科技大学博士研究生入学考试《英语专业综合》考试大纲
华中科技大学博士研究生入学考试《英语专业综合》考试大纲
（科目代码： 3556 ）
一、考试性质
英语专业综合的评价标准是高等学校优秀硕士毕业生能够达到的水平，以保证被录取者具有较为扎实的英语语专业知识。
考试对象为参加全国博士研究生入学考试的准考考生。
二、考试形式与试卷结构
（一）答卷方式：闭卷，笔试，用英语答题。
（二）答题时间：180分钟
（三）题型：论述题
（四）内容比例
1、理论语言学 50%
备注：考察学理论语言学与应用语言学的基本理论、流派及其发展和分析方法。
要求考生熟练掌握语言学理论的基本概念和原理，以及语言学和其他学科的联系，并具备综合运用所学知识分析具体语言现象、解决实际问题的能力。
2、专业方向题 50%
备注：外语教育、翻译与跨文化交际这三个研究方向分别有两道论述题，考生根据报考方向选做2道。
2013年华中科技大学英语考博真题
华中科技大学2013年博士研究生入学考试试题一、完型填空BARACK OBAMA, in his state-of-the-union speech on February 12th, called for a new era of scientific discovery. “Now is the time to reach a level of research and development not seen since the height of the space race,” he declared. He praised projects to map the human brain and accelerate regenerative medicine. This would mean spending more on research. As The Economist went to press, America’s govern ment was about to do the opposite.2月12日，贝拉克?奥巴马在国情咨文演讲中号召人民开启科研成果新纪元。
他宣布：“自太空竞赛取胜以来，我们始终未能将科技研发推向一个新高度，现在是时候了。
”他还表扬了大脑活动图谱绘制工程和再生医学提速项目。
这意味着他打算在科研上投入更多的经费。
本期《经济学人》付印时，美国政府正欲背道而驰。
Federal spending is due to be cut on March 1st, the result of a long brawl over the deficit. Complex politics triggered this “sequester” (Congress excels at nothing if not elaborate dysfunction) but the sequester itself is brutally simple. America will cut $85 billion from this year’s budget (about 2.5% of spending),split between military and non-militaryprogrammes. Among the areas to be squeezed is R&D, and medical research in particular.赤字当前，各政客长期意见不合，导致联邦自动减支于3月1日强制启动。
华科大考博英语写作(学生用)
考博作文考博英语考试大纲实际英语应用能力是否到达非英语专业研究生英语教学大纲中《硕士研究生英语教学与考试》规定的要求。
考试成绩用于博士研究生的入学选拔。
一、考试设计本考试共分为四部分：完形填空〔10％〕、阅读理解〔40％〕、英汉互译〔30％〕和英语写作〔20％〕。
1.完形填空〔10％〕语言知识及综合运用能力。
测试内容包括词汇的认知能力、搭配知识的掌握，句法结构的理解和篇章阅读、分析能力。
使短文的内容和结构完整合理。
2.阅读理解〔40％〕阅读获取信息的能力，即对阅读材料的细节、事实、要点、作者观点和态度的理解能力。
题材包括社会、文化、史地、科普及人物传记等内容，体裁涉及叙事、议论、描述、说明和应用文等。
3.英汉互译〔30％〕原文内容涉及社会、文化、史地和科普知识.准确地翻译成通顺4.英语写作〔20％〕书面表达能力。
要求考生根据给出的题目和提纲，或者根据情景或图表自拟题目，约200单词的短文。
要求作文切题、意义连贯、文字通顺，并符合英文表达习惯。
写作评分标准说明写作测试总分为20分，评分标准采用6个档次计分方法，即从内容和语言表达进行全文总体评分。
具体如下：17~20分内容切题，清楚表达其内涵；文字连贯；句式有变化，句子结构和用词正确。
文章长度符合要求。
13~16分内容切题，比较清楚地表达其内涵；文字基本连贯；句式有一定变化，句子结构和用词无重大错误。
文章长度符合要求。
9~12分内容切题，基本清楚地表达其内涵，句子结构和用词有少量错误。
文章长度符合要求。
5~8分内容基本切题，语句可以理解，但有较多的句子结构和用词错误。
文章长度基本符合要求。
1~4分基本按要求写作，但只有少数句子可理解。
0分文不切题，语句混乱，无法理解。
写作知识及技巧A．理想的段落要求是什么?1〕主题〔Topic〕2〕统一〔Unity〕3〕连贯〔Coherence〕4〕清晰〔Clarity〕5〕完整〔Completeness〕6) 多样化〔Variety〕7) 有效性〔Effectiveness〕B．写作技巧〔Methods of Paragraph Development〕1) Description2) Exemplification / Illustration3) Definition4) Classification5) Cause and Effect6) Comparison and Contrast7) Listing8) ProgressionC. Pre-writing skills1) Free-writingSome people simply need to start writing to find a focus. Take out several sheets of blank paper, give yourself at least ten to fifteen minutes, and begin writing whatever comes to mind on your subject. Don’t change, correct, or delete anything. If you run out of things to say , write “I can’t think of anything to say”until you can find a new thought. At the end of the time period you may discover that by continuously writing you will have written yourself into an interesting topic.2) BrainstormingBrainstorming is a prewriting activity in which two or more people get together to exchange ideas on a given topic. During the brainstorming, there is usually one person who takes notes as others are engaged in conversation.Brainstorming can be done alone if no other person is available for discussion. In this case, a person makes free associations around the given topic, i.e. makes a random list of ideas associated with the topic as they speed through his mind.In many ways brainstorming is very similar to free-writing because both enable writers to explore what they truly feel about a topic. However, when several people come together to do brainstorming, ideas often come out much faster than any pen can write, so the notes taken or the list made can only be very sketchy. The note-taker may only have time to jot down single words or phrases summarizing facts, statistics, episodes, descriptions, feelings, attitudes and opinions related to the subject. For example, the following list is theoutcome of a brainstorming session that discusses China’s educational system:D. How to achieve coherenceIn order to have coherence in writing an argumentative essay, the movement from one sentence to the next must be logical and smooth. There must be NO sudden jumps. Since this coherence does not occur naturally, you should take pains to establish it. One of the main ways to achieve coherence is to use transition signals to show how one idea is related to the next. The following are the most common transition signals groupedaccording to the kinds of connections they establish.1) Introducing an additional point or idea (递进)2) Introducing an opposite point or idea (转折)3) Moving from general to specific (演绎)4) Emphasizing a point (强调)5) Restating a point (重述)6) Showing sequence (顺序)7) Showing cause and effect (因果)8) Showing connections in time (时间连接)9) Introducing a conclusion or summary (结论)E．分析作文写作对策重点放在三段式的写作（1）文章开头（2）扩展段写法（3）文章结尾1〕开篇的写法写好文章或段落的开头很重要。
博士研究生入学考试英语试题及详解
博士研究生入学考试英语试题及详解Doctoral Entrance Examination in EnglishPart I: Reading Comprehension (40 points)Directions: In this section, there are four passages followed by questions or incomplete statements. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each question or complete each statement.Passage 1:Climate Change and Global WarmingClimate change refers to long-term changes in average weather patterns in a specific region or globally. Global warming, on the other hand, specifically refers to the increase in Earth's average surface temperature due to human activities. While some argue that global warming is a natural phenomenon, the overwhelming majority of scientists agree that human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation, are the primary causes of climate change.1. According to the passage, what is the main cause of global warming?A. Natural phenomenaB. Human activitiesC. Average weather patternsD. Long-term changes in climateAnswer: B. Human activities2. What is the difference between climate change and global warming?A. Climate change is caused by human activities, while global warming is natural.B. Global warming refers specifically to changes in average weather patterns.C. Climate change refers to long-term changes in climate, while global warming is due to human activities.D. Global warming specifically refers to the increase in Earth's average surface temperature due to human activities.Answer: D. Global warming specifically refers to the increase in Earth's average surface temperature due to human activities.Passage 2:The Importance of BiodiversityBiodiversity refers to the variety of plant and animal species within a certain ecosystem. It plays a crucial role in maintaining the balance of the environment and supporting the overall health of ecosystems. Loss of biodiversity is a significant concern as it can lead to negative impacts on food security, climate stability, and overall ecosystem function.3. What is biodiversity?A. The variety of plant and animal species within a certain ecosystem.B. The balance of the environment.C. The health of ecosystems.D. The stability of climate.Answer: A. The variety of plant and animal species within a certain ecosystem.4. Why is loss of biodiversity a concern?A. It leads to an increase in food security.B. It has no impact on climate stability.C. It can negatively affect food security, climate stability, and ecosystem function.D. It supports overall ecosystem function.Answer: C. It can negatively affect food security, climate stability, and ecosystem function.Part II: Writing (60 points)Directions: In this section, write an essay on one of the following topics. Your essay should be approximately 400 words in length.1. The Impact of Technology on Society2. Education in the Digital Age3. The Importance of Cross-Cultural Communication4. Sustainable Development and Environmental ConservationPart III: Speaking (60 points)Directions: In this section, you will be asked to discuss one of the following topics. You will have five minutes to prepare your response and three minutes to present it.1. The Advantages and Disadvantages of Online Learning2. The Influence of Social Media on Relationships3. Effective Strategies for Time Management4. The Role of Government in Promoting Renewable EnergyDetailed explanations and model answers for Part II and Part III will be provided during the examination.Good luck with your doctoral entrance examination in English!。
2010年华中科技大学考博英语真题及详解【圣才出品】
2010年华中科技大学考博英语真题及详解PartⅠCloze(0.5ｘ20＝10%)Directions:In this part you are asked to choose the best word for each blank in the passage.Write your answers on the answer sheet.Who won the World Cup1994football game?What happened at the United Nations?How did the critics like the new play?(1)_____en event takes place,newspapers are on the street (2)_____the details.(3)_____anything happens in the world,reporters are on the spot to gather the news.Newspapers have one basic(4)_____,to get the news as quickly as possible from its source, from those who make it to those who want to(5)_____it.Radio,telegraph,television,and(6)_____inventions brought competition for newspapers.So did the development of magazines and other means of communication.(7)_____,this competition merely spurred the newspapers on.They quickly made use of the newer and faster means of communication to improve the(8)_____and thus the efficiency of their own operations. Today more newspapers are(9)_____and read than ever petition also led newspapers to(10)_____out into many other fields.Besides keeping readers informed of the latest news, today’s newspapers entertain and influence readers about politics and other important and serious(11)_____.Newspapers influence readers’economic choices(12)_____advertising.Most newspapers depend on advertising for their very(13)_____.Newspapers are sold at a price that(14)_____even a small fraction of the cost of production. The main(15)_____of income for most newspapers is commercial advertising.The(16)_____inselling advertising depends newspaper’s value to advertisers.This(17)_____in terms of circulation.How many people read the newspaper?Circulation depends(18)_____on the work of the circulation department and on the services or entertainment(19)_____in a newspaper’s pages.But for the most part,circulation depends on a newspaper’s value to readers as a source of information(20)_____the community,city, county,state,nation and world—and even outer space.1.A.Just whenB.WhileC.Soon afterD.Before2.A.to giveB.givingC.givenD.being given3.A.WhereverB.WhateverC.HoweverD.Whichever4.A.reasonB.causeC.problemD.purpose5.A.makeB.publishC.knowD.write6.A.anotherB.otherC.one anotherD.the other7.A.HoweverB.AndC.ThereforeD.So8.A.valueB.ratioC.rateD.speed9.A.spreadB.passedC.printedpleted10.A provokeB.jumpC.stepD.branch11.A.mattersB.affairsC.thingsD.events12.A.onB.throughC.withD.of13.A.formsB.existenceC.contentsD.purpose14.A.tries to coverB.manages to coverC.fails to coverD.succeeds in15.A.sourceB.originC.courseD.finance16.A.wayB.meansC.chanceD.success17.A.measuresB.measuredC.is measuredD.was measured18.A.somewhatB.littleC.muchD.something19.A.offeringB.offeredC.which offeredD.to be offered20.A.byB.withC.atD.about【答案与解析】1.A just在此为副词，意为“刚刚”，与when连接后接状语从句。
2003年春季华中科技大学考博英语真题及详解【圣才出品】
2003年春季华中科技⼤学考博英语真题及详解【圣才出品】考试科⽬：英语适⽤专业：Part I. Listening comprehension (10%)Directions:In this part you will hear three long talks or passages. Each will be read only once. At the end of each talk or passage, there will be somequestions. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answerfrom the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Then mark thecorresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through thecenter.Question 1 to 4 are based on the talk you’ve just heard.1. A. She wants him to listen to the noise.B. She wants him to examine the machine.C. She wants him to wash the clothes.D. She wants him to repair the machine.2. A. He asks the woman to ignore the noise.B. He asks the woman to let him finish his reading.C. He asks the woman to ring the shop and ask them to repair it.D. He asks the woman to stop washing.3. A. The man from the shop overcharged then for his work.B. The man from the shop charged them two pounds.D. The man from the shop fixed the machine carelessly.Questions 4 to 6 are based on the passage you’re just heard.4. A. Different businesses produce different products.B. Each worker plays a certain role in finishing a certain product.C. The workers are very specialized experts in their field.D. Each worker is only concerned with his own work.5. A. It is easy for the workers to become experts.B. It will reduce the labor.C. It will raise the productivity.D. It will make the workers satisfied with their work.6.A. The division of labor brings about mass production.B. Most workers have no idea how the production is operated on the whole.C. Workers seem to be unable to get a sense of satisfaction from working.D. Working on one small duty day after day is dull.Questions 7 to 10 are based on the passage you’ve just heard.7. A. We will not have enough food to eat.B. All the oil that drives our car will be used up.C. The earth will become ice crowded.D. There will be little water left on Earth.8. A. Venus is too hot.B. There is no water there.D. It is lacking in carbon dioxide.9. A. A large amount of carbon.B. Heavy rain.C. The proper temperature.D. Enough water.10. A. The way to ensure the survival of the human race on Venus.B. The way to breed organisms on Venus.C The way to reduce the population of the Earth.D. The way to conquer the universe.Part II. Cloze (15%)Directions:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes thesentence.With the passage of time, the wave of change also spread to cities. The expression “one’s 11 on marriage” began to appear, as did the concept of “marriage as one of life’s many 12 ,”The 13 of men still unmarried in their thirties reached about twenty percent in the national 14 taken in 1985, and the advent (到来) of a “hard-to-get-married era” began to be 15 talked about. The figure apparently 16 30percent in 1995. 