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经济学常用词汇中英对照(经济词典)

经济学常用词汇中英对照(经济词典)

经济学常用词汇中英对照Aaccounting cost 会计成本accounting profit 会计利润adverse selection 逆向选择allocation of resources 资源配置allocative efficiency 配置效率antitrust legislation 反托拉斯法Elasticity 弹性Arrow's impossibility theorem 阿罗不可能定理asymetric information 非对称性信息average product of capital 资本平均产量average product of labour 劳动平均产量variable cost 平均可变成本Bbarriers to entry 进入壁垒bilateral monopoly 双边垄断bliss point 极乐点boundary point 边界点break even point 收支相抵点budget constraint 预算约束budget set 预算集Ccapital stock 资本存量capital output ratio 资本产出比率Chamberlin model 张伯伦模型choice 选择Coase theorem 科斯定理Cobb-Douglas production function 柯布--道格拉斯生产函数cobweb model 蛛网模型collective bargaining 集体协议工资collusion 合谋command economy 指令经济commodity combination 商品组合commodity space 商品空间common property 公用财产compensation principles 补偿原则competitive market 竞争性市场complement goods 互补品complete information 完全信息completeness 完备性condition for efficiency in exchange 交换的最优条件condition for efficiency in production 生产的最优条件constant returns to scale 规模报酬不变constraints 约束consumer preference 消费者偏好consumer surplus 消费者剩余consumption bundle 消费束consumption combination 消费组合consumption possibility curve 消费可能曲线consumption set 消费集consumption space 消费空间continuity 连续性contract curve 契约曲线cost minimization 成本极小化Cournot equilihrium 古诺均衡Cournot model 古诺模型Cross-price elasticity 交叉价格弹性Ddead-weights loss 重负损失decreasing cost industry 成本递减产业decreasing returns to scale 规模报酬递减deduction 演绎法demand elasticity 需求弹性derive demand 派生需求differentiated good 差异商品differentiated oligoply 差异寡头diminishing marginal substitution 边际替代率递减diminishing marginal return 收益递减diminishing marginal utility 边际效用递减direct taxes 直接税discounting 贴税、折扣diseconomies of scale 规模不经济vision of labour 劳动分工duoupoly 双头垄断、双寡duality 对偶durable goods 耐用品dynamic analysis 动态分析dynamic models 动态模型EEconomic agents 经济行为者economic cost 经济成本economic efficiency 经济效率economic goods 经济物品economic man 经济人economic mode 经济模型economic profit 经济利润economic region of production 生产的经济区域economic regulation 经济调节economic rent 经济租金exchange 交换exchange efficiency 交换效率exchange contract curve 交换契约曲线economy of scale 规模经济Edgeworth box diagram 埃奇沃思图exclusion 排斥性、排他性Edgeworth contract curve 埃奇沃思契约线Edgeworth model 埃奇沃思模型efficiency 效率,效益efficiency parameter 效率参数elasticity 弹性elasticity of substitution 替代弹性endogenous variable 内生变量endowment 禀赋endowment of resources 资源禀赋Engel curve 恩格尔曲线entrepreneurship 企业家才能entry barriers 进入壁垒entry/exit decision 进出决策envolope curve 包络线equilibrium 均衡equilibrium condition 均衡条件equilibrium price 均衡价格equilibrium quantity 均衡产量eqity 公平equivalent variation in income 收入等价变量excess-capacity theorem 过度生产能力定理excess supply 过度供给exchange 交换exclusion 排斥性、排他性exclusion principle 排他性原则existence 存在性existence of general equilibrium 总体均衡的存在性exogenous variables 外生变量expansion paths 扩展径expectation 期望expected utility 期望效用expected value 期望值explicit cost 显性成本external benefit 外部收益external cost 外部成本external economy 外部经济external diseconomy 外部不经济externalities 外部性Ffactor demand 要素需求factor market 要素市场factors of production 生产要素factor substitution 要素替代fallacy of composition 合成谬误final goods 最终产品first-degree price discrimination 第一级价格歧视first-order condition 一阶条件fixed costs 固定成本fixed input 固定投入fixed proportions production function 固定比例的生产函数flow 流量fluctuation 波动for whom to produce 为谁生产free entry 自由进入free goods 自由品,免费品free mobility of resources 资源自由流动free rider 搭便车function 函数future value 未来值Ggame theory 博弈论general equilibrium 总体均衡general goods 一般商品Giffen goods 吉芬商品Giffen's Paradox 吉芬之谜Gini coefficient 吉尼系数goldenrule 黄金规则government failure 政府失败government regulation 政府调控Hheterogeneous product 异质产品Hicks-kaldor welfare criterion 希克斯一卡尔多福利标准homogeneity 齐次性homogeneous demand function 齐次需求函数homogeneous product 同质产品homogeneous production function 齐次生产函数how to produce 如何生产human capital 人力资本hypothesis 假说Iimperfect competion 不完全竞争implicitcost 隐性成本income constraint 收入约束income consumption curve 收入消费曲线income distribution 收入分配income effect 收入效应income elasticity of demand 需求收入弹性increasing cost industry 成本递增产业increasing returns to scale 规模报酬递增inefficiency 缺乏效率index number 指数indifference 无差异indifference curve 无差异曲线indifference map 无差异族indifference relation 无差异关系indifference set 无差异集indirect approach 间接法individual analysis 个量分析induced variable 引致变量inelastic 缺乏弹性的inferior goods 劣品inflection point 拐点information cost 信息成本initial condition 初始条件initial endowment 初始禀赋innovation 创新input-output 投入-产出institution 制度institutional economics 制度经济学intermediate goods 中间产品internatization of externalities 外部性内部化inverse demand function 逆需求函数invisible hand 看不见的手isocost line 等成本线,isoquant curve 等产量曲线Lleader-follower model 领导者--跟随者模型least-cost combination of inputs 最低成本的投入组合leisure 闲暇Leontief production function 列昂节夫生产函数licenses 许可证linear demand function 线性需求函数long run长期long run equilibrium 长期均衡Lorenz curve 洛伦兹曲线loss minimization 损失极小化1ump sum tax 一次性征税Mmarginal 边际的marginal benefit 边际收益marginal cost 边际成本marginal cost pricing 边际成本定价marginal cost of factor 边际要素成本marginal period 市场期marginal physical productivity 实际实物生产率marginal product 边际产量marginal product of capital 资本的边际产量marginal product of 1abour 劳动的边际产量marginal productivity 边际生产率marginal rate of substitution 边替代率marginal rate of transformation 边际转换率marginal returns 边际回报marginal revenue 边际收益marginal revenue product 边际收益产品marginal revolution 边际革命marginal social benefit 社会边际收益marginal social cost 社会边际成本marginal utility 边际效用marginal value products 边际价值产品market clearance 市场出清market failure 市场失败market mechanism 市场机制market structure 市场结构market separation 市场分割market regulation 市场调节market share 市场份额Marshallian demand function 马歇尔需求函数maximization 极大化minimum wage 最低工资misallocation of resources 资源误置mixed economy 混合经济model 模型monopolistic competition 垄断竞争monopolistic exploitation 垄断剥削monopoly 垄断,卖方垄断monopoly equilibrium 垄断均衡monopoly pricing 垄断定价monopoly regulation 垄断调控monopoly rents 垄断租金monopsony 买方垄断NNash equilibrium 纳什均衡Natural monopoly 自然垄断Natural resources 自然资源net demand 净需求nonexclusion 非排斥性nonlinear pricing 非线性定价nonrivalry 非对抗性nonprice competition 非价格竞争nonsatiation 非饱和性non--zero-sum game 非零和对策normal goods 正常品normal profit 正常利润normative economics 规范经济学Oobjective function 目标函数oligopoly 寡头垄断oligopoly market 寡头市场oligopoly model 寡头模型opportunity cost 机会成本optimal choice 最佳选择optimal consumption bundle 消费束perfect elasticity 完全有弹性optimal resource allocation 最佳资源配置optimal scale 最佳规模optimal solution 最优解optimization 优化ordering of optimization(social) preference (社会)偏好排序output elasticity 产出弹性output maximization 产出极大化PPareto criterion 帕累托标准Pareto efficiency 帕累托效率Pareto improvement 帕累托改进Pareto optimality 帕累托优化Pareto set 帕累托集pay off matrix 收益矩阵、支付矩阵perfect competition 完全竞争perfect complement 完全互补品perfect monopoly 完全垄断perfect price discrimination 完全价格歧视perfect substitution 完全替代品perfect inelasticity 完全无弹性perfectly elastic 完全有弹性perfectly inelastic 完全无弹性plant size 工厂规模point elasticity 点弹性positive economics 实证经济学post Hoc Fallacy 后此谬误prediction 预测preference 偏好preference relation 偏好关系present value 现值price adjustment model 价格调整模型price ceiling 最高限价price consumption curve 价格费曲线price control 价格管制price difference 价格差别price discrimination 价格歧视price elasticity of demand 需求价格弹性price elasticity of supply 供给价格弹性price floor 最低限价price maker 价格制定者price rigidity 价格刚性price seeker 价格搜求者price taker 价格接受者price tax 从价税private benefit 私人收益principal-agent issues 委托--代理问题private cost 私人成本private goods 私人用品private property 私人财产producer equilibrium 生产者均衡producer theory 生产者理论product transformation curve 产品转换曲线product differentiation 产品差异product group 产品集团production contract curve 生产契约曲线production efficiency 生产效率production function 生产函数production possibility curve 生产可能性曲线productivity 生产率productivity of capital 资本生产率productivity of labor 劳动生产率profit function 利润函数profit maximization 利润极大化property rights 产权property rights economics 产权经济学public benefits 公共收益public choice 公共选择public goods 公共商品pure competition 纯粹竞争rivalry 对抗性、竞争pure exchange 纯交换pure monopoly 纯粹垄断Qquantity tax 从量税quasi-rent 准租金Rrate of product transformation 产品转换率rationality 理性reaction function 反应函数relative price 相对价格rent 租金rent control 规模报酬rent seeking 寻租rent seeking economics 寻租经济学resource allocation 资源配置returns to scale 规模报酬revealed preference 显示性偏好revenue 收益revenue curve 收益曲线revenue function 收益函数revenue maximization 收益极大化risk 风险Ssatiation 饱和,满足scarcity 稀缺性law of scarcity 稀缺法则second-degree price discrimination 二级价格歧视service 劳务shadow prices 影子价格short-run 短期short-run cost curve 短期成本曲线short-run equilibrium 短期均衡short-run supply curve 短期供给曲线shut down decision 关闭决策shortage 短缺shut down point 关闭点single price monopoly 单一定价垄断slope 斜率social benefit 社会收益social cost 社会成本social indifference curve 社会无差异曲线social preference 社会偏好social security 社会保障social welfare function 社会福利函数static analysis 静态分析stock 存量strategy 策略subsidy 津贴substitutes 替代品substitution effect 替代效应Sweezy model 斯威齐模型symmetry 对称性symmetry of information 信息对称Ttechnical efficiency 技术效率technological constraints 技术约束technological progress 技术进步technology 技术third-degree price discrimination 第三级价格歧视total effect 总效应total expenditure 总支出traditional economy 传统经济transitivity 传递性transaction cost 交易费用Uuncertainty 不确定性uniqueness 唯一性unit elasticity 单位弹性unstable equilibrium 不稳定均衡utility function 效用函数utility index 效用指数utility maximization 效用极大化utility possibility curve 效用可能性曲线utility possibility frontier 效用可能性前沿Vvalue judge 价值判断value of marginal product 边际产量价值variable cost 可变成本variable input 可变投入variables 变量vector 向量visible hand 看得见的手vulgur economics 庸俗经济学Wwage rate 工资率Walras general equilibrium 瓦尔拉斯总体均衡Walras's law 瓦尔拉斯法则Wants 需要Welfare criterion 福利标准Welfare economics 福利经学Welfare loss triangle 福利损失三角形welfare maximization 福利极大化Zzero cost 零成本zero elasticity 零弹性zero homogeneity 零阶齐次性zero economic profit 零利润。

