美国环保局 EPA 试验方法9012bTotal and Amenable Cyanide (Automated Colorimetric, with Off-Line Dis

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美国环保局 EPA 试验方法 550_1

Analyte Acenaphthene Acenaphthylene Anthracene Benzo(a)anthracene Benzo(a)pyrene Benzo(b)fluoranthene Benzo(g,h,i)perylene Benzo(k)fluoranthene Chrysene Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene Fluoranthene Fluorene Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene Naphthalene Phenanthrene Pyrene 1.2
550.1-1
METHOD 550.1 DETERMINATION OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN DRINKING WATER BY LIQUID-SOLID EXTRACTION AND HPLC WITH COUPLED ULTRAVIOLET AND FLUORESCENCE DETECTION
Hale Waihona Puke July 1990J.W. Hodgeson W.J. Bashe (Technology Applications Inc.) T.V. Baker (Technology Applications Inc.)
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING SYSTEMS LABORATORY OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY CINCINNATI, OHIO 45268
2.0
SUMMARY OF METHOD 2.1 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and internal standards, if used, are extracted from a water sample by passing 1 L of sample through a cartridge containing about 1 g of a solid inorganic matrix coated with a chemically bonded C-18 organic phase (liquid-solid extraction, LSE). The use of disks impregnated 550.1-2