17 , the highest rate of male singles in their thirtieswas 18 in Tokyo, including that the 19 number of unmarried men was no longer a 20 rural problem.What about women? The proportion of unmarried women in the 25-59 age bracket（年龄段）has been increasing 21 about 5 percent every five years until it is now nearly 50 percent.What are the real reasons women 22 not to marry? Early on, two were cited: women are now better educated and more women are interested in working outside the home. A ministry of Education survey 23 in 1989 found that 35.8 percent of male high school graduates went on to college or university (including junior college) -less than the 36.8 percent for female graduates. This was the first time since the ministry started such surveys that women had outnumbered men in going 24 higher education. 25 , the proportion of women with jobs outside the home reached 49.5 percent in 1989.11. A. outlook B. lookout C. conception D. belief12. A. options B. alterations C. substitutes D. preferences13. A. ration B. ration C. proportion D. rates14. A. investigation B. census C. search D. approach15. A. very much B. fairly C. rather D. much16. A. transcended B. proceeded C. preceded D. exceeded17. A. Nonetheless B. Nevertheless C. Moreover D. Likewise18. A. recorded B. provided C. granted D. supplied19. A. growing B. grown C. advancing D. promoting20. A. primary B. prime C. primarily D. chief21. A. for B. at C. by D. with22. A. offer B. long C. choose D. expect23. A. sponsored B. conducted C. imposed D. enforced24. A. with B. in for C. about D. after25. A. Incidentally B. Virtually C. Meanwhile D. FurthermorePart III. Reading comprehension (40)Directions: In this part, there are 4 reading passages. Read the following passages carefully and answer the questions at the end of each passage. Choosethe best answer to each question and write your answer on the ANSWERSHEET.Passage 1The evolution of intelligence among early large mammals of the grasslands was due in great measure to the interaction between two ecologically synchronized groups of these animals, the hunting carnivores and the herbivores that they hunted. The interaction resulting from the differences between predator and prey led to a general improvement in brain functions; however, certain components of intelligence were improved far more than others.The kind of intelligence favored by the interplay of increasingly smarter catchers and increasingly keeper escapers is defined by attention—that aspect ofmind carrying consciousness forward from on moment to the next. It ranges from a passive, free-floating awareness to a highly focused, active fixation. The range through these states is mediated by the arousal system, a network of tracts converging from sensory systems to integrating centers in the brain stem. From the more relaxed to the more vigorous levels, sensitivity to novelty is increased. The organism is more awake, more vigilant; this increased vigilance results in the apprehension of ever more subde signals as the organism becomes more sensitive to its surroundings. The processes of arousal and concentration give attention its direction. Arousal is at first general, with a flooding of impulses in the brain stem; then gradually the activation is channeled. Thus begins concentration, the holding of consistent images. One meaning of intelligence is the way in which these images and other alertly searched information are used in the context of previous experience. Consciousness links past attention to the present and permits the integration of details with perceived ends and purposes.The elements of intelligence and consciousness come together marvelously to produce different styles in predator and prey. Herbivores and carnivores develop different kinds of attention related to escaping or chasing. Although in both kinds of animals, arousal stimulates the production of adrenaline and nor epinephrine by the adrenal glands, the effect in herbivores is primarily fear, whereas in carnivores the effect is possibly aggression. For both, arousal attunes the animal to what is ahead, perhaps it does not experience forethought as we know it, but the animal does experience something like it. The predator is searchingly。
华中科技大学考博英语-4.doc
华中科技大学考博英语-4(总分：99.99，做题时间：90分钟)一、Translation(总题数：6，分数：100.00)By far the most common snake in Britain is the adder. In Scotland, in fact, there are no other snakes at all. The adder is also the only British snake with a poisonous bite. It can be found almost anywhere, but prefers sunny hillsides and rough open country, including high ground. In Ireland there are no snakes at all.Most people regard snake bites as fatal misfortune, but not all bites are serious, and very few are fatal. 1 Sometimes attempts at emergency treatment turn out to be more dangerous than the bite itself, with amateurs heroically, but mistakenly, trying do-it-yourself surgery and other unnecessary measures.All snakes have small teeth, so it follows that all snakes can bite, but only the bite of the adder presents any danger. 2 British snakes are shy animals and are far more frightened of you than you could possibly be of them. The adder will attack only if it feels threatened, as can happen if you take it by surprise and step on it accidentally or if you try to catch it or pick it up which it dislikes intensely. If it hears you coming it will normally get out of the way as quickly as it can, but adders cannot move very rapidly and may attack before moving if you are very close.The effect of a bite varies considerably. It depends upon several things, one of which is the body-weight of the person bitten. The bigger the person, the less harmful the bite is likely to be, which is why children suffer far more seriously from snake bites than adults. A healthy person will also have better resistance against the poison. 3 Very few people actually die from snake bites in Britain, and though these bites can make some people very ill, there are probably just as many cases of bites having little or no effect, as there are of serious illness.（分数：15.00）______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Sociology is concerned with people and with the rules of behavior that structure the ways in which people interact. As one of the social sciences, sociology has much in common with psychology and anthropology.The subject matter of social science inquiry is patterned social regularities. 4 A search for these regularities shows that most human behavior, from big and momentous acts to small and insignificant ones, is patterned.All of the social sciences are interested in patterned regularities in human social behavior. The distinction among the social sciences is chiefly in the kinds of regularities of interest. Psychology occupies itself principally with patterns of learning, motivations and mental disorders. Because mental behavior also has a biological base, psychology is related to the natural science as well as the social. Anthropology has traditionally limited its inquiry to small, preliterate societies and has turned to focus on culture and cultured systems. The focus on such societies provides anthropologists with field laboratories in which they study many of the concerns of the other social sciences. 5 To the extent that anthropologists turn their attention to modern societies, there is little difference in the subject matter of anthropology and sociology; in many colleges and universities, they are in the same department. The chief differences continue to be in methodology and level of analysis.Whatever their particular area of concern, all social sciences rely on the scientific method of inquiry. 6 This means they rely on critical and systematic examination of the evidence before reaching any conclusions and that they approached each research question from a position of moralneutrality. This scientific approach is what distinguishes the social sciences from journalism and other fields that comment on the condition.（分数：15.00）______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Every year, according to the U.S. National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), millions of men and women suffer from depressive illness. 7 Worse, thousands of depressives, including an alarming number of teenagers, take their own lives—often, it is believed, before their condition is identified.A NIMH survey has found that only about one third of depressed people seek treatment. Yet when treated, 80 to 90 percent can be helped with new drugs and therapy, and may never have another episode—if those around them spot their troubles early and treatment begins promptly. Clinical depression should not be confused with the blues. 8 Everyone has brief "down" periods, and sometimes depression strikes tor perfectly understandable reasons: the death of a loved one, the loss of a job or the breakup of a marriage. But most people gradually adjust to their losses. Clinical depression differs from the blues in duration and severity. For some it may be associated with disturbances in the brain"s neurochemistry (神经化学系统). Says Dr. Frederick K. Goodwin, director of the Center on Neuroscience, Behavior and Society at George Washington University Medical Center, "In depression-prone people, what starts as a normal response takes on a biochemical life of its own. The regulatory, systems keep running, and you get a kind of burnout."9 Untreated, the condition frequently recurs, and with each recurrence the chances of yet another episode increase. Half of those who have an untreated first episode will have a second, and after three episode, there is a 90 percent chance of a fourth. So early treatment is critical. Depression is a crippling illness. But with a little help from observant friends or family, and with proper medical treatment, most people recover and return to healthy, productive lives.（分数：15.00）______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Did life emerge spontaneously on earth, or did it come from outer space? 10 The scientific community is sharply split on the question, and the evidence from Mars (火星) not only heats up the debate but also adds a third possibility: life-forms may have arisen on Mars first and then hitched a ride on a meteorite (陨石) to Earth—or vice versa. As Stanford University chemist Richard Zare puts it, "Who is to say that we are not all Martians?"Sounds implausible? Consider the alternatives. Sir Fred Hoyle, the distinguished British astronomer, favors an even more radical theory. The idea is that billions of years ago, the solar system was peppered by biological "seeds", which took root wherever conditions were right. That would explain how life may have arisen at roughly the same time on Earth and on Mars. 11 But it also raises awkward questions about where those seeds came from and what, or who, sent them flying through space.There is something to this theory. 12 Even scientists who reject it acknowledge that some of life"s building blocks probably had extraterrestrial (外星的) origins. Indeed, they now believe that everything from organic chemicals to amino acids (氨基酸), the constituents of proteins, was carried in by the comets, asteroids (小行星) and meteorites.（分数：15.00）______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Americans are the first of the big spenders. 13 Among twenty major countries, the U. S. ranks third from last in individual willingness to save, putting aside a bare 4% of disposable income.A key reason is world-beating U. S. consumer debt, which has ballooned in 20 years from $100 billion to $900 billion. Things were not always thus. Thriftiness, not to say tightfistedness, used to be a Yankee (美国人的) virtue. As recently as 1984, Americans were saving 8% of their after-tax income. The image of Americans as spoiled children is fairly new, though now firmly established.14 Instead of putting something aside for a rainy day, Americans now start saving only when recession hits, while in other parts of the world like Asia, higher savings are associated with prosperity and growth.Savings also help maintain that happy state of affairs. Capital accumulation funds capital investment, so it comes as no surprise that as in savings, the U. S. lags in investment: 18.5% of GDP in 1994 against 24.8% for Germany, 28.9% for Japan and even more for Asia"s Young Tigers. Given the right encouragement, can Americans become born-savers again? If not, Joseph Gorman, CEO of TRW Inc., the $8 billion American auto-components manufacturer, warns, " 15Macro-economists would argue that we are condemned to run a big trade deficit because our country consumes far more than it saves, and other countries save far more than they consume. So goods are going to flow largely to the consumers, but the capital profits and the jobs will flow to the producers, who are the savers." In other words, Americans will be the grasshoppers (蚱蜢) in a world of ants.（分数：15.00）______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________16 We are all now aware that some new scientific or technological advances, though useful, may have unpleasant side effects. More and more, the tendency is to expert caution before committing the world to something that may not be reversible.The trouble is, it"s not always easy to tell what the side effects will be. In 1846, a man called Sobrero produced the first nitroglycerine (硝化甘油). When heated, a drop of it exploded. The Italian chemist realized in horror its possible application to warfare and stopped his research at once. It didn"t help, of course. 17 Others followed his research and other high explosives were indeed being used in warfare by the close of the 19th century.Did that make high explosives entirely bad? In 1867, Alfred Nobel learned how to mix nitroglycerine with other substances to produce a safer-to-handle mixture he called "dynamite". With dynamite, earth could be moved at a rate far beyond that of pick and shovel.We can"t abandon industrialization, because our food supply depends on it. If everyone decided to grow food without chemical fertilizers or insecticides or machinery, it would mean that only one quarter of the world population could be fed.Can we abandon some of our industrial technology and hold onto the rest? That would be very difficult, since it all hangs together.We can save, conserve, cut out waste, but what we have we must keep. 18 The only solution, as always in the history of mankind, is to solve problems by still further advances in technology.（分数：24.99）______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________。