经济学英语词汇

经济学英语词汇

经济学英语词汇在研究和学习经济学的过程中,掌握相关的英语词汇是非常重要的。

以下是一些经济学中常用的英语词汇及其含义:1、Economic:经济的,与经济相关的。

2、Finance:金融,财政。

3、Accounting:会计,会计学。

4、Market:市场,市场营销。

5、Price:价格,价值。

6、Currency:货币,通货。

7、Interest Rate:利率。

8、Exchange Rate:汇率。

9、Stock:股票,股份。

10、Bond:债券。

11、Futures:期货。

12、Options:期权。

13、Commodity:商品,大宗商品。

14、Price Index:价格指数。

15、Economy Growth:经济增长。

16、Unemployment Rate:失业率。

17、Inflation:通货膨胀。

18、Interest Rate Policy:利率政策。

19、Monetary Policy:货币政策。

20、Fiscal Policy:财政政策。

21、Supply-Side Economics:供给侧经济学。

22、Demand-Side Economics:需求侧经济学。

23、Comparative Advantage:比较优势。

24、Gains from Trade:贸易收益。

25、Barriers to Trade:贸易壁垒。

26、Dumping:倾销。

27、DumpingMargin:倾销差价。

28、Economic Liberalization:经济自由化。

29、Privatization:私有化。

30、Liberalization:自由化。

31、Globalization:全球化。

32、Protectionism:保护主义。

33、Stagflation:滞胀,即经济停滞与高通货膨胀、失业以及不景气并存的经济现象。

34、Recession:经济衰退,经济连续两个季度出现负增长。

经济学常用英语词汇英汉对照

经济学常用英语词汇英汉对照

经济学常用英语词汇英汉对照1 Aaccounting 会计accounting cost 会计成本accounting profit 会计利润adverse selection 逆向选择allocation 配置allocation of resources 资源配置allocative efficiency 配置效率antitrust legislation 反托拉斯法arc elasticity 弧弹性Arrow’s impossibility theorem 阿罗不可能定理Assumption 假设asymetric information 非对称性信息average 平均average cost 平均成本average cost pricing 平均成本定价法average fixed cost 平均固定成本average product of capital 资本平均产量average product of labour 劳动平均产量average revenue 平均收益average total cost 平均总成本average variable cost 平均可变成本TopBbarriers to entry 进入壁垒base year 基年bilateral monopoly 双边垄断benefit 收益black market 黑市bliss point 极乐点boundary point 边界点break even point 收支相抵点budget 预算budget constraint 预算约束budget line 预算线budget set 预算集TopCcapital 资本capital stock 资本存量capital output ratio 资本产出比率capitalism 资本主义cardinal utility theory 基数效用论cartel 卡特尔ceteris puribus assumption “其他条件不变”的假设ceteris puribus demand curve 其他因素不变的需求曲线Chamberlin model 张伯伦模型change in demand 需求变化change in quantity demanded 需求量变化change in quantity supplied 供给量变化change in supply 供给变化choice 选择closed set 闭集Coase theorem 科斯定理Cobb—Douglas production function 柯布--道格拉斯生产函数cobweb model 蛛网模型collective bargaining 集体协议工资collusion 合谋command economy 指令经济commodity 商品commodity combination 商品组合commodity market 商品市场commodity space 商品空间common property 公用财产comparative static analysis 比较静态分析compensated budget line 补偿预算线compensated demand function 补偿需求函数compensation principles 补偿原则compensating variation in income 收入补偿变量competition 竞争competitive market 竞争性市场complement goods 互补品complete information 完全信息completeness 完备性condition for efficiency in exchange 交换的最优条件condition for efficiency in production 生产的最优条件concave 凹concave function 凹函数concave preference 凹偏好consistence 一致性constant cost industry 成本不变产业constant returns to scale 规模报酬不变constraints 约束consumer 消费者consumer behavior 消费者行为consumer choice 消费者选择consumer equilibrium 消费者均衡consumer optimization 消费者优化consumer preference 消费者偏好consumer surplus 消费者剩余consumer theory 消费者理论consumption 消费consumption bundle 消费束consumption combination 消费组合consumption possibility curve 消费可能曲线consumption possibility frontier 消费可能性前沿consumption set 消费集consumption space 消费空间continuity 连续性continuous function 连续函数contract curve 契约曲线convex 凸convex function 凸函数convex preference 凸偏好convex set 凸集corporatlon 公司cost 成本cost benefit analysis 成本收益分cost function 成本函数cost minimization 成本极小化Cournot equilihrium 古诺均衡Cournot model 古诺模型Cross—price elasticity 交叉价格弹性Ddead—weights loss 重负损失decreasing cost industry 成本递减产业decreasing returns to scale 规模报酬递减deduction 演绎法demand 需求demand curve 需求曲线demand elasticity 需求弹性demand function 需求函数demand price 需求价格demand schedule 需求表depreciation 折旧derivative 导数derive demand 派生需求difference equation 差分方程differential equation 微分方程differentiated good 差异商品differentiated oligoply 差异寡头diminishing marginal substitution 边际替代率递减diminishing marginal return 收益递减diminishing marginal utility 边际效用递减direct approach 直接法direct taxes 直接税discounting 贴税、折扣diseconomies of scale 规模不经济disequilibrium 非均衡distribution 分配division of labour 劳动分工distribution theory of marginal productivity 边际生产率分配论duoupoly 双头垄断、双寡duality 对偶durable goods 耐用品dynamic analysis 动态分析dynamic models 动态模型TopEEconomic agents 经济行为者economic cost 经济成本economic efficiency 经济效率economic goods 经济物品economic man 经济人economic mode 经济模型economic profit 经济利润economic region of production 生产的经济区域economic regulation 经济调节economic rent 经济租金exchange 交换economics 经济学exchange efficiency 交换效率economy 经济exchange contract curve 交换契约曲线economy of scale 规模经济Edgeworth box diagram 埃奇沃思图exclusion 排斥性、排他性Edgeworth contract curve 埃奇沃思契约线Edgeworth model 埃奇沃思模型efficiency 效率,效益efficiency parameter 效率参数elasticity 弹性elasticity of substitution 替代弹性endogenous variable 内生变量endowment 禀赋endowment of resources 资源禀赋Engel curve 恩格尔曲线entrepreneur 企业家entrepreneurship 企业家才能entry barriers 进入壁垒entry/exit decision 进出决策envolope curve 包络线equilibrium 均衡equilibrium condition 均衡条件equilibrium price 均衡价格equilibrium quantity 均衡产量eqity 公平equivalent variation in income 收入等价变量excess—capacity theorem 过度生产能力定理excess supply 过度供给exchange 交换exchange contract curve 交换契约曲线exclusion 排斥性、排他性exclusion principle 排他性原则existence 存在性existence of general equilibrium 总体均衡的存在性exogenous variables 外生变量expansion paths 扩展径expectation 期望expected utility 期望效用expected value 期望值expenditure 支出explicit cost 显性成本external benefit 外部收益external cost 外部成本external economy 外部经济external diseconomy 外部不经济externalities 外部性FFactor 要素factor demand 要素需求factor market 要素市场factors of production 生产要素factor substitution 要素替代factor supply 要素供给fallacy of composition 合成谬误final goods 最终产品firm 企业firms’demand curve for labor 企业劳动需求曲线firm supply curve 企业供给曲线first-degree price discrimination 第一级价格歧视first—order condition 一阶条件fixed costs 固定成本fixed input 固定投入fixed proportions production function 固定比例的生产函数flow 流量fluctuation 波动for whom to produce 为谁生产free entry 自由进入free goods 自由品,免费品free mobility of resources 资源自由流动free rider 搭便车,免费搭车function 函数future value 未来值TopGgame theory 对策论、博弈论general equilibrium 总体均衡general goods 一般商品Giffen goods 吉芬晶收入补偿需求曲线Giffen’s Paradox 吉芬之谜Gini coefficient 吉尼系数goldenrule 黄金规则goods 货物government failure 政府失败government regulation 政府调控grand utility possibility curve 总效用可能曲线grand utility possibility frontier 总效用可能前沿TopHheterogeneous product 异质产品Hicks—kaldor welfare criterion 希克斯一卡尔多福利标准homogeneity 齐次性homogeneous demand function 齐次需求函数homogeneous product 同质产品homogeneous production function 齐次生产函数horizontal summation 水平和household 家庭how to produce 如何生产human capital 人力资本hypothesis 假说TopIidentity 恒等式imperfect competion 不完全竞争implicitcost 隐性成本income 收入income compensated demand curve income constraint 收入约束income consumption curve 收入消费曲线income distribution 收入分配income effect 收入效应income elasticity of demand 需求收入弹性increasing cost industry 成本递增产业increasing returns to scale 规模报酬递增inefficiency 缺乏效率index number 指数indifference 无差异indifference curve 无差异曲线indifference map 无差异族indifference relation 无差异关系indifference set 无差异集indirect approach 间接法individual analysis 个量分析individual demand curve 个人需求曲线individual demand function 个人需求函数induced variable 引致变量induction 归纳法industry 产业industry equilibrium 产业均衡industry supply curve 产业供给曲线inelastic 缺乏弹性的inferior goods 劣品inflection point 拐点information 信息information cost 信息成本initial condition 初始条件initial endowment 初始禀赋innovation 创新input 投入input—output 投入—产出institution 制度institutional economics 制度经济学insurance 保险intercept 截距interest 利息interest rate 利息率intermediate goods 中间产品internatization of externalities 外部性内部化invention 发明inverse demand function 逆需求函数investment 投资invisible hand 看不见的手isocost line 等成本线,isoprofit curve 等利润曲线isoquant curve 等产量曲线isoquant map 等产量族K kinded—demand curve 弯折的需求曲线TopLlabour 劳动labour demand 劳动需求labour supply 劳动供给labour theory of value 劳动价值论labour unions 工会laissez faire 自由放任Lagrangian function 拉格朗日函数Lagrangian multiplier 拉格朗乘数,land 土地law 法则law of demand and supply 供需法law of diminishing marginal utility 边际效用递减法则law of diminishing marginal rate of substitution 边际替代率递减法则law of diminishing marginal rate of technical substitution 边际技术替代率law of increasing cost 成本递增法则law of one price 单一价格法则leader—follower model 领导者--跟随者模型least—cost combination of inputs 最低成本的投入组合leisure 闲暇Leontief production function 列昂节夫生产函数licenses 许可证linear demand function 线性需求函数linear homogeneity 线性齐次性linear homogeneous production function 线性齐次生产函数long run长期long run average cost 长期平均成本long run equilibrium 长期均衡long run industry supply curve 长期产业供给曲线long run marginal cost 长期边际成本long run total cost 长期总成本Lorenz curve 洛伦兹曲线loss minimization 损失极小化1ump sum tax 一次性征税luxury 奢侈品TopMmacroeconomics 宏观经济学marginal 边际的marginal benefit 边际收益marginal cost 边际成本marginal cost pricing 边际成本定价marginal cost of factor 边际要素成本marginal period 市场期marginal physical productivity 实际实物生产率marginal product 边际产量marginal product of capital 资本的边际产量marginal product of 1abour 劳动的边际产量marginal productivity 边际生产率marginal rate of substitution 边替代率marginal rate of transformation 边际转换率marginal returns 边际回报marginal revenue 边际收益marginal revenue product 边际收益产品marginal revolution 边际革命marginal social benefit 社会边际收益marginal social cost 社会边际成本marginal utility 边际效用marginal value products 边际价值产品market 市场market clearance 市场结清,市场洗清market demand 市场需求market economy 市场经济market equilibrium 市场均衡market failure 市场失败market mechanism 市场机制market structure 市场结构market separation 市场分割market regulation 市场调节market share 市场份额markup pricing 加减定价法Marshallian demand function 马歇尔需求函数maximization 极大化microeconomics 微观经济学minimum wage 最低工资misallocation of resources 资源误置mixed economy 混合经济model 模型money 货币monopolistic competition 垄断竞争monopolistic exploitation 垄断剥削monopoly 垄断,卖方垄断monopoly equilibrium 垄断均衡monopoly pricing 垄断定价monopoly regulation 垄断调控monopoly rents 垄断租金monopsony 买方垄断NNash equilibrium 纳什均衡Natural monopoly 自然垄断Natural resources 自然资源Necessary condition 必要条件necessities 必需品net demand 净需求nonconvex preference 非凸性偏好nonconvexity 非凸性nonexclusion 非排斥性nonlinear pricing 非线性定价nonrivalry 非对抗性nonprice competition 非价格竞争nonsatiation 非饱和性non--zero—sum game 非零和对策normal goods 正常品normal profit 正常利润normative economics 规范经济学TopOobjective function 目标函数oligopoly 寡头垄断oligopoly market 寡头市场oligopoly model 寡头模型opportunity cost 机会成本optimal choice 最佳选择optimal consumption bundle 消费束perfect elasticity 完全有弹性optimal resource allocation 最佳资源配置optimal scale 最佳规模optimal solution 最优解optimization 优化ordering of optimization(social) preference (社会)偏好排序ordinal utility 序数效用ordinary goods 一般品output 产量、产出output elasticity 产出弹性output maximization 产出极大化TopPparameter 参数Pareto criterion 帕累托标准Pareto efficiency 帕累托效率Pareto improvement 帕累托改进Pareto optimality 帕累托优化Pareto set 帕累托集partial derivative 偏导数partial equilibrium 局部均衡patent 专利pay off matrix 收益矩阵、支付矩阵perceived demand curve 感觉到的需求曲线perfect competition 完全竞争perfect complement 完全互补品perfect monopoly 完全垄断perfect price discrimination 完全价格歧视perfect substitution 完全替代品perfect inelasticity 完全无弹性perfectly elastic 完全有弹性perfectly inelastic 完全无弹性plant size 工厂规模point elasticity 点弹性positive economics 实证经济学post Hoc Fallacy 后此谬误prediction 预测preference 偏好preference relation 偏好关系present value 现值price 价格price adjustment model 价格调整模型price ceiling 最高限价price consumption curve 价格费曲线price control 价格管制price difference 价格差别price discrimination 价格歧视price elasticity of demand 需求价格弹性price elasticity of supply 供给价格弹性price floor 最低限价price maker 价格制定者price rigidity 价格刚性price seeker 价格搜求者price taker 价格接受者price tax 从价税private benefit 私人收益principal—agent issues 委托--代理问题private cost 私人成本private goods 私人用品private property 私人财产producer equilibrium 生产者均衡producer theory 生产者理论product 产品product transformation curve 产品转换曲线product differentiation 产品差异product group 产品集团production 生产production contract curve 生产契约曲线production efficiency 生产效率production function 生产函数production possibility curve 生产可能性曲线productivity 生产率productivity of capital 资本生产率productivity of labor 劳动生产率profit 利润profit function 利润函数profit maximization 利润极大化property rights 产权property rights economics 产权经济学proposition 定理proportional demand curve 成比例的需求曲线public benefits 公共收益public choice 公共选择public goods 公共商品pure competition 纯粹竞争rivalry 对抗性、竞争pure exchange 纯交换pure monopoly 纯粹垄断。

经济学基础术语中英对照.

经济学基础术语中英对照.