美国环保局 EPA 试验方法 613

APPENDIX A TO PART 136METHODS FOR ORGANIC CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF MUNICIPAL ANDINDUSTRIAL WASTEWATERMETHOD 613—2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN1.Scope and Application1.1This method covers the determination of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin(2,3,7,8-TCDD). The following parameter may be determined by this method:Parameter STORET No.CAS No.2,3,7,8-TCDD....................................346751746-01-6 1.2This is a gas chromatographic/mass spectrometer (GC/MS) method applicable to thedetermination of 2,3,7,8-TCDD in municipal and industrial discharges as providedunder 40 CFR Part 136.1. Method 625 may be used to screen samples for2,3,7,8-TCDD. When the screening test is positive, the final qualitative confirmationand quantification must be made using Method 613.11.3The method detection limit (MDL, defined in Section 14.1) for 2,3,7,8-TCDD is listedin Table 1. The MDL for a specific wastewater may be different from that listed,depending upon the nature of interferences in the sample matrix.1.4Because of the extreme toxicity of this compound, the analyst must prevent exposureto himself, of to others, by materials knows or believed to contain 2,3,7,8-TCDD.Section 4 of this method contains guidelines and protocols that serve as minimumsafe-handling standards in a limited-access laboratory.1.5Any modification of this method, beyond those expressly permitted, shall beconsidered as a major modification subject to application and approval of alternatetest procedures under 40 CFR Parts 136.4 and 136.5.1.6This method is restricted to use by or under the supervision of analysts experiencedin the use of a gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer and in the interpretation ofmass spectra. Each analyst must demonstrate the ability to generate acceptable results with this method using the procedure described in Section 8.2.2.Summary of Method2.1 A measured volume of sample, approximately 1 L, is spiked with an internal standardof labeled 2,3,7,8-TCDD and extracted with methylene chloride using a separatoryfunnel. The methylene chloride extract is exchanged to hexane during concentration to a volume of 1.0 mL or less. The extract is then analyzed by capillary columnGC/MS to separate and measure 2,3,7,8-TCDD.2,32.2The method provides selected column chromatographic cleanup proceudres to aid inthe elimination of interferences that may be encountered.3.Interferences3.1Method interferences may be caused by contaminants in solvents, reagents, glassware,and other sample processing hardware that lead to discrete artifacts and/or elevated backgrounds at the masses (m/z) monitored. All of these materials must be routinely demonstrated to be free from interferences under the conditions of the analysis byrunning laboratory reagent blanks as described in Section 8.1.3.43.1.1Glassware must be scrupulously cleaned. Clean all glassware as soon aspossible after use by rinsing with the last solvent used in it. Solvent rinsingshould be followed by detergent washing with hot water, and rinses with tapwater and distilled water. The glassware should then be drained dry, andheated in a muffle furnace at 400°C for 15-30 minutes. Some thermally stablematerials, such as PCBs, may not be eliminated by the treatment. Solventrinses with acetone and pesticide quality hexane may be substituted for themuffle furnace heating. Thorough rinsing with such solvents usuallyeliminates PCB interference. Volumetric ware should not be heated in a mufflefurnace. After drying and cooling, glassware should be sealed and stored in aclean environment to prevent any accumulation of dust or other contaminants.Store inverted or capped with aluminum foil.3.1.2The use of high purity reagents and solvents helps to mininmize interferenceproblems. Purification of solvents by distillation in all-glass systems may berequired.3.2Matrix interferences may be caused by contaminants that are coextracted from thesample. The extent of matrix interferences will vary considerably from source tosource, depending upon the nature and diversity of the industrial complex ormunicipality being sampled. 2,3,7,8-TCDD is often associated with other interferingchlorinated compounds which are at concentrations several magnitudes higher thanthat of 2,3,7,8-TCDD. The cleanup producers in Section 11 can be used to overcomemany of these interferences, but unique samples may require additional cleanup1,5-7approaches to eliminate false positives and achieve the MDL listed in Table 1.3.3The primary column, SP-2330 or equivalent, resolves 2,3,7,8-TCDD from the other 21TCDD insomers. Positive results using any other gas chromatographic column must be confirmed using the primary column.4.Safety4.1The toxicity or carcinogenicity of each reagent used in this method has not beenprecisely defined; however, each chemical compound should be treated as a potential health hazard. From this viewpoint, exposure to these chemicals must be reduced to the lowest possible level by whatever means available. The laboratory is responsible for maintaining a current awareness file of OSHA regulations regarding the safehandling of the chemicals specified in this method. A reference file of material datahandling sheets should also be made available to all personnel involved in thechemical analysis. Additional references to laboratory safety are available and have8-10been identified for the information of the analyst. Benzene and 2,3,7,8-TCDD have been identified as suspected human or mammalian carcinogens.4.2Each laboratory must develop a strict safety program for handling 2,3,7,8-TCDD. Thefollowing laboratory practices are recommended:4.2.1Contamination of the laboratory will be minimized by conducting allmanipulations in a hood.4.2.2The effluents of sample splitters for the gas chromatograph and roughingpumps on the GC/MS should pass through either a column of activatedcharcoal or be bubbled through a trap containing oil or high-boiling alcohols.4.2.3Liquid waste should be dissolved in methanol or ethanol and irradiated withultraviolet light with a wavelength greater than 290 nm for several days. (UseF 40 BL lamps or equivalent). Analyze liquid wastes and dispose of thesolutions when 2,3,7,8-TCDD can no longer be detected.4.3Dow Chemical U.S.A. has issued the following precautimns (revised November 1978)for safe handling of 2,3,7,8-TCDD in the laboratory:4.3.1The following statements on safe handling are as complete as possible on thebasis of available toxicological information. The precautions for safe handlingand use are necessarily general in nature since detailed, specificrecommendations can be made only for the particular exposure andcircumstances of each individual use. Inquiries about specific operations oruses may be addressed to the Dow Chemical Company. Assistance inevaluating the health hazards of particular plant conditions may be obtainedfrom certain consulting laboratories and from State Departments of Health orof Labor, many of which have an industrial health service. 2,3,7,8-TCDD isextremely toxic to laboratory animals. However, it has been handled for yearswithout injury in analytical and biological laboratories. Techniques used inhandling radioactive and infectious materials are applicable to 2,3,7,8,-TCDD.4.3.1.1Protective equipment—Throw-away plastic gloves, apron or lab coat,safety glasses, and a lab hood adequate for radioactive work.4.3.1.2Training—Workers must be trained in the proper method of removingcontaminated gloves and clothing without contacting the exteriorsurfaces.4.3.1.3Personal hygiene—Thorough washing of hands and forearms after eachmanipulation and before breaks (coffee, lunch, and shift).4.3.1.4Confinement—Isolated work area, posted with signs, segregatedglassware and tools, plastic-backed absorbent paper on benchtops.4.3.1.5Waste—Good technique includes minimizing contaminated waste.Plastic bag liners should be used in waste cans. Janitors must betrained in the safe handling of waste.4.3.1.6Disposal of wastes—2,3,7,8-TCDD decomposes above 800°C. Low-levelwaste such as absorbent paper, tissues, animal remains, and plasticgloves may be burned in a good incinerator. Gross quantities(milligrams) should be packaged securely and disposed throughcommercial or governmental channels which are capable of handlinghigh-level radioactive wastes or extremely toxic wastes. Liquids shouldbe allowed to evaporate in a good hood and in a disposable container.Residues may then be handled as above.4.3.1.7Decontamination—For personal decontamination, use any mild soapwith plenty of scrubbing action. For decontamination of glassware,tools, and surfaces, Chlorothene NU Solvent (Trademark of the DowChemical Company) is the least toxic solvent shown to be effective.Satisfactory cleaning may be accomplished by rinsing with Chlorothene,then washing with any detergent and water. Dishwater may bedisposed to the sewer. It is prudent to minimize solvent wastesbecause they may require special disposal through commercial sourceswhich are expensive.4.3.1.8Laundry—Clothing known to be contaminated should be disposed withthe precautions described under Section 4.3.1.6. Lab coats or otherclothing worn in 2,3,7,8-TCDD work areas may be laundered.Clothing should be collected in plastic bags. Persons who convey thebags and launder the clothing should be advised of the hazard andtrained in proper handling. The clothing may be put into a washerwithout contact if the launderer knows the problem. The washershould be run through a cycle before being used again for otherclothing.4.3.1.9Wipe tests—A useful method of determining cleanliness of worksurfaces and tools is to wipe the surface with a piece of filter paper.Extraction and analysis by gas chromatography can achieve a limit ofsensitivity of 0.1 µg per wipe. Less than 1 µg of 2,3,7,8-TCDD persample indicates acceptable cleanliness; anything higher warrantsfurther cleaning. More than 10 µg on a wipe sample constitutes anacute hazard and requires prompt cleaning before further use of theequipment or work space. A high (10 µg) 2,3,7,8-TCDD level indicatesthat unacceptable work practices have been employed in the past.4.3.1.10Inhalation—Any procedure that may produce airborne contaminationmust be done with good ventilation. Gross losses to a ventilationsystem must not be allowed. Handling of the dilute solutions normallyused in analytical and animal work presents no inhalation hazardsexcept in the case of an accident.4.3.1.11Accidents—Remove contaminated clothing immediately, takingprecautions not to contaminate skin or other articles. Wash exposedskin vigorously and repeatedly until medical attention is obtained.5.Apparatus and Materials5.1Sampling equipment, for discrete or composite sampling.5.1.1Grab sample bottle—1 L or 1 qt, amber glass, fitted with a screw cap lined withTeflon. Foil may be substituted for Teflon if the sample is not corrosive. Ifamber bottles are not available, protect samples from light. The bottle and capliner must be washed, rinsed with acetone or methylene chloride, and driedbefore use to minimize contamination.5.1.2Automatic sampler (optional)—The sampler must incorporate glass samplecontainers for the collection of a minimum of 250 mL of sample. Samplecontainers must be kept refrigerated at 4°C and protected from light duringcompositing. If the sampler uses a peristaltic pump, a minimum length ofcompressible silicone rubber tubing may be used. Before use, however, thecompressible tubing should be thoroughly rinsed with methanol, followed byrepeated rinsings with distilled water to minimize the potential forcontamination of the sample. An integrating flow meter is required to collectflow proportional composites.5.1.3Clearly label all samples as “POISON” and ship according to U.S. Departmentof Transportation regulations.5.2Glassware (All specifications are suggested. Catalog numbers are included forillustration only)5.2.1Separatory funnels—2 L and 125 mL, with Teflon stopcock.5.2.2Concentrator tube, Kuderna-Danish—10 mL, graduated (Kontes K-570050-1025or equivalent). Calibration must be checked at the volumes employed in thetest. Ground glass stopper is used to prevent evaporation of extracts.5.2.3Evaporative flask, Kuderna-Danish—500 mL (Kontes K-570001-0500 orequivalent). Attach to concentrator tube with springs.5.2.4Snyder column, Kuderna-Danish—Three-ball macro (Kontes K-503000-0121 orequivalent).5.2.5Snyder column, Kuderna-Danish—Two-ball micro (Kontes K-569001-0219 orequivalent).5.2.6Vials—10-15 mL, amber glass, with Teflon-lined screw cap.5.2.7Chromatographic column—300 mm long x 10 mm ID, with Teflon stopcock andcoarse frit filter disc at bottom.5.2.8Chromatographic column—400 mm long x 11 mm ID, with Teflon stopcock andcoarse frit filter disc at bottom.5.3Boiling chips—Approximately 10/40 mesh. Heat to 400°C for 30 minutes or Soxhletextract with methylene chloride.5.4Water bath—Heated, with concentric ring cover, capable of temperature control(±2°C). The bath should be used in a hood.5.5GC/MS system5.5.1Gas chromatograph—An analytical system complete with a temperatureprogrammable gas chromatograph and all required accessories includingsyringes, analytical columns, and gases. The injection port must be designedfor capillary columns. Either split, splitless, or on-column injection techniquesmay be employed, as long as the requirements of Section 7.1.1 are achieved.5.5.2Column—60 m long x 0.25 mm ID glass or fused silica, coated with SP-2330 (orequivalent) with a film thickness of 0.2 µm. Any equivalent column mustresolve 2, 3, 7, 8-TCDD from the other 21 TCDD isomers.165.5.3Mass spectrometer—Either a low resolution mass spectrometer (LRMS) or ahigh resolution mass spectrometer (HRMS) may be used. The massspectrometer must be equipped with a 70 V (nominal) ion source and becapable of aquiring m/z abundance data in real time selected ion monitoring(SIM) for groups of four or more masses.5.5.4GC/MS interface—Any GC to MS interface can be used that achieves therequirements of Section 7.1.1. GC to MS interfaces constructed of all glass orglass-lined materials are recommended. Glass surfaces can be deactivated bysilanizing with dichlorodimethylsilane. To achieve maximum sensitivity, theexit end of the capillary column should be placed in the ion source. A shortpiece of fused silica capillary can be used as the interface to overcome problemsassociated with straightening the exit end of glass capillary columns.5.5.5The SIM data acquired during the chromatographic program is defined as theSelected Ion Current Profile (SICP). The SICP can be acquired under computercontrol or as a real time analog output. If computer control is used, there mustbe software available to plot the SICP and report peak height or area data forany m/z in the SICP between specified time or scan number limits.5.6Balance—Analytical, capable of accurately weighing 0.0001 g.6.Reagents6.1Reagent water—Reagent water is defined as a water in which an interferent is notobserved at the MDL of 2, 3, 7, 8-TCDD.6.2Sodium hydroxide solution (10 N)—Dissolve 40 g of NaOH (ACS) in reagent waterand dilute to 100 mL. Wash the solution with methylene chloride and hexane before use.6.3Sodium thiosulfate—(ACS) Granular.6.4Sulfuric acid—Concentrated (ACS, sp. gr. 1.84).6.5Acetone, methylene chloride, hexane, benzene, ortho-xylene, tetradecane—Pesticidequality or equivalent.6.6Sodium sulfate—(ACS) Granular, anhydrous. Purify by heating at 400°C for fourhours in a shallow tray.6.7Alumina—Neutral, 80/200 mesh (Fisher Scientific Co., No. A-540 or equivalent).Before use, activate for 24 hours at 130°C in a foil-covered glass container.6.8Silica gel—High purity grade, 100/120 mesh (Fisher Scientific Co., No. S-679 orequivalent).6.9Stock standard solutions (1.00 µg/µL)—Stock standard solutimns can be preparedfrom pure standard materials or purchased as certified solutions. Acetone should be used as the solvent for spiking solutions; ortho-xylene is recommended for calibration standards for split injectors; and tetradecane is recommended for splitless or on-colum injectors. Analyze stock internal standards to verify the absence of native2,3,7,8-TCDD.6.9.1Prepare stock standard solutions of 2,3,7,8-TCDD (mol wt 320) and either 37C142,3,7,8-TCDD (mol wt 328) or 13KC112K 2,3,7,8-TCDD (mol wt 332) in anisolated area by accurately weighing about 0.0100 g of pure material. Dissolvethe material in pesticide quality solvent and dilute to volume in a 10 mLvolumetric flask. When compound purity is assayed to be 96% or greater, theweight can be used without correction to calculate the concentration of thestock standard. Commercially prepared stock standards can be used at anyconcentration if they are certified by the manufacturer or by an independentsource.6.9.2Transfer the stock standard solutions into Teflon-sealed screw-cap bottles. Storein an isolated refrigerator protected from light. Stock standard solutions shouldbe checked frequently for signs of degradation or evaporation, especially justprior to preparing calibration standards or spiking solutions from them.6.9.3Stock standard solutions must be replaced after six months, or sooner ifcomparison with check standards indicates a problem.6.10Internal standard spiking solution (25 ng/mL)—Using stock standard solution,prepare a spiking solution in acetone of either13KCl12K or 37KCl4K 2,3,7,8-TCDD at a concentration of 25 ng/mL. (See Section 10.2)6.11Quality control check sample concentrate—See Section 8.2.1.7.Calibration 7.1Establish gas chromatograhic operating conditions equivalent to those given in Table 1and SIM conditions for the mass spectrometer as described in Section 12.2. TheGC/MS system must be calibrated using the internal standard technique.7.1.1Using stock standards, prepare calibration standards that will allowmeasurement of relative response factors of at least three concentration ratios of2,3,7,8-TCDD to internal standard. Each calibration standard must be preparedto contain the internal standard at a concentration of 25 ng/mL. If anyinterferences are contributed by the internal standard at m/z 320 and 322, itsconcentration may be reduced in the calibration standards and in the internalstandard spiking solution (Section 6.10). One of the calibration standardsshould contain 2,3,7,8-TCDD at a concentration near, but above, the MDL andthe other 2,3,7,8-TCDD concentrations should correspond to the expected rangeof concentrations found in real samples or should define the working range ofthe GC/MS system.7.1.2Using injections of 2-5 µL, analyze each calibration standardaccording toSection 12 and tabulate peak height or area response against the concentrationof 2,3,7,8-TCDD and internal standard. Calculate response factors (RF) for2,3,7,8-TCDD using Equation 1.Equation 1where:A = SIM response for 2,3,7,8-TCDD m/z 320.s A = SIM response for the internal standard, m/z 332 for C is 1213 2,3,7,8-TCDD m/z 328 for Cl 2,3,7,8-TCDD.374C = Concentration of the internal standard (µg/L).is C = Concentration of 2,3,7,8-TCDD (µg/L).s If the RF value over the working range is a constant (<10% relative standarddeviation, RSD), the RF can be assumed to be invariant and the average RF canbe used for calculations. Alternatively, the results can be used to plot acalibration curve of response ratios, A /A , vs. concentration ratios C /C .s is s is *7.1.3The working calibration curve or RF must be verified on each working day bythe measurement of one or more 2,3,7,8-TCDD calibration standards. If theresponse for 2,3,7,8-TCDD varies from the predicted response by more than±15%, the test must be repeated using a fresh calibration standard.Alternatively, a new calibration curve must be prepared.7.2Before using any cleanup procedure, the analyst must process a series of calibrationstandards through the procedure to validate elution patterns and the absence ofinterferences from the reagents.8.Quality Control8.1Each laboratory that uses this method is required to operate a formal quality controlprogram. The minimum requirements of this program consist of an initialdemonstration of laboratory capability and an ongoing analysis of spiked samples to evaluate and document data quality. The laboratory must maintain records todocument the quality of data that is generated. Ongoing data quality checks arecompared with established performance criteria to determine if the results of analyses meet the performance characteristics of the method. When results of sample spikesindicate atypical method performance, a quality control check standard must beanalyzed to confirm that the measurements were performed in an in-control mode of operation.8.1.1The analyst must make an initial, one-time, demonstration of the ability togenerate acceptable accuracy and precision with this method. This ability isestablished as described in Section 8.2.8.1.2In recognition of advances that are occurring in chromatography, the analyst ispermitted certain options (detailed in Sections 10.5, 11.1, and 12.1) to improvethe separations or lower the cost of measurements. Each time such amodification is made to the method, the analyst is required to repeat theprocedure in Section 8.28.1.3Before processing any samples, the analyst must analyze a reagent water blankto demonstrate that interferences from the analytical system and glassware areunder control. Each time a set of samples is extracted or reagents are changed,a reagent water blank must be processed as a safeguard against laboratorycontamination.8.1.4The laboratory must, on an ongoing basis, spike and analyze a minimum of10% of all samples with native 2,3,7,8-TCDD to monitor and evaluate laboratorydata quality. This procedure is described in Section 8.3.8.1.5The laboratory must, on an ongoing basis, demonstrate through the analyses ofquality control check standards that the operation of the measurement system isin control. This procedure is described in Section 8.4. The frequency of thecheck standard analyses is equivalent to 10% of all samples analyzed but maybe reduced if spike recoveries from samples (Section 8.3) meet all specifiedquality control criteria.8.1.6The laboratory must maintain performance records to document the quality ofdata that is generated. This procedure is described in Section 8.5.8.2To establish the ability to generate acceptable accuracy and precision, the analyst mustperform the following operations.8.2.1 A quality control (QC) check sample concentrate is required containing2,3,7,8-TCDD at a concentration of 0.100 µg/mL in acetone. The QC checksample concentrate must be obtained from the U.S. Environmental ProtectionAgency, Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory in Cincinnati, Ohio,if available. If not available from that source, the QC check sample concentratemust be obtained from another external source. If not available from eithersource above, the QC check sample concentrate must be prepared by thelaboratory using stock standards prepared independently from those used forcalibration.8.2.2Using a pipet, prepare QC check samples at a concentration of 0.100 µg/L(100 ng/L) by adding 1.00 mL of QC check sample concentrate to each of four1 L aliquots of reagent water.8.2.3Analyze the well-mixed QC check samples according to the method beginningin Section 10.8.2.4recovery (s) in µg/L, for 2,3,7,8-TCDD using the four results.8.2.5) with the corresponding acceptance criteria for precision andcriteria, the system performance is acceptable and analysis of actual samplesaccuracy, the system performance is unacceptable for 2,3,7,8-TCDD. Locate andcorrect the source of the problem and repeat the test beginning withSection 8.2.2.8.3The laboratory must, on an ongoing basis, spike at least 10% of the samples from eachsample site being monitored to assess accuracy. For laboratories analyzing one to ten samples per month, at least one spiked sample per month is required.8.3.1The concentration of the spike in the sample should be determined as follows:8.3.1.1If, as in compliance monitoring, the concentration of 2,3,7,8-TCDD inthe sample is being checked against a regulatory concentration limit,the spike should be at that limit or one to five times higher than thebackground concentration determined in Section 8.3.2, whicheverconcentration would be larger.8.3.1.2If the concentration of 2,3,7,8-TCDD in the sample is not being checkedagainst a limit specific to that parameter, the spike should be at0.100 µg/L or one to five times higher than the backgroundconcentration determined in Section 8.3.2, whichever concentrationwould be larger.8.3.1.3If it is impractical to determine background levels before spiking (e.g.,maximum holding times will be exceeded), the spike concentrationshould be (1) the regulatory concentration limit, if any; or, if none(2) the larger of either five times higher than the expected backgroundconcentration or 0.100 µg/L.8.3.2Analyze one sample aliquot to determine the background concentration (B) of2,3,7,8-TCDD. If necessary, prepare a new QC check sample concentrate(Section 8.2.1) appropriate for the background concentration in the sample.Spike a second sample aliquot with 1.0 mL of the QC check sample concentrateand analyze it to determine the concentration after spiking (A) of 2,3,7,8-TCDD.Calculate percent recovery (P) as 100 (A-B)%T, where T is the known true valueof the spike.8.3.3Compare the percent recovery (P) for 2,3,7,8-TCDD with the corresponding QCacceptance criteria found in Table 2. These acceptance criteria were calculatedto include an allowance for error in measurement of both the background andspike concentrations, assuming a spike to background ratio of 5:1. This errorwill be accounted for to the extent that the analyst's spike to background ratio11approaches 5:1. If spiking was performed at a concentration lower than0.100 µg/L, the analyst must use either the QC acceptance criteria in Table 2, oroptional QC acceptance criteria calculated for the specific spike concentration.To calculate optional acceptance criteria for the recovery of 2,3,7,8-TCDD:(1) Calculate accuracy (X′) using the equation in Table 3, substituting the spike′) using the equation inTable 3, substituting X′concentration as (100 X′/T) ±2.44(100 S′/T)%.118.3.4If the recovery of 2,3,7,8-TCDD falls outside the designated range for recovery,a check standard must be analyzed as described in Section 8.4.8.4If the recovery of 2,3,7,8-TCDD fails the acceptance criteria for recovery in Section 8.3,a QC check standard must be prepared and analyzed.NOTE:The frequency for the required analysis of a QC check standard willdepend upon the complexity of the sample matrix and the performance ofthe laboratory.8.4.1Prepare the QC check standard by adding 1.0 mL of QC check sampleconcentrate (Section 8.2.1 or 8.3.2) to 1 L of reagent water.8.4.2Analyze the QC check standard to determine the concentration measured (A) of2,3,7,8-TCDD. Calculate the percent recovery (P K) as 100 (A/T)%, where T issthe true value of the standard concentration.8.4.3Compare the percent recovery (P K) with the corresponding QC acceptancescriteria found in Table 2. If the recovery of 2,3,7,8-TCDD falls outside thedesignated range, the laboratory performance is judged to be out of control, andthe problem must be immediately identified and corrected. The analytical。

美国环保局 EPA 试验方法9071bn-Hexane Extractable Material (HEM) for Sludge, Sediment, and Solid S