华科博士英语考试难度
华科博士英语考试难度The journey towards earning a doctoral degree at Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST) is undoubtedly arduous, and the English examination stands as a significant milestone in this pursuit. The HUST doctoral English exam, often perceived as a challenging hurdle, requires a comprehensive understanding of the language and a profound grasp of academic writing. Its difficulty lies not only in the breadth and depth of the material covered but also in the expectations of the evaluators.The exam demands a high level of proficiency in all areas of English, from vocabulary and grammar to reading comprehension and writing skills. The vocabulary, in particular, is often密集且多样化, requiring candidates to possess an extensive knowledge of technical terms and academic jargon. The grammar, too, is intricate, testing the candidate's ability to construct sentences that are both grammatically correct and academically precise.The reading comprehension section challenges candidates to digest complex texts, often drawn from academic journals or research papers, and to extract key information,understand arguments, and evaluate the author'sintentions. This section demands not only a high level of language proficiency but also a strong background in the relevant academic field.The writing section, perhaps the most daunting aspect of the exam, requires candidates to demonstrate theirability to craft coherent and persuasive arguments using academic English. The expectations are high, as the evaluators are looking for writing that is both original and insightful, with a strong command of the language and a clear understanding of academic writing conventions.To prepare for this exam, candidates must embark on a rigorous study routine that encompasses both languageskills and subject matter knowledge. They must delve into academic texts, expand their vocabulary, and practice writing in an academic style. They must also familiarize themselves with the exam format and understand the evaluators' expectations.In conclusion, the HUST doctoral English exam is a challenging test that requires a combination of language proficiency, subject matter knowledge, and writing skills.It is an examination that demands dedication, discipline, and a profound understanding of both the language and the academic field. While the journey may be arduous, the reward of earning a doctoral degree from HUST is undoubtedly worth the effort.**华中科技大学博士英语考试难度探析**在华中科技大学（HUST）攻读博士学位的旅程中，无疑充满了挑战，而英语考试则是这一追求中的一个重要里程碑。
华中科技大学考博英语2013年真题
华中科技大学考博英语2013年真题Part ⅠClozeDirections: In this part you are asked to choose the best word for each blank in the passage. Write your answers on the answer sheet.Who won the World Cup 1994 football game? What happened at the United Nations? How did the critics like the new play? 1 an event takes place, newspapers are on the street 2 the details.3 anything happens in the world, reporters are on the spot to gather the news.Newspapers have one basic 4 , to get the news as quickly as possible from its source, from those who make it to those who want to 5 it.Radio, telegraph, television, and 6 inventions brought competition for newspapers. So did the development of magazines and other means of communication. 7 , this competition merely spurred the newspapers on. They quickly made use of the newer and faster means of communication to improve the 8 and thus the efficiency of their own operations. Today more newspapers are9 and read than ever before. Competition also led newspapers to 10 out into many other fields. Besides keeping readers informed of the latest news, today's newspapers entertain and influence readers about politics and other important and serious 11 .Newspapers influence readers' economic choices 12 advertising. Most newspapers depend on advertising for their very 13 .Newspapers are sold at a price that 14 even a small fraction of the cost of production. The main 15 of income for most newspapers is commercial advertising. The 16 in selling advertising depends newspaper's value to advertisers. This 17 in terms of circulation. How many people read the newspaper?Circulation depends 18 on the work of the circulation department and on the services or entertainment 19 in a newspaper's pages. But for the most part, circulation depends on a newspaper's value to readers as a source of information 20 the community, city, county, state, nation and world—and even outer space.1.A.Just whenC.Soon afterD.Before答案：C[解答] 上下文语义。
华中科技大学考博英语历年试题题型题量综合分析
华中科技大学考博英语历年试题题型题量综合分析导言：考博英语真题的重要性全国各大院校在制定本校英语专业考试大纲时，对英语的考核基本上不指定参考书，考生在备考时往往感到漫无目的，无所适从，所以对各大院校的考博英语历年真题分析则显得尤为重要。
华慧考博英语教研中心在历时8年的教学研究的过程中，总结国内50多所重点院校的考博英语试题的出题特点与规律，认为考生精研各院校的历年试题对考出良好的成绩有非常大的帮助。
考博英语试题的独特性众所周知，英语类的考试，如高考、大学英语四六级、专业四八级考试、研究生入学考试等均由统一的命题组人员统一命制试题，命题组阵容强大，且耗费的人力、物力也不在少数，其题目基本是原创题目。
而考博英语却并非这样，因此，考博英语有其自身的独特性，考博英语的独特性主要表现在其命题方式与题目来源两方面。
首先，从命题方式来看，博士考试中，要求考生达到英语的最低分数线，这一要求就注定了各大考博院校的英语试题的命题方式，各大考博院校不会花费大量的人力、物力及时间原创一套考博英语试题。
并且各大院校为了保证其试题的准确性，一般会选择已经考过的各类相关难度的试题，这样就可以避免出现大量的因个人学术水平方面而引起的错误和争议。
其次，从题目来源看，各大院校的考博英语试题基本来自专四、专八、六级或其它考博院校的原题，极少出现原创题目。
因其题目来源的独特性，我们研究各大院校的考博英语试题就显得非常有必要且益处极大。
如果考生在考前了解了这一情况，且充分重视这个规律，那么获得考博英语高分不是什么难事。
所以考生考前精研考博英语真题是非常有必要的。
考博英语试题的作用考博英语试题的作用主要有三个，即指导、规划与调控作用。
指导作用。
通过研读历年的考博英语试题，考生可以了解该院校的题目类型、题目来源、题目难度等，指导考生在较短的时间内找到正确的复习方法，获得自己满意的成绩。
规划作用。
考生在宏观把握所报考院校的英语试题的出题规律后，结合自身的英语情况，对自己的英语备考做出一个正确且切合实际的复习规划。
华中科技大学2005年考博英语试题
华中科技大学2005年考博英语试题I.Cloze(1x10=10%)Directions:In this part you are asked to choose the best word for each blank in the passage.Write your answers on the answer sheet.Some kids have a hard time1to the new freedom that they acquire when they leave high school and come to college.Here you are able to choose 2or not you want to go to class.However,this responsibility comes with a great price.If you do not go to class,you may miss an important lecture and these are very critical when it comes time for the test that is fifty percent of your grade.With this responsibility I have learned how to manage my time more3.4 hating every minute of school,I value it5a time for me to prepare for the big test.This new schedule has also changed me in that now I6school is worth my time.I do not dread going to class.Yes,it is boring some of the time but since I only have two to four classes a day for only four days out of the week,it is not as7__as high school.Also many of my courses require more in depth thinking. As an alternative to doing worksheets and8simple questions,college courses call9_analysis and thought.Almost all of my homework now is writing papers and reading books.These to this routine,I have been able to investigate and recognize meaning more10and it has helped me in my thought process.1.A)content B)to adopt C)finding D) adjusting2.A)where B)when C)whether D)if3.A)effective B)efficiently C)effort D) affect4.A)Instead of B)Rather than C)Instead D)Other than5.A)for B)upon C)as D)with6.A)should like B)feel like C)look like D)would like7.A)unpleasant B)pleasant C)enjoyable D)misfortune8.A)answered B)answer C)answering D)to answer9.A)in B)for C)up D)about10.A)likely B)prepared C)ready D)readilyII.Reading comprehension(20x2=40%)Directions:There are four passages in this part.After each passage,there are five questions.You are to choose the best answer for each question.Write your answers on the answer sheet.Passage1Extremely refined behaviour,cultivated as an art of gracious living,has been characteristic only of societies with wealth and leisure,which admitted women as the social equals of men.After the fall of Rome,the first European society to regulate behaviour in private life in accordance with a complicated code of etiquette was twelfth-century Provence,in France.Provence had become wealthy.The lords had returned to their castles from the crusades,and there the ideals of chivalry grew up,which emphasized the virtue and gentleness of women and demanded that a knight should profess a pure and dedicated love to a lady who would be his inspiration,and to whom he would dedicate his valiant deeds,though he would never come physically close to her.Thiswas the introduction of the concept of romantic love,which was to influence literature for many hundreds of years and which still lives on an a inferior form in simple popular songs and cheap novels today.In Renaissance Italy too,in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries,a wealthy and leisured society developed an extremely complex code of manners,but the rules of behaviour of fashionable society had little influence on the daily life of the lower classes.Indeed many of the rules,such as how to enter a banquet room,or how to use a sword or handkerchief for ceremonial purposes,were irrelevant to the way of life of the average working man,who spent most of his life outdoors or in his own poor hut and most probably did not have a handkerchief,certainly not a sword,to his name.Yet the essential basis of all good manners does not vary.Consideration for the old and weak and the avoidance of harming or giving unnecessary offence to others is a feature of all societies everywhere and at all levels from the highest to the lowest.You can easily think of dozens of examples of customs and habits in your own daily life which come under this heading.11．Etiquette cultivated as an art of gracious living______.A.has been typical of rich and leisured societiesB.advocates that women are the same as menC.began in nineteenth-century ProvenceD.looks down on extremely refined behaviour12．The ideals of chivalry demanded that______.A.a knight should never have physical relationships with womenB.a knight should inspire his lady to valiant deedsC.a knight should dedicate his valiant deeds to a womanD.romantic people should influence literature13．The rules of etiquette in Renaissance Italy______.A.were chiefly concerned with the correct use of one’s sword or handkerchiefB.were practiced by the majority of societyC.did not apply to a large section of societyD.were fairly simple to follow14．The average working man in fifteenth-century Italy______.A.spent all his life outdoorsB.spent all his life in his own poor hutC.had better social manners than workers todayD.was unlikely to have possessed a sword15．Consideration for the old and weak and the avoidance of giving unnecessary offence to others are______.A.the essential basis of all systems of good mannersB.not a universal feature of etiquetteC.taught to the lower classes by the upper classesD.often neglected by polite societyPassage2One day Mr Kerry was walking along the Strand in London,killing time,when his eye was caught by an enormous picture displayed upon the wall of a house.It represented a human figure covered with long,dark hair,with huge nails upon his hands and a most fearful expression.On coming nearer,he heard a man call out"Walk in,ladies and gentlemen,the most wonderful curiosity ever exhibited ——only five pence the wild man from Africa——he eats raw food,and many other pleasing and surprising performances."Mr kerry paid his money and was admitted. At first the crowd prevented his seeing anything,for the place was full to suffocation (窒息),and the noise awful.At last,Mr Kerry obtained,by means of squeezing and pushing,a place in the front,when to his horror,he saw a figure that was far worse than the portrait outside.It was a man,nearly naked,covered with long,shaggy hair,that grew even over his nose and cheekbones.He sprang about,sometimes on his feet,sometimes on all-fours,but always uttering the most fearful yells,and glaring upon the crowd in a manner that was really dangerous.Mr Kerry did not feel exactly happy at the whole proceeding,and began heartily to wish himself outside.Suddenly,the savage gave a more frightening scream than before and seized a piece of raw beef which a keeper extended to him on a long fork.This he tore to pieces eagerly,and ate in the most voracious(贪婪的)manner,among great clapping of hands and other evidence of satisfaction from the audience."I'll go now,"thought Mr Kerry,"for who knows whether,in his hungry moods,he might not fancy finishing his dinner with me."Just at this instant,some sounds struck his ear that surprised him.He listened more attentively and,to his amazement,found that among the most fearful cries and wild yells,the savage was talking Irish.Now,Mr Kerry had never heard of an African Irishman so he listened very closely,and by degrees,not only the words were known to him,but the very voice was familiar,so turning to the savage,he addressed him in Irish,at the same time fixing him with a severe look.“Who are you?”said Mr Kerry.“Billy McCabe,sir.”“And what do you mean by playing your tricks here,instead of earning your living like an honest man?"“Well,”said Billy,"I'm earning the rent to pay you.One must do many strange things to pay the kind of rent you charge."16．Mr Kerry was walking along the Strand because______.A.he had nothing else to doB.he was late for an appointmentC.he was looking for something to doD.he was reluctant to go home17．Inside the house,at first,Mr Kerry______.A.was nearly suffocatedB.could see nothingC.was pushed aboutD.couldn’t hear anything18．