经济学基础术语中英对照经济学词汇Aaccounting:会计accounting cost :会计成本accounting profit :会计利润adverse selection :逆向选择allocation 配置allocation of resources :资源配置allocative efficiency :配置效率antitrust legislation :反托拉斯法arc elasticity :弧弹性Arrow's impossibility theorem :阿罗不可能定理Assumption :假设asymetric information :非对称性信息average :平均average cost :平均成本average cost pricing :平均成本定价法average fixed cost :平均固定成本average product of capital :资本平均产量average product of labour :劳动平均产量average revenue :平均收益average total cost :平均总成本average variable cost :平均可变成本Bbarriers to entry :进入壁垒base year :基年bilateral monopoly :双边垄断benefit :收益black market :黑市bliss point :极乐点boundary point :边界点break even point :收支相抵点budget :预算budget constraint :预算约束budget line :预算线budget set 预算集Ccapital :资本capital stock :资本存量capital output ratio :资本产出比率capitalism :资本主义cardinal utility theory :基数效用论cartel :卡特尔ceteris puribus assumption :“其他条件不变”的假设ceteris puribus demand curve :其他因素不变的需求曲线Chamberlin model :张伯伦模型change in demand :需求变化change in quantity demanded :需求量变化change in quantity supplied :供给量变化change in supply :供给变化choice :选择closed set :闭集Coase theorem :科斯定理Cobb—Douglas production function :柯布--道格拉斯生产函数cobweb model :蛛网模型collective bargaining :集体协议工资collusion :合谋command economy :指令经济commodity :商品commodity combination :商品组合commodity market :商品市场commodity space :商品空间common property :公用财产comparative static analysis :比较静态分析compensated budget line :补偿预算线compensated demand function :补偿需求函数compensation principles :补偿原则compensating variation in income :收入补偿变量competition :竞争competitive market :竞争性市场complement goods :互补品complete information :完全信息completeness :完备性condition for efficiency in exchange :交换的最优条件condition for efficiency in production :生产的最优条件concave :凹concave function :凹函数concave preference :凹偏好consistence :一致性constant cost industry :成本不变产业constant returns to scale :规模报酬不变constraints :约束consumer :消费者consumer behavior :消费者行为consumer choice :消费者选择consumer equilibrium :消费者均衡consumer optimization :消费者优化consumer preference :消费者偏好consumer surplus :消费者剩余consumer theory :消费者理论consumption :消费consumption bundle :消费束consumption combination :消费组合consumption possibility curve :消费可能曲线consumption possibility frontier :消费可能性前沿consumption set :消费集consumption space :消费空间continuity :连续性continuous function :连续函数contract curve :契约曲线convex :凸convex function :凸函数convex preference :凸偏好convex set :凸集corporatlon :公司cost :成本cost benefit analysis :成本收益分cost function :成本函数cost minimization :成本极小化Cournot equilihrium :古诺均衡Cournot model :古诺模型Cross—price elasticity :交叉价格弹性Ddead—weights loss :重负损失decreasing cost industry :成本递减产业decreasing returns to scale :规模报酬递减deduction :演绎法demand :需求demand curve :需求曲线demand elasticity :需求弹性demand function :需求函数demand price :需求价格demand schedule :需求表depreciation :折旧derivative :导数derive demand :派生需求difference equation :差分方程differential equation :微分方程differentiated good :差异商品differentiated oligoply :差异寡头diminishing marginal substitution :边际替代率递减diminishing marginal return :收益递减diminishing marginal utility :边际效用递减direct approach :直接法direct taxes :直接税discounting :贴税、折扣diseconomies of scale :规模不经济disequilibrium :非均衡distribution :分配division of labour :劳动分工distribution theory of marginal productivity :边际生产率分配论duoupoly :双头垄断、双寡duality :对偶durable goods :耐用品dynamic analysis :动态分析dynamic models :动态模型EEconomic agents :经济行为者economic cost :经济成本economic efficiency :经济效率economic goods :经济物品economic man :经济人economic mode :经济模型economic profit :经济利润economic region of production :生产的经济区域economic regulation :经济调节economic rent :经济租金exchange :交换economics :经济学exchange efficiency :交换效率economy :经济exchange contract curve :交换契约曲线economy of scale :规模经济Edgeworth box diagram :埃奇沃思图exclusion :排斥性、排他性Edgeworth contract curve :埃奇沃思契约线Edgeworth model :埃奇沃思模型efficiency :效率,效益efficiency parameter :效率参数elasticity :弹性elasticity of substitution :替代弹性endogenous variable :内生变量endowment :禀赋endowment of resources :资源禀赋Engel curve :恩格尔曲线entrepreneur :企业家entrepreneurship :企业家才能entry barriers :进入壁垒entry/exit decision :进出决策envolope curve :包络线equilibrium :均衡equilibrium condition :均衡条件equilibrium price :均衡价格equilibrium quantity :均衡产量eqity :公平equivalent variation in income :收入等价变量excess—capacity theorem :过度生产能力定理excess supply :过度供给exchange :交换exchange contract curve :交换契约曲线exclusion :排斥性、排他性exclusion principle :排他性原则existence :存在性existence of general equilibrium :总体均衡的存在性exogenous variables :外生变量expansion paths :扩展径expectation :期望expected utility :期望效用expected value :期望值expenditure :支出explicit cost :显性成本external benefit :外部收益external cost :外部成本external economy :外部经济external diseconomy :外部不经济externalities :外部性FFactor :要素factor demand :要素需求factor market :要素市场factors of production :生产要素factor substitution :要素替代factor supply :要素供给fallacy of composition :合成谬误final goods :最终产品firm :企业firms’demand curve for labor :企业劳动需求曲线firm supply curve :企业供给曲线first-degree price discrimination :第一级价格歧视first—order condition :一阶条件fixed costs :固定成本fixed input :固定投入fixed proportions production function :固定比例的生产函数flow :流量fluctuation :波动for whom to produce :为谁生产free entry :自由进入free goods :自由品,免费品free mobility of resources :资源自由流动free rider :搭便车,免费搭车function :函数future value :未来值Ggame theory :对策论、博弈论general equilibrium :总体均衡general goods :一般商品Giffen goods :吉芬晶收入补偿需求曲线Giffen's Paradox :吉芬之谜Gini coefficient :吉尼系数goldenrule :黄金规则goods :货物government failure :政府失败government regulation :政府调控grand utility possibility curve :总效用可能曲线grand utility possibility frontier :总效用可能前沿Hheterogeneous product :异质产品Hicks—kaldor welfare criterion :希克斯一卡尔多福利标准homogeneity :齐次性homogeneous demand function :齐次需求函数homogeneous product :同质产品homogeneous production function :齐次生产函数horizontal summation :水平和household :家庭how to produce :如何生产human capital :人力资本hypothesis :假说Iidentity :恒等式imperfect competion :不完全竞争implicitcost :隐性成本income :收入income compensated demand curve :收入补偿需求曲线income constraint :收入约束income consumption curve :收入消费曲线income distribution :收入分配income effect :收入效应income elasticity of demand :需求收入弹性increasing cost industry :成本递增产业increasing returns to scale :规模报酬递增inefficiency :缺乏效率index number :指数indifference :无差异indifference curve :无差异曲线indifference map :无差异族indifference relation :无差异关系indifference set :无差异集indirect approach :间接法individual analysis :个量分析individual demand curve :个人需求曲线individual demand function :个人需求函数induced variable :引致变量induction :归纳法industry :产业industry equilibrium :产业均衡industry supply curve :产业供给曲线inelastic :缺乏弹性的inferior goods :劣品inflection point :拐点information :信息information cost :信息成本initial condition :初始条件initial endowment :初始禀赋innovation :创新input :投入input—output :投入—产出institution :制度institutional economics :制度经济学insurance :保险intercept :截距interest :利息interest rate :利息率intermediate goods :中间产品internatization of externalities :外部性内部化invention :发明inverse demand function :逆需求函数investment :投资invisible hand :看不见的手isocost line :等成本线,isoprofit curve :等利润曲线isoquant curve :等产量曲线isoquant map :等产量族Kkinded—demand curve :弯折的需求曲线Llabour :劳动labour demand :劳动需求labour supply :劳动供给labour theory of value :劳动价值论labour unions :工会laissez faire :自由放任Lagrangian function :拉格朗日函数Lagrangian multiplier :拉格朗乘数,land :土地law :法则law of demand and supply :供需法law of diminishing marginal utility :边际效用递减法则law of diminishing marginal rate of substitution :边际替代率递减法则law of diminishing marginal rate of technical substitution :边际技术替代率law of increasing cost :成本递增法则law of one price :单一价格法则leader—follower model :领导者--跟随者模型least—cost combination of inputs :最低成本的投入组合leisure :闲暇Leontief production function :列昂节夫生产函数licenses :许可证linear demand function :线性需求函数linear homogeneity :线性齐次性linear homogeneous production function :线性齐次生产函数long run :长期long run average cost :长期平均成本long run equilibrium :长期均衡long run industry supply curve :长期产业供给曲线long run marginal cost :长期边际成本long run total cost :长期总成本Lorenz curve :洛伦兹曲线loss minimization :损失极小化1ump sum tax :一次性征税luxury :奢侈品Mmacroeconomics :宏观经济学marginal :边际的marginal benefit :边际收益marginal cost :边际成本marginal cost pricing :边际成本定价marginal cost of factor :边际要素成本marginal physical productivity :实际实物生产率marginal product :边际产量marginal product of capital :资本的边际产量marginal product of 1abour :劳动的边际产量marginal productivity :边际生产率marginal rate of substitution :边替代率marginal rate of transformation 边际转换率marginal returns :边际回报marginal revenue :边际收益marginal revenue product :边际收益产品marginal revolution :边际革命marginal social benefit :社会边际收益marginal social cost :社会边际成本marginal utility :边际效用marginal value products :边际价值产品market :市场market clearance :市场结清,市场洗清market demand :市场需求market economy :市场经济market equilibrium :市场均衡market failure :市场失败market mechanism :市场机制market structure :市场结构market separation :市场分割market regulation :市场调节market share :市场份额markup pricing :加减定价法Marshallian demand function :马歇尔需求函数maximization :极大化microeconomics :微观经济学minimum wage :最低工资misallocation of resources :资源误置mixed economy :混合经济model :模型money :货币monopolistic competition :垄断竞争monopolistic exploitation :垄断剥削monopoly :垄断,卖方垄断monopoly equilibrium :垄断均衡monopoly pricing :垄断定价monopoly regulation :垄断调控monopoly rents :垄断租金monopsony :买方垄断NNash equilibrium :纳什均衡Natural monopoly :自然垄断Natural resources :自然资源Necessary condition :必要条件necessities :必需品net demand :净需求nonconvex preference :非凸性偏好nonconvexity :非凸性nonexclusion :非排斥性nonlinear pricing :非线性定价nonrivalry :非对抗性nonprice competition :非价格竞争nonsatiation :非饱和性non--zero—sum game :非零和对策normal goods :正常品normal profit :正常利润normative economics :规范经济学Oobjective function :目标函数oligopoly :寡头垄断oligopoly market :寡头市场oligopoly model :寡头模型opportunity cost :机会成本optimal choice :最佳选择optimal consumption bundle :消费束perfect elasticity :完全有弹性optimal resource allocation :最佳资源配置optimal scale :最佳规模optimal solution :最优解optimization :优化ordering of optimization(social) preference :(社会)偏好排序ordinal utility :序数效用ordinary goods :一般品output :产量、产出output elasticity :产出弹性output maximization 产出极大化Pparameter :参数Pareto criterion :帕累托标准Pareto efficiency :帕累托效率Pareto improvement :帕累托改进Pareto optimality :帕累托优化Pareto set :帕累托集partial derivative :偏导数partial equilibrium :局部均衡patent :专利pay off matrix :收益矩阵、支付矩阵perceived demand curve :感觉到的需求曲线perfect competition :完全竞争perfect complement :完全互补品perfect monopoly :完全垄断perfect price discrimination :完全价格歧视perfect substitution :完全替代品perfect inelasticity :完全无弹性perfectly elastic :完全有弹性perfectly inelastic :完全无弹性plant size :工厂规模point elasticity :点弹性post Hoc Fallacy :后此谬误prediction :预测preference :偏好preference relation :偏好关系present value :现值price :价格price adjustment model :价格调整模型price ceiling :最高限价price consumption curve :价格费曲线price control :价格管制price difference :价格差别price discrimination :价格歧视price elasticity of demand :需求价格弹性price elasticity of supply :供给价格弹性price floor :最低限价price maker :价格制定者price rigidity :价格刚性price seeker :价格搜求者price taker :价格接受者price tax :从价税private benefit :私人收益principal—agent issues :委托--代理问题private cost :私人成本private goods :私人用品private property :私人财产producer equilibrium :生产者均衡producer theory :生产者理论product :产品product transformation curve :产品转换曲线product differentiation :产品差异product group :产品集团production :生产production contract curve :生产契约曲线production efficiency :生产效率production function :生产函数production possibility curve :生产可能性曲线productivity :生产率productivity of capital :资本生产率productivity of labor :劳动生产率profit :利润profit function :利润函数profit maximization :利润极大化property rights :产权property rights economics :产权经济学proposition :定理proportional demand curve :成比例的需求曲线public benefits :公共收益public choice :公共选择public goods :公共商品pure competition :纯粹竞争rivalry :对抗性、竞争pure exchange :纯交换pure monopoly :纯粹垄断Qquantity—adjustment model :数量调整模型quantity tax :从量税quasi—rent :准租金Rrate of product transformation :产品转换率rationality :理性reaction function :反应函数regulation :调节,调控relative price 相对价格rent :租金rent control :规模报酬rent seeking :寻租rent seeking economics :寻租经济学resource :资源resource allocation :资源配置returns :报酬、回报returns to scale :规模报酬revealed preference :显示性偏好revenue :收益revenue curve :收益曲线revenue function :收益函数revenue maximization :收益极大化ridge line :脊线risk :风险satiation :饱和,满足saving :储蓄scarcity :稀缺性law of scarcity :稀缺法则second—degree price discrimination :二级价格歧视second derivative :--阶导数second—order condition :二阶条件service :劳务set :集shadow prices :影子价格short—run :短期short—run cost curve :短期成本曲线short—run equilibrium :短期均衡short—run supply curve :短期供给曲线shut down decision :关闭决策shortage 短缺shut down point :关闭点single price monopoly :单一定价垄断slope :斜率social benefit :社会收益social cost :社会成本social indifference curve :社会无差异曲线social preference :社会偏好social security :社会保障social welfare function :社会福利函数socialism :社会主义solution :解space :空间stability :稳定性stable equilibrium :稳定的均衡Stackelberg model :斯塔克尔贝格模型static analysis :静态分析stock :存量stock market :股票市场strategy :策略subsidy :津贴substitutes :替代品substitution effect :替代效应substitution parameter :替代参数sufficient condition :充分条件supply :供给supply curve :供给曲线supply function :供给函数supply schedule :供给表Sweezy model :斯威齐模型symmetry :对称性symmetry of information :信息对称tangency :相切taste :兴致technical efficiency :技术效率technological constraints ;技术约束technological progress :技术进步technology :技术third—degree price discrimination :第三级价格歧视total cost :总成本total effect :总效应total expenditure :总支出total fixed cost :总固定成本total product :总产量total revenue :总收益total utility :总效用total variable cost :总可变成本traditional economy :传统经济transitivity :传递性transaction cost :交易费用uncertainty :不确定性uniqueness :唯一性unit elasticity :单位弹性unstable equilibrium :不稳定均衡utility :效用utility function :效用函数utility index :效用指数utility maximization :效用极大化utility possibility curve :效用可能性曲线utility possibility frontier :效用可能性前沿Vvalue :价值value judge :价值判断value of marginal product :边际产量价值variable cost :可变成本variable input :可变投入variables :变量vector :向量visible hand :看得见的手vulgur economics :庸俗经济学Wwage :工资wage rate :工资率Walras general equilibrium :瓦尔拉斯总体均衡Walras's law :瓦尔拉斯法则Wants :需要Welfare criterion :福利标准Welfare economics :福利经学Welfare loss triangle :福利损失三角形welfare maximization :福利极大化Zzero cost :零成本zero elasticity :零弹性zero homogeneity :零阶齐次性zero economic profit :零利润。