Internet9071B - 1Revision 2April 1998METHOD 9071Bn-HEXANE EXTRACTABLE MATERIAL (HEM) FOR SLUDGE, SEDIMENT, AND SOLID SAMPLES 1.0SCOPE AND APPLICATION1.1Method 9071 may be used to quantify low concentrations of oil and grease in soil,sediments, sludges, and other solid materials amenable to chemical drying and solvent extraction with n-hexane. “Oil and grease” is a conventional pollutant under 40 CFR 401.16 and generally refers to substances, including biological lipids and mineral hydrocarbons, that have similar physical characteristics and common solubility in an organic extracting solvent. As such, oil and grease is an operationally defined parameter, and the results will depend entirely on the extracting solvent and method of extraction. Method 9071 employs n-hexane as the extraction solvent with Soxhlet extraction and the results of this method are appropriately termed “n-hexane extractable material (HEM).” Section 1.2 lists the type of materials that may be extracted by this method. In the context of this method, “HEM” is used throughout this method and for operational purposes, may be considered synonymous with “oil and grease” within the limitations discussed below.1.2Specifically, Method 9071 is suitable for extracting relatively non-volatile hydrocarbons,vegetable oils, animal fats, waxes, soaps, greases, biological lipids, and related materials. 1.3Method 9071 is not recommended for measuring materials that volatilize at temperatures below 85E C. Petroleum fuels from gasoline through #2 fuel oil may be partially lost during the solvent removal process.1.4 Some crude oils and heavy fuel oils may contain materials that are not soluble in n-hexane, and recovery of these materials may be low.2.0SUMMARY OF METHOD2.1 A representative portion of wet (as received) waste is acidified with concentrated HCl and chemically dried with magnesium sulfate or sodium sulfate. Magnesium sulfate monohydrate is used to dry acidified sludges as it will combine with 75% of its own weight in water in forming MgSO C 7H O. Anhydrous sodium sulfate is used to dry soil and sediment samples. 4 2 2.2After drying, the HEM is extracted with n-hexane using a Soxhlet apparatus. The n-hexane extract is then distilled from the extract and the HEM is desiccated and weighed. 2.3 When necessary, a separate sample portion is evaluated for percent solids, and the dry weight fraction may be used to calculate the dry-weight HEM concentration of the soil, sediment,or waste.3.0DEFINITIONS3.1n-Hexane extractable material (HEM, oil and grease): Material that is extracted from a sample using n-hexane and determined by this method. This material includes relatively non-volatile hydrocarbons, vegetable oils, animal fats, waxes, soaps, greases, and related matter.3.2Refer to Chapter One for additional definitions.4.0INTERFERENCES4.1 This method is entirely empirical, and duplicate results having a high degree of precision can be obtained only by strict adherence to all details. The rate of cycling and time of extraction in the Soxhlet apparatus must be consistent and length of time required for drying and cooling extracted materials must be the same in order to generate consistent results. It is important that the procedures be performed as directed due to the varying solubilities of the different greases and heavy mineral oils.4.2Solvents, reagents, glassware, and other sample-processing hardware may yield artifacts that could affect the results. All solvents and reagents used in the analysis should be demonstrated to be free from interferences by processing a method blank with each analytical batch. Specific selection of reagents, solvent washes, or purification of solvents may be required. Use of plastic measuring devices, and/or plastic tubing attachments must be avoided.4.3Glassware should be cleaned by washing with hot tap water with detergent, rinsing with tap water and reagent water, and rinsing with solvent. Glassware may also be baked at 200-250E C for 1 hour. Boiling flasks that are used to contain the extracted residues may be dried in an oven at 105-115E C and stored in a desiccator until used. Depending on the project DQOs, strict adherence to the washing and handling procedures cited above may not be necessary as long as the laboratory can demonstrate that alternative cleaning procedures yield acceptable method performance and meet method blank acceptance criteria.4.4 A gradual increase in weight may result due to the absorption of oxygen; a gradual loss of weight may result due to volatilization. Extracted residues should be maintained in a desiccator during cooling and prior to weighing. Extracted residues should be weighed as soon as possible after cooling.4.5The presence of non-oily extractable substance such as sulfur compounds, organic dyes, and chlorophyll, may result in a positive bias. For the purpose of this method, all materials extracted and retained during this procedure are defined as HEM.5.0SAFETY5.1The toxicity or carcinogenicity of each reagent used in this method has not been precisely determined; however, each chemical should be treated as a potential health hazard. Exposure to these chemicals should be reduced to the lowest possible level. It is suggested that the laboratory perform personal hygiene monitoring of each analyst that uses this method. This monitoring should be performed using Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) or National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) approved personal hygiene monitoring methods. Results of this monitoring should be made available to the analyst.5.2n-Hexane has been shown to have increased neurotoxic effects over other hexanes and some other solvents. OSHA has proposed a time-weighted average (TWA) of 50 parts-per-million (ppm); NIOSH concurs that an 8-hour TWA/permissible exposure limit (PEL) of 50 ppm is appropriate for n-hexane; and the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has published a threshold limit value (TLV) of 50 ppm for n-hexane. Inhalation of n-hexane should be minimized by performing all operations with n-hexane in a explosion-proof hood or well-ventilated area.Internet9071B - 2Revision 2April 19985.3n-Hexane has a flash point of -23E C (-9E F), has explosive limits in air in the range of 1 to 7 percent, and poses a serious fire risk when heated or exposed to flame. n-Hexane can react vigorously with oxidizing materials. The laboratory should include procedures in its operations that address the safe handling of n-hexane.5.4Unknown samples may contain high concentrations of volatile toxic compounds. Sample containers should be opened in a hood and handled with gloves to prevent exposure.5.5This method does not address all safety issues associated with its use. The laboratory is responsible for maintaining a safe work environment and a current awareness file of OSHA regulations regarding the safe handling of the chemicals specified in this method. A reference file of material safety data sheets (MSDSs) should be available to all personnel involved in these analyses.6.0EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES6.1Soxhlet extraction apparatus.6.2Heating mantle - explosion-proof, with temperature control.6.3Boiling flask - 125-mL or appropriate size.6.4Analytical balance - capable of weighing 0.1 mg.6.5Vacuum pump, or other vacuum source.6.6Paper extraction thimble for Soxhlet apparatus.6.7Glass wool or small glass beads to fill thimble.6.8Grease-free, non-absorbent cotton - To remove possible interferences, each batch of cotton should be washed with n-hexane. Solvent washing may not be necessary if the laboratory can demonstrate that the unwashed cotton does not affect the performance of the method or that the concentration of HEM in the sample is so high that low contaminant concentration is insignificant.6.9Beakers - 100- 150-mL.6.10pH paper.6.11Porcelain mortar and pestle.6.12Extraction flask - 150-mL or appropriate size.6.13Waterbath or steam bath-explosion-proof - capable of maintaining a temperature of at least 85E C.6.14Distilling apparatus - For removing n-hexane from extract.6.14.1Distilling head-Claisen (VWR Scientific No 26339-005, or equivalent), includesClaisen-type connecting tube and condenser.Internet9071B - 3Revision 2April 1998Internet9071B - 4Revision 2April 19986.14.2Distillation adapter (used to attach distilling head and to the waste collectionflask for recovery of solvent).6.14.3Distillate collection flask (attached to the distilling adaptor for collection of thedistilled solvent).6.14.4Ice bath or recirculating chiller (to aid in the condensation and collection ofthe distilled solvent).6.15Desiccator - Cabinet or jar type, capable of holding boiling flasks during cooling and storage.6.16Tongs - for handling the boiling flasks.6.17Glass fiber filter paper - Whatman No. 40 or equivalent.6.18Boiling chips - Silicon carbide or fluoropolymer.7.0REAGENTS7.1Reagent grade chemicals shall be used in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that all reagents shall conform to the specifications of the Committee on Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society, where such specifications are available. Other grades may be used, provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of sufficiently high purity to permit its use without lessening the accuracy of the determination.7.2Reagent water. All references to water in this method refer to reagent water, as defined in Chapter One.7.3Concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl).7.4 Magnesium sulfate monohydrate. Prepare MgSO C H O by spreading a thin layer in 4 2a dish and drying in an oven at 150E C overnight. Store in a tightly sealed glass container until used.7.5Sodium sulfate, granular, anhydrous (Na SO ). Purify by heating at 400E C for 4 hours 24in a shallow tray, or by precleaning the sodium sulfate with methylene chloride. If the sodium sulfate is precleaned with methylene chloride, a method blank must be analyzed, demonstrating that there is no interference from the sodium sulfate. Store in a tightly sealed glass container until used.7.6n-Hexane. Purity of 85%, 99.0% minimum saturated C isomers, residue less than 16mg/L. Boiling point, 69E C.7.7Hexadecane(CH (CH )CH )/stearic acid (CH (CH )COOH). 1:1 spiking solution.32143 3216Prepare in acetone at a concentration of 2 mg/mL each.Weigh 200 ± 2 mg of stearic acid and 200 ± 2 mg hexadecane into a 100 mL volumetric flask and fill to the mark with acetone. The total concentration of this stock is 4000 mg/L (ppm) HEM. This standard may be used for spiking samples and preparing laboratory control samples. Store in a glass container with a fluoropolymer-lined cap at room temperature. Shield from light.Note:The spiking solution may require warming for complete dissolution of stearic acid.8.0SAMPLE COLLECTION, PRESERVATION, AND STORAGE8.1 A minimum of 100 grams of sample should be collected using a metal spatula, spoon, or equivalent device. Samples should be collected into a pre-cleaned wide-mouth glass container fitted with a TFE-lined screw cap.8.2 When practical (i.e., when the sample matrix allows the complete mixing of sample and acid such as with a pourable sludge or sediment), the sample should be preserved to a pH < 2 by adding 1 mL of concentrated HCl per 100 gram of sample and cooled to 4 ± 2 E C. If acidification is not practical (as with a dry soil), the addition of the HCl is not required and the sample should be cooled to 4 ± 2 E C. The laboratory must be notified so that the sample can be acidified prior to analysis.8.3 A holding time has not been established for HEM in solids, but it is recommended that the sample be analyzed as soon as possible.9.0QUALITY CONTROL9.1Each laboratory that uses this method is required to operate a formal quality control program. The minimum requirements of this program consist of an initial demonstration of laboratory capability and the analysis of spiked samples as a continuing check on performance. The laboratory is required to maintain performance records to define the quality of data that is generated.9.2 Employ a minimum of one method blank per analytical batch or twenty samples, whichever is more frequent, to verify that all reagents, solvents, and equipment are contamination free. Prepare the method blank from 5 g of inert matrix such as pre-cleaned sand or similar material, and carry it through the analytical process.9.3 Run one matrix duplicate and matrix spike sample every twenty samples or analytical batch, whichever is more frequent. Matrix duplicates and spikes are brought through the whole sample preparation and analytical process.9.4The performance of the method should be evaluated by the use of a Laboratory Control Sample (LCS). The LCS is prepared by spiking an inert matrix (as pre-cleaned sand or similar material) with an appropriate volume of spiking solution (Sec. 7.7) and carrying it through the analytical process.10.0CALIBRATION AND STANDARDIZATION10.1Calibrate the analytical balance at 2 mg and 1000 mg using class “S” weights.10.2Calibration shall be within ± 10% (i.e., ± 0.2 mg) at 2 mg and ± 0.5 % (i.e., ± 5 mg) at 1000 mg. If values are not within these limits, recalibrate the balance.Internet9071B - 5Revision 2April 1998dry weight fraction 'g of dry sample g of sampleInternet 9071B - 6Revision 2April 199811.0PROCEDURE11.1Determination of Sample Dry Weight Fraction11.1.1When it is necessary to report the HEM on a dry weight basis, determine thedry weight fraction using a separate aliquot of sample, as discussed below. The aliquot used for this determination cannot be used to evaluate HEM.11.1.2Weigh 5-10 gram (± 0.01 gram) of the sample into pre-weighed crucible.Determine the weight of the wet sample by subtracting the weight of the crucible.11.1.3Place the crucible with the wet sample in an oven overnight at 105E C.Remove crucible from oven and place in a desiccator to cool. Weigh. Determine dry weight of sample by subtracting the weight of the crucible. Determine the dry weight fraction of the sample as follows:NOTE:The drying oven should be contained in a hood or vented. Significant laboratory contamination may result from a heavily contaminated hazardous waste sample.11.2Sample Preparation 11.2.1Sludge/Waste Samples 11.2.1.1Weigh out 20 ± 0.5 grams of wet sample into a 150-mL beaker.11.2.1.2If the sample has not been acidified, acidify to a pH # 2 withapproximately 0.3 mL concentrated HCl.11.2.1.3Add 25 grams Mg SO C H O (Sec. 7.4) and stir to a smooth24 2paste.11.2.1.4 Spread paste on sides of beaker to facilitate evaporation. Letstand about 15-30 min or until material is solidified.11.2.1.5 Remove solids and grind to fine powder in a mortar.11.2.1.6Add the powder to the paper extraction thimble.11.2.1.7 Wipe beaker and mortar with pieces of filter paper moistened withn-hexane and add to thimble.11.2.1.8Fill thimble with glass wool (or glass beads).11.2.2Sediment/Soil Samples11.2.2.1Decant and discard any water layer on a sediment sample. Mixsample thoroughly, especially composited samples. Discard any foreign objects suchas sticks, leaves, and rocks.11.2.2.2Blend 10 grams of the sample with 10 grams of anhydrous sodiumsulfate (Sec. 7.5) as described in Section 11.2.1. Transfer homogenized paste to anextraction thimble and cover with glass wool or glass beads. The extraction thimblemust drain freely for the duration of the extraction period.11.3Extraction11.3.1 Set-up the Soxhlet apparatus containing the extraction thimble and sampleand attach a 125-mL boiling flask containing 90 mL of n-hexane. Add boiling chips. Adjust the heating control on the heating mantle so that a cycling rate of 20 cycles/h is obtained. Extract for a period of 4 hrs.11.3.2Tare a clean 250-mL or appropriate sized boiling flask as follows:11.3.2.1Dry the flask in an oven at 105-115E C for a minimum of 2 h.11.3.2.2Remove from the oven and immediately transfer to a desiccatorto cool at room temperature.11.3.2.3When cool, remove from the desiccator with tongs and weighimmediately on a calibrated balance.11.3.3At the end of the 4 h extraction period, filter the extract through grease-freecotton, into the pre-weighed boiling flask (Sec. 11.3.2). Use gloves to avoid adding fingerprints to the flask.11.3.4Rinse flask and cotton with n-hexane and add to the 250-mL boiling flask.NOTE:If the extract is clear and no suspended particles are present, the filtration step may be omitted.11.3.5Connect the boiling flask to the distilling head apparatus and distill the solventby immersing the lower half of the flask in a water bath or a steam bath. A heating mantle may also be used. Adjust the temperature of the heating device to complete the distillation in less than 30 minutes. Collect the solvent for reuse or appropriate disposal.11.3.6When the distillation is complete, remove the distilling head. Immediatelyremove the flask from the heat source and wipe the outside to remove excess moisture and fingerprints. To remove solvent vapor, sweep out the flask for 15 sec with air by inserting a glass tube that is connected to a vacuum source.11.3.7Cool the boiling flask in a desiccator for 30 min and weigh. Determine thegain in weight of the boiling flask by subtracting the weight of the boiling flask (Sec. 11.3.2) from the final boiling flask weight.Internet9071B - 7Revision 2April 1998HEM (mg/kg wet weight)'gain in weight of flask(mg)X 1000weight of wet solid(g)Internet9071B - 8Revision 2April 199812.0DATA ANALYSIS AND CALCULATIONSCalculate the concentration of HEM in the sample as follows:NOTE:If it is necessary to report the results on a dry weight basis, divide the result obtained above by the dry weight fraction calculated in Sec. 11.1.3. Report the results as mg/kg HEM dry weight. If it is necessary to report the results as a percentage of the wet or dry weight, divide the wet-weight concentration or dry weight concentration by 10,000 and report the result as % HEM wet or dry weight.13.0METHOD PERFORMANCEIn a preliminary study designed to find a suitable replacement for Freon-113, three EPA contract laboratories evaluated a total of 28 solid samples derived from various industrial and commercial processes for oil and grease. This study evaluated a total of six solvents, including n-hexane, to determine which of the alternative solvents produced results most closely with that of Freon-113. In this study, each waste was Soxhlet-extracted in triplicate using Freon-113 and each of the alternative solvents. Based on the overall results, n-hexane was judged to be the best alternative solvent. The data provided in Table 1 compare the results for Freon-113 and n-hexane for each waste. For a complete discussion of this study, refer to reference 1 in Section 16.0.14.0POLLUTION PREVENTION14.1Pollution prevention encompasses any technique that reduces or eliminates the quantity and/or toxicity of waste at the point of generation. Numerous opportunities for pollution prevention exist in laboratory operation. The EPA has established a preferred hierarchy of environmental management techniques that places pollution prevention as the management option of first choice.Whenever feasible, laboratory personnel should use pollution prevention techniques to address their waste generation. When wastes cannot be feasibly reduced at the source, the Agency recommends recycling as the next best option.14.2For information about pollution prevention that may be applicable to laboratories and research institutions consult Less is Better: Laboratory Chemical management for Waste Reduction available from the American Chemical Society’s Department of Government Relations and Science Policy, 1155 16th St., N.W. Washington, D.C. 20036, (202) 872-4477.15.0WASTE MANAGEMENTThe Environmental Protection Agency requires that laboratory waste management practices be conducted consistent with all applicable Federal, state and local rules and regulations. The Agency urges laboratories to protect the air, water, and land by minimizing and controlling all releases from hoods and bench operations, complying with the letter and spirit of any sewerdischarge permits and regulations, and by complying with all solid and hazardous waste regulations, particularly the hazardous waste identification rules and land disposal restrictions. For further information on waste management, consult The Waste Management Manual for Laboratory Personnel available from the American Chemical Society at the address listed in Sec. 14.2.16.0REFERENCES1.Preliminary Report of EPA Efforts to Replace Freon for the Determination of Oil and Grease,United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, EPA-821-93-009. June 1993.2.Method 1664, Revision A: n-Hexane Extractable Material (HEM; Oil and Grease) and Silica GelTreated N-Hexane Extractable Material (SGT-HEM) by Extraction and Gravimetry.17.0TABLES, DIAGRAMS, FLOWCHARTS, AND VALIDATION DATAThe pages to follow contain Table 1, and a flow diagram of the method procedure.Internet9071B - 9Revision 2April 1998TABLE 1SOXHLET EXTRACTION OF SOLIDS USING FREON-113 AND N-HEXANEAll concentrations in mg/kgFacility/Waste Stream Solvent:Rep Rep Rep Mean Standard Process Freon No. 1 No. 2No. 3Concen-DeviationHexane trationPaper Mill Dewatered Freon110005300790080002762 Sludge Hexane660024001100066004203POTW Sewage Freon980008100081000870009940 Sludge Hexane11000086000800009100013281Leather Dewatered Freon11000120001200012000732 Tannery Sludge Hexane210001500019000180003201 POTW Digested Freon13000097000660009800033028 Sludge Hexane5400076000480005900014516Petroleum API Separator Freon32000035000025000031000053257 Refinery Sludge Hexane24000032000024000027000043822 Industrial DAF Freon31000031000024000029000041717 Laundry Sludge Hexane29000036000018000028000090819Fish Oil Oily Freon8900001000000770000890000131249 Plant Sludge Hexane44000053000046000048000046318 Coke Plant Waste Freon8300800018000110005505 Activated Hexane140001900015000160002732SludgeWood Solid Freon1500001400001400001400003512 Preserving Waste Hexane1400001300001300001300006557 PlantDrilling Fluid Used drilling Freon1300160013001400157 Supplier mud Hexane1300120016001400201 Contam.Kerosene Freon2000140019001700352 Soils Contaminated Hexane2500320026002800410 SoilPoultry Plant Waste Freon3800011000400003000016263 Activated Hexane590011000460002100021795SludgeRolling Mill Dewatered Freon110001400017000140002884 Scale Hexane14000140001600015000983 Mayonnaise Oily Sludge Freon88000085000078000084000050521 Plant Hexane590000780000520000630000132020Seafood Waste Sludge Freon6400053000580007526 Plant Hexane340003100027000310003867 Internet9071B - 10Revision 2April 1998TABLE 1(CONTINUED)Facility/Waste Stream Solvent:Rep Rep Rep Mean Standard Process Freon No. 1 No. 2No. 3Concen-DeviationHexane trationSeafood Oily Sludge Freon40000041000043000041000016371 Plant Hexane4000003900003900004000007095Poultry DAF Sludge Freon67000060000057000061000049549 Plant Hexane5300005300005300005300002449Railroad Oily Sludge Freon87000092000087000089000027906 Yard Hexane8500008400008300008400006884 Can Filter Cake Freon62000620006000061000976 Manufact Hexane690006400066000660002615 PlantSoup Plant DAF Sludge Freon60000059000061000060000010066Hexane58000052000060000057000040361Oily Water Oily Sludge Freon760007500070000740003215 Treatment Hexane7700060000790007200010713 PlantCan Oily Sludge Freon940008800094000920003291 Manufact Hexane800009000083000850004992 PlantCan Filter Cake Freon2900002900003000002900006217 Manufact Hexane2900002900002900002900002029 PlantDrum Oily Sludge Freon120000011000001200000120000057735 Handling Hexane9900001000000980000100000027319 FacilityPolymer Dewatered Freon13000120008200110002524 Plant Sludge Hexane84006900910081001122 Restaurant Vegetable Oil Freon76000061000078000072000092060 Waste Hexane1100000980000980000100000080064Leather Waste Sludge Freon18000022000019000019000022140 Tannery Hexane24000027000021000024000031177 Source: Reference 1Internet9071B - 11Revision 2April 1998METHOD 9071Bn-HEXANE EXTRACTABLE MATERIAL (HEM) FOR SLUDGE, SEDIMENT, AND SOLID SAMPLESInternet9071B - 12Revision 2April 1998METHOD 9071Bn-HEXANE EXTRACTABLE MATERIAL (HEM) FOR SLUDGE, SEDIMENT, AND SOLID SAMPLES(Continued)Internet9071B - 13Revision 2April 1998。