The wild man gave the impression of being dangerous by______.A.the way he movedB.the way he dressedC.the looks he gaveD.the cries he made19．Mr Kerry decided to leave the house because______.A.he flt extremely frightenedB.he was worried what might happenC.he didn’t wish to eat with the savageD.he feared he might have a heart attack20．The wild man surprised Mr Kerry by speaking Irish since______.A.he was on show in LondonB.he was a primitive savageC.he previously spoke gibberishD.he was thought to be AfricanPassage3Having reached the highest point of our route according to plan,we discovered something the map had not told us.It was impossible to climb down into the Kingo valley.The river lay deep between mountain sides that were almost vertical.We couldn’t find any animal tracks,which usually show the best way across country,and the slopes were covered so thickly with bushes that we could not see the nature of the ground.We had somehow to break through to the river which would give us our direction out of the mountains into the inhabited lowlands.Our guide cut a narrow path through the bushes with his long knife and we followed in single file.Progress was slow.Then,when we thought we had really reached the river,we found ourselves instead on the edge of a cliff with a straight drop of1000feet to the water below.We climbed back up the slope and began to look for another way down.We climbed,slipped,sweated and scratched our hands to pieces and finally arrived at the river.Happily we strode downhill along its bank without having to cut our way.However,after a few miles the river entered a steep-sided gap between rocks and suddenly dropped thirty-five feet over a waterfall.There was no path alongside it and no way round it.Then one of the guides saw a way of overcoming the difficulty.There was a fallen tree lying upside down over the waterfall with its leafy top resting on the opposite bank below the falls.Without hesitation he climbed down the slippery trunk to show us how easy it was.Having got to the fork of the tree,he moved hand over hand along a branch for four or five feet with his legs hanging in space,then he dropped onto the flat bank on the other side,throwing his arms in the air like a footballer who has scored a goal,and cheerfully waving us on.21．Having reached the highest point on their route,the travelers expected to be able to______.A.track animals to the riverB.put away the maps they hadbeen usingC.approach the river from different directionD.get down to the riverwithout much difficulty22．The travelers wanted to get to the river because______.A.it would lead them to the waterfallB.it would show them whichway to goC.it was the only possible route out of the mountainsD.it was a quickerroute than going over the mountains23.One reason why the travelers took so long to get to the river was that______.A.it was too hot to move quicklyB.there was no proper pathC.they all tried to go in different waysD.they could not follow theanimal tracks24.The travelers were happy when they reached the river because______.A.they had a sense of achievementB.the going was much easierthenC.they were eager to see the waterfallD.they knew they were neartheir destination25.To get past the waterfall the guide had to______.e a fallen tree as a kind of bridgeB.cross the river above thewaterfallC.slide down a steep river bankD.swing across the river from ahigh branchPassage4Will you be watching‘Horizon’on Monday evening,or is that when you’re down at the local?HILARY MACASKILL suggests here that tuning in may be advisable.This week’s Horizon:How Much Can You Drink?Addresses itself to the practical issue of the dividing line between harmless normal drinking and the“serious drinking problem”that troubles an estimated700000people in this country.Too much drinking can have terrible effects on health:in the next12months10000people may die prematurely from the effects of drink.Advertisements can no longer characterize alcohol as beneficial.Guinness is not now projected as“good for you”. Nevertheless,social drinkers cling hopefully to that scrap of half-remembered research that suggests that a little drink is good for you.Well,perhaps it is.Darts(a game)players can draw comfort from the evidence in the programme that hand shaking lessens after a few drinks.Though it must be added that next day’s hand shaking was greater than normal.Moderate drinking, because of the effect of alcohol on the blood,may give some protection against heart disease.But people’s bodies vary hugely in their reactions to alcohol.The less fortunate drinkers may get cirrhosis(a kind of disease)of the liver after a far smaller alcohol amount than another drinker.So how much can you drink?The answer,if you are a woman,is less that a man. The reason is not another example of rough discrimination but that women,unfair though it may be,are more at risk from alcohol.Doctors recommend a daily limit of six units for a man,four units for a woman.That limit is the aim of those who attend Drink Watchers,formed18months ago,which works on similar lines to Weight Watchers.After an initial screening to ensure that they aren’t physically damaged by alcohol,Drink Watchers meet weekly to analyze ant discuss the daily records they keep of their drinks.“The aim is to provide a social base as much as anything,”says National co-ordinator Geraldine Wilson.“We replace the pub life with a different social life.”Enjoying sensible drinking is the goal of Drink Watchers and Geraldine has some useful tips to help people stick to the limit:“Make the first drink a soft one to quench the thirst.Alternate alcohol with mineral water.Put the glass on the table between sips.Distance the glass so you have to make a conscious effort to reach it. Make one drink last40minutes.Most important,plan how much to drink in an evening,count the drinks and then stop.”26.Based on what do you think this article is written?A.A magazineB.A newspaperC.A medical journal.D.A TV program.27.Can alcohol ever be good for you?A.Yes,in moderate amount.B.No,even in moderate amount.C.Maybe,in moderate amount.D.Never,even in moderate amount.28.How can Drink Watchers help you?A.By checking your health.B.By providing social base.C.By helping you cut down on your drinking.D.All the above.29.What do you think the word“soft”in the third line of paragraph7means?A.gentleB.non-alcoholicdD.calm30.Which of the following is NOT true according to the text?A.700000people in Britain are seriously affected by alcohol.B.10000people are likely to die in the next year because of alcohol.C.Six units of beer for men and4units for women everyday is‘safe’.D.Different people react almost the same to alcohol.III.TranslationSection A From English into Chinese(15%)Directions:Translate the following three underlined parts from English into Chinese and write your translation on the answer sheet.People could land on Mars in the next20to30years provided scientists can find water on the red planet,the head of NASA's(美国国家宇航局)surface exploration mission said on September16.Two partially solar-powered"robot geologists"--Mars Exploration Rovers,or MERs –(机器人地质学者——火星探测漫游者)have been trundling across3miles of the planet and into craters since January,beaming back data about the makeup of what scientists believe is Earth's sister planet.1.Asked how long it could be before astronauts land on Mars,Arthur Thompson, mission manager for MER surface operations said,"My best guess is20to30 years,if that becomes our primary priority."The two MER robots,dubbed Spirit and Opportunity,have found ancient evidence that water was once plentiful--important for scientists hoping to know if there was once--or could still be--life on Mars.Without water,the dream of sending astronauts to the often dusty planet,which has rust-colored rocks and where the sky is red and sunsets are blue,couldn't unravel."If we cannot find water，it really makes it difficult to send humans.Water is the key," said Thompson,who was attending a mining engineers'conference.2.Such a mission would take11to12months to get to Mars and it would be impossible to carry enough water for the astronauts,plus the water needed to make rocket fuel for the return journey,to cool the spacecraft and to generate energy.Thompson said scientists had found a canyon on Mars"that makes the Grand Canyon look like a small canyon,"where water could still be present."There are indications that there is actually water that seeps out the side of the canyon, and going down the side it evaporates.We believe it's an ongoing process,"he said. 3.Three satellites now orbiting Mars are constantly gathering information,and Thompson said,"If there is water,we believe the chances of finding life are greatly increased."into English(15%)Directions:Translate the following three underlined parts from Chinese into English and write your translation on the answer sheet.自从1843年第一张圣诞贺卡在伦敦印刷、销售以来，公务贺卡已经成为政治家们节日活动中不可缺少的一部分。
华中科技大学考博英语模拟试卷1(题后含答案及解析)
华中科技大学考博英语模拟试卷1(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Cloze 2. Reading Comprehension 3. Chinese-English Translation 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. WritingClozeAfter yuppies and dinkies, a new creature from adland stalks the block. The NYLON, an acronym linking New York and London, is a refinement of those more familiar categories such as jet- setters and cosmocrats (cosmopolitan aristocrats...do keep up). Marketing professionals have noted that【1】the demise of Concorde, a new class of high-earner increasingly【2】his or her time shuttling【3】the twin capitals of globalization. And NYLONS prefer their home comforts【4】tap in both cities. Despite the impressive【5】of air miles, they are not adventurous people. As【6】from Tom Wolfe’s Masters of the Universe of the 1980s, NYLONS have done more than well 【7】the long boom and new economy of the last ten years. They are DJs, chefs, games designers, Internet entrepreneurs, fashionistas, publishers and even a(n)【8】band of journalists and writers. They are self-consciously trendy and some are even able to【9】houses in both cities. Others will put up【10】a house in one, and a view 【11】a room in the【12】. of course, their horizons do【13】beyond just New York and London. For many, Los Angeles is an important shopping mall. More significantly for adland, NYLONS provide some useful marketing savings. Campaigns no longer have to differ very much in the two cities,【14】NYLONS bring them ever closer together. The restaurants are the same, with Nobu now in London and Conran in New York. Many plays【15】in both cities at the same time, and DJs shuttle between the two,【16】the same garage to the same people in【17】clubs. Time Out and Wallpaper are the magazines of【18】. All this is fine for NYLONS. But not so much【19】for everybody else watching Notting Hill turn【20】a pale imitation of Greenwich Village.1．A．regardless ofB．even thoughC．althoughD．despite正确答案：D解析：本题考核的知识点是逻辑+语法。
华中科技大学历年的考博真题整理2.
华中科技大学历年的考博真题整理2.同济医科大学 2001年泌尿外科(博士一、必答题(15*21 试述创伤的代谢变化及其临床意义2 溶血反应的发病机理及病理变化二选答题(每人必选一题,但是不能选本专业试题,否则没有分数10分 /题1 胃癌淋巴转移途径2 试述开放性骨折的处理原则3 阴囊内肿块常见于哪些疾病?如何诊治?4 急性颅脑损伤的诊治处理原则5 张力性气胸的处理原则6 试述施行活体供脏器移植的基本条件和要求二、专业题(一名词解释 (4分 /题1 尿失禁2 肾积脓3 石街4 精索静脉曲张5 鞘膜积液(二问答题1 试述前列腺癌的诊断和治疗(15分2 试述上尿路结石的诊断及治疗新进展(12分3 试述肾盂癌的诊断和处理原则(13分同济医科大学 2002年泌尿外科(博士一、必答题(30分(一名词解释(3分 /题1 脑再灌注损伤2 中厚皮片(二问答题(12分 /题1创伤后组织修复过程分为哪几个阶段?各阶段的主要特点是什么?2 试述肿瘤浸润与转移过程中的相关因素专业题一、名词解释(3分 /题1 尿频2 PSA3 少尿 /无尿4 肾积水5 皮质醇症二、问答题1简述尿失禁的分类及常见原因(10分2 男性前尿道损伤的治疗原则(15分3 膀胱移行细胞癌的临床分期?表浅膀胱癌的治疗原则(15分4 良性前列腺增生的诊断和鉴别诊断(15分同济医科大学 2003年泌尿外科(博士一、必答题(30分(一名词解释(5*21 成人型呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS2全身性炎症反应综合征(SIRS3 痈4 海绵状血管瘤5 负氮平衡(二问答题(5*61 灭菌与消毒有何区别?2 高钾血症的原因有哪些?如何诊断和处理?3 简述肠外营养有哪些常见的并发症?如何处理?4 简述外科如何选择和使用抗菌药物?5 创伤后组织修复分几个阶段?简述其修复过程?二、专业题(一名词解释(4*31 膀胱破裂的导尿实验2 K抗原3 前列腺痛4 肾皮质结核(二问答题(8*61 什么叫尿频,引起尿频的原因有哪些?2 叙述多囊肾的病因及分类3 叙述分段尿及前列腺培养检查方法4 叙述双侧上尿路结石的手术原则5 叙述膀胱镜下各期膀胱肿瘤的肉眼特征6 叙述肾积水的常见原因7 原发性醛固酮增多症有那些临床表现?8 叙述精索静脉曲张的发病机理同济医科大学 2005年泌尿外科(博士公共部分:一、名解SIADH SIRS二、问答:1、成分输血的种类及适应症2、肠源性感染的发病机制3、代酸的分型及常见原因泌外:一、名解肾积脓浅表性膀胱肿瘤Cushing`s syndrome Peyronie disease二、问答1、简述 BPH 的病生特、各自引起的临床症状和治疗方案2、上尿路结石的微创方法及适应症3、前列腺癌的治疗4、肾结核的鉴别诊断同济医科大学 2006年泌尿外科(博士外科公共部分名词解释 :基因诊断条件性感染CARS问答 :1、肠内营养的适应症2、自体输血的适应症及禁忌症泌尿外科部分名词解释 :肾后性肾功衰微创泌尿外科充盈性尿失禁尿崩症问答 :1、输尿管反流的原因危害及处理2、泌尿系感染与妇科生理变化的关系3、 KUB 的作用4、膀胱造瘘的并发症及预防27. 同济医科大学分子生物学(博士[Re: 0分会员] Copy to clipboard Posted by: 0分会员Posted on: 2008-01-22 17:57同济医科大学 2001年分子生物学(博士一、英汉互译下列名词,并加以解释 (30分1、 transposable element2、 restriction enzyme3、 derepression4、 gene therapy5、 calmo dulin6、操纵子7、反式作用因子8、基因组9、原癌基因10、多克隆位点二、试述反式作用因子的结构特征及作用方式 (20分三、试述 2型限制酶的功能与特性 (20分四、试述影响原核基因转录的因素 (20分五、试述病毒核酸的结构特点 (10分华中科技大学同济医学院 2002年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目:分子生物学(基础课科目代码:811一名词解释并写出对应的英文名词(共10小题,每小题5分,共50分1. 克隆载体2. 表达载体3. 假基因4. 微卫星序列5. 回文结构6. 启动子7. 癌基因 8. 多克隆位点 9. 增强子 10. 开放阅读框架二问答题(共 3小题,每小题 10分,共 30分1. 若要获得 IL-2的基因工程产品,你应该怎么做?2. 真核细胞中基因表达的特异性转录调控因子是指什么?根据它们的结构特征可以分为哪些类型?它们和 DNA 相互识别的原理是什么?3. 简述细胞内癌基因激活的方式?三选答题(任选 2小题,每小题 10分,共 20分1. 简述基因治疗中转移外源基因至体内的非病毒和病毒途径的主要原理2. 请你评价一下人类基因组计划(HGMP 完成的意义(蒲А⒕ ? 济和社会的??BR>3.分子生物学实验中所涉及的引物有哪几种,各有什么用途和特点?4. 简述 3~4种 PCR 衍生技术及其应用同济医科大学 2003年分子生物学(博士一名词解释并写出对应的英文名词(共10小题,每小题5分,共50分1. 克隆载体2. 表达载体3. 断裂基因4. 双脱氧核苷酸(简单5. 多克隆位点6. 启动子7. 癌基因8. 核糖体结合位点(简单9. 增强子10. 开放阅读框架二问答题(共3小题,每小题10分,共30分1. 什么是分子克隆技术?它的主要步骤是什么?2. 真核细胞和原核细胞基因表达在转录水平上调控的特点。
2008年华中科技大学考博英语真题试卷_真题(含答案与解析)-交互(729)