西方经济学词汇(中英文对照)

西方经济学词汇(中英文对照)

1.Microeconomics 微观经济学2.Macroeconomics 宏观经济学3.Primary sector 第一产业4.Secondary sector 第二产业5.Tertiary sector 第三产业6.Opportunity cost 机会成本7.Scarcity 稀缺8.Production possibility frontier 生产可能性边界9.Production possibility curve 生产可能性曲线10.Factors of production 生产要素11.Demand 需求12.Demand curve 需求曲线13.Supply 供给14.Supply curve 供给曲线15.Marginal utility边际效用16.Total utility总效用17.Elasticity 弹性18.Price elasticity of demand 需求的价格弹性19.Cross elasticity of demand 需求的交叉弹性20.Income elasticity of demand 需求的收入弹性21.Equilibrium 均衡22.Equilibrium price 均衡价格23.Short run短期24.Long run长期25.Consumer surplus消费者剩余26.Producer surplus生产者剩余27.Externalities外部性28.negative externalities 负的外部性29.positive externalities 正的外部性30.the law of diminishing marginal utility 边际效用递减规律31.budget line 预算线32.Marginal 边际33.Marginal cost 边际成本34.Marginal revenue边际收益35.Merit goods 有益品36.Demerit goods 有害品37.public goods公共品38.quasi-public goods 准公共品39.private goods 私有品40.moral hazard 道德危险41.adverse selection 逆向选择42.Average 平均43.Average product 平均产量44.fixed costs 固定成本45.variable costs 可变成本46.average costs 平均成本47.diseconomy of scale规模不经济48.specialization 专业化49.Cost minimization 成本最小化50.Input投入51.Normal profit正常利润52.Abnormal profit超额利润53.Productive efficiency 生产效率54.Perfect competition完全竞争55.Monopoly垄断56.barrier to entry 进入障碍57.Product differentiation差异产品58.Monopolistic competition 垄断竞争59.Price discrimination 价格歧视60.oligopoly 寡头61.Duopoly双寡头62.Nash equilibrium纳什均衡63.Game theory 博弈论64.Marginal product of labour 劳动的边际产量65.Demand for labour 对劳动力的需求66.Aggregate demand 总需求67.Marginal cost of labour 劳动的边际成本68.Elasticity of demand for labor 劳动力的需求弹性69.Paradox of thrift 节约悖论70.Price level 价格水平71.Trade unions 行会,商会72.Perfectly competitive labour market 完全竞争劳动力市场73.Transfer earnings 转让收益74.Gross Domestic Product 国内生产总值75.Gross National Product 国民生产总值76.money GDP 名义GDP77.real GDP 实际GDP78.Aggregate supply 总供给79.nominal value 名义价值80.real value 实际价值81.Injections 注入82.Withdrawals 漏出83.Consumption 消费84.budget deficit 预算赤字85.budget surplus 预算盈余86.balanced budget 均衡预算87.Keynesians 凯恩斯主义学派88.Monetarists 货币主义学派89.Savings 储蓄90.average propensity to consume 平均消费倾向91.average propensity to save 平均储蓄倾向92.marginal propensity to consume 边际消费倾向93.marginal propensity to save 边际储蓄倾向94.Investment 投资ernment spending 政府支出96.export 出口97.import 进口98.Accelerator 加速器99.Interest 利息率100.The multiplier乘数101.Full employments完全就业102.balance of payments 国际收支平衡表103.deficit赤字104.surplus 盈余105.Demand side policies 需求方面政策106.Supply side policies 供给方面政策107.Reflationary policies 再膨胀政策108.Deflationary policies 通货紧缩政策109.inflation 通货膨胀110.deflation 通货紧缩111.Inflationary gap通货膨胀缺口112.Deflationary gap通货紧缩缺口113.Automatic stabilizer自动稳定器114.Expansionary police扩张政策115.Contractionary policy紧缩政策116.Keynesian fiscal policy凯恩斯财政政策117.fiscal policy 财政政策118.monetary policy 货币政策119.exchange policy 汇率政策120.liquidity trap 流动性陷进121.transaction motive 交易动机122.precautionary motive 预防动机123.speculative motive 投机动机124.cost-push inflation 成本推动型的通货膨胀125.retail price index 零售价格指数126.redistribution of income 收入再分配127.new classical 新古典主义128.absolute advantage 绝对优势parative advantage相对优势130.free trade自由贸易131.economies of scale规模经济132.quotas 配额133.exchange controls外汇管制134.infant industry 幼稚工业135.Tariff关税136.free trade area自由贸易区137.custom union关税同盟138.economic union 经济同盟139.dumping倾销140.Trade creation贸易创造141.trade diversion 贸易转移。