美国饮用水水质标准(EPA)

《美国饮用水水质标准》（EPA）
[标题]：《美国饮用水水质标准》
[颁布者]：美国
[编号]：
[颁布日期]：
[实施日期]：
[有效性]：有效
国家一级饮用水规程（NPDWRs或一级标准），是法定强制性的标准，它适用于公用给水系统。

一级标准限制了那些有害公众健康的及已知的或在公用给水系统中出现的有害污染物浓度，从
注：
①、污染物最高浓度目标MCLG-对人体健康无影响或预期无不良影响的水中污染物浓度。

它规定了确当的安全限量，MCLGs是非强制性公共健康目标。

②、污染物最高浓度-它是供给用户的水中污染物最高允许浓度，MCLGs它是强制性标准，MCLG 是安全限量，确保略微超过MCL限量时对公众健康不产生显着风险。

③、TT处理技术-公共给水系统必须遵循的强制性步骤或技术水平以确保对污染物的控制。

④、除非有特别注释，一般单位为mg/L。

⑤、
度：
病毒
HPC每毫升不超过500细菌数。

⑨、每月总大肠杆菌阳性水样不超过5%，于每月例行检测总大肠杆菌的样品少于40只的给水系统，总大肠菌阳性水样不得超过1个。

含有总大肠菌水样，要分析粪型大肠杆菌，粪型大肠杆菌不容许存在。

⑩、粪型及艾氏大肠杆菌的存在表明水体受到人类和动物排泄物的污染，这些排泄物中的微生物可引起腹泻，痉挛，恶心，头痛或其它症状。

岳宇明译岳舜琳校。

EPA方法索引

EPA方法索引和相关标准品EPA 是美国国家环境保护局(U.S Environmental Protection Agency) 的英文缩写。

它的主要任务是保护人类健康和自然环境。

EPA 制定了一系列标准分析方法用于环境监测领域。

主要包括：EPA T01～T14 系列标准分析方法——空气中有毒有机物分析方法EPA IP1～IP10 系列标准分析方法——室内空气污染物的分析测定方法EPA 200 系列标准分析方法———金属的分析方法EPA 500 系列标准分析方法——饮用水中有机物的分析方法EPA 600 系列标准分析方法——城市和工业废水中有机化合物的分析方法SW -846 系列标准分析方法——固体废弃物试验分析评价手册1300 系列是毒性试验方法3000 系列是金属元素的提取方法3500 系列是半(非) 挥发性有机物的提取方法3600 系列是净化、分离方法5000 系列是挥发性有机物的提取方法6000 系列是测定金属的新方法7000 系列是原子吸收法测定金属元素8000 系列是有机物分析方法9000 系列是常规项目分析方法其中，500系列，600系列和8000系列是环境种有机物分析最常用的方法。

EPA 600系列方法是美国为贯彻“净水法”(CW A) 、“全国水体污染物排放消除制度”(NPDES) 和“许可证制度”,严格控制点源排放,保护地表水,使其免受城市和工业废水中有机物的污染而制定的。

EPA 500 系列方法是为执行“安全饮用水法”(SDW A) 和“国家一级饮用水法案”(National Primary Drinking Water Regulations) ,确保饮用水及饮用水源的质量而制订的。

EPA 500 系列是针对比较洁净的水样(饮用水、地下水、地表水) 开发的,有些方法仅用试剂水和饮用水验证过SW-846 系列集中贯彻了“资源保护回收法”和“陆地处置限制法规”的精神,包含了固体废弃物采样和分析试验的全部方法, 是在EPA200 ～EPA 600 系列的基础上发展起来的。