2008年华中科技大学考博英语真题试卷(总分94, 做题时间90分钟)1. ClozeHe peered over at the writhing blackness that jerked convulsively with the jerking nerves. It grew quieter. There were small twitches from the mass that still looked vaguely【C1】______the shape of a small animal. It came【C2】______his mind that he could shoot it and end its pain; and he raised the gun. Then he lowered【C3】______again. The buck could no longer feel;its fighting was a mechanical protest of the nerves. But it was not that which made him 【C4】______the gun. It was a swelling feeling of rage and misery and protest that【C5】______itself in the thought: if I had **e it【C6】______like this, so why should I interfere? All over the bush things like this happen;they happen all the time;this is how life goes on, by living things dying in anguish. I can't stop it. There is nothing I can do. He was glad that the buck was unconscious and had gone past suffering【C7】______he did not have to make a decision to kill it. At his feet, now,【C8】______ants trickling back with pink fragments in their mouths, and there was fresh acid smell in his nose. He sternly controlled the【C9】______convulsing muscles of his empty stomach, and reminded himself: the ants must eat too. The shape had grown small. Now it looked like nothing recognizable. He did not know how long it was【C10】______he saw the blackness thin, and bits of white showed through, shining in the sun — yes, there was the sun just up, glowing over the rocks. Why, the whole thing could not have taken longer【C11】______a few minutes. He strode forward, crushing ants with each step, and brushing them【C12】______his clothes till he stood above the skeleton. It was clean-picked. It might have been lying there for years,【C13】______on the white bone there were pink fragments of flesh. About the bones ants were ebbing away, their pincers【C14】______meat. The boy looked at them big black ugly insects.【C15】______were standing and gazing up at him with small glittering eyes. "Go away!" he said to the ants very coldly. "I am not【C16】______you not just yet, at any rate. Go away. "And he fancied that the ants turned and went away. He bent over the bones and touched the sockets in the skull: that was where the eyes were, he thought incredulously,【C17】______the liquid dark eyes of a buck. That morning, perhaps an hour ago, this small creature had been stepping【C18】______through the bush, feeling the chill on its skin even as he himself had done, exhilarated by it. Proudly stepping the earth,【C19】______a pretty white tail, it had sniffed the cold morning air. Walking like kings and conquerors it had moved freely through this bush, where each blade of grass grewfor it【C20】______and where the river ran pure sparkling water for it to drink.SSS_SINGLE_SEL1.【C1】A asB throughC likeD at该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 2答案:C解析：固定搭配题目。
2012年春季华中科技大学考博英语真题及详解【圣才出品】
2012年春季华中科技大学考博英语真题及详解考试科目：英语适用专业：各专业Part Ⅰ Cloze (0.5×20=10%)Directions: In this part you are asked to choose the best word for each blank in the passage. Write your answers on the answer sheet.Comedian George Carlin has a routine in which he talks about how humans seem to spend their lives accumulating "stuff". Once they've gathered enough stuff, they have to find places to store all of it. If Carlin were to update that routine today, he could make the same 1 about computer information. It seems that everyone with a computer spends a lot of time acquiring data and then trying to find a way to 2 it.For some computer owners, finding enough storage space to hold all the data they've acquired is a real challenge. Some people invest in larger hard drives. Others prefer 3 storage devices like thumb drives or compact discs. Desperate computer owners might delete entire folders worth of old files in order to make space for new information. 4 some are choosing to rely on a growing trend: cloud storage.While cloud storage sounds like it has something to do with weather 5 and storm systems, it really refers to saving data 6 an off-site storage systemmaintained by a third party. 7 storing information to your computer's hard drive or other local storage device, you save it to a remote database. The Internet provides the connection between your computer and the database.On the surface, cloud storage has several advantages 8 traditional data storage. For example, if you store your data on a cloud storage system, you'll be able to get to that data from any location that has Internet access. You 9 need to carry around a 10 storage device or use the same computer to save and 11 your information. With the right storage system, you could even allow other people to access the data, turning a personal project into a 12 effort.So cloud storage is convenient and offers more 13 , but how does it work?There are hundreds of different cloud storage systems. Some have a very specific 14 , such as storing Web e-mail messages or digital pictures. Others are 15 to store all forms of digital data. Some cloud storage systems are small operations, while others are so large that the physical equipment can fill 16 an entire warehouse. The facilities that 17 cloud storage systems are called data centers.At its most basic level, a cloud storage system needs just one data server 18 to the Internet. A client （e. g., a computer user subscribing to a cloud storage service）sends copies of files over the Internet to the data server, which then records the information. When the client wishes to retrieve the information, he or she accesses the data server through a Web-based interface. The server then either sends the files back to the client or allows the client to access andmanipulate the files on the server itself.Cloud storage systems generally rely on hundreds of data servers. Because computers 19 require maintenance or repair, it's important to store the same information on multiple machines. This is called redundancy. Without redundancy, a cloud storage system couldn't 20 clients that they could access their information at any given time. Most systems store the same data on servers that use different power supplies. That way, clients can access their data even if one power supply fails.1. A.examination B.observation C.inspectionD.acquaintance2. A.store B.update C.processD.accumulate3. A.internal B.portable C.localD.external4. A.But B.While C.And D.So5. A.forecast B.report C.frontsD.system6. A.onto B.to C.inD.upon7. A.Apart from B.Other than C.Instead ofD.Regardless of8. A.than B.except C.forD.over9. A.shouldn't B.wouldn't C.mustn'tD.couldn't10. A.physical B.substantial C.tangibleD.local11. A.store B.share C.accessD.retrieve12. prehensive B.collaborative C.coordinatedbining13. A.opportunity B.chance C.convenienceD.favor14. A.focus B.purpose eD.operation15. A.available B.capable C.applicableD.desirable16. A.in B.up C.forD.into17. A.hold B.save C.houseD.run18. A.connecting B.connected C.connectD.being connected19. A.probably B.inconveniently C.invariablyD.occasionally20. A.ensure B.promise C.assureD.guaranteePart Ⅱ Reading Comprehension (20×2=40%)Directions: There are four passages in this part. After each passage, there are five questions. You are to choose the best answer for each question. Writeyour answers on the answer sheet.Passage OneRecent years have brought minority-owned businesses in the United States unprecedented opportunities as well as new and significant risks. Civil rights activists have long argued that one of the principal reasons why Blacks, Hispanics, and other minority groups have difficulty establishing themselves in business is that they lack access to the sizable orders and subcontracts that are generated by large companies. Now Congress, in apparent agreement, has required by law that businesses awarded federal contracts of more than $ 500,000 do their best to find minority subcontractors and record their efforts to do so on forms filed with the government. Indeed, some federal and local agencies have gone so far as to set specific percentage goals for apportioning parts of public works contracts to minority enterprises.Corporate response appears to have been substantial. According to figures collected in1977, the total of corporate contracts with minority businesses rosefrom $77 million in 1972 to $1.1 billion in 1977.The projected total of corporate contracts with minority businesses for the early 1980's is estimated to be over 53 billion per year with no letup anticipated in the next decade.Promising as it is for minority businesses, this increased patronage poses dangers for them, too. First, minority firms risk expanding too fast and overextending themselves financially, since most are small concerns and, unlike large businesses, they often need to make substantial investments in new plants, staff, equipment, and the like in order to perform work subcontracted to them. If, thereafter, their subcontracts are for some reason reduced, such firms can face potentially crippling fixed expenses. The world of corporate purchasing can be frustrating for small entrepreneurs who get requests for elaborate formal estimates and bids. Both consume valuable time and resources, and a small company's efforts must soon result in orders, or both the morale and the financial health of the business will suffer.A second risk is that White-owned companies may seek to cash in on the increasing apportionments through formation of joint ventures with minority-owned concerns. Of course, in many instances there are legitimate reasons for joint ventures; clearly, White and minority enterprises can team up to acquire business that neither could acquire alone. But civil rights groups and minority business owners have complained to Congress about minorities being set up as "fronts" with White backing, rather than being accepted as full partners in legitimate joint ventures.。
华中科技大学博士研究生英语入学考试试题
目录2005年春季华中科技大学博士研究生英语入学考试试题 (2)2005年秋季华中科技大学博士研究生英语入学考试试题 (8)2006年春季华中科技大学博士研究生英语入学考试试题(1) (15)2006年春季华中科技大学博士研究生英语入学考试试题(2) (21)2005年春季华中科技大学博士研究生英语入学考试试题参考答案 (28)2005年秋季华中科技大学博士研究生英语入学考试试题参考答案 (29)2006年春季华中科技大学博士研究生英语入学考试试题参考答案(1) (30)2006年春季华中科技大学博士研究生英语入学考试试题参考答案(2) (31)2005年春季华中科技大学博士研究生英语入学考试试题Cloze (1x10=10%)Directions: In this part you are asked to choose the best word for each blank in the passage. Write your answers on the answer sheet.Some kids have a hard time 1 to the new freedom that they acquire when they leave high school and come to college. Here you are able to choose 2 or not you want to go to class. However, this responsibility comes with a great price. If you do not go to class, you may miss an important lecture and these are very critical when it comes time for the test that is fifty percent of your grade. With this responsibility I have learned how to manage my time more 3 . 4 hating every minute of school, I value it 5 a time for me to prepare for the big test. This new schedule has also changed me in that now I 6 school is worth my time. I do not dread going to class. Yes, it is boring some of the time but since I only have two to four classes a day for only four days out of the week, it is not as 7__ as high school. Also many of my courses require more in depth thinking. As an alternative to doing worksheets and 8 simple questions, college courses call 9 _ analysis and thought. Almost all of my homework now is writing papers and reading books. These to this routine, I have been able to investigate and recognize meaning more 10 and it has helped me in my thought process.1. A) content B) to adopt C) finding D) adjusting2. A) where B) when C) whether D) if3. A) effective B) efficiently C) effort D) affect4. A) Instead of B) Rather than C) Instead D) Other than5. A) for B) upon C) as D) with6. A) should like B) feel like C) look like D) would like7. A) unpleasant B) pleasant C) enjoyable D) misfortune8. A) answered B) answer C) answering D) to answer9. A) in B) for C) up D) about10. A) likely B) prepared C) ready D) readilyII. Reading comprehension (20x2=40%)Directions: There are four passages in this part. After each passage, there are five questions. You are to choose the best answer for each question. Write your answers on the answer sheet.Passage 1Extremely refined behaviour, cultivated as an art of gracious living, has been characteristic only of societies with wealth and leisure, which admitted women as the social equals of men. After the fall of Rome, the first European society to regulate behaviour in private life in accordance with a complicated code of etiquette was twelfth-century Provence, in France.Provence had become wealthy. The lords had returned to their castles from the crusades, and there the ideals of chivalry grew up, which emphasized the virtue and gentleness of women and demanded that a knight should profess a pure and dedicated love to a lady who would be his inspiration, and to whom he would dedicate his valiant deeds, though he would never come physically close to her. This was the introduction of the concept of romantic love, which was to influence literature for many hundreds of years and which still lives on an a inferior form in simple popular songs and cheap novels today.In Renaissance Italy too, in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, a wealthy and leisured society developed an extremely complex code of manners, but the rules of behaviour of fashionable society had little influence on the daily life of the lower classes. Indeed many of the rules, such as how to enter a banquet room, or how to use a sword or handkerchief for ceremonial purposes, were irrelevant to the way of life of the average working man, who spent most of his life outdoors or in his own poor hut and most probably did not have a handkerchief, certainly not a sword, to his name.Yet the essential basis of all good manners does not vary. Consideration for the old and weak and the avoidance of harming or giving unnecessary offence to others is a feature of all societies everywhere and at all levels from the highest to the lowest. You can easily think of dozens of examples of customs and habits in your own daily life which come under this heading.Etiquette cultivated as an art of gracious living ______.has been typical of rich and leisured societiesadvocates that women are the same as menbegan in nineteenth-century Provencelooks down on extremely refined behaviourThe ideals of chivalry demanded that ______.a knight should never have physical relationships with womena knight should inspire his lady to valiant deedsa knight should dedicate his valiant deeds to a womanromantic people should influence literatureThe rules