英汉对照_经济学常用词汇

英汉对照_经济学常用词汇

常用经济学英语词汇Aaccounting 会计.accounting cost 会计成本.accounting profit 会计利润.adverse selection 逆向选择.allocation 配置.allocation of resources 资源配置.allocative efficiency 配置效率.antitrust legislation 反托拉斯法.arc elasticity 弧弹性.Arrow's impossibility theorem 阿罗不可能定理. Assumption 假设 .asymetric information 非对称性信息. average 平均 .average cost 平均成本.average cost pricing 平均成本定价法. average fixed cost 平均固定成本.average product of capital 资本平均产量. average product of labour 劳动平均产量. average revenue 平均收益 .average total cost 平均总成本.average variable cost 平均可变成本B.barriers to entry 进入壁垒.base year 基年.bilateral monopoly 双边垄断.benefit 收益.black market 黑市.bliss point 极乐点.boundary point 边界点.break even point 收支相抵点.budget 预算.budget constraint 预算约束.budget line 预算线.budget set 预算集.Ccapital 资本.capital stock 资本存量.capital output ratio 资本产出比率.capitalism 资本主义.cardinal utility theory 基数效用论.cartel 卡特尔.ceteris puribus assumption "其他条件不变"的假设.ceteris puribus demand curve 其他因素不变的需求曲线. Chamberlin model 张伯伦模型.change in demand 需求变化.change in quantity demanded 需求量变化.change in quantity supplied 供给量变化.change in supply 供给变化.choice 选择.closed set 闭集.Coase theorem 科斯定理.Cobb-Douglas production function 柯布--道格拉斯生产函数. cobweb model 蛛网模型.collective bargaining 集体协议工资.collusion 合谋.command economy 指令经济.commodity 商品.commodity combination 商品组合.commodity market 商品市场.commodity space 商品空间.common property 公用财产.comparative static analysis 比较静态分析.compensated budget line 补偿预算线.compensated demand function 补偿需求函数. compensation principles 补偿原则.compensating variation in income 收入补偿变量. competition 竞争.competitive market 竞争性市场.complement goods 互补品 .complete information 完全信息.completeness 完备性.condition for efficiency in exchange 交换的最优条件. condition for efficiency in production 生产的最优条件. concave 凹.concave function 凹函数concave preference 凹偏好.consistence 一致性.constant cost industry 成本不变产业.constant returns to scale 规模报酬不变.constraints 约束.consumer 消费者.consumer behavior 消费者行为.consumer choice 消费者选择.consumer equilibrium 消费者均衡.consumer optimization 消费者优化.consumer preference 消费者偏好.consumer surplus 消费者剩余.consumer theory 消费者理论.consumption 消费.consumption bundle 消费束.consumption combination 消费组合. consumption possibility curve 消费可能曲线. consumption possibility frontier 消费可能性前沿. consumption set 消费集.consumption space 消费空间.continuity 连续性.continuous function 连续函数.contract curve 契约曲线 .convex 凸.convex function 凸函数.convex preference 凸偏好.convex set 凸集.corporatlon 公司.cost 成本.cost benefit analysis 成本收益分.cost function 成本函数.cost minimization 成本极小化.Cournot equilihrium 古诺均衡.Cournot model 古诺模型.Cross-price elasticity 交叉价格弹性.D.dead-weights loss 重负损失.decreasing cost industry 成本递减产业. decreasing returns to scale 规模报酬递减. deduction 演绎法.demand 需求.demand curve 需求曲线.demand elasticity 需求弹性.demand function 需求函数.demand price 需求价格.demand schedule 需求表.depreciation 折旧.derivative 导数.derive demand 派生需求.difference equation 差分方程.differential equation 微分方程.differentiated good 差异商品.differentiated oligoply 差异寡头.diminishing marginal substitution 边际替代率递减diminishing marginal return 收益递减.diminishing marginal utility 边际效用递减.direct approach 直接法.direct taxes 直接税.discounting 贴税、折扣.diseconomies of scale 规模不经济.disequilibrium 非均衡distribution 分配.division of labour 劳动分工.distribution theory of marginal productivity 边际生产率分配论. duoupoly 双头垄断、双寡.duality 对偶.durable goods 耐用品.dynamic analysis 动态分析.dynamic models 动态模型.E.Economic agents 经济行为者.economic cost 经济成本.economic efficiency 经济效率.economic goods 经济物品.economic man 经济人.economic mode 经济模型.economic profit 经济利润.economic region of production 生产的经济区域.economic regulation 经济调节..economic rent 经济租金 .exchange 交换.economics 经济学.exchange efficiency 交换效率.economy 经济.exchange contract curve 交换契约曲线.economy of scale 规模经济.Edgeworth box diagram 埃奇沃思图.exclusion 排斥性、排他性.Edgeworth contract curve 埃奇沃思契约线.Edgeworth model 埃奇沃思模型.efficiency 效率,效益.efficiency parameter 效率参数.elasticity 弹性.elasticity of substitution 替代弹性.endogenous variable 内生变量.endowment 禀赋.endowment of resources 资源禀赋.Engel curve 恩格尔曲线.entrepreneur 企业家.entrepreneurship 企业家才能.entry barriers 进入壁垒.entry/exit decision 进出决策.envolope curve 包络线.equilibrium 均衡.equilibrium condition 均衡条件..equilibrium price 均衡价格.equilibrium quantity 均衡产量.eqity 公平.equivalent variation in income 收入等价变量. excess-capacity theorem 过度生产能力定理. excess supply 过度供给.exchange 交换.exchange contract curve 交换契约曲线.exclusion 排斥性、排他性.exclusion principle 排他性原则.existence 存在性.existence of general equilibrium 总体均衡的存在性. exogenous variables 外生变量.expansion paths 扩展径.expectation 期望.expected utility 期望效用.expected value 期望值.expenditure 支出.explicit cost 显性成本.external benefit 外部收益external cost 外部成本.external economy 外部经济.external diseconomy 外部不经济.externalities 外部性.F .Factor 要素.factor demand 要素需求.factor market 要素市场.factors of production 生产要素.factor substitution 要素替代.factor supply 要素供给.fallacy of composition 合成谬误.final goods 最终产品..firm 企业.firms'demand curve for labor 企业劳动需求曲线.firm supply curve 企业供给曲线.first-degree price discrimination 第一级价格歧视first-order condition 一阶条件.fixed costs 固定成本.fixed input 固定投入.fixed proportions production function 固定比例的生产函数. flow 流量.fluctuation 波动.for whom to produce 为谁生产.free entry 自由进入.free goods 自由品,免费品.free mobility of resources 资源自由流动.free rider 搭便车,免费搭车.function 函数.future value 未来值.G.game theory 对策论、博弈论.general equilibrium 总体均衡.general goods 一般商品.Giffen goods 吉芬晶收入补偿需求曲线.Giffen's Paradox 吉芬之谜 .Gini coefficient 吉尼系数.goldenrule 黄金规则.goods 货物 .government failure 政府失败.government regulation 政府调控.grand utility possibility curve 总效用可能曲线.grand utility possibility frontier 总效用可能前沿.H.heterogeneous product 异质产品.Hicks-kaldor welfare criterion 希克斯一卡尔多福利标准. homogeneity 齐次性.homogeneous demand function 齐次需求函数. homogeneous product 同质产品.homogeneous production function 齐次生产函数. horizontal summation 水平和.household 家庭.how to produce 如何生产.human capital 人力资本hypothesis 假说.Iidentity 恒等式.imperfect competion 不完全竞争.implicitcost 隐性成本.income 收入.income compensated demand curve.income constraint 收入约束.income consumption curve 收入消费曲线. income distribution 收入分配.income effect 收入效应.income elasticity of demand 需求收入弹性. increasing cost industry 成本递增产业. increasing returns to scale 规模报酬递增. inefficiency 缺乏效率.index number 指数.indifference 无差异.indifference curve 无差异曲线. indifference map 无差异族.indifference relation 无差异关系. indifference set 无差异集.indirect approach 间接法.individual analysis 个量分析.individual demand curve 个人需求曲线. individual demand function 个人需求函数. induced variable 引致变量.induction 归纳法..industry 产业.industry equilibrium 产业均衡.industry supply curve 产业供给曲线. inelastic 缺乏弹性的.inferior goods 劣品.inflection point 拐点.information 信息.information cost 信息成本.initial condition 初始条件.initial endowment 初始禀赋.innovation 创新.input 投入.input-output 投入-产出.institution 制度.institutional economics 制度经济学. insurance 保险.intercept 截距.interest 利息.interest rate 利息率.intermediate goods 中间产品. internatization of externalities 外部性内部化. invention 发明.inverse demand function 逆需求函数.investment 投资.invisible hand 看不见的手.isocost line 等成本线.isoprofit curve 等利润曲线.isoquant curve 等产量曲线.isoquant map 等产量族.K.kinded-demand curve 弯折的需求曲线.L.labour 劳动.labour demand 劳动需求.labour supply 劳动供给.labour theory of value 劳动价值论.labour unions 工会.laissez faire 自由放任.Lagrangian function 拉格朗日函数.Lagrangian multiplier 拉格朗乘数,land 土地.law 法则.law of demand and supply 供需法.law of diminishing marginal utility 边际效用递减法则law of diminishing marginal rate of substitution 边际替代率递减法则. law of diminishing marginal rate of technical substitution 边际技术替代率. law of increasing cost 成本递增法则.law of one price 单一价格法则.leader-follower model 领导者--跟随者模型.least-cost combination of inputs 最低成本的投入组合.leisure 闲暇.Leontief production function 列昂节夫生产函数licenses 许可证.linear demand function 线性需求函数.linear homogeneity 线性齐次性.linear homogeneous production function 线性齐次生产函数.long run长期.long run average cost 长期平均成本.long run equilibrium 长期均衡.long run industry supply curve 长期产业供给曲线.long run marginal cost 长期边际成本.long run total cost 长期总成本.Lorenz curve 洛伦兹曲线.loss minimization 损失极小化.1ump sum tax 一次性征税.luxury 奢侈品.Mmacroeconomics 宏观经济学.marginal 边际的.marginal benefit 边际收益.marginal cost 边际成本.marginal cost pricing 边际成本定价.marginal cost of factor 边际要素成本. marginal period 市场期.marginal physical productivity 实际实物生产率. marginal product 边际产量.marginal product of capital 资本的边际产量. marginal product of 1abour 劳动的边际产量. marginal productivity 边际生产率.marginal rate of substitution 边替代率. marginal rate of transformation 边际转换率marginal returns 边际回报.marginal revenue 边际收益.marginal revenue product 边际收益产品. marginal revolution 边际革命.marginal social benefit 社会边际收益. marginal social cost 社会边际成本.marginal utility 边际效用.marginal value products 边际价值产品. market 市场.market clearance 市场结清,市场洗清. market demand 市场需求.market economy 市场经济.market equilibrium 市场均衡market failure 市场失败.market mechanism 市场机制.market structure 市场结构.market separation 市场分割.market regulation 市场调节.market share 市场份额.markup pricing 加减定价法.Marshallian demand function 马歇尔需求函数. maximization 极大化.microeconomics 微观经济学.minimum wage 最低工资.misallocation of resources 资源误置mixed economy 混合经济.model 模型.money 货币.monopolistic competition 垄断竞争.monopolistic exploitation 垄断剥削.monopoly 垄断,卖方垄断.monopoly equilibrium 垄断均衡.monopoly pricing 垄断定价.monopoly regulation 垄断调控.monopoly rents 垄断租金.monopsony 买方垄断.N.Nash equilibrium 纳什均衡.Natural monopoly 自然垄断.Natural resources 自然资源.Necessary condition 必要条件.necessities 必需品.net demand 净需求.nonconvex preference 非凸性偏好.nonconvexity 非凸性.nonexclusion 非排斥性.nonlinear pricing 非线性定价.nonrivalry 非对抗性.nonprice competition 非价格竞争.nonsatiation 非饱和性.non--zero-sum game 非零和对策.normal goods 正常品.normal profit 正常利润.normative economics 规范经济学.O .objective function 目标函数.oligopoly 寡头垄断.oligopoly market 寡头市场..oligopoly model 寡头模型.opportunity cost 机会成本.optimal choice 最佳选择optimal consumption bundle 消费束.perfect elasticity 完全有弹性..optimal resource allocation 最佳资源配置.optimal scale 最佳规模.optimal solution 最优解.optimization 优化.ordering of optimization(social) preference (社会)偏好排序. ordinal utility 序数效用.ordinary goods 一般品.output 产量、产出.output elasticity 产出弹性.output maximization 产出极大化.Pparameter 参数.Pareto criterion 帕累托标准.Pareto efficiency 帕累托效率.Pareto improvement 帕累托改进.Pareto optimality 帕累托优化.Pareto set 帕累托集.partial derivative 偏导数.partial equilibrium 局部均衡.patent 专利.pay off matrix 收益矩阵、支付矩阵perceived demand curve 感觉到的需求曲线. perfect competition 完全竞争.perfect complement 完全互补品.perfect monopoly 完全垄断.perfect price discrimination 完全价格歧视. perfect substitution 完全替代品.perfect inelasticity 完全无弹性.perfectly elastic 完全有弹性.perfectly inelastic 完全无弹性.plant size 工厂规模.point elasticity 点弹性.positive economics 实证经济学.post Hoc Fallacy 后此谬误.prediction 预测.preference 偏好.preference relation 偏好关系.present value 现值.price 价格.price adjustment model 价格调整模型. price ceiling 最高限价.price consumption curve 价格费曲线price control 价格管制.price difference 价格差别.price discrimination 价格歧视.price elasticity of demand 需求价格弹性. price elasticity of supply 供给价格弹性. price floor 最低限价.price maker 价格制定者.price rigidity 价格刚性.price seeker 价格搜求者.price taker 价格接受者.price tax 从价税.private benefit 私人收益.principal-agent issues 委托--代理问题. private cost 私人成本.private goods 私人用品.private property 私人财产.producer equilibrium 生产者均衡.producer theory 生产者理论.product 产品.product transformation curve 产品转换曲线 . product differentiation 产品差异.product group 产品集团.production 生产.production contract curve 生产契约曲线. production efficiency 生产效率.production function 生产函数.production possibility curve 生产可能性曲线. productivity 生产率.productivity of capital 资本生产率. productivity of labor 劳动生产率.profit 利润.profit function 利润函数.profit maximization 利润极大化.property rights 产权.property rights economics 产权经济学proposition 定理proportional demand curve 成比例的需求曲线public benefits 公共收益.public choice 公共选择.public goods 公共商品.pure competition 纯粹竞争.rivalry 对抗性、竞争.pure exchange 纯交换.pure monopoly 纯粹垄断.Q .quantity-adjustment model 数量调整模型. quantity tax 从量税.quasi-rent 准租金.R.rate of product transformation 产品转换率. rationality 理性.reaction function 反应函数.regulation 调节,调控.relative price 相对价格.rent 租金.rent control 规模报酬.rent seeking 寻租.rent seeking economics 寻租经济学.resource 资源..resource allocation 资源配置.returns 报酬、回报.returns to scale 规模报酬.revealed preference 显示性偏好.revenue 收益.revenue curve 收益曲线.revenue function 收益函数revenue maximization 收益极大化.ridge line 脊线.risk 风险.S.satiation 饱和,满足 .saving 储蓄.scarcity 稀缺性.law of scarcity 稀缺法则 .second-degree price discrimination 二级价格歧视. second derivative --阶导数.second-order condition 二阶条件.service 劳务.set 集shadow prices 影子价格.short-run 短期.short-run cost curve 短期成本曲线.short-run equilibrium 短期均衡.short-run supply curve 短期供给曲线.shut down decision 关闭决策.shortage 短缺.shut down point 关闭点.single price monopoly 单一定价垄断.slope 斜率.social benefit 社会收益.social cost 社会成本.social indifference curve 社会无差异曲线. social preference 社会偏好.social security 社会保障 .social welfare function 社会福利函数. socialism 社会主义.solution 解.space 空间.stability 稳定性.stable equilibrium 稳定的均衡.Stackelberg model 斯塔克尔贝格模型static analysis 静态分析.stock 存量.stock market 股票市场.strategy 策略.subsidy 津贴.substitutes 替代品.substitution effect 替代效应.substitution parameter 替代参数.sufficient condition 充分条件.supply 供给.supply curve 供给曲线.supply function 供给函数.supply schedule 供给表.Sweezy model 斯威齐模型.symmetry 对称性.symmetry of information 信息对称.T .tangency 相切.taste 兴致technical efficiency 技术效率.technological constraints 技术约束. technological progress 技术进步.technology 技术.third-degree price discrimination 第三级价格歧视. total cost 总成本.total effect 总效应.total expenditure 总支出.total fixed cost 总固定成本.total product 总产量.total revenue 总收益.total utility 总效用.total variable cost 总可变成本.traditional economy 传统经济.transitivity 传递性.transaction cost 交易费用U.uncertainty 不确定性.uniqueness 唯一性.unit elasticity 单位弹性.unstable equilibrium 不稳定均衡.utility 效用.utility function 效用函数.utility index 效用指数.utility maximization 效用极大化.utility possibility curve 效用可能性曲线. utility possibility frontier 效用可能性前沿. V.value 价值.value judge 价值判断.value of marginal product 边际产量价值. variable cost 可变成本.variable input 可变投入.variables 变量.vector 向量.visible hand 看得见的手.vulgur economics 庸俗经济学W...wage 工资.wage rate 工资率Walras general equilibrium 瓦尔拉斯总体均衡. Walras's law 瓦尔拉斯法则.Wants 需要.Welfare criterion 福利标准.Welfare economics 福利经学.Welfare loss triangle 福利损失三角形. welfare maximization 福利极大化Z.zero cost 零成本.zero elasticity 零弹性.zero homogeneity 零阶齐次性.需求D demand供给S supply价格P price数量Q quantity均衡E equilibrium弹性E elasticity需求价格弹性Ed price elasticity of demand需求收入弹性Em income elasticity of demand 需求交叉弹性Exy cross elasticity of demand 效用U utility总效用TU total utility边际效用MU marginal utility无差异曲线I indifference curve消费可能线AB consumption-possibility line劳动L labour资本K capital土地N terra企业家才能E caliber总产量TP total product平均产量AP average product边际产量MP marginal product成本C cost短期S short-run短期总成本STC short-run total cost短期平均成本SAC short-run average cost短期边际成本SMC short-run marginal cost长期L long-run长期总成本LTC long-run total cost长期平均成本LAC long-run average cost长期边际成本LMC long-run marginal cost固定成本FC fixed cost可变成本VC variable cost平均固定成本AFC average fixed cost平均可变成本A VC average variable cost收益R revenue总收益TR total revenue平均收益AR average revenue边际收益MR marginal revenue等产量线Q iso-quant边际技术替代率MRTS marginal rate of technical substitution 等成本线AB iso-cost边际生产力MP marginal productivity边际物质产品MPP marginal physical product边际收益产量MRP marginal revenue product洛伦斯曲线Lorenz curve基尼系数Gini coefficient国民生产总值GNP gross national product国内生产总值GDP中间产品intermediate products最终产品final products国民生产净值NNP net national product国民收入NI national income个人收入PI personal income个人可分配收入PDI personal disposable income消费C consumption储蓄S save平均消费倾向APC average propensity to consume边际消费倾向MPC marginal propensity to consume 平均储蓄倾向APS average propensity to save边际储蓄倾向MPS marginal propensity to save投资I investment转移支付transfer payment出口X export进口M import净出口X-M net export漏出W withdrawal注入J injection利息interest租金R rental利润P profits税T taxes自发autonomons引致induced乘数K multiplier加速原理a acceleration失业unemployment通货膨胀inflation菲利普斯曲线PC the phillips curve滞胀stagflation流动偏好liquidity preference经济增长economic growth经济周期business cycles挤出效应crowding-out effect公开市场业务open market operations贴现率政策discount-rate policy改变准备率changing reserve rate。