美国EPA 关于空气自动监测系统性能指标的规定和测试方法

美国EPA关于大气自动监测系统性能指标的规定和测试方法引言环境空气污染的自动监测方法有多种，一般采用湿法和干法两种。

湿法是基于化学量理论的库仑法和电导法等测量原理，需使用大量试剂，存在试剂调整和废液处理等问题，操作比较繁琐，故障率较高，维护工作量较大；干法是基于物理光谱测量理论，使样品始终保持在气体状态，没有试剂的损耗，维护工作量较小。

比如SO2测量采用紫外荧光法，NOx测量采用化学发光法，O3测量采用紫外光度法，CO测量采用气体过滤相关分析法等，目前我国绝大部分空气自动监测采用的是该方法。

干法测量以欧美为主。

美国开展空气自动监测已有30年的历史，在空气自动监测方面积累了丰富的经验，并制定了详细的规范。

其中物理光谱法作为美国EPA的推荐方法,得到了广泛的应用。

湿法测量以日本为主,但自1996年起日本在法定的测量方法中增加了干式测量法。

利用物质的光谱特性进行污染物的分析已成为自动监测仪器发展的必然趋势。

我国在环境空气质量监测和质量保证方面的规定都参考了美国国家环保署（EPA）的规定。

目前，大气自动监测和空气质量日报工作在我国大部分省市已广泛开展，自动监测仪器监测数据的准确可靠是日报工作中的基础。

为使监测人员了解美国EPA关于空气自动监测的相关规定，特将其有关SO2、NO2、O3、CO自动监测仪器的性能指标规定和测试方法作简要说明，以供参考。

一、美国EPA对性能指标及判定原则的规定1、性能指标B-1自动监测仪器性能指标M/0.02447,M是该气体的摩尔质量。

2、判定原则对于每个性能指标（量程除外），测试程序从开始起要重复7次，得到7组测试结果。

每组结果要和表B-1中的规定指标相比较，高于或超出规定指标的值是一个超标值。

每个参数的7个结果说明如下：（1）0次超标：被测的参数合格；（2）3次或更多次超标：该参数不合格；（3）1次或2次超标：再重复测试该参数 8次，得到共15个测试结果。

将此15个测试结果说明如下：a：1次或2次超标：通过测试；b：3次以上：该参数不合格。

美国EPA最新参考方法标准

特别规定的样品采集过滤器。
手动参考方法：配备 RAAS-10 PM10 进气口或
RFPS-0699-131 40 联邦法规（CFR）第 50 部分，
附录 L, 图 L-2 到 L-19 中特定的
联邦公告：卷 64，有通气孔的进口，作为 PM10
第 33481 页，参考方法配置，流量为 16.67 升
图 L-2 参考方法
第 33481 页，配置，流量为 16.67 升/分钟，24
BGI 公司 BGI 公司 DKK-TOA 公司 Ecotech 公司
PQ100 型空气采样器
PQ200 型空气采样器
FPM-222/222C,FPM223 /223C 及 DUB-222(S)型 PM10 监测器 3000 型 PM10 大容量空气采样器
或
12/01/87 及卷 53， GMW-IP-10-8000 中的任一型号
第 1062 页，大容量采样器，这些采样器含有
01/15/88
以下部件：带有丙烯腈-丁二烯-
苯乙烯塑胶过滤器托架和电机/
鼓风机外壳或不锈钢过滤器托
架和酚醛塑料电机/鼓风机外壳
的阳极氧化处理铝制大容量外
壳；0.6 大功率电机/鼓风机; 压
06/23/99
小时连续采样周期操作。符合
RAAS105-300 操作说明书，遵
循 40 CFR 第 50 部分，附录 J
或附录 M 中有关要求和特别规
定的样品采集过滤器。
手动参考方法：配备 BGI16.7 进气口装置或附
RFPS-0699-132 录 L，40 联邦法规（CFR）50，
图 L-2 到 L-19 中特定的有通气
7.0 说明书，适当的还带有特制

EPA方法索引

EPA方法索引EPA（Environmental Protection Agency，环境保护局）是美国联邦政府机构，负责制定环境保护政策和监督执行，旨在保护人类健康和自然环境。

EPA通过开发和更新一系列的方法和准则来评估和监测环境中的各种污染物。

以下是EPA方法的索引，其中包含了一些常用的方法。

1.水质分析方法：-EPA方法6010：使用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪对水样中的重金属进行测定。

-EPA方法160.2：测定饮用水中总溶解性氟化物的浓度。

-EPA方法200.7：使用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定水样中的金属。

-EPA方法365.2：测定地下水中40种有机化合物的浓度。

2.大气质量监测方法：-EPA方法305：测定大气中颗粒物（PM10）的质量浓度。

-EPA方法1664：对水和底泥中的油脂进行提取和测定。

-EPA方法321.8：通过气浓度梯度法测定大气中的苯系化合物。

-EPA方法327：使用红外光谱法测定大气中的多环芳烃。

3.土壤和底泥分析方法：-EPA方法3540：对土壤和底泥中的有机物进行提取。

-EPA方法8000：使用气相色谱质谱法分析土壤和底泥中的挥发性有机化合物。

-EPA方法3051：测定土壤样品中重金属的浓度。

-EPA方法8240：使用气相色谱质谱法分析土壤和底泥中的半挥发性有机化合物。

4.垃圾和固体废物分析方法：-EPA方法8015：使用气相色谱质谱法分析固体废物中的多环芳烃。

-EPA方法8082：使用气相色谱质谱法分析土壤、底泥和固体废物中的戴奥辛和类似化合物。

-EPA方法8260：使用气相色谱质谱法分析固体废物中的挥发性有机化合物。

-EPA方法8280：使用气相色谱质谱法分析固体废物中的多氯联苯。

5.生物监测方法：-EPA方法1600：测定饮用水和海水中的大肠杆菌和肠球菌数量。

-EPA方法1613：使用液相色谱质谱法测定鱼类组织中的多氯联苯和多溴联苯醚。

-EPA方法2050：测定水和生物体中蓝绿藻的数量和类群组成。

epa试验测试方法及计算方法

epa试验测试方法及计算方法English Answer:EPA Test Methods for Emissions.The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has developed a series of test methods to measure emissions from various sources, including stationary sources such as power plants and industrial facilities, and mobile sources such as vehicles and aircraft. These test methods are used to determine the levels of pollutants emitted into the atmosphere and to assess the effectiveness of pollution control technologies.Some of the most common EPA test methods include:Method 1: Sample and velocity traverses for stationary sources. This method describes the procedures for measuring the velocity and volumetric flow rate of gas streams in ducts, stacks, and chimneys.Method 2: Determination of stack gas velocity and volumetric flow rate (Type S pitot tube). This method is used to measure the velocity and volumetric flow rate of gas streams in stacks and ducts using a Type S pitot tube.Method 3: Gas analysis for the determination of dry molecular weight. This method is used to determine the dry molecular weight of a gas stream by measuring its density and composition.Method 4: Determination of moisture content in stack gases. This method is used to determine the moisture content of a gas stream by measuring the dew point or absolute humidity of the gas.Method 5: Determination of particulate matter emissions from stationary sources. This method is used to measure the concentration of particulate matter emissions from stationary sources by collecting the particles on a filter paper and measuring their mass.Method 10: Determination of carbon monoxide emissions from stationary sources. This method is used to measure the concentration of carbon monoxide emissions from stationary sources by using a continuous analyzer or a grab sample collection and analysis.Method 18: Measurement of gaseous organic compound emissions by gas chromatography. This method is used to measure the concentration of gaseous organic compound emissions from stationary sources by collecting a sample in a sorbent tube and analyzing it using gas chromatography.Calculation Methods.The EPA provides calculation methods for each test method to determine the concentration of pollutants emitted. The calculation methods typically involve using the measured data from the test method to calculate the mass or volume of the pollutant emitted per unit of time.For example, the calculation method for Method 5involves using the following equation to calculate theparticulate matter emission rate:ER = (C_s Q_sd) / (S t)。

EPA方法索引

EPA方法索引根据您的要求，以下是EPA（美国环保局）使用的一些常见的方法索引。

这些方法涵盖了环境监测、风险评估、废物管理、空气质量评估和水质评估等各个领域。

请注意，这只是一个简要的索引，详细的方法描述和操作程序可以在EPA的官方网站上找到。

1.环境监测方法：-EPA方法1：样品获取和保留方法-EPA方法2：采样口和尾气采集系统评估方法-EPA方法3：抽样方法-EPA方法4：大气沉降物的抽样和分析方法-EPA方法5：大气礁石沉积物中颗粒物的采样和分析方法-EPA方法6：大气颗粒物的测定方法-EPA方法7：废气流中氮氧化物的测定方法-EPA方法8：高温、高湿废气流中苯/甲苯浓度的测定方法2.风险评估方法：-EPA方法9：风险评估基础指南-EPA方法10：风险评估的质量保证3.废物管理方法：-EPA方法11：可回收物品处理-EPA方法12：生物治理/垃圾填埋申请-EPA方法13：废物水处理系统操作4.空气质量评估方法：-EPA方法14：大气污染源排放计算-EPA方法15：大气质量模型基础指南-EPA方法16：大气氨浓度的测定方法-EPA方法17：大气细颗粒物的测定方法-EPA方法18：大气湿沉降物的收集和分析方法5.水质评估方法：-EPA方法19：水质评估基础指南-EPA方法20：废水处理工艺-EPA方法21：水样处理和分析方法-EPA方法22：饮用水质量监测这些方法索引只是EPA使用的一小部分方法。