of etiquette in Renaissance Italy ______.were chiefly concerned with the correct use of one's sword or handkerchiefwere practiced by the majority of societydid not apply to a large section of societywere fairly simple to followThe average working man in fifteenth-century Italy ______.spent all his life outdoorsspent all his life in his own poor huthad better social manners than workers todaywas unlikely to have possessed a swordConsideration for the old and weak and the avoidance of giving unnecessary offence to others are ______.the essential basis of all systems of good mannersnot a universal feature of etiquettetaught to the lower classes by the upper classesoften neglected by polite societyPassage 2One day Mr Kerry was walking along the Strand in London, killing time, when his eye was caught by an enormous picture displayed upon the wall of a house. It represented a human figure covered with long, dark hair, with huge nails upon his hands and a most fearful expression. On coming nearer, he heard a man call out "Walk in, ladies and gentlemen, the most wonderful curiosity ever exhibited --only five pence the wild man from Africa -- he eats raw food, and many other pleasing and surprising performances." Mr kerry paid his money and was admitted. At first the crowd prevented his seeing anything, for the place was full to suffocation (窒息), and the noise awful. At last, Mr Kerry obtained, by means of squeezing and pushing, a place in the front, when to his horror, he saw a figure that was far worse than the portrait outside.It was a man, nearly naked, covered with long, shaggy hair, that grew even over his nose and cheekbones. He sprang about, sometimes on his feet, sometimes on all-fours, but always uttering the most fearful yells, and glaring upon the crowd in a manner that was really dangerous. Mr Kerry did not feel exactly happy at the whole proceeding, and began heartily to wish himself outside. Suddenly, the savage gave a more frightening scream than before and seized a piece of raw beef which a keeper extended to him on a long fork. This he tore to pieces eagerly, and ate in the most voracious (贪婪的) manner, among great clapping of hands and other evidence of satisfaction from the audience. "I'll go now," thought Mr Kerry, "for who knows whether, in his hungry moods, he might not fancy finishing his dinner with me." Just at this instant, some sounds struck his ear that surprised him.He listened more attentively and, to his amazement, found that among the most fearful cries and wild yells, the savage was talking Irish. Now, Mr Kerry had never heard of an African Irishman so he listened very closely, and by degrees, not only the words were known to him, but the very voice was familiar, so turning to the savage, he addressed him in Irish, at the same time fixing him with a severe look."Who are you " said Mr Kerry."Billy McCabe, sir.""And what do you mean by playing your tricks here, instead of earning your living like an honest man ""Well," said Billy, "I'm earning the rent to pay you. One must do many strange things to pay the kind of rent you charge."Mr Kerry was walking along the Strand because ______.he had nothing else to dohe was late for an appointmenthe was looking for something to dohe was reluctant to go homeInside the house, at first, Mr Kerry ______.was nearly suffocatedcould see nothingwas pushed aboutcouldn't hear anythingThe wild man gave the impression of being dangerous by ______.the way he movedthe way he dressedthe looks he gavethe cries he madeMr Kerry decided to leave the house because ______.he flt extremely frightenedhe was worried what might happenhe didn't wish to eat with the savagehe feared he might have a heart attackThe wild man surprised Mr Kerry by speaking Irish since ______.he was on show in Londonhe was a primitive savagehe previously spoke gibberishhe was thought to be AfricanPassage 3Having reached the highest point of our route according to plan, we discovered something the map had not told us. It was impossible to climb down into the Kingo valley. The river lay deep between mountain sides that were almost vertical. We couldn't find any animal tracks, which usually show the best way across country, and the slopes were covered so thickly with bushes that we could not see the nature of the ground. We had somehow to break through to the river which would give us our direction out of the mountains into the inhabited lowlands.Our guide cut a narrow path through the bushes with his long knife and we followed in single file. Progress was slow. Then, when we thought we had really reached the river, we found ourselves instead on the edge of a cliff with a straight drop of 1000 feet to the water below. We climbed back up the slope and began to look for another way down. We climbed, slipped, sweated and scratched our hands to pieces and finally arrived at the river. Happily we strode downhill along its bank without having to cut our way. However, after a few miles theriver entered a steep-sided gap between rocks and suddenly dropped thirty-five feet over a waterfall. There was no path alongside it and no way round it.Then one of the guides saw a way of overcoming the difficulty. There was a fallen tree lying upside down over the waterfall with its leafy top resting on the opposite bank below the falls. Without hesitation he climbed down the slippery trunk to show us how easy it was. Having got to the fork of the tree, he moved hand over hand along a branch for four or five feet with his legs hanging in space, then he dropped onto the flat bank on the other side, throwing his arms in the air like a footballer who has scored a goal, and cheerfully waving us on.Having reached the highest point on their route, the travelers expected to be able to ______.A. track animals to the riverB. put away the maps they had been usingC. approach the river from different directionD. get down to the river without much difficulty22.The travelers wanted to get to the river because ______.A. it would lead them to the waterfallB. it would show them which way to goC. it was the only possible route out of the mountainsD. it was a quicker route than going over the mountains23. One reason why the travelers took so long to get to the river was that ______.A. it was too hot to move quicklyB. there was no proper pathC. they all tried to go in different waysD. they could not follow the animal tracks24. The travelers were happy when they reached the river because ______.A. they had a sense of achievementB. the going was much easier thenC. they were eager to see the waterfallD. they knew they were near their destination25. To get past the waterfall the guide had to ______.A. use a fallen tree as a kind of bridgeB. cross the river above the waterfallC. slide down a steep river bankD. swing across the river from a high branchPassage 4Will you be watching 'Horizon' on Monday evening, or is that when you're down at the local HILARY MACASKILL suggests here that tuning in may be advisable.This week's Horizon: How Much Can You Drink Addresses itself to the practical issue of the dividing line between harmless normal drinking and the "serious drinking problem" that troubles an estimated 700 000 people in this country. Too much drinking can have terrible effects on health: in the next 12 months 10 000 people may die prematurely from the effects of drink. Advertisements can no longer characterize alcohol as beneficial. Guinness is not now projected as "good for you". Nevertheless, social drinkers cling hopefully to that scrap of half-remembered research that suggests that a little drink is good for you.Well, perhaps it is. Darts (a game) players can draw comfort from the evidence in the programme that hand shaking lessens after a few drinks. Though it must be added that next day's hand shaking was greater than normal. Moderate drinking, because of the effect of alcohol on the blood, may give some protection against heart disease.But people's bodies vary hugely in their reactions to alcohol. The less fortunate drinkers may get cirrhosis (a kind of disease) of the liver after a far smaller alcohol amount than another drinker.So how much can you drink The answer, if you are a woman, is less that a man. The reason is not another example of rough discrimination but that women, unfair though it may be, are more at risk from alcohol. Doctors recommend a daily limit of six units for a man, four units for a woman.That limit is the aim of those who attend Drink Watchers, formed 18 months ago, which works on similar lines to Weight Watchers. After an initial screening to ensure that they aren't physically damaged by alcohol, Drink Watchers meet weekly to analyze ant discuss the daily records they keep of their drinks. "The aim is to provide a social base as much as anything," says National co-ordinator Geraldine Wilson. "We replace the pub life with a different social life."Enjoying sensible drinking is the goal of Drink Watchers and Geraldine has some useful tips to help people stick to the limit: "Make the first drink a soft one to quench the thirst. Alternate alcohol with mineral water. Put the glass on the table between sips. Distance the glass so you have to make a conscious effort to reach it. Make one drink last 40 minutes. Most important, plan how much to drink in an evening, count the drinks and then stop."26. Based on what do you think this article is writtenA. A magazineB. A newspaperC. A medical journal.D. A TV program.27. Can alcohol ever be good for youA. Yes, in moderate amount.B. No, even in moderate amount.C. Maybe, in moderate amount.D. Never, even in moderate amount.28. How can Drink Watchers help youA. By checking your health.B. By providing social base.C. By helping you cut down on your drinking.D. All the above.29. What do you think the word "soft" in the third line of paragraph 7 meansA. gentleB. non-alcoholicC. mildD. calm30. Which of the following is NOT true according to the textA. 700 000 people in Britain are seriously affected by alcohol.B. 10 000 people are likely to die in the next year because of alcohol.C. Six units of beer for men and 4 units for women everyday is 'safe'.D. Different people react almost the same to alcohol.TranslationSection A From English into Chinese (15%)Directions: Translate the following three underlined parts from English into Chinese and write your translation on the answer sheet.People could land on Mars in the next 20 to 30 years provided scientists can find water on the red planet, the head of NASA's (美国国家宇航局) surface exploration mission said on September 16.Two partially solar-powered "robot geologists" -- Mars Exploration Rovers, or MERs –(机器人地质学者——火星探测漫游者) have been trundling across 3 miles of the planet and into craters since January, beaming back data about the makeup of what scientists believe is Earth's sister planet.1. Asked how long it could be before astronauts land on Mars, Arthur Thompson, mission manager for MER surface operations said, "My best guess is 20 to 30 years, if that becomes our primary priority."The two MER robots, dubbed Spirit and Opportunity, have found ancient evidence that water was once plentiful -- important for scientists hoping to know if there was once -- or could still be -- life on Mars.Without water, the dream of sending astronauts to the often dusty planet, which has rust-colored rocks and where the sky is red and sunsets are blue, couldn't unravel."If we cannot find water,it really makes it difficult to send humans. Water is the key," said Thompson, who was attending a mining engineers' conference.2. Such a mission would take 11 to 12 months to get to Mars and it would be impossible to carry enough water for the astronauts, plus the water needed to make rocket fuel for the return journey, to cool the spacecraft and to generate energy.Thompson said scientists had found a canyon on Mars "that makes the Grand Canyon look like a small canyon," where water could still be present."There are indications that there is actually water that seeps out the side of the canyon, and going down the side it evaporates. We believe it's an ongoing process," he said.3. Three satellites now orbiting Mars are constantly gathering information, and Thompson said, "If there is water, we believe the chances of finding life are greatly increased."Section B From Chinese into English (15%)Directions: Translate the following three underlined parts from Chinese into English and write your translation on the answer sheet.自从1843年第一张圣诞贺卡在伦敦印刷,销售以来,公务贺卡已经成为政治家们节日活动中不可缺少的一部分.1. 德高望众的亚伯拉罕•林肯(Abraham Lincoln)是第一位发现圣诞贺卡中蕴藏着政治效力的美国总统,在此过程中,圣诞老人的形象永远留在了人们心中.美国内战期间,奴隶们控制的南方政权与北方的联邦政府相抗衡,当时林肯总统要求政治漫画家托马斯•纳斯特在圣诞老人的画像上配上联邦军队,旨在鼓舞士兵的士气.托马斯•纳斯特是第一个让胖胖的圣诞老人穿上现在看来传统的红色外套和宽大皮带的人.2. 据说看到这个活泼可爱的家伙站在北方联邦军队一边,南方军队的士气大大的受挫.没过多久,他们就战败了.二战期间,同盟国政府同样用圣诞祝词来鼓舞占领区的战士们,幽默的贺卡给战士们带来了充满希望的援助.3. 