经济学常用英语词汇英汉对照

经济学常用英语词汇英汉对照

经济学常用英语词汇英汉对照Aaccounting会计accounting cost会计成本accounting profit会计利润adverse selection逆向选择allocation of resources资源配置allocative efficiency配置效率arc elasticity弧弹性Assumption假设asymetric information非对称性信息average平均average cost平均成本average cost pricing平均成本定价法average fixed cost平均固定成本average product of capital资本平均产量average product of labour劳动平均产量average revenue平均收益average total cost平均总成本average variable cost平均可变成本Bbarriers to entry进入壁垒base year基年bilateral monopoly双边垄断benefit收益black market黑市bliss point极乐点boundary point边界点break even point收支相抵点budget预算budget constraint预算约束budget line预算线budget set预算集Ccapital资本capital stock资本存量capital output ratio资本产出比率capitalism资本主义cardinal utility theory基数效用论cartel卡特尔ceteris puribus assumption“其他条件不变”的假设ceteris puribus demand curve其他因素不变的需求曲线change in demand需求变化change in supply供给变化change in quantity demanded需求量变化change in quantity supplied供给量变化choice选择closed set闭集Cobb—Douglas production function柯布--道格拉斯生产函数cobweb model蛛网模型collective bargaining集体协议工资collusion合谋command economy指令经济commodity商品commodity combination商品组合commodity market商品市场commodity space商品空间common property公用财产comparative static analysis比较静态分析compensated budget line补偿预算线compensated demand function补偿需求函数compensation principles补偿原则compensating variation in income收入补偿变量competition竞争competitive market竞争性市场complement goods互补品complete information完全信息completeness完备性condition for efficiency in exchange交换的最优条件condition for efficiency in production生产的最优条件concave凹concave function凹函数concave preference凹偏好convex凸convex function凸函数convex preference凸偏好nonconvex preference非凸性偏好nonconvexity非凸性consistence一致性constant cost industry成本不变产业constant returns to scale规模报酬不变constraints约束consumer消费者consumer behavior消费者行为consumer choice消费者选择consumer equilibrium消费者均衡consumer optimization消费者优化consumer preference消费者偏好consumer surplus消费者剩余consumer theory消费者理论consumption消费consumption bundle消费束consumption combination消费组合consumption possibility curve消费可能曲线consumption possibility frontier消费可能性前沿consumption set消费集consumption space消费空间continuity连续性continuous function连续函数contract curve契约曲线corporatlon公司cost成本cost benefit analysis成本收益分cost function成本函数cost minimization成本极小化Cross—price elasticity交叉价格弹性Ddead—weights loss重负损失decreasing cost industry成本递减产业decreasing returns to scale规模报酬递减deduction演绎法demand需求demand curve需求曲线demand elasticity需求弹性demand function需求函数demand price需求价demand schedule需求表depreciation折旧derivative导数derive demand派生需求difference equation差分方程differential equation微分方程differentiated good 差异商品differentiated oligoply差异寡头diminishing marginal substitution边际替代率递减diminishing marginal return收益递减diminishing marginal utility边际效用递减direct approach直接法direct taxes直接税discounting贴税、折扣diseconomies of scale规模不经济disequilibrium非均衡distribution分配division of labour劳动分工distribution theory of marginal productivity边际生产率分配论durable goods耐用品dynamic analysis 动态分析dynamic models动态模型EEconomic agents经济行为者economic cost经济成本economic efficiency经济效率economic goods经济物品economic man经济人economic mode经济模型economic profit经济利润economic regulation经济调节economic region of production生产的经济区域economic rent经济租金exchange交换exchange efficiency交换效率exchange contract curve交换契约曲线economics经济学economy经济economy of scale规模经济Edgeworth box diagram埃奇沃思图exclusion排斥性、排他性efficiency效率,效益efficiency parameter效率参数elasticity弹性elasticity of substitution替代弹性endogenous variable内生变量endowment禀赋endowment of resources资源禀赋Engel curve恩格尔曲线entrepreneur企业家entrepreneurship企业家才能entry barriers进入壁垒entry/exit decision进出决策envolope curve包络线equilibrium均衡equilibrium condition均衡条件equilibrium price均衡价格equilibrium quantity均衡产量eqity公平equivalent variation in income收入等价变量excess—capacity theorem过度生产能力定理excess supply过度供给exchange交换exchange contract curve交换契约曲线exclusion排斥性、排他性exclusion principle排他性原则existence存在性existence of general equilibrium总体均衡的存在性exogenous variables外生变量expansion paths扩展径expectation期望expected utility期望效用expected value期望值expenditure支出explicit cost显性成本external benefit外部收益externalities外部性external cost外部成本external economy外部经济external diseconomy外部不经济Ffactor demand要素需求factor supply要素供给factor market要素市场factors of production生产要素factor substitution要素替代fallacy of composition合成谬误final goods最终产品firm企业firms ‘demand curve for labor企业劳动需求曲线firm supply curve企业供给曲线first-degree price discrimination第一级价格歧视first—order condition一阶条件fixed costs固定成本fixed input固定投入fixed proportions production function固定比例的生产函数flow流量fluctuation波动for whom to produce为谁生产free entry自由进入free goods自由品,免费品free mobility of resources资源自由流动free rider搭便车,免费搭车function函数future value未来值Ggame theory对策论、博弈论general equilibrium总体均衡general goods一般商品Giffen's Paradox吉芬之谜Gini coefficient吉尼系数goldenrule黄金规则goods货物government failure政府失败government regulation政府调控grand utility possibility curve总效用可能曲线grand utility possibility frontier总效用可能前沿Hheterogeneous product异质产品Hicks—kaldor welfare criterion希克斯一卡尔多福利标准homogeneity齐次性homogeneous demand function齐次需求函数homogeneous production function齐次生产函数homogeneous product同质产品horizontal summation水平和household家庭human capital人力资本hypothesis假说Iidentity恒等式imperfect competion不完全竞争implicit cost隐性成本income收入income constraint收入约束income consumption curve收入消费曲线income distribution收入分配income effect收入效应income elasticity of demand需求收入弹性increasing cost industry成本递增产业increasing returns to scale规模报酬递增inefficiency缺乏效率index number指数indifference无差异indifference curve无差异曲线indifference map无差异族indifference relation无差异关系indirect approach间接法individual analysis个量分析individual demand curve个人需求曲线individual demand function个人需求函数induced variable引致变量induction归纳法industry产业industry equilibrium产业均衡industry supply curve产业供给曲线inelastic缺乏弹性的inferior goods劣品inflection point拐点information信息information cost信息成本initial condition初始条件initial endowment初始禀赋innovation创新input投入input—output投入—产出institution制度institutional economics制度经济学insurance保险intercept截距interest利息interest rate利息率intermediate goods中间产品internatization of externalities外部性内部化invention发明inverse demand function逆需求函数investment投资invisible hand看不见的手isocost line等成本线isoprofit curve等利润曲线isoquant curve等产量曲线isoquant map等产量族Kkinded—demand curve弯折的需求曲线Llabour劳动labour theory of value劳动价值论labour demand劳动需求labour supply劳动供给labour unions工会laissez faire自由放任Lagrangian function拉格朗日函数Lagrangian multiplier拉格朗乘数,land土地law法则law of demand and supply供需法law of diminishing marginal utility边际效用递减法则law of diminishing marginal rate of substitution边际替代率递减法则law of diminishing marginal rate of technical substitution边际技术替代率law of increasing cost成本递增法则law of one price单一价格法则leader—follower model领导者--跟随者模型least—cost combination of inputs最低成本的投入组合leisure闲暇licenses许可证linear demand function线性需求函数linear homogeneity线性齐次性linear homogeneous production function线性齐次生产函数long run长期long run industry supply curve长期产业供给曲线long run average cost长期平均成本long run equilibrium长期均衡long run marginal cost长期边际成本long run total cost长期总成本Lorenz curve洛伦兹曲线loss minimization损失极小化1ump sum tax一次性征税luxury奢侈品Mmacroeconomics宏观经济学marginal边际的marginal product边际产量marginal benefit边际收益marginal cost边际成本marginal cost pricing边际成本定价marginal cost of factor边际要素成本marginal physical productivity实际实物生产率marginal product of capital资本的边际产量marginal product of 1abour劳动的边际产量marginal productivity边际生产率marginal rate of substitution边替代率marginal rate of transformation边际转换率marginal returns边际回报marginal revenue边际收益marginal revenue product边际收益产品marginal revolution边际革命marginal social benefit社会边际收益marginal social cost社会边际成本marginal utility边际效用marginal value products边际价值产品market市场market share市场份额market clearance市场结清,市场洗清market demand市场需求market economy市场经济market equilibrium市场均衡market failure市场失败market mechanism市场机制market structure市场结构market separation市场分割market regulation市场调节markup pricing加减定价法Marshallian demand function马歇尔需求函数maximization极大化microeconomics微观经济学minimum wage最低工资misallocation of resources资源误置mixed economy混合经济model模型money货币monopolistic competition垄断竞争monopolistic exploitation垄断剥削monopoly垄断,卖方垄断monopsony买方垄断monopoly pricing垄断定价monopoly regulation垄断调控monopoly rents垄断租金monopoly equilibrium垄断均衡NNatural monopoly自然垄断Natural resources自然资源Necessary condition必要条件necessities必需品net demand净需求nonexclusion非排斥性nonlinear pricing非线性定价nonrivalry非对抗性nonprice competition非价格竞争nonsatiation非饱和性non--zero—sum game非零和对策normal goods正常品normal profit正常利润normative economics规范经济学Oobjective function目标函数oligopoly寡头垄断oligopoly market寡头市场oligopoly model寡头模型opportunity cost机会成本optimal choice最佳选择optimal consumption bundle消费束perfect elasticity完全有弹性optimal resource allocation最佳资源配置optimal scale最佳规模optimal solution最优解optimization优化ordering of optimization(social) preference (社会)偏好排序ordinal utility序数效用ordinary goods一般品output产量、产出output elasticity产出弹性output maximization产出极大化Pparameter参数Pareto criterion帕累托标准Pareto efficiency帕累托效率Pareto improvement帕累托改进Pareto optimality帕累托优化Ppartial derivative偏导数partial equilibrium局部均衡patent专利pay off matrix收益矩阵、支付矩阵perceived demand curve感觉到的需求曲线perfect competition完全竞争perfect monopoly完全垄断perfect complement完全互补品perfect substitution完全替代品perfect price discrimination完全价格歧视perfectly elastic完全有弹性perfectly inelastic完全无弹性plant size工厂规模point elasticity点弹性positive economics实证经济学post Hoc Fallacy后此谬误prediction预测preference偏好preference relation偏好关系present value现值price adjustment model价格调整模型price ceiling最高限价price consumption curve价格费曲线price control价格管制price difference价格差别price discrimination价格歧视price floor最低限价price elasticity of demand需求价格弹性price elasticity of supply供给价格弹性price maker价格制定者price rigidity价格刚性price tax从价税price seeker价格搜求者price taker价格接受者private benefit私人收益principal—agent issues委托--代理问题private goods私人用品private property私人财产producer equilibrium生产者均衡producer theory生产者理论product产品production生产product differentiation产品差异product transformation curve产品转换曲线product group产品集团production contract curve生产契约曲线production efficiency生产效率productivity生产率production function生产函数production possibility curve生产可能性曲线productivity of capital资本生产率productivity of labor劳动生产率profit利润profit function利润函数profit maximization利润极大化property rights产权property rights economics产权经济学proposition定理proportional demand curve成比例的需求曲线public benefits公共收益public choice公共选择public goods公共商品pure competition纯粹竞争pure monopoly纯粹垄断rivalry对抗性、竞争Qquantity—adjustment model数量调整模型quantity tax从量税quasi—rent准租金Rrate of product transformation产品转换率rationality理性reaction function反应函数regulation调节,调控relative price相对价格rent租金rent control规模报酬rent seeking寻租rent seeking economics寻租经济学resource资源resource allocation资源配置returns报酬、回报returns to scale规模报酬revealed preference显示性偏好revenue收益revenue curve收益曲线revenue function收益函数revenue maximization收益极大化ridge line脊线risk风险Ssatiation饱和,满足saving储蓄scarcity稀缺性law of scarcity稀缺法则second—degree price discrimination二级价格歧视second derivative --阶导数second—order condition二阶条件service劳务set集shadow prices影子价格short—run短期shortage短缺short—run cost curve短期成本曲线short—run equilibrium短期均衡short—run supply curve短期供给曲线shut down decision关闭决策shut down point关闭点single price monopoly单一定价垄断slope斜率social benefit社会收益social cost社会成本social indifference curve社会无差异曲线social preference 社会偏好social security社会保障social welfare function社会福利函数socialism社会主义solution解space空间stability稳定性stable equilibrium稳定的均衡static analysis静态分析stock存量stock market股票市场strategy策略subsidy津贴substitutes替代品substitution effect替代效应substitution parameter替代参数sufficient condition充分条件supply供给supply curve供给曲线supply function供给函数supply schedule供给表symmetry对称性symmetry of information信息对称Ttangency相切taste兴致technology技术technical efficiency技术效率technological constraints技术约束technological progress技术进步third—degree price discrimination第三级价格歧视total cost总成本total expenditure总支出total variable cost总可变成本total fixed cost总固定成本total product总产量total revenue总收益traditional economy传统经济transitivity传递性transaction cost交易费用Uuncertainty不确定性uniqueness唯一性unit elasticity单位弹性unstable equilibrium不稳定均衡utility效用utility function效用函数utility index效用指数utility maximization效用极大化utility possibility curve效用可能性曲线utility possibility frontier效用可能性前沿VValue价值value judge价值判断value of marginal product边际产量价值variables变量variable cost可变成本variable input可变投入vector向量visible hand看得见的手vulgur economics庸俗经济学Wwage工资wage rate工资率Wants需要Welfare criterion福利标准Welfare economics福利经学Welfare loss triangle福利损失三角形welfare maximization福利极大化Zzero cost零成本zero elasticity零弹性zero homogeneity零阶齐次性zero economic profit零利润。

完整版)经济学专业词汇中英文对照

完整版)经济学专业词汇中英文对照

完整版)经济学专业词汇中英文对照XXX and ChineseAAccounting - 会计Accounting cost - 会计成本Accounting profit - 会计利润Adverse n - 逆向选择n - 配置n of resources - 资源配置Allocative efficiency - 配置效率Antitrust n - 反托拉斯法Arc elasticity - 弧弹性n - 假设Asymmetric n - 非对称性信息Average - 平均Average cost - 平均成本Average cost pricing - 平均成本定价法Average fixed cost - 平均固定成本Average product of capital - 资本平均产量Average product of labour - 劳动平均产量Average revenue - 平均收益Average total cost - 平均总成本Average variable cost - 平均可变成本BBarriers to entry - 进入壁垒Base year - 基年XXX - 双边垄断Benefit - 收益Black market - 黑市Bliss point - 极乐点Boundary point - 边界点Break even point - 收支相抵点Budget - 预算Budget constraint - 预算约束Budget line - 预算线Budget set - 预算集CCapital - 资本Capital stock - 资本存量Capital output。

- 资本产出比率Capitalism - 资本主义XXX - 基数效用论Cartel - XXXCeteris paribus n - “其他条件不变”的假设Ceteris paribus demand curve - “其他因素不变”的需求曲线Chamberlain model - XXX模型Change in demand - 需求变化XXX - 需求量变化XXX - 供给量变化Change in supply - 供给变化Choice refers to the act of XXX。