EPA还有其他方法用于地下水监测、土壤污染评估、生物毒性评估和生态风险评估等。

为了确保准确性和合规性，使用这些方法时应仔细阅读相关的方法说明和操作程序，以确保正确的实施和数据采集。

美国环保局 EPA 试验方法 9013Cyanide Extraction Procedure for Solids and Oils

METHOD 9013(APPENDIX TO METHOD 9010)CYANIDE EXTRACTION PROCEDURE FOR SOLIDS AND OILS1.0SCOPE AND APPLICATION1.1The extraction procedure described in this method is designed for the extraction of soluble cyanides from solid and oil wastes. The method is applicable to oil, solid, and multiphasic samples. This method is not applicable to samples containing insoluble cyanide compounds.2.0SUMMARY OF METHOD2.1If the waste sample contains so much solid, or solids of such a size as to interfere with agitation and homogenization of the sample mixture in the distillation flask, or so much oil or grease as to interfere with the formation of a homogeneous emulsion, the sample may be extracted with water at pH 10 or greater, and the extract distilled and analyzed by Method 9010. Samples that contain free water are filtered and separated into an aqueous component and a combined oil and solid component. The nonaqueous component may then be extracted, and an aliquot of the extract combined with an aliquot of the filtrate in proportion to the composition of the sample. Alternatively, the components may be analyzed separately, and cyanide levels reported for each component. However, if the sample solids are known to contain sufficient levels of cyanide (about 50 µg/g) as to be well above the limit of detection, the extraction step may be deleted and the solids analyzed directly by Method 9010. This can be accomplished by diluting a small aliquot of the waste solid (1-10 g) in 500 mL water in the distillation flask and suspending the slurry during distillation with a magnetic stir-bar.3.0INTERFERENCES3.1Potential interferences that may be encountered during analysis are discussed in Method 9010.4.0APPARATUS AND MATERIALS4.1Extractor - Any suitable device that sufficiently agitates a sealed container of one liter volume or greater. For the purpose of this analysis, agitation is sufficient when:1.All sample surfaces are continuously brought into contactwith extraction fluid, and2.The agitation prevents stratification of the sample andfluid.4.2Buchner funnel apparatus4.2.1Buchner funnel - 500-mL capacity, with 1-liter vacuumfiltration flask.4.2.2Glass wool - Suitable for filtering, 0.8 F m diameter suchas Corning Pyrex 3950.4.2.3Vacuum source - Preferably a water driven aspirator. Avalve or stopcock to release vacuum is required.4.3Top-loading balance - capable of weighing 0.1 g.4.4Separatory funnels - 500 mL.5.0REAGENTS5.1 Reagent grade chemicals shall be used in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that all reagents shall conform to the specifications of the Committee on Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society, where such specifications are available. Other grades may be used, provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of sufficiently high purity to permit its use without lessening the accuracy of the determination.5.2Reagent water. All references to water in this method refer to reagent water, as defined in Chapter One.5.3Sodium hydroxide (50% w/v), NaOH. Commercially available.5.4n-Hexane, C H.6146.0SAMPLE COLLECTION, PRESERVATION, AND HANDLING6.1All samples must be collected using a plan that addresses the considerations discussed in Chapter 4 of this manual. See Section 6.0 of Method 9010 for additional guidance.7.0PROCEDURE7.1If the waste does not contain any free aqueous phase, go to Step 7.5. If the sample is a homogeneous fluid or slurry that does not separate or settle in the distillation flask when using a Teflon coated magnetic stirring bar but mixes so that the solids are entirely suspended, then the sample may be analyzed by Method 9010 without an extraction step.7.2Assemble Buchner funnel apparatus. Unroll glass filtering fiber and fold the fiber over itself several times to make a pad about 1 cm thick when lightly compressed. Cut the pad to fit the Buchner funnel. Weigh the pad, then place it in the funnel. Turn the aspirator on and wet the pad with a known amount of water.7.3Transfer the sample to the Buchner funnel in small aliquots, first decanting the fluid. Rinse the sample container with known amounts of water and add the rinses to the Buchner funnel. When no free water remains in the funnel, slowly open the stopcock to allow air to enter the vacuum flask. A small amount of sediment may have passed through the glass fiber pad. This will not interfere with the analysis.7.4Transfer the solid and the glass fiber pad to a tared weighingdish. Since most greases and oils will not pass through the fiber pad, solids, oils, and greases will be extracted together. If the filtrate includes an oil phase, transfer the filtrate to a separatory funnel. Collect and measure the volume of the aqueous phase. Transfer the oil phase to the weighing dish with the solid.7.5Weigh the dish containing solid, oil (if any), and filter pad.Subtract the weight of the dry filter pad. Calculate the net volume of water present in the original sample by subtracting the total volume of rinses used from the measured volume of the filtrate.7.6Place the following in a 1-liter wide-mouthed bottle:500 mL water5 mL 50% w/v NaOH50 mL n-Hexane (if a heavy grease is present)If the weight of the solids (Step 7.5) is greater than 25 g, weigh out a representative aliquot of 25 g and add it to the bottle; otherwiseadd all of the solids. Cap the bottle.7.7The pH of the extract must be maintained above 10 throughout theextraction step and subsequent filtration. Since some samples may release acid, the pH must be monitored as follows. Shake the extraction bottle and after one minute, check the pH. If the pH is below 12, add 50% NaOH in 5 mL increments until it is at least 12. Recap the bottle, and repeat the procedure until the pH does not drop.7.8Place the bottle or bottles in the tumbler, making surethere is enough foam insulation to cushion the bottle. Turn the tumbler on and allow the extraction to run for about 16 hours.7.9 Prepare a Buchner funnel apparatus as in Step 7.2 with a glass fiberpad filter.7.10 Decant the extract to the Buchner funnel. Full recovery of theextract is not necessary.7.11 If the extract contains an oil phase, separate the aqueous phaseusing a separatory funnel. Neither the separation nor the filtration are critical, but are necessary to be able to measure the volume of the aliquot of the aqueous extract analyzed. Small amounts of suspended solids and oil emulsions will not interfere.7.12 At this point, an aliquot of the filtrate of the original sample maybe combined with an aliquot of the extract in a proportion representative of the sample. Alternatively, they may be distilled and analyzed separately and concentrations given for each phase. This is described by the following equation:a c Liquid Sample Aliquot(mL) Solid Extracted(g) Total Sample Filtrate(mL)=Xb d Extract Aliquot(mL) Total Solid(g) Total Extraction Fluid(mL)aFrom Step 7.6. Weight of solid sample used for extraction.bFrom Step 7.5. Weight of solids and oil phase with the dry weight of filter and tared dish subtracted.cIncludes volume of all rinses added to the filtrate (Steps 7.2 and 7.3).d500 mL water plus total volume of NaOH solution. Does not include hexane, which is subsequently removed (Step 7.11).Alternatively, the aliquots may be distilled and analyzed separately, concentrations for each phase reported separately, and the amounts of each phase present in the sample reported separately.8.0QUALITY CONTROL8.1Refer to Method 9010.9.0METHOD PERFORMANCE9.1In a single laboratory study, recoveries of 60 to 90% are reported for solids and 88 to 92% for oils. The reported CVs are less than 13.10.0REFERENCES10.1Refer to Method 9010.CYANIDE EXTRACTION PROCEDURE FOR SOLIDS AND OILSCYANIDE EXTRACTION PROCEDURE FOR SOLIDS AND OILS (CONTINUED)。

生态环境监测常用epa方法使用指南

生态环境监测常用epa方法使用指南生态环境监测是保障人类居住环境健康、促进可持续发展的重要手段。

而美国环境保护局（EPA）提出的监测方法被广泛应用于全球。

本文将详细介绍几种常用的EPA监测方法，帮助读者更好地理解和应用。

首先，我们来介绍EPA方法中最常用的VOCs（挥发性有机物）监测方法。

VOCs是一类对人体健康和环境产生不良影响的化学物质，如苯、甲苯等。

EPA方法中，常用的监测技术包括气相色谱-质谱联用仪（GC-MS）和气相色谱仪（GC）。

在进行VOCs监测时，首先需从空气或水样品中提取目标物质，然后使用GC-MS或GC进行定性定量分析。

这些方法具有高灵敏度和准确度，对于环境中微量VOCs的检测非常有效。

其次，来介绍一种常用的水质监测方法，即EPA的标准方法522（EPA Method 522）。

该方法主要用于分析水中的多环芳烃（PAHs）。

PAHs是一类常见的有害物质，源自燃烧过程和工业排放。

在EPA Method 522中，使用气相色谱-质谱联用仪（GC-MS）进行PAHs的检测。

该方法采用固相萃取技术，从水样中富集PAHs，并通过GC-MS进行定性定量分析。

通过该方法，我们可以快速准确地监测水体中PAHs的含量，为水环境管理和保护提供科学依据。

此外，EPA还提出了许多其他的监测方法，如EPA Method 1600和EPA Method 1623等，这些方法主要用于微生物的监测。

例如，EPAMethod 1600用于检测饮用水和环境水体中的大肠杆菌等肠道致病菌的存在。

该方法采用滤膜法，将水样过滤后，将菌落生长于兔肠上进行检测。

而EPA Method 1623则用于监测水中的肠道病毒，如腺病毒和诺沃克病毒。

这些方法操作简单、结果可靠，对于保障水质安全具有重要意义。

除了上述方法外，EPA还提供了许多其它环境监测方法，如大气颗粒物的监测方法、土壤重金属的监测方法等。

这些方法为环境保护部门、科研机构以及行业监管提供了重要的技术支持。

doe 和epa 参考的法规 -回复

doe 和epa 参考的法规-回复Doe 和EPA 参考的法规是美国环境保护局（Environmental Protection Agency，EPA）和美国能源部（Department of Energy，DoE）所参考的法规。

这些法规目的在于监管和保护美国的环境和能源资源。

本文将一步一步回答关于这些法规的问题，并探讨其对于环境保护和能源领域的影响。

第一步：理解Doe 和EPA在深入探讨Doe 和EPA 参考的法规之前，我们首先需要了解这两个机构。

1. 美国环境保护局（EPA）：EPA 是联邦政府的一个机构，成立于1970年。

其任务是保护和改善美国的环境质量，并确保公众的健康和福祉。

EPA 负责制定并执行环境法规，监测环境质量，并提供环境保护方面的指导和信息。

2. 美国能源部（DoE）：DoE 是联邦政府的另一个机构，成立于1977年。

其任务是保障美国的能源安全，提高能源效率，并推动能源科学和技术的创新。

DoE 负责制定并执行能源法规，进行能源研究和开发，并提供能源政策和战略建议。

第二步：了解Doe 和EPA 参考的法规Doe 和EPA 参考的法规是一系列环境和能源法规的总称，这些法规旨在保护环境、提高能源效率和推动可持续发展。

下面是一些重要的Doe 和EPA 参考的法规：1. Clean Air Act（清洁空气法）：这是EPA 最重要的法规之一，旨在保护大气环境并减少空气污染物排放。

它要求工业和交通部门采取措施以减少二氧化碳、二氧化硫和氮氧化物等温室气体的排放。

2. Clean Water Act（清洁水法）：这是EPA 另外一个重要的法规，旨在保护美国的水资源，减少污染物进入水环境。

它要求工业和农业部门采取措施以减少水污染，同时保护湖泊、河流和湿地等水域环境。

3. Energy Policy and Conservation Act（能源政策和节约法）：这是DoE 参考的法规之一，旨在提高能源效率，并推动可再生能源的使用。

美国国家环保局EPA方法要点和推荐仪器

美国国家环保局EPA方法要点和推荐仪器EPA方法218.6离子色谱测定在饮用水、地下水和工业废水中的水溶性铬（1994年修订版3.3）应用范围测定饮用水、地下水和工业废水中的水溶性六价铬（如CrO2-4），这种方法的检测下限为0.4μg/L。

样品中如果含有大量的阴离子物质如硫酸或氯离子可能会引起色谱柱过载。

样品如果含有大量有机物或硫离子可能会引起可溶性的六价铬快速还原为三价铬。

样品贮存在4℃，在24小时内分析。

方法采用离子色谱法分析。

方法要点：水样经0.45μm滤膜过滤后，用浓缓冲溶液调节pH为9-9.5。

样品的测量体积为50-250μL进样到离子色谱。

保护柱去除样品中的有机物，六价铬以CrO2-4形式，在高容量的阴离子交换分离柱上分离，六价铬用双苯基苄巴脲柱后衍生，然后在530nm波长下检测有色络合物。

建议采用的仪器条件保护柱：Dionex IonPac NG1或与之相同的色谱柱分离柱：Dionex IonPac AS7或与之相同的色谱柱阴离子抑制器装置：Dionex Anion MicroMembrane Suppressor，其它抑制器必须有足够低的检测限和足够的基线稳定性。

色谱条件：色谱柱：保护柱-Dionex IonPac NG1, 分离柱-Dionex IonPac AS7淋洗液：250mM (NH4)2SO4, 100mM NH4OH, 流速=1.5 mL/min柱后试剂：2mM双苯基苄巴脲，10％ v/v甲醇，1N 硫酸，流速=0.5 mL/min 检测器：可见光530nm保留时间：3.8 分钟离子色谱测定无机阴离子(1993年八月，修订版2.2)应用范围1．可测定的阴离子包括A部分：溴离子，氯离子，氟离子，硝酸根，亚硝酸根，磷酸根，硫酸B部分：溴酸根，亚氯酸根，氯酸根2．基体包括：饮用水，地表水，民用水和工业废水，地下水，试剂用水，固体浸出液方法要点1．小量样品，一般2-3mL注入离子色谱，阴离子采用一个系统含有保护柱，分离柱，抑制器和电导检测器进行分离和检测。

us epa 标准

us epa 标准美国环境保护局（United States Environmental Protection Agency，简称 EPA）制定了一系列环境保护标准，旨在保护和改善环境质量，确保公众的健康和福祉。

这些标准涵盖了空气质量、水质量、土壤污染、废物管理、化学品管理等多个领域。

以下是一些常见的美国 EPA 标准和规定：1. 空气质量标准：•国家空气质量标准（NAAQS）：EPA 制定了一系列空气质量标准，包括对臭氧、颗粒物、一氧化碳、二氧化硫、氮氧化物等的限值，以确保空气质量符合公共健康和环境要求。

2. 水质量标准：•国家排放标准（NPDES）：规定了工业和城市排水口的水质量标准，以控制水体的污染物排放。

•饮用水标准（Safe Drinking Water Act）：确保公共饮用水的安全性，包括对水中化学物质和微生物的限制。

3. 土壤和废物管理：•废物分类和管理规定：规定了危险废物的管理和处理要求，以及土壤污染的防控措施。

•资源保护与回收法（Resource Conservation and Recovery Act，RCRA）：对危险废物的处理、存储和运输进行规范。

4. 化学品管理：•毒性物质控制法案（Toxic Substances Control Act，TSCA）：监管化学品的生产、进口、使用和处理，以保护人类健康和环境。

5. 环境影响评价：•国家环境政策法（National Environmental Policy Act，NEPA）：规定了进行环境影响评价的程序，以确保政府决策考虑到环境因素。

这些标准和规定的实施通常涉及监测、报告、执法和合规等方面的活动。

EPA 还与各州政府合作，共同推动环境保护工作。

请注意，这里列举的只是一部分 EPA 的标准，详细内容和最新信息可以直接访问美国 EPA 官方网站或相关法规文件。

国外农药残留检测技术一瞥

国外农药残留检测技术一瞥作者：佚名来源：转载发布时间：2008-7-26 16:08:57减小字体增大字体轻轻一点，立刻拥有一本安全工具书！收藏本篇文章，方便以后查看随着国外不断发布更加严格的农药残留最大允许限量，以及日本肯定列表制度的出台，我国农产品、食品进出口贸易正面临严重的农残困扰。

欧盟、美国、日本、加拿大等发达国家非常重视构建食品安全保障体系，健全相关的法规和标准，完善人员、装备力量，并形成了一套科学有效的模式。

本文对国外先进的农药残留管理体系和检测技术进展进行论述。

农药分类农药用于防止、破坏、引诱、排拒、控制昆虫和有毒有害病菌，或控制动物的外寄生虫，其种类繁多。

迄今为止，在世界各国注册的农药大约1500种，其中常用的就有300多种。

根据用途、来源、化学结构等不同有多种分类方式，常用的按用途不同可分为4种：（1）杀虫剂，主要有有机氯类、有机磷类、拟除虫菊酯类、氨基甲酸酯类、杀蚕毒素类等；（2）杀菌剂，主要有有机汞类、苯并咪唑类、有机氯类等；（3）除草剂，主要有麦田除草剂、玉米除草剂、豆除草剂、棉田除草剂等；（4）熏蒸剂，主要有磷化氢、溴甲烷、二硫化碳等。