事实上,正是从这个阶段开始,圣诞节寄贺卡的传统在美国总统中流传起来——至今他们都是世界上最认真的寄卡人之一.Writing(20%)Directions: You are going to write about 200 words on the following topic "Learning is a life-long profession". You are required to write in three paragraphs. Write your essay on the answer sheet.2005年秋季华中科技大学博士研究生英语入学考试试题I. Cloze (0.5x20=10%)Directions: In this part you are asked to choose the best word for each blank in the passage. Write your answers on the answer sheet.Today, the Tower of London is one of the most popular tourist (1) ___ and attracts over three million visitors a year. It was occasionally used as a Royal Palace for the Kings and Queens of England (2) ____ the time of James I who (3) ____ from 1603 to 1625, but is (4) ____ known as a prison and execution place. Within the walls of the Tower, princes have been murdered, traitors (5) ____, spies shot, and Queens of England beheaded. One of the most famous executions was that of Anne Boleyn in 1536. She was the second wife of Henry VIII. He wanted to (6) ____ her because she could not give him a son, so he accused her of adultery. She was tried and found guilty. She asked to be beheaded with a sword, (7) ____ the usual axe, which can still be seen in the Tower. The sword and executioner were (8) ____ over specially from France and with one (9) ____ the executioner cut off her head.The Tower was also the (10) ____ of one of London's most famous mysteries. King Edward IV died in 1843. His elder son, Edward, became king (11) ____ his father's death. Young Edward lived in the Tower, and the Duke of Gloucester, (12) ____ protector, persuaded Edward's brother, Richard, to come and live there so that they could play together. But then the Duke (13) ____ that he was the new king, and he was crowned instead of the twelve-year-old Edward, (14) ____ himself Richard III.After that, the boys were seen less and less and eventually disappeared. (15) ____ said that they were suffocated in bed by pillows being (16) ____ their mouths. It is believed that Richard ordered their deaths, (17) ____ it has never been proved. In 1674, workmen at the Tower discovered two (18) ____ which were taken away and buried in Westminster Abbey in 1678. The (19) ____ were examined in 1933 and were declared to be those of two children, (20) ____ the age of the Princes.1. A. seats B. scenes C. grounds D. sights2. B. until B. by C. to D. at3. A. reined B. reigned C. powered D. controlled4. A. hardly B. little C. best D. well5. A. ruined B. destroyed C. tortured D. wounded6. A. get the worst of B. get rid of C. get the best of D. get done with7. A. apart from B. besides C. together with D. rather than8. A. brought B. taken C. got D. won9. A. knock B. hit C. shot D. stroke10. A. spot B. scent C. place D. view11. A. on B. at C. with D. by12. A. their B. the C. his D. a13. A. announced B. published C. advertised D. revealed14. A. naming B. calling C. declaring D. giving15. A. That is B. This is C. They are D. It is16. A. forced into B. squeezed forth C. pressed over D. put on17. A. so that B. since C. as D. although18. A. skeletons B. boys C. remains D. dead bodies19. A. ashes B. bones C. corpses D. sketches20. A. definitely B. certainly C. roughly D. possiblyII. Reading comprehension (20x2=40%)Directions: There are four passages in this part. After each passage, there are five questions. You are to choose the best answer for each question. Write your answers on the answer sheet.Passage OneWe all know the situation----a good friend recommends you a restaurant and you are looking forward to a nice quiet dinner, but the meal turns out to be less peaceful than expected as you are joined, in sound, by a number of uninvited guests---- James Last, the Beatles, Mireille Mathieu, Mozart ---- depending on the landlord's fancy. You can count yourself lucky if you happen to like what you hear coming over the loudspeakers. But what about the customers who cannot stand James Last or simply want peace and quiet There is nothing they can do. Radio sets at home can be switched off, but not restaurant loudspeakers. Customers simply become the captive audience of sounds they do not want. Some wine bars in Austria, the home of café music, make a charge known as Schrammelmusik (music cover), which everyone has to pay. But the word is quite misleading ---- payment of the music toll gives no cover ---- quite the opposite.Music has become omnipresent. The selection in restaurants may still be a matter of chance, though it generally reflects nothing more than the doubtful taste of piped-music suppliers. However, in other areas music has long been a means of stepping up profits. An entire branch of industry thrives on this, assembling music by the most sophisticated methods with the customer in mind ---- department store music to produce a demonstrable increase in turnover; office music to improve the working atmosphere; airport and hotel music with its soothing effect; even cowshed music with its impact on milk production.These various forms of music, however different in function, have one thing in common ---- the way in which they are produced. The ancient, venerable concepts of composition and arrangement are naturally ruled out from the start. All musical extremes are deliberately debarred. The music issuing from department store loudspeakers must have a steady volume and avoid sudden effects, notes that are too high or too low and the human voice. With one exception ---- during the Christmas rush children's choirs may be heard encouraging sales by singing 'Silent Night', 'Jingle Bells' and so on.This music is more effective when turned low. The aim of this drizzle of canned sound is not conscious assimilation and it represents something quite new in the history of music. For thousands of years music was made to be listened to. But department store music is meant only to create a warm background. There is no contradiction in the fact that Mozart may sometimes find his way into department store music tapes, though his compositions were not meant as background jingles. But department store wallpaper music is not Mozart ---- it only appears to be. And anything unusual in classical composers, anything that lends character, is simply cut ---- development sections, accents, daring harmonies, provocative instrumentation. All we have left is a melody with no backbone which might just as well have come from a pop-song producer ---- plastic music as it were, whose components all sound exactly the same.The music is not meant to be listened to and that may explain the fact that, while we have associations and action groups against air pollution and the pollution of drinking water, so far no one has got up in arms about damage to our acoustic environment. And so our musical sensitivity will continue to be subtly and gently attacked by the piped music in department stores and offices ---- music which we hear without listening to. Its strategy takes advantage of one simple fact ---- you cannot just close your ears.21. Why does the author describe the customers as a 'captive audience'They usually like the music thrown at them.Because they can't escape the music.He wants to show how easy they are to please.Because they've paid a special charge called a 'music toll'.22. Piped music in restaurants is different from that heard in department stores because ____.it's usually very tastefulit's chosen very carefully by the ownerit tries to create a soothing atmosphereit doesn't aim to increase profits23. According to the writer, what does all piped music always avoidHappy songs.Certain instruments.Children's choirs.Any extremes.24. From what the writer says, it's reasonably clear that he or she ____.loves pop musiclikes music in public placesenjoys classical musicis keen on Christmas carols25. The writer of the passage would probably like to ____.join an 'air pollution action group'get rid of music just in restaurantsstart a movement against 'canned music'make people listen to the piped music in public placesPassage TwoThe teacher of reading is involved, whether this is consciously realized or not, in the development of a literate society. And every teacher, therefore, needs to determine what level of literacy is demanded by society, what role he or she should take in achieving the desired standard of literacy, and what the implications of literacy are in a world context.The Unesco report presents a world view of literacy. Too often we limit our thoughts to the relatively small proportion of illiterates in our own country and fail to see it in its international context.The problems facing developing nations are also facing industrialized nations. Literacy, as the report points out, is 'inextricably intertwined with other aspects of national development (and) national development as a whole is bound up with the world context'. Literacy is not a by-product of social and economical development - it is a component of that development. Literacy can help people to function more effectively in a changing environment and ideally will enable the individual to change the environment so that it functions more effectively.Literacy progammes instituted in different countries have taken and are taking different approaches to the problem: for example the involvement of voluntary non-governmental organizations, which underlines the importance of seeing literacy not as a condition imposed on people but as a consequence of active participation within society. People can learn from the attempts of other countries to provide as adequate 'literacy environment'.Who are the 'illiterates' and how do we define them At what point do we decide that illiteracy ends and literacy begins Robert Hillerich addresses these questions. An illiterate, he finds, 'may mean anything from one who has no formal schooling to one who has attended four years or less, to one who is unable to read or write at the level necessary to perform successfully in his social position.' Literacy, he points out, is not something one either has or has not got: 'Any definition of literacy must recognize this quality as a continuum, representing all degrees of development.'An educational definition - i.e. in terms of grades completed or skills mastered - is shown to be inadequate in that educationally defined mastery may bear only minimal relation to the language proficiency needed in coping with environmental demands. From a sociological / economic viewpoint the literacy needs of individuals vary greatly, and any definition must recognize the needs of the individual to engage effectively and to act with responsible participation.Such a broadened definition excludes assessment based on a 'reading-level type'; assessment must, rather, be flexible to fit both purpose and population.。
华科2021博士入学英语试题_及参考答案
华科2021博士入学英语试题_及参考答案华科2021博士入学英语试题及参考答案Passage 1Recent years have brought minority-owned businesses in the United States unprecedented opportunities - as well as new and significant risks. Civilrights activists have long argued that one of the principal reasons why Blacks, Hispanics, and other minority groups have difficulty establishing themselvesin business is that they lack access to the sizable orders and subcontractsthat are generated by large companies. Now Congress, in apparent agreement,has required by law that businesses awarded federal contracts of more than $500,000 do their best to find minority subcontractors and record theirefforts to do so on forms filed with the government. Indeed, some federal and local agencies have gone so far as to set specific percentage goals for apportioning parts of public works contracts to minority enterprises.Corporate response appears to have been substantial. According to figures collected in 1977, the total of corporate contracts with minority businesses rose from $77 million in 1972 to $1.1 billion in 1977. The projected total of corporate contracts with minority businesses for the early 1980's is estimated to be over 53 billion per year with no letup anticipated in the next decade. Promising as it is for minority businesses, this increased patronage poses dangers for them, too. First, minority firms risk expanding too fast and overextending themselves financially, since most are small concerns and,unlike large businesses, they often need to make substantial investments innew plants, staff, equipment, and the like in order to perform work subcontracted to them. If, thereafter, their subcontracts are for some reason reduced, such firms can face potentially crippling fixed expenses. The worldof corporate purchasing can be frustrating for small entrepreneurs who get requests for elaborate formal estimates and bids. Both consume valuable time and resources, and a small company's efforts must soon result in orders, or both the morale and the financial health of the business will suffer.A second risk is that White-owned companies may seek to cash in on the increasing apportionments through formation of joint ventures with minority-owned concerns. Of course, in many instances there are legitimate reasons forjoint ventures; clearly, White and minority enterprises can team up to acquire business that neither could acquire alone. But civil rights groups andminority business owners have complained to Congress about minorities being set up as “fronts (a person, group, or thing used to mask the identity or true character or activity of the actual controlling agent)” with White backing, rather than being accepted as full partners in legitimate joint ventures.Third, a minority enterprise that secures the business of one large corporate customer often runs the danger of becoming-and remaining-dependent. Even in the best of circumstances, fierce competition from larger, more established companies makes it difficult for small concerns to broaden their customer bases: when such firms have nearly guaranteed orders from a single corporate benefactor, they may truly have to struggle against complacency arising from their current success.11. The primary purpose of the text is to[A] present a commonplace idea and its inaccuracies.[B] describe a situation and its potential drawbacks. [C] propose a temporary solution to a problem. [D] analyze a frequent source of disagreement.2. The text suggests that the failure of a large business to have its bids for subcontracts result quickly in orders might causes it to[A] experience frustration but not serious financial harm. [B] face potentially crippling fixed expenses.[C] have to record its efforts on forms filed with the government. [D] increase its spending with minority subcontractors.3.The author would most likely agree with which of the following statements about corporate response to working with minority subcontractors?[A] Annoyed by the proliferation of “front” organizations, corporations are likely to reduce their efforts to work with minority-owned subcontractors in the near future.[B] Although corporations showed considerable interest in working with minority businesses in the 1970’s, their aversion to government paperwork made them reluctant to pursue many government contracts.