经济学术语中英对照

经济学术语中英对照
the Promotion of International Trade,Japan 日本国际贸易促进会 British
Council for the Promotion of International Trade 英国国际贸易促进委员会
private sector 私营成分,私营部门 public sector 公共部门,公共成分 economic channels
经济渠道 economic balance 经济平衡 economic fluctuation 经济波动 economic
depression 经济衰退 economic stability 经济稳定 economic policy 经济政策
given 现金交易,概不赊欠 change 零钱 banknote, note 钞票,纸币 (美作:bill) to pay
(in) cash 付现金 domestic currency, local currency] 本国货币
convertibility 可兑换性 convertible currencies 可自由兑换货币 exchange rate
生活标准,生活水平 purchasing power, buying power 购买力 scarcity 短缺 stagnation
停滞,萧条,不景气 underdevelopment 不发达 underdeveloped 不发达的 developing 发展中的
2、Capital 资本 initial capital 创办资本 frozen capital 冻结资金 frozen
值,升值 7、taxes 税 duty 税
taxation system 税制 taxation 征税,纳税 fiscal charges 财务税收 progressive

经济学最全词典-中英对照

经济学最全词典-中英对照

经济学词典提供经济学词典.向他致敬!Ability-to-pay principle〔of taxation〕〔税收的〕支付能力原则按照纳税人支付能力确定纳税负担的原则。

纳税人支付能力依据其收人或财富来衡量。

这一原则并不说明某经济状况较好的人到底该比别人多负担多少。

Absolute advantage(in international trade〕(国际贸易中的〕绝对优势A国所具有的比B国能更加有效地〔即单位投入的产出水平比较高等〕生产某种商品的能力。

这种优势并不意味着A国必然能将该商品成功地出口到B国。

因为B国还可能有一种我们所说的比较优势或曰比较利益〔comparative advantage〕。

Accelerator principle 加速原理解释产出率变动同方向地引致投资需求变动的理论。

Actual,cyc1ical,and structual budget 实际预算、周期预算和结构预算实际预算的赤字或盈余指的是某年份实际记录的赤字或盈余。

实际预算可划分成结构预算和周期预算。

结构预算假定经济在潜在产出水平上运行,并据此测算该经济条件下的政府税入、支出和赤字等指标。

周期预算基于所预测的商业周期〔及其经济波动〕对预算的影响。

Adaptive expectations 适应性预期见预期〔expectations〕。

Adjustable peg 可调整钉住一种〔固定〕汇率制度。

在该制度下,各国货币对其他货币保持一种固定的或曰“钉住的”汇率。

当某些基本因素发生变动、原先汇率失去合理依据的时候,这种汇率便不时地趋于凋整。

在1944-1971年期间,世界各主要货币都普遍实行这种制度,称为“布雷顿森林体系”。

Administered〔or inflexible〕prices 管理〔或非浮动〕价格特指某类价格的术语。

按照有关规定,这类价格在某一段时间内、在假设干种交易中能够维持不变。

〔见价格浮动,price flexibility〕Adverse selection 逆向选择一种市场不灵。

经济学专业词汇中英文对照【精选】

经济学专业词汇中英文对照【精选】
E 50 economic agents 经济行为者 economic cost 经济成本 economic efficiency 经济效率 economic goods 经济物品 economic man 经济人 economic mode 经济模型 economic profit 经济利润 economic regulation 经济调节 economic rent 经济租金 exchange 交换 exchange efficiency 交换效率 exchange contract curve 交换契约曲线 economy of scale 规模经济 Edgeworth box diagram 埃奇沃思图 exclusion 排斥性、排他性 Edgeworth contract curve 埃奇沃思契约线 Edgeworth model 埃奇沃思模型 efficiency 效率、效益 efficiency parameter 效率参数 elasticity 弹性 elasticity of substitution 替代弹性 endogenous variable 内生变量 endowment 禀赋 endowment of resources 资源禀赋 Engel curve 恩格尔曲线 entrepreneur 企业家 entrepreneurship 企业家才能 entry barriers 进入壁垒 entry/exit decision 进出决策 envelope curve 包络线 equilibrium 均衡
C 75 capital 资本 capital stock 资本存量 capital output ratio 资本产出比率 capitalism 资本主义 cardinal utility theory 基数效用论 cartel 卡特尔 ceteris paribus assumption “其他条件不变”的假设 ceteris paribus demand curve “其他因素不变”的需求曲线

经济学常用英语词汇英汉对照

经济学常用英语词汇英汉对照

经济学常用英语词汇英汉对照经济学常用英语词汇英汉对照Aaccounting会计accounting cost会计成本accounting profit会计利润adverse selection逆向选择allocation配置allocation of resources资源配置allocative efficiency配置效率antitrust legislation反托拉斯法arc elasticity弧弹性Arrow's impossibility theorem阿罗不可能定理Assumption假设asymetric information非对称性信息average平均average cost平均成本average cost pricing平均成本定价法average fixed cost平均固定成本average product of capital资本平均产量average product of labour劳动平均产量average revenue平均收益average total cost平均总成本average variable cost平均可变成本TopBbarriers to entry进入壁垒base year基年bilateral monopoly双边垄断benefit收益black market黑市bliss point极乐点boundary point边界点break even point收支相抵点budget预算budget constraint预算约束budget line预算线budget set预算集Top Ccapital资本capital stock资本存量capital output ratio资本产出比率capitalism资本主义cardinal utility theory基数效用论cartel卡特尔ceteris puribus assumption“其他条件不变”的假设ceteris puribus demand curve其他因素不变的需求曲线Chamberlin model张伯伦模型change in demand需求变化change in quantity demanded需求量变化change in quantity supplied供给量变化change in supply供给变化choice选择closed set闭集Coase theorem科斯定理Cobb—Douglas production function柯布--道格拉斯生产函数cobweb model蛛网模型collective bargaining集体协议工资collusion合谋command economy指令经济commodity商品commodity combination商品组合commodity market商品市场commodity space商品空间common property公用财产comparative static analysis比较静态分析compensatedbudget line补偿预算线compensated demand function补偿需求函数compensation principles补偿原则compensating variation in income收入补偿变量competition竞争competitive market竞争性市场complement goods互补品complete information完全信息completeness完备性condition for efficiency in exchange交换的最优条件condition for efficiency in production生产的最优条件concave凹concave function凹函数concave preference凹偏好consistence一致性constant cost industry成本不变产业constant returns to scale规模报酬不变constraints约束consumer消费者consumer behavior消费者行为consumer choice消费者选择consumer equilibrium消费者均衡consumer optimization消费者优化consumer preference消费者偏好consumer surplus消费者剩余consumer theory消费者理论consumption消费consumption bundle消费束consumption combination消费组合consumption possibility curve消费可能曲线consumption possibility frontier消费可能性前沿consumption set消费集consumption space消费空间continuity连续性continuous function连续函数contract curve契约曲线convex凸convex function凸函数convex preference凸偏好convex set凸集corporatlon公司cost成本cost benefit analysis成本收益分cost function成本函数cost minimization成本极小化Cournot equilihrium古诺均衡Cournot model古诺模型Cross—price elasticity交叉价格弹性TopDdead—weights loss重负损失decreasing cost industry成本递减产业decreasing returns to scale规模报酬递减deduction演绎法demand需求demand curve需求曲线demand elasticity需求弹性demand function需求函数demand price需求价格demand schedule需求表depreciation折旧derivative导数derive demand派生需求difference equation差分方程differential equation微分方程differentiated good 差异商品differentiated oligoply差异寡头diminishing marginal substitution边际替代率递减diminishing marginal return收益递减diminishing marginal utility边际效用递减direct approach直接法direct taxes直接税discounting贴税、折扣diseconomies of scale规模不经济disequilibrium非均衡distribution分配division of labour劳动分工distribution theory of marginal productivity边际生产率分配论duoupoly双头垄断、双寡duality对偶durable goods耐用品dynamic analysis 动态分析dynamic models动态模型TopEEconomic agents经济行为者economic cost经济成本economic efficiency经济效率economic goods经济物品economic man经济人economic mode经济模型economic profit经济利润economic region of production生产的经济区域economic regulation经济调节economic rent经济租金exchange交换economics经济学exchange efficiency交换效率economy经济exchange contract curve交换契约曲线economy of scale规模经济Edgeworth box diagram埃奇沃思图exclusion排斥性、排他性Edgeworth contract curve埃奇沃思契约线Edgeworth model 埃奇沃思模型efficiency效率,效益efficiency parameter效率参数elasticity弹性elasticity of substitution替代弹性endogenous variable内生变量endowment禀赋endowment of resources资源禀赋Engel curve恩格尔曲线entrepreneur企业家entrepreneurship企业家才能entry barriers进入壁垒entry/exit decision进出决策envolope curve包络线equilibrium均衡equilibrium condition均衡条件equilibrium price均衡价格equilibrium quantity均衡产量eqity公平equivalent variation in income收入等价变量excess—capacity theorem过度生产能力定理excess supply过度供给exchange交换exchange contract curve交换契约曲线exclusion排斥性、排他性exclusion principle排他性原则existence存在性existence of general equilibrium总体均衡的存在性exogenous variables外生变量expansion paths扩展径expectation期望expected utility期望效用expected value期望值expenditure支出explicit cost显性成本external benefit外部收益external cost外部成本external economy外部经济external diseconomy外部不经济externalities外部性TopFFactor要素factor demand要素需求factor market要素市场factors of production生产要素factor substitution要素替代factor supply要素供给fallacy of composition合成谬误final goods最终产品firm企业firms’demand curve for labor企业劳动需求曲线firm supply curve企业供给曲线first-degree price discrimination第一级价格歧视first—order condition一阶条件fixed costs固定成本fixed input固定投入fixed proportions production function固定比例的生产函数flow流量fluctuation波动for whom to produce为谁生产free entry自由进入free goods自由品,免费品free mobility of resources资源自由流动free rider搭便车,免费搭车function函数future value未来值TopGgame theory对策论、博弈论general equilibrium总体均衡general goods一般商品Giffen goods吉芬晶收入补偿需求曲线Giffen's Paradox吉芬之谜Gini coefficient吉尼系数goldenrule黄金规则goods货物government failure政府失败government regulation政府调控grand utility possibility curve总效用可能曲线grand utility possibility frontier总效用可能前沿TopHheterogeneous product异质产品Hicks—kaldor welfare criterion希克斯一卡尔多福利标准homogeneity齐次性homogeneous demand function齐次需求函数homogeneous product同质产品homogeneous production function齐次生产函数horizontal summation水平和household家庭how to produce如何生产human capital人力资本hypothesis假说TopIidentity恒等式imperfect competion不完全竞争implicitcost隐性成本income收入income compensated demand curve income constraint收入约束income consumption curve收入消费曲线income distribution 收入分配income effect收入效应income elasticity of demand需求收入弹性increasing cost industry成本递增产业increasing returns to scale规模报酬递增inefficiency缺乏效率index number指数indifference无差异indifference curve无差异曲线indifference map无差异族indifference relation无差异关系indifference set无差异集。

经济学专业术语(中英文对照)

经济学专业术语(中英文对照)