样品预处理技术农产品和食品样品组分比较复杂，农药残留含量极低，一般在PPm和PPb，而且还存在农药的同系物、异构体、降解产物、代谢产物和轭合物影响，要想除去与目标物同时存在的杂质，减少色谱干扰峰，避免检测器和色谱柱污染，样品预处理十分重要，大约占工作量的 70%左右。

国际上相继出现了一系列公认的标准分析方法，主要有美国分析化学协会（AOAC）方法；美国环保署（EPA）方法；美国食品和药品监督管理局（FDA）方法；美国加州食品与农业部分析化学中（CDFA）方法；食品法典委员会（CAC）方法；联合国农粮组织和世界卫生组织（FAOC/WHO）方法；欧盟委员会方法；加拿大和日本等国家注册和颁布的标准方法。

现在常用的食品中农残预处理方法有：（1）固相萃取法（SPE），主要通过吸附填料和吸脱液互相作用，实现组分分离净化，例如有机氯和有机磷农药预处理常用的Florisil柱。

美国环保局EPA试验方法美国环保局EPA试验方法9045dSoilandWastepH

美国环保局EPA试验方法美国环保局EPA试验方法9045dSoilandWastepHMETHOD 9045DSOIL AND WASTE pH1.0SCOPE AND APPLICATION1.1This method is an electrometric procedure for measuring pH in soils and waste samples. Wastes may be solids, sludges, or non-aqueous liquids. If water is present, it must constitute less than 20% of the total volume of the sample.2.0SUMMARY OF METHOD2.1The sample is mixed with reagent water, and the pH of the resulting aqueous solution is measured.3.0INTERFERENCES3.1Samples with very low or very high pH may give incorrect readings on the meter. For samples with a true pH of >10, the measured pH may be incorrectly low. This error can be minimized by using a low-sodium-error electrode. Strong acid solutions, with a true pH of <1, may give incorrectly high pH measurements.3.2Temperature fluctuations will cause measurement errors.3.3Errors will occur when the electrodes become coated. If an electrode becomes coated with an oily material that will not rinse free, the electrode can (1) be cleaned with an ultrasonic bath, or (2) be washed with detergent, rinsed several times with water, placed in 1:10 HCl so that the lower third of the electrode is submerged, and then thoroughly rinsed with water, or (3) be cleaned per the manufacturer's instructions.4.0APPARATUS AND MATERIALS4.1pH meter with means for temperature compensation.4.2Glass electrode.4.3Reference electrode -- A silver-silver chloride or other reference electrode of constant potential may be used.NOTE:Combination electrodes incorporating both measuring and referenced functions are convenient to use and are available with solid, gel-type filling materials that require minimal maintenance.4.4Beaker -- 50-mL.4.5Thermometer and/or temperature sensor for automatic compensation.4.6Analytical balance -- capable of weighing 0.1 g.5.0REAGENTS5.1Reagent grade chemicals shall be used in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that all reagents shall conform to the specifications of the Committee on Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society, where such specifications are available. Other grades may be used, provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of sufficiently high purity to permit its use without lessening the accuracy of the determination.5.2Reagent water. All references to water in this method refer to reagent water, as defined in Chapter One.5.3Primary standard buffer salts are available from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and should be used in situations where extreme accuracy is necessary. Preparation of reference solutions from these salts requires some special precautions and handling, such as low-conductivity dilution water, drying ovens, and carbon-dioxide-free purge gas. These solutions should be replaced at least once each month.5.4Secondary standard buffers may be prepared from NIST salts or purchased as solutions from commercial vendors. Thesecommercially available solutions, which have been validated by comparison with NIST standards, are recommended for routine use.6.0SAMPLE PRESERVATION AND HANDLINGSamples should be analyzed as soon as possible.7.0PROCEDURE7.1Calibration7.1.1Because of the wide variety of pH meters and accessories, detailedoperating procedures cannot be incorporated into this method. Each analyst must beacquainted with the operation of each system and familiar with all instrument functions.Special attention to care of the electrodes is recommended.7.1.2Each instrument/electrode system must be calibrated ata minimum oftwo points that bracket the expected pH of the samples and are approximately three pH units or more apart. Repeat adjustments on successive portions of the two buffer solutions until readings are within 0.05 pH units of the buffer solution value. If anaccurate pH reading based on the conventional pH scale [0 to 14 at 25 E C] is required, the analyst should control sample temperature at 25 ± 1 E C when sample pH approaches the alkaline end of the scale (e.g., a pH of 11 or above).7.2Sample preparation and pH measurement of soils:7.2.1To 20 g of soil in a 50-mL beaker, add 20 mL of reagent water, cover, andcontinuously stir the suspension for 5 min. Additional dilutions are allowed if working with hygroscopic soils and saltsor other problematic matrices.7.2.2Let the soil suspension stand for about 1 hr to allow most of thesuspended clay to settle out from the suspension or filter or centrifuge off the aqueousphase for pH measurement.7.2.3Adjust the electrodes in the clamps of the electrode holder so that, uponlowering the electrodes into the beaker, the glass electrode will be immersed just deep enough into the clear supernatant solution to establish a good electrical contact through the ground-glass joint or the fiber-capillary hole. Insert the electrodes into the samplesolution in this manner. For combination electrodes, immerse just below the suspension.7.2.4If the sample temperature differs by more than 2 E C from the buffersolution, the measured pH values must be corrected.7.2.5Report the results as "soil pH measured in water at E C" where " E C" isthe temperature at which the test was conducted.7.3Sample preparation and pH measurement of waste materials7.3.1To 20 g of waste sample in a 50-mL beaker, add 20 mL of reagent water,cover, and continuously stir the suspension for 5 min. Additional dilutions are allowed if working with hygroscopic wastes and salts or other problematic matrices.7.3.2Let the waste suspension stand for about 15 min to allow most of thesuspended waste to settle out from the suspension or filter or centrifuge off aqueousphase for pH measurement.NOTE:If the waste is hygroscopic and absorbs all the reagent water, begin theexperiment again using 20 g of waste and 40 mL of reagent water.NOTE:If the supernatant is multiphasic, decant the oily phase and measure the pH of the aqueous phase. The electrode may need to be cleaned (Step 3.3) if itbecomes coated with an oily material.7.3.3Adjust the electrodes in the clamps of the electrode holder so that, uponlowering the electrodes into the beaker, the glass electrode will be immersed just deep enough into the clear supernatant to establish good electrical contact through the ground-glass joint or the fiber-capillary hole. Insert the electrode into the sample solution in this manner. For combination electrodes, immerse just below the suspension.7.3.4If the sample temperature differs by more than 2 E C from the buffersolution, the measured pH values must be corrected.7.3.5Report the results as "waste pH measured in water at E C" where " E C"is the temperature at which the test was conducted.8.0QUALITY CONTROL8.1Refer to Chapter One for the appropriate QC protocols.8.2Electrodes must be thoroughly rinsed between samples.9.0METHOD PERFORMANCE9.1No data provided.10.0REFERENCES1.Black, Charles Allen; Methods of Soil Analysis; American Society of Agronomy:Madison, WI, 1973.2.National Bureau of Standards, Standard Reference Material Catalog, 1986-87, SpecialPublication 260.METHOD 9045D SOIL AND WASTE pH。

EPA仍然要求有毒物质排放每年报告一次

EPA仍然要求有毒物质排放每年报告一次
江英
【期刊名称】《中国环境科学》
【年(卷),期】2007(27)2
【摘要】在2005年9月,美国环境保护局（EPA）致信美国国会,说准备将毒物排放清单（TRI）排放数据从每年申报一次改为隔年申报一次并提高申报最低数量门槛,旨在减轻公司申报负担,特别是一些较小的公司,此举其实是反映了共和党政府一贯支持企业的政治立场.
【总页数】1页(P225-225)
【关键词】排放清单;有毒物质;EPA;美国环境保护局;年报;美国国会;申报
【作者】江英
【作者单位】
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】X51
【相关文献】
1.EPA批准EGBE为非“有毒气体物质” [J],
2.《电子信息产品中有毒有害物质的限量要求》和《电子信息产品中有毒有害物质的检测方法》标准制定情况 [J], 罗道军;卞征云;郭平叶
3.美拟立新法规防止有毒物质“潜伏” EPA欲揭开农药惰性组分面纱 [J], 唐茵;
4.EPA公布2003年美国有毒物质排放黑名单：美国化工业仍位列三甲 [J], 庞晓
华
5.EPA要求削减电厂排放至水域的有毒污染物 [J], 张弛
因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。

臭氧国：EPA的标准受到抨击

臭氧国：EPA的标准受到抨击
无
【期刊名称】《国外医学：卫生学分册》
【年(卷),期】2009(000)002
【摘要】依据《清洁空气法》（Clean Air Act），美国环保局（EPA）负责考察科学证据，支持《国家环境空气质量标准》（National Ambient Air Quality Standards），以确保这些标准能够充分保护公共卫生和环境卫生。

但是在长达10年的EPA修订臭氧地面标准的审议过程中，科学家和管理者遭到迎头痛击。

【总页数】0页(P126-128)
【作者】无
【作者单位】无
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】R286.0
【相关文献】
1.德国DKE批准我国自主技术EPA配置设计标准以德语版德国国家标准出版 [J],
2.国家排放标准与美国EPA排放标准对于非手持式小型通用汽油机排放测试程序的差异 [J], 刘旭
3.国家排放标准与美国EPA排放标准对于非手持式小型通用汽油机排放测试程序的差异 [J], 刘旭;
4.德国DKE批准我国自主技术EPA配置设计标准以德语版德国国家标准出版 [J],
5.AkzoNobel公司推出符合美国EPA标准的新型表面活性剂 [J],
因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。