[C] The significant response of corporations in the 1970’s is likely to be sustained and conceivably be increased throughout the 1980’s.[D] Although corporations are eager to cooperate with minority-owned business es, a shortage of capital in the 1970’s made substantial response impossible4 According to the text, civil rights activists maintain that one disadvantage under which minority-owned businesses have traditionally had to labor is that they have[A] been especially vulnerable to government mismanagement of the economy.[B] been denied bank loans at rates comparable to those afforded larger competitors.[C] not had sufficient opportunity to secure business created by large corporations.[D] not been able to advertise in those media that reach large numbers of potential customers.5 The author implies that a minority-owned concern that does the greater part of its business with one large corporate customer should[A] avoid competition with larger, more established concerns by not expanding. 【B】 concentrating on securing even more business from that corporation. [C] use its influence with the corporation to promote subcontracting with other minority concerns.[D] try to expand its customer bases to avoid becoming dependent on the2corporation.Passage 2Years of research had educated me about how sugar, fat, and salt changethe brain. I understood some of the parallels between hyperpalatable foods and drugs of abuse, and about the links among sensory stimulation, cues, and memory. I'd met enough people like Claudia and Maria to understand how eventhe thought of food could cause them to lose control.But I wasn't fully prepared for the discoveries I made aboutirresistibility and whoosh, the Monster Thickburger and Baked! Cheetos Flamin' Hot, about indulgence and purple cows. Without necessarily understanding the underlying science, the food industry has discovered what sells.I was sitting at Chili's Grill & Bar in Chicago's O'Hare Airport waitingfor a late-night flight. At a nearby table a couple in their early forties was deep into a meal. The woman was overweight, with about 180 pounds on her five-foot-four-inch frame. The Southwestern Eggrolls she had ordered were listed as a starter course, but the enormous platter in front of her had been heapedwith food. The dish was described on the menu as \chicken, black beans, corn, jalape?o Jack cheese, red peppers, and spinach wrapped inside a crispy flour tortilla,\and it was served with a creamy avocado-ranch dipping sauce. Despite its name, the dish looked more like a burrito than an egg roll, an only-in-America fusion approach.I watched as the woman attacked her food with vigor and speed. She heldthe egg roll in one hand, dunked it into the sauce, and brought it to hermouth while using the fork in her other hand to scoop up more sauce. Occasionally she reached over and speared some of her companion's french fries. The woman ate steadily, working her way around the plate with scant pause for conversation or rest. When she finally paused, only a little lettuce was left.Had she known someone was watching her, I'm sure she would have eaten differently. Had she been asked to describe what she had just eaten, she probably would have substantially underestimated her consumption. And shewould probably have been surprised to learn what the ingredients in her meal really were.The woman might have been interested in how my industry source, who had called sugar, fat, and salt the three points of the compass, described her entree. Deep-frying the tortilla drives down its water content from 40 percentto about 5 percent and replaces the rest with fat. \is supposed to look, which is crispy and brown on the outside.\The food consultant read through other ingredients on the label, keeping up a running commentary as he did. \. People like smoky flavor ― it's the caveman in them.\\eating something healthy.\\off the chart.\3The hot peppers, he said, \He believed the chicken had been chopped and formed much like a meat loaf, with binders added, which makes those calories easy to swallow. Ingredients that hold moisture, including autolyzed yeast extract, sodium phosphate, and soy protein concentrate, further soften the food. I noticed that salt appeared eight times on the label and that sweeteners were there five times, in the form of corn-syrup solids, molasses, honey, brown sugar, and sugar.\\yes. All of this has been processed such that you can wolf it down fast...chopped up and made ultrapalatable.... Very appealing looking, very high pleasure in the food, very high caloric density. Rules out all that stuff you have to chew.\By eliminating the need to chew, modern food processing techniques allow us to eat faster. \it,\mouth.1. It can be inferred from the author's description of the woman eating in paragraph four that(A) The woman prefers to eat at Chili's vs. other restaurants. (B) The woman truly enjoys the foods that she chooses to eat.(C) The woman's efficiency at cleaning her plate adds to her dining experience. (D) The author is disgusted by the woman's consumption.(E) The author believes the woman should take a course in healthy eating.2. According to the passage, the main reason people overeat is(A) because salt and sweeteners, like corn-syrup solids and brown sugar, are added to the food.(B) because we don't have to chew our food very much (C) because people like smoky flavor(D) because sugar, fat and salt change the brain(E) because we are used to eating quickly in this modern society 3. The following are all ingredients in the egg rolls, EXCEPT(A) salt (B) binders (C) honey (D) spinach (E) dark meat chicken4. Which of the following statements best describes the main idea of the passage?(A) If you eat too much food too quickly, you'll gain weight and become unhealthy.(B) Because refined food is irresistible and easy to eat, it masks how unhealthy it is, leaving people unaware of the poor food choices they're making.(C) Chili's is one of the restaurants in the U.S. serving unhealthy food to consumers today. (D) Food consultants and authors are making Americans aware of their unhealthy eating habits, thus, creating healthier generations for years to come.(E) Refined foods, with salt, sugar, and fat hidden inside, are less nutritious and more damaging than whole foods.5. In the first sentence of paragraph four, the word \ (A) pleasure (B) flamboyance (C) lethargy (D) energy (E) craftiness4Passage 3No very satisfactory account of the mechanism that caused the formation of the ocean basins has yet been given.The traditional view supposes that the upper mantle of the earth behaves as a liquid when it is subjected to small forces for long periods and that differences in temperature under oceans and continents are sufficient to produce convection in the mantle of the earthwith rising convection currents under the mid-ocean ridges and sinkingcurrents under the continent. Theoretically， this convection would carry the continental plates along as though they were on a （conveyer belt） and would provide the forces needed to produce the split that occurs along the ridge.This view may be correct： it has the advantage that the currents are driven by temperature differences that themselves depend on the position ofthe continents.On the other hand， the theory is implausible because convection does not normally occur along lines， and it certainly does not occur long lines broken by frequent offsets or changes in direction， as the ridge is.It has the advantage that the currents are driven by temperature differences that themselves depend on the position of the continents.Such a backoupling， in which the position of the moving plate has an impact on the forces that move it， could produce complicated and varying motionsAlso it is difficult to see how the theory applies to the plate betweenthe Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the ridge in the Indian Ocean.This plate is growing on both sides， and since there is no intermediate trench， the two ridges must be moving apart. It would be odd if the rising convection currents kept exact pace with them.An alternative theory is that the sinking part of the plate， which is denser than the hotter surrounding mantle， pulls the rest of the plate after it. Again it is difficult to see how this applies to the ridge in the South Atlantic， where neither the African nor the American plate has a sinking part.Another possibility is that the sinking plate cools the neighboring mantle and produces convection currents that move the plates. This last theory is attractive because it gives some hope of explaining the enclosed seas， such as the Sea of apan. These seas have a typical oceanic floor， except that the floor is overlaid by several kilometers of sediment. Their floors have probably been sinking for long periods.These seas have a typical oceanic floor， except that the floor is overlaid by several kilometers of sediment. Their floors have probably been sinking for long periods. It seems possible that a sinking current of cooled mantle material on the upper side of the plate might be the cause of such deep basins.The enclosed seas are an important feature of the earth's surface and seriously require explanation because， in addition to the enclosed seas that are developing at present behind island arcs， there are a number of older ones of possibly similar origin， such as the Gulf of Mexico， the Black Sea，and perhaps the North5感谢您的阅读，祝您生活愉快。
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华中科技大学考博英语历年试题题型题量综合分析导言：考博英语真题的重要性全国各大院校在制定本校英语专业考试大纲时，对英语的考核基本上不指定参考书，考生在备考时往往感到漫无目的，无所适从，所以对各大院校的考博英语历年真题分析则显得尤为重要。
华慧考博英语教研中心在历时8年的教学研究的过程中，总结国内50多所重点院校的考博英语试题的出题特点与规律，认为考生精研各院校的历年试题对考出良好的成绩有非常大的帮助。
考博英语试题的独特性众所周知，英语类的考试，如高考、大学英语四六级、专业四八级考试、研究生入学考试等均由统一的命题组人员统一命制试题，命题组阵容强大，且耗费的人力、物力也不在少数，其题目基本是原创题目。
而考博英语却并非这样，因此，考博英语有其自身的独特性，考博英语的独特性主要表现在其命题方式与题目来源两方面。
首先，从命题方式来看，博士考试中，要求考生达到英语的最低分数线，这一要求就注定了各大考博院校的英语试题的命题方式，各大考博院校不会花费大量的人力、物力及时间原创一套考博英语试题。
并且各大院校为了保证其试题的准确性，一般会选择已经考过的各类相关难度的试题，这样就可以避免出现大量的因个人学术水平方面而引起的错误和争议。
其次，从题目来源看，各大院校的考博英语试题基本来自专四、专八、六级或其它考博院校的原题，极少出现原创题目。
因其题目来源的独特性，我们研究各大院校的考博英语试题就显得非常有必要且益处极大。
如果考生在考前了解了这一情况，且充分重视这个规律，那么获得考博英语高分不是什么难事。
所以考生考前精研考博英语真题是非常有必要的。
考博英语试题的作用考博英语试题的作用主要有三个，即指导、规划与调控作用。
指导作用。
通过研读历年的考博英语试题，考生可以了解该院校的题目类型、题目来源、题目难度等，指导考生在较短的时间内找到正确的复习方法，获得自己满意的成绩。
规划作用。
考生在宏观把握所报考院校的英语试题的出题规律后，结合自身的英语情况，对自己的英语备考做出一个正确且切合实际的复习规划。
调控作用。
通过研读历年的考博英语试题，以所报考院校的英语真题为标杆，随时监控与调节自己的复习计划，使自己的复习计划在最短的时间内获得满意的成绩。
由此可知，研究真题对于考生在较短时间内提升成绩是有很大帮助的。
因此，华慧考博英语研究中心对华中科技大学历年的考博真题进行了细致且深入的研究，将华中科技大学考博英语的出题特点、题目类型等进行了详细论述，对下一年度的考博英语命题趋势进行了预测，并提出了针对华中科技大学考博英语的备考方法，让考生的复习备考更加具有针对性，让考生少走弯路，快速提高考试成绩。
以下是华慧考博英语研究中心对华中科技大学考博英语历年试题详细分析。
一、华中科技大学考博英语试题的考核要求华中科技大学博士研究生非英语专业入学考试是学校为招收博士研究生而设置的选拔性考试。
教育部颁布的《硕士、博士研究生英语教学大纲》规定：“博士生入学其英语水平原则上应达到或略高于硕士生的水平”。
根据这一规定，并结合历年招收博士研究生的具体情况，我校博士生入学英语考试既考查考生的语言知识，又注重测试考生的语言应用能力。
华中科技大学的英语考试采用笔试方式，时间为180分钟，满分为100分。
试题共分为四个部分：完型填空、阅读理解、翻译、作文。
1.完型填空主要考查考生综合运用语言的能力。
这一题型的特点在于它的综合性，也就是说，它对于考生的阅读能力，语法分析能力，词汇熟练掌握程度甚至考生个人的逻辑推理能力都进行了考查，因而具有相当的难度。
每篇文章大约300词左右，每题0.5分，共10分。
2、阅读理解该部分考查考生对书面英语的理解能力，其中包括理解具体信息，掌握文章大意，以及根据语境推断未知信息。
该部分共4篇文章，每篇文章5个问题，考生从4个选项中选出最佳答案。
每篇文章约600词左右，每题2分，共40分。
3. 翻译A、英译汉。
要求考生通过阅读400-600词左右的英语篇章，然后将有下划线的3个句子翻译成汉语。
主要测试考生是否能从语篇的角度正确理解英语原句的意思，并能用准确、达意的汉语书面表达出来，共15分。
B、汉译英。
要求考生阅读一篇中文文章，并将文中3个划线句子翻译为英文，该部分主要考查考生将原文思想传送到译文中的能力，着重测试整体性、逻辑性、信息的完整性和准确性。
这部分既考查考生的英语功底，同时也考查考生对中文原文的理解能力。
4、写作该部分考查考生的书面表达能力。
要求考生根据提示信息、所给题目或所提供的图或表格等，写出一篇说明或议论型短文。
文章应主题明确，有逻辑性，语言规范，长度不少于200词，共20分。
二、华中科技大学考博英语历年试题命题变化分析首先，对华中科技大学历年考博英语的题型与题量分布情况，通过表格形式做一下介绍：表1-1 历年华中科技大学英语试题题型、题量统计表通过观察上表可得出以下几点：第一，题型变化。
华中科技大学考博英语试题题型变化小，从02年一直到12年，华中科技大学的题型并没有特别大的变化，02年至03年华中科技大学的题型有听力、完型、阅读、翻译（汉译英）、作文等，而从05年开始，华中科技大学取消了听力考试，增加了英译汉的翻译；第二，分值变化。
华中科技大学考博英语试题的分值变化也是比较小的。
阅读理解与作文一直保持不变，阅读理解占40%，作文占20%。
分值变化主要体现在听力、完型与翻译上。
从05年开始，华中科技大学取消了听力，降低了完型填空的分值，增加了翻译的分值；第三，试题难度的变化。
根据上表可知，华中科技大学的考博英语试题增加了主观题，即翻译的比重，这无形中对考生的英语水平提出了更高的要求，这说明华中科技大学的试题难度有所上升。
综上所述，2015年华中科技大学考博英语试题的题型变化的可能性不大，但是题目难度则可能会有所增加。
三、近5年华中科技大学各个题型分析及备考方法研究考博英语试题，以最近5年的试题最具有参考价值。
因此，华慧考博英语研究中心选取了华中科技大学近5年的题型为蓝本，研究了其各个题型的出题特点、出题来源等。
华中科技大学的四大题型各具特点，下面将通过图表，分别对各个题型的命题情况进行详细分析和说明。
（一）完型填空1、题型分析华中科技大学考博的完型填空给出一篇空白处较多的短文，通常有300词左右，20个空白，每道题0.5分，共10分，有选项。
华中科技大学考博英语的完型填空文章体裁多为说明文与议论文。
12年的为科技文，难度较有提升。
华中科技大学完型填空的题目基本上是对基本功的测试与逻辑推理能力，出题选项主要是比较常见的词语，需要考生扎实掌握各类的语法难点和重点。
具体的题目出处及文章体裁见表1-2.表1-2 完型填空题目出处及文章体裁分值分布没有变化，从文章的题目的出处及文章体裁的变化，我们可以很清楚地了解，华中科技大学完型填空的题目难度有所上升，且体裁呈现多样化的变化。
这就要求我们考生在备考时，一定要注意积累单词且要掌握正确的做题方法，才能在考试中取得满意的成绩。
2、备考方法针对华中科技大学完型填空难度增加的情况，我们学员应如何备考呢？首先，单词是基础，考生需要至少浏览5遍《考博英语词汇10000词汇》上的高频核心词汇，熟练掌握其中的基本词汇，并会辨析固定词组搭配的词义。
以华慧教育的“分级循环，识而不背”的学习方法为指导，以《考博英语词汇10000词汇》为材料，掌握基本的词汇量，并且每周坚持阅读China Daily上的短文。
其次，听华慧网的课程“考博英语完型填空强化提高课程”，并将老师传授的方法应用于自己的实际做题中。
掌握做完型填空的基本技巧，提高完型填空的得分率。
3、解题步骤1) 细读首句，启示全文完型填空的文章首句一般不会留空，且往往是主题句，因此它应该是了解文章全貌的“窗口”。
细读首句可以帮助考生判断文章体裁，推测文章大意，对理解全文起着重要的启示作用。
2) 通读全文，掌握大意在答题之前，要把短文从头到尾快速阅读一遍，以便从整体上感知全文，掌握大意。
注意文中的暗示，努力抓住关键词，体验猜词的思路与方法。
3) 瞻前顾后，先易后难瞻前顾后即前后观察，对空格前后句子作深入分析，确定空格在句中的意思。
选择时，一般从以下几个方面着手：利用上下文线索或逻辑推理做出选择；根据所学的语法规则、结构知识、习惯用法及修辞等做出选择；寻找信息词，包括上下文出现过的关键词；若碰到一时难以确定的选项，要放一下，先做其他题，后面可能会提供线索，或等全部做完以后，再回头解决；也可采用排除法或凭语感做出选择。
4)复核全文，消除疏漏填空全部做完之后，再从头至尾把文章读一遍，从文章的整体结构出发检查一遍，从意义和语法两个角度仔细权衡，检查句与句之间、段与段之间是否一致、连贯，以便弥补疏漏。
对于个别难度较大的空格，可以凭借自己的语感，坚持第一感觉选择的最佳答案。
（二）阅读理解1、题型分析阅读理解是华中科技大学考博英语考查的重点，历年所占的分值在40分。
在整个试题中，阅读理解所占的比重最大，想过线，重点在阅读，想拿高分，重点也在阅读，正所谓“得阅读者得天下”。
因此，掌握该院校阅读理解的出题规律，做到“知己知彼，方能百战百胜”。
阅读理解考查的是考生的信息辨认能力、信息转述能力、推理能力以及语篇逻辑的理解能力等。
因此，考生在备考时，阅读理解的模拟训练题目难度可稍微高于真题题目的难度。
而根据对华中科技大学阅读理解2008年--2012年5年真题的分析与研究，阅读理解的题目来源与题型分布如表1-3（1代表阅读文章1,2、3、4，以此类推。
）和表1-4.表1-3 华中科技大学阅读理解来源表通过表1-4，我们可以得出以下几点：第一，从文章篇数看，华中科技大学近5年的阅读理解均为4篇文章，阅读理解文章篇数一直很稳定，因此，2015年的阅读理解文章的篇数可能仍然保持在4篇文章；第二，从题目来源看，08至11年的题目多来源于GRE、杂志文章、考研和专八文章，而2012年的试题有三篇来源于GMAT，一篇来源于杂志文章，因此，2015年华中科技大学的阅读理解的来源可能会更倾向于GMAT和GRE的题目；第三，从文章类型看，纵观华中科技大学近5年的文章类型，我们可以了解到，华中科技大学近5年的阅读文章，政治经济类的占8篇，科普生活类的占9篇，文学艺术类的占3篇，华中科技大学的阅读理解文章专业性不强，但是比较注重考查考生的综合能力，2015年华中科技大学的试题应该还是会比较注重考查学生的综合能力。
接着我们看下华中科技大学阅读理解考查的题目类型。
表1-4 阅读理解题目类型分布表旨大意题为主，词义推测题和观点态度题考查较少，而细节题和推理判断题则需要考生对文章定位准确，对文章的长难句能准确把握其意思，而主旨大意题则要求考生能从整体上把握文章的脉络。