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METHOD 9012BTOTAL AND AMENABLE CYANIDE (AUTOMATED COLORIMETRIC,WITH OFF-LINE DISTILLATION)1.0 SCOPE AND APPLICATION1.1 This method is used to determine the concentration of inorganic cyanide (CAS Registry Number 57-12-5) in wastes or leachate. This method detects inorganic cyanides that are present as either soluble salts or complexes. It is used to determine values for both total cyanide and cyanide amenable to chlorination. The "reactive" cyanide content of a waste is not determined by this method. Refer to 40 CFR 261.23 for information on the characteristic of reactivity.2.0 SUMMARY OF METHOD2.1 The cyanide, as hydrocyanic acid (HCN), is released from samples containing cyanide by means of a reflux-distillation operation under acidic conditions and absorbed in a scrubber containing sodium hydroxide solution. The cyanide ion in the absorbing solution is then determined by automated UV colorimetry.2.2 In the automated colorimetric measurement, the cyanide is converted to cyanogen chloride (CNCl) by reaction with Chloramine-T at a pH less than 8 without hydrolyzing to the cyanate. After the reaction is complete, color is formed on the addition of pyridine-barbituric acid reagent. The concentration of NaOH must be the same in the standards, the scrubber solutions, and any dilution of the original scrubber solution to obtain colors of comparable intensity.3.0 INTERFERENCES3.1Interferences are eliminated or reduced by using the distillation procedure. Chlorine and sulfide are interferences in this method.3.2Oxidizing agents such as chlorine decompose most cyanides. Chlorine interferences can be removed by adding an excess of sodium arsenite to the waste prior to preservation and storage of the sample to reduce the chlorine to chloride which does not interfere.3.3Sulfide interference can be removed by adding an excess of bismuth nitrate to the waste (to precipitate the sulfide) before distillation. Samples that contain hydrogen sulfide, metal sulfides, or other compounds that may produce hydrogen sulfide during the distillation should be treated by the addition of bismuth nitrate.3.4High results may be obtained for samples that contain nitrate and/or nitrite. During the distillation, nitrate and nitrite will form nitrous acid, which will react with some organic compounds to form oximes. These compounds once formed will decompose under test conditions to generate HCN. The possibility of interference of nitrate and nitrite is eliminated by pretreatment with sulfamic acid just before distillation. Nitrate and nitrite are interferences when present at levels higher than 10 mg/L and in conjunction with certain organic compounds.3.5Thiocyanate is reported to be an interference when present at very high levels. Levels of 10 mg/L were not found to interfere in Method 9010.3.6Fatty acids, detergents, surfactants, and other compounds may cause foaming during the distillation when they are present in large concentrations and will make the endpoint of the titration difficult to detect. They may be extracted at pH 6-7.4.0 APPARATUS AND MATERIALS4.1Reflux distillation apparatus such as shown in Figure 1 or Figure 2. The boiling flask should be of one liter size with inlet tube and provision for condenser. The gas scrubber may be a 270-mL Fisher-Milligan scrubber (Fisher, Part No. 07-513 or equivalent). The reflux apparatus may be a Wheaton 377160 distillation unit or equivalent.4.2 Automated continuous-flow analytical instrument with:4.2.1 Sampler.4.2.2 Manifold.pump.4.2.3 Proportioning4.2.4 Heating bath with distillation coil.4.2.5 Distillationhead.4.2.6 Colorimeter equipped with a 15-mm flowcell and 570 nm filter.4.2.7 Recorder.4.3Hot plate stirrer/heating mantle.4.4pH meter.4.5Amber light.4.6Vacuum source.4.7Refrigerator.4.8 5 mL microburette.4.97 Class A volumetric flasks -- 100 and 250 mL.4.10Erlenmeyer flask -- 500 mL.5.0 REAGENTS5.1Reagent grade chemicals shall be used in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that all reagents shall conform to the specifications of the Committee on Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society, where such specifications are available. Othergrades may be used, provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of sufficiently high purity to permit its use without lessening the accuracy of the determination.5.2Reagent water. All references to water in this method refer to reagent water, as defined in Chapter One.5.3Reagents for sample collection, preservation, and handling 5.3.1Sodium arsenite (0.1N), NaAsO 2. Dissolve 3.2 g of NaAsO 2 in 250 mL water.5.3.2Ascorbic acid, C 6H 8O 6.5.3.3Sodium hydroxide solution (50%), NaOH. Commercially available.5.3.4Acetic acid (1.6M) CH 3COOH. Dilute one part of concentrated acetic acidwith 9 parts of water.5.3.52,2,4-Trimethylpentane, C 8H 18.5.3.6Hexane, C 6H 14.5.3.7Chloroform, CHCl 3.5.4Reagents for cyanides amenable to chlorination5.4.1Calcium hypochlorite solution (0.35M), Ca(OCl)2. Combine 5 g of calciumhypochlorite and 100 mL of water. Shake before using.5.4.2Sodium hydroxide solution (1.25N), NaOH. Dissolve 50 g of NaOH in 1liter of water.5.4.3Sodium arsenite (O.1N). See Sec. 5.3.1.5.4.4Potassium iodide starch paper.5.5Reagents for distillation5.5.1Sodium hydroxide (1.25N). See Sec. 5.4.2.5.5.2Bismuth nitrate (0.062M), Bi(NO)3 C 5H 2O. Dissolve 30 g of Bi(NO)3 C5H 2O in 100 mL of water. While stirring, add 250 mL of glacial acetic acid, CH 3COOH. Stir until dissolved and dilute to 1 liter with water.5.5.3Sulfamic acid (0.4N), H 2NSO 3H. Dissolve 40 g H 2NSO 3H in 1 liter ofwater. 5.5.4Sulfuric acid (18N), H 2SO 4. Slowly and carefully add 500 mL ofconcentrated H 2SO 4 to 500 mL of water.5.5.5Magnesium chloride solution (2.5M), MgCl 2 C 6H 2O. Dissolve 510 g ofMgCl 2 C 6H 2O in 1 liter of water.5.5.6Lead acetate paper.5.6Reagents for automated colorimetric determination5.6.1Pyridine-barbituric acid reagent -- Place 15 g of barbituric acid in a 250-mL volumetric flask, add just enough reagent water to wash the sides of the flask, and wet the barbituric acid. Add 75 mL of pyridine and mix. Add 15 mL of concentrated HCl, mix, and cool to room temperature. Dilute to 250 mL with reagent water and mix. This reagent is stable for approximately six months if stored in a cool, dark place.5.6.2Chloramine-T solution -- Dissolve 2.0 g of white, water solublechloramine-T in 500 mL of reagent water and refrigerate until ready to use.5.6.3Sodium hydroxide, 1 N -- Dissolve 40 g of NaOH in reagent water, anddilute to 1 liter.5.6.4All working standards should contain 2 mL of 1 N NaOH (Sec. 5.6.3) per100 mL.5.6.5Dilution water and receptacle wash water (NaOH, 0.25 N) -- Dissolve 10.0g of NaOH in 500 mL of reagent water. Dilute to 1 liter.6.0 SAMPLE COLLECTION, PRESERVATION, AND HANDLING6.1Samples should be collected in plastic or glass containers. All containers must be thoroughly cleaned and rinsed.6.2Oxidizing agents such as chlorine decompose most cyanides. To determine whether oxidizing agents are present, test a drop of the sample with potassium iodide-starch test paper. A blue color indicates the need for treatment. Add 0.1N sodium arsenite solution a few mL at a time until a drop of sample produces no color on the indicator paper. Add an additional 5 mL of sodium arsenite solution for each liter of sample. Ascorbic acid can be used as an alternative although it is not as effective as arsenite. Add a few crystals of ascorbic acid at a time until a drop of sample produces no color on the indicator paper. Then add an additional 0.6 g of ascorbic acid for each liter of sample volume.6.3Aqueous samples must be preserved by adding 50% sodium hydroxide until the pH is greater than or equal to 12 at the time of collection.6.4Samples should be chilled to 4 E C.6.5When properly preserved, cyanide samples can be stored for up to 14 days prior to sample preparation steps.6.6Solid and oily wastes may be extracted prior to analysis by Method 9013 (Cyanide Extraction Procedure for Solids and Oils). It uses a dilute NaOH solution (pH = 12) as the extractant. This yields extractable cyanide.6.7If fatty acids, detergents, and surfactants are a problem, they may be extracted using the following procedure. Acidify the sample with acetic acid (1.6M) to pH 6.0 to7.0. CAUTION:This procedure can produce lethal HCN gas.Extract with isooctane, hexane, or chloroform (preference in order named) with solvent volume equal to 20% of the sample volume. One extraction is usually adequate to reduce thecompounds below the interference level. Avoid multiple extractions or a long contact time at low pH in order to keep the loss of HCN at a minimum. When the extraction is completed,immediately raise the pH of the sample to above 12 with 50% NaOH solution.7.0 PROCEDURE7.1Pretreatment for cyanides amenable to chlorination7.1.1This test must be performed under amber light. K 3[Fe-(CN)6] maydecompose under UV light and hence will test positive for cyanide amenable tochlorination if exposed to fluorescent lighting or sunlight. Two identical sample aliquots are required to determine cyanides amenable to chlorination.7.1.2To one 500 mL sample or to a sample diluted to 500 mL, add calciumhypochlorite solution dropwise while agitating and maintaining the pH between 11 and 12with 1.25N sodium hydroxide until an excess of chlorine is present as indicated by KI-starch paper turning blue. The sample will be subjected to alkaline chlorination by this step. CAUTION: The initial reaction product of alkaline chlorination is the very toxic gascyanogen chloride; therefore, it is necessary that this reaction beperformed in a hood.7.1.3Test for excess chlorine with KI-starch paper and maintain this excess forone hour with continuous agitation. A distinct blue color on the test paper indicates a sufficient chlorine level. If necessary, add additional calcium hypochlorite solution.7.1.4After one hour, add 1 mL portions of 0.1N sodium arsenite until KI-starchpaper shows no residual chlorine. Add 5 mL of excess sodium arsenite to ensure the presence of excess reducing agent.7.1.5Test for total cyanide as described below in both the chlorinated and theunchlorinated samples. The difference of total cyanide in the chlorinated andunchlorinated samples is the cyanide amenable to chlorination.7.1.6If samples are known or suspected to contain sulfide, add 50 mL of0.062M bismuth nitrate solution through the air inlet tube. Mix for three minutes. Use lead acetate paper to check the sample for the presence of sulfide. A positive test is indicated by a black color on the paper.7.2Distillation procedure7.2.1Place 500 mL of sample, or sample diluted to 500 mL in the one literboiling flask. Pipet 50 mL of 1.25N sodium hydroxide into the gas scrubber. If theapparatus in Figure 1 is used, add water until the spiral is covered. Connect the boiling flask, condenser, gas scrubber and vacuum trap.7.2.2Start a slow stream of air entering the boiling flask by adjusting thevacuum source. Adjust the vacuum so that approximately two bubbles of air per second enter the boiling flask through the air inlet tube.7.2.3If samples are known or suspected to contain nitrate or nitrite, or if bismuth nitrate was added to the sample, add 50 mL of 0.4N sulfamic acid solution through the air inlet tube. Mix for three minutes.NOTE: Excessive use of sulfamic acid could create method bias.7.2.4Slowly add 50 mL of 18N sulfuric acid through the air inlet tube. Rinse the tube with water and allow the airflow to mix the flask contents for three minutes. Add 20 mL of 2.5M magnesium chloride through the air inlet and wash the inlet tube with a stream of water.7.2.5Heat the solution to boiling. Reflux for one hour. Turn off heat and continue the airflow for at least 15 min. After cooling the boiling flask, and closing the vacuum source, disconnect the gas scrubber.7.2.6Transfer the solution from the scrubber into a 250-mL volumetric flask. Rinse the scrubber into the volumetric flask. Dilute to volume with water.7.3 Automated colorimetric determination7.3.1 Set up the manifold in a hood or a well-ventilated area as shown in Figure 3.7.3.2 Allow colorimeter and recorder to warm up for 30 min. Run a baseline with all reagents, feeding reagent water through the sample line.7.3.3 Place appropriate standards in the sampler in order of increasing concentration. Complete loading of the sampler tray with unknown samples.7.3.4 When the baseline becomes steady, begin the analysis.7.4Standard curve for samples without sulfide7.4.1Prepare a series of standards by pipetting suitable volumes of working standard potassium cyanide solution into 250-mL volumetric flasks. To each flask, add 50 mL of 1.25N sodium hydroxide and dilute to 250 mL with water. Prepare using the following table. The sodium hydroxide concentration will be 0.25N.mL of Working Standard Solution(1 mL = 10 µg CN-)Concentration (µg CN-/L)0.01.02.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0Blank 40 80 200 400 600 8007.4.2After the standard solutions have been prepared according to the table above, pipet 50 mL of each standard solution into a 100-mL volumetric flask and proceedto Secs. 7.3.2 and 7.3.3 to obtain absorbance values for the standard curve. The finalconcentrations for the standard curve will be one half of the amounts in the above table (final concentrations ranging from 20 to 400 µg/L).7.4.3It is recommended that at least two standards (a high and a low) bedistilled and compared to similar values on the curve to ensure that the distillationtechnique is reliable. If distilled standards do not agree within ± 10% of the undistilledstandards, the analyst should find the cause of the apparent error before proceeding.7.4.4Prepare a standard curve ranging from 20 to 400 µg/L by plottingabsorbance of standard versus the cyanide concentration7.5Standard curve for samples with sulfide7.5.1It is imperative that all standards be distilled in the same manner as thesamples using the method of standard additions (for example, bismuth nitrate must also be added to the standards). Standards distilled by this method will give a linear curve, at low concentrations, but as the concentration increases, the recovery decreases. It isrecommended that at least five standards be distilled.7.5.2Prepare a series of standards similar in concentration to those mentionedin Sec. 7.4.1 and analyze as in Sec. 7.3. Prepare a standard curve by plotting absorbance of standard versus the cyanide concentration.7.6 Calculation -- Prepare a standard curve by plotting peak heights of standards against their concentration values. Compute concentrations of samples by comparing sample peak heights with the standard curve.8.0 QUALITY CONTROL8.1Refer to Chapter One for specific quality control procedures.8.2Verify the calibration curve with an independent calibration check standard. If the standards are not within 15% of the expected value, a new recalibration curve is required. Verify the calibration curve with every sample batch by analyzing a mid-range standard.8.3Run one matrix spike sample for every 10 samples to check the efficiency of sample distillation. A matrix spike should be prepared by adding cyanide from the working standard or intermediate standard to 500 mL of sample to ensure a concentration of approximately 40 µg/L. Both the matrix duplicate and matrix spike duplicate are brought through the entire sample preparation and analytical process.8.4 The method of standard additions shall be used for the analysis of all samples that suffer from matrix interferences such as samples which contain sulfides.9.0 METHOD PERFORMANCE9.1 Precision and accuracy data are not available at this time.10.0REFERENCES1. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Part 31, "Water," Standard D2036-75, Method B, p. 505 (1976).2. Goulden, P.D., B.K. Afghan, and P. Brooksbank, Determination of Nanogram Quantities of Simple and Complex Cyanides in Water, Anal. Chem., 44(11), pp. 1845-49 (1972).3. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 14th ed., pp. 376 and 370, Method 413F and D (1975).4. Technicon AutoAnalyzer II Methodology, Industrial Method No. 315-74 WCUV Digestion and Distillation, Technicon Industrial Systems, Tarrytown, New York, 10591 (1974).FIGURE 1APPARATUS FOR CYANIDE DISTILLATIONFIGURE 2CYANIDE DISTILLATION APPARATUSFIGURE 3 CYANIDE MANIFOLD AA11METHOD 9012BTOTAL AND AMENABLE CYANIDE (AUTOMATED COLORIMETRICWITH OFF-LINE DISTILLATION )METHOD 9012B (continued)。

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