经济学专业术语(中英文对照)目录1. 经济学原理 (2)2. 像经济学家一样思考 (2)3. 相互依存性与贸易的好处 (3)4. 供给与需求的市场力量 (3)5. 弹性及其应用 (4)6. 供给需求与政策 (4)7. 消费者、生产者与市场效率 (4)8. 赋税的应用 (4)9. 国际贸易 (5)10. 外部性 (5)11. 公共物品和公共资源 (5)12. 税制设计 (5)13. 生产成本 (6)14. 竞争市场上的企业 (7)15. 垄断 (7)16. 垄断竞争 (7)17. 寡头 (7)18. 生产要素市场 (8)19. 收入与歧视 (8)20. 收入不平等与贫困 (8)21. 消费者选择理论 (9)22. 微观经济学前沿 (9)23. 一国收入的衡量 (10)24. 生活费用的衡量 (10)25. 生产与增长 (10)26. 储蓄、投资和金融体系 (11)27. 金融学的基本工具 (11)28. 失业 (12)29. 货币制度 (12)30. 货币增长与通货膨胀 (13)31. 开放经济的宏观经济学 (14)32. 开放经济的宏观经济理论 (14)33. 总需求与总供给 (14)34. 货币政策和财政政策对总需求影响 (15)35. 通胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍 (15)1.经济学原理经济:(economy)稀缺性:(scarcity)经济学:(economics)效率:(efficiency)平等:(equality)机会成本:(opporyunity cost)理性人:(rational people)边际变动:(marginal change)边际收益:(marginal benefit)边际成本:(marginal cost)激励:(incentive)市场经济:(market economy)产权:(property rights)市场失灵:(market failure)外部性:(externality)市场势力:(market power)生产率:(productivity)通货膨胀:(inflation)经济周期:(business cycle)2.像经济学家一样思考循环流量图:(circular-flow diagram)生产可能性边界:(production possibilities)微观经济学:(microeconomics)宏观经济学:(macroeconomics)实证表述:(positive statements)规范表述:(normative statements)有序数对:(ordered pair)3.相互依存性与贸易的好处绝对优势:(absolute advantage)机会成本:(apportunity cost)比较优势:(comparative advantage)进口品:(imports)出口品:(exports)4.供给与需求的市场力量市场:(market)竞争市场:(competitive market)需求量:(quantity demand)需求定理:(law of demand)需求表:(demand schedule)需求曲线:(demand curve)正常物品:(normal good)低档物品:(inferior good)替代品:(substitutes)互补品:(complements)供给量:(quantity supplied)供给定理:(law of supply)供给表:(supply schedule)供给曲线:(supply curve)均衡:(equilibrium)均衡价格:(equilibrium price)均衡数量:(equilibrium quantity)过剩:(surplus)短缺:(shortage)供求定理:(law of supply and demand)5.弹性及其应用弹性:(elasticity)需求价格弹性:(price elasticity of demand)总收益:(total revenue)需求收入弹性:(income elasticity)需求的交叉价格弹性:(cross-price elasticity)供给价格弹性:(price elasticity of supply)6.供给需求与政策价格上限:(price ceiling)价格下限:(price floor)税收归宿:(tax incidence)7.消费者、生产者与市场效率福利经济学:(welfare economics)支付意愿:(willingness to pay)消费者剩余:(consumer surplus)成本:(cost)生产者剩余:(producer surplus)效率:(efficiency)平等:(equality)8.赋税的应用无谓损失:(deadweight loss)9.国际贸易世界价格:(world price)关税:(tariff)10.外部性外部性:(externality)外部性内在化:(internalizing the externality)矫正税:(corrective taxes)科斯定理:(coase theorem)交易成本:(transaction cost)11.公共物品和公共资源排他性:(excludability)消费中的竞争性:(rivalry in consumption)私人物品:(private goods)公共物品:(public goods)公共资源:(common resources)俱乐部物品:(club goods)搭便车者:(free rider)成本-收益分析:(cost-benefit analysis)公地悲剧:(tragedy of commons)12.税制设计纳税义务:(tax lianility)预算赤字:(budget defict)预算盈余:(budget surplus)平均税率:(average tax rate)边际税率:(marginal tax rate)定额税:(lump-sum tax)受益原则:(benefits principle)支付能力原则:(ability-to-pay principle)纵向平等:(vertical equity)横向平等:(horizontal equity)比例税:(proportional tax)累退税:(regressive tax)累进税:(progressive tax)13.生产成本总收益:(total revenue)总成本:(total cost)利润:(profit)显性成本:(explicit costs)隐性成本:(implicit costs)经济利润:(economic profit)会计利润:(counting profit)生产函数:(production function)边际产量:(marginal product)边际产量递减:(diminishing marginal product)固定成本:(fixed costs)可变成本:(variable costs)平均总成本:(average total cost)平均固定成本:(average fixed costs)平均可变成本:(average variable costs)边际成本:(marginal cost)有效规模:(efficient scale)规模经济:(economies of scale)规模不经济:(diseconomies of scale)规模收益不变:(constant returns to scale) 14.竞争市场上的企业竞争市场:(competitive market)平均收益:(average revenue)边际收益:(marginal revenue)沉没成本:(sunk revenue)15.垄断垄断企业:(monopoly)自然垄断:(natural monopoly)价格歧视:(price discrimination)16.垄断竞争寡头:(oligopoly)垄断竞争:(monopolistic competition) 17.寡头博弈论:(game theory)勾结:(collusion)卡特尔:(cartel)纳什均衡:(Nash equilibrium)囚徒困境:(prisoners’ dilemma)占优策略:(dominant strategy)18.生产要素市场生产要素:(factors of production)生产函数:(production function)劳动的边际产量:(marginal product of labor)边际产量递减:(diminishing marginal product)边际产量值:(value of the marginal product)资本:(capital)19.收入与歧视补偿性工资差别:(compensating differential)人力资本:(human capital)工会:(union)罢工:(strike)效率工资:(efficiency)歧视:(discrimination)20.收入不平等与贫困贫困率:(poverty rate)贫困率:(poverty line)实物转移支付:(in-kind transfers)生命周期:(life cycle)持久收入:(permanent income)功利主义:(utilitariansm)效用:(utilitariansm)自由主义:(liberalism)最大最小准则:(maximin criterion)负所得税:(negative income tax)福利:(welfare)社会保险:(social insurance)自由至上主义:(libertarianism)21.消费者选择理论预算约束线:(budget constraint)无差异曲线:(indiffernnce curve)边际替代率:(marginal rate of subtitution)完全替代品:(perfect substitudes)完全互补品:(perfect complements)正常物品:(normal good)低档物品:(inferior good)收入效应:(income effect)替代效应:(substitution effect)吉芬物品:(Giffen good)22.微观经济学前沿道德风险:(moral hazard)代理人:(agent)委托人:(principal)逆向选择:(adverse selection)发信号:(signaling)筛选:(screening)政治经济学:(political economy)康多塞悖论:(condorcet paradox)阿罗不可能性定理:(Arrow’s impossibility)中值选民定理:(median vater theorem)行为经济学:(behavioral economics)23.一国收入的衡量微观经济学:(microeconomics)宏观经济学:(macroeconomics)国内生产总值:(gross domestic product,GDP)消费:(consumption)投资:(investment)政府购买:(government purchase)净出口:(net export)名义GDP:(nominal GDP)真实GDP:(real GDP)GDP平减指数:(GDP deflator)24.生活费用的衡量消费物价指数:(consumer price index,CPI)通货膨胀率:(inflation rate)生产物价指数:(produer price index,PPI)指数化:(indexation)生活费用津贴:(cost-of-living allowance,COLA)名义利率:(nominal interest rate)25.生产与增长生产率:(productivity)物质资本:(physical capital)人力资本:(human capital)自然资源:(natural resources)技术知识:(technological knoeledge)收益递减:(diminishing returns)追赶效应:(catch-up effect)26.储蓄、投资和金融体系金融体系:(financial system)金融市场:(financial markets)债券:(bond)股票:(stock)金融中介机构:(financial intermediaries)共同基金:(mutual fund)国民储蓄:(national saving)私人储蓄:(private saving)公共储蓄:(public saving)预算盈余:(budget surplus)预算赤字:(budget deficit)可贷资金市场:(market for loanable funds)挤出:(crowding out)27.金融学的基本工具金融学:(finance)现值:(present value)终值:(future value)复利:(compounding)风险厌恶:(risk aversion)多元化:(diversification)企业特有风险:(firm-specific risk)市场风险:(market risk)基本面风险:(fundamental analysis)有效市场假说:(efficient markets by pothesis)信息有效:(informational efficiency)随机游走:(random walk)28.失业劳动力:(laborforce)失业率:(unemployment rate)劳动力参与率:(labor-force participation rate)自然失业率:(natural rate of unemployment)周期性失业:(cyclical unemployment)失去信心的工人:(discouraged workers)摩擦性失业:(frictional unemployment)结构性失业:(structural unemployment)寻找工作:(job search)失业保险:(unemployment insurance)工会:(union)集体谈判:(collective bargaining)罢工:(strike)效率工资:(essiciency wages)29.货币制度货币:(money)交换媒介:(medium of exchange)计价单位:(unit of account)价值储藏手段:(store of value)流动性:(liquidity)商品货币:(commodity money)法定货币:(fiat money)通货:(currency)活期存款:(demand deposits)联邦储备局:(Federal Reserve)中央银行:(central bank)货币供给:(money supply)货币政策:(monetary policy)准备金:(reserves)部分准备金银行:(fractional-reserve banking)准备金率:(reserve ratio)货币乘数:(money multiplier)银行资本:(bank capital)杠杆:(leverage)杠杆率:(leverage ratio)资本需要量:(capital requirement)公开市场操作:(open-market operations)贴现率:(discount rate)法定准备金:(reserve requirements)补充金融计划:(supplementary financing program)联邦基金利率:(federal funds rate)30.货币增长与通货膨胀铲除通胀:(whip Inflation Now)货币数量论:(quantity theory of money)名义变量:(nominal variables)真实变量:(real variables)古典二分法:(classiacl dichotomy)货币中性:(monetary neutrality)货币流通速度:(velocity of money)数量方程式:(quantity equation)通货膨胀税:(inflation tax)费雪效应:(Fisher effect)皮鞋成本:(shoeleather cost)菜单成本:(menu costs)31.开放经济的宏观经济学封闭经济:(closed economy)开放经济:(open economy)出口:(exports)净出口:(net exports)贸易余额:(trade balance)贸易盈余:(trade surplus)贸易平衡:(balanced trade)贸易赤字:(trade deficit)资本净流出:(net capital outflow)名义汇率:(nominal exchange rate)升值:(appreciation)贬值:(depreciation)真实汇率:(real exchange rate)购买力平价:(purchasing-power parity)32.开放经济的宏观经济理论贸易政策:(trade policy)资本外逃:(capital flight)33.总需求与总供给衰退:(recession)萧条:(depression)总需求与总供给模型:(model of aggregate demand and aggregate supply)总需求曲线:(aggregate-demand curve)总供给曲线:(aggregate-supply curve)自然产出水平:(natural level of output)滞胀:(stagflation)34.货币政策和财政政策对总需求影响流动性偏好理论:(theory of liquidity)财政政策:(fisical policy)乘数效应:(multiplier effect)挤出效应:(crowding-out effect)自动稳定器:(automatic stabilizers)35.通胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍菲利普斯曲线:(phillips curve)自然率假说:(natural-rate hypothesis)供给冲击:(supply shock)牺牲率:(sacrifice ratio)理性预期:(rational expectations)。

翻译词汇经济学词汇 中英对照

翻译词汇经济学词汇 中英对照

Aaccounting:会计accounting cost :会计成本accounting profit :会计利润adverse selection :逆向选择allocation 配置allocation of resources :资源配置allocative efficiency :配置效率antitrust legislation :反托拉斯法arc elasticity :弧弹性Arrow's impossibility theorem :阿罗不可能定理Assumption :假设asymetric information :非对称性信息average :平均average cost :平均成本average cost pricing :平均成本定价法average fixed cost :平均固定成本average product of capital :资本平均产量average product of labour :劳动平均产量average revenue :平均收益average total cost :平均总成本average variable cost :平均可变成本Bbarriers to entry :进入壁垒base year :基年bilateral monopoly :双边垄断benefit :收益black market :黑市bliss point :极乐点boundary point :边界点break even point :收支相抵点budget :预算budget constraint :预算约束budget line :预算线budget set 预算集Ccapital stock :资本存量capital output ratio :资本产出比率capitalism :资本主义cardinal utility theory :基数效用论cartel :卡特尔ceteris puribus assumption:“其他条件不变”的假设ceteris puribus demand curve :其他因素不变的需求曲线Chamberlin model :张伯伦模型change in demand :需求变化change in quantity demanded :需求量变化change in quantity supplied :供给量变化change in supply :供给变化choice :选择closed set :闭集Coase theorem :科斯定理Cobb—Douglas production function :柯布--道格拉斯生产函数cobweb model :蛛网模型collective bargaining :集体协议工资collusion :合谋command economy :指令经济commodity :商品commodity combination :商品组合commodity market :商品市场commodity space :商品空间common property :公用财产comparative static analysis :比较静态分析compensated budget line :补偿预算线compensated demand function :补偿需求函数compensation principles :补偿原则compensating variation in income :收入补偿变量competition :竞争competitive market :竞争性市场complement goods :互补品complete information :完全信息completeness :完备性condition for efficiency in exchange :交换的最优条件condition for efficiency in production :生产的最优条件concave :凹concave function :凹函数concave preference :凹偏好consistence :一致性constant cost industry :成本不变产业constant returns to scale :规模报酬不变constraints :约束consumer :消费者consumer behavior :消费者行为consumer choice :消费者选择consumer equilibrium :消费者均衡consumer optimization :消费者优化consumer preference :消费者偏好consumer surplus :消费者剩余consumer theory :消费者理论consumption :消费consumption bundle :消费束consumption combination :消费组合consumption possibility curve :消费可能曲线consumption possibility frontier :消费可能性前沿consumption set :消费集consumption space :消费空间continuity :连续性continuous function :连续函数contract curve :契约曲线convex :凸convex function :凸函数convex preference :凸偏好convex set :凸集corporatlon :公司cost :成本cost benefit analysis :成本收益分cost function :成本函数cost minimization :成本极小化Cournot equilihrium :古诺均衡Cournot model :古诺模型Cross—price elasticity :交叉价格弹性Ddead—weights loss :重负损失decreasing cost industry :成本递减产业decreasing returns to scale :规模报酬递减deduction :演绎法demand :需求demand curve :需求曲线demand elasticity :需求弹性demand function :需求函数demand price :需求价格demand schedule :需求表depreciation :折旧derivative :导数derive demand :派生需求difference equation :差分方程differential equation :微分方程differentiated good :差异商品differentiated oligoply :差异寡头diminishing marginal substitution :边际替代率递减diminishing marginal return :收益递减diminishing marginal utility :边际效用递减direct approach :直接法direct taxes :直接税discounting :贴税、折扣diseconomies of scale :规模不经济disequilibrium :非均衡distribution :分配division of labour :劳动分工distribution theory of marginal productivity :边际生产率分配论duoupoly :双头垄断、双寡duality :对偶durable goods :耐用品dynamic analysis :动态分析dynamic models :动态模型EEconomic agents :经济行为者economic cost :经济成本economic efficiency :经济效率economic goods :经济物品economic man :经济人economic mode :经济模型economic profit :经济利润economic region of production :生产的经济区域economic regulation :经济调节economic rent :经济租金exchange :交换economics :经济学exchange efficiency :交换效率economy :经济exchange contract curve :交换契约曲线economy of scale :规模经济Edgeworth box diagram :埃奇沃思图exclusion :排斥性、排他性Edgeworth contract curve :埃奇沃思契约线Edgeworth model :埃奇沃思模型efficiency :效率,效益efficiency parameter :效率参数elasticity :弹性elasticity of substitution :替代弹性endogenous variable :内生变量endowment :禀赋endowment of resources :资源禀赋Engel curve :恩格尔曲线entrepreneur :企业家entrepreneurship :企业家才能entry barriers :进入壁垒entry/exit decision :进出决策envolope curve :包络线equilibrium :均衡equilibrium condition :均衡条件equilibrium price :均衡价格equilibrium quantity :均衡产量eqity :公平equivalent variation in income :收入等价变量excess—capacity theorem :过度生产能力定理excess supply :过度供给exchange :交换exchange contract curve :交换契约曲线exclusion :排斥性、排他性exclusion principle :排他性原则existence :存在性existence of general equilibrium :总体均衡的存在性exogenous variables :外生变量expansion paths :扩展径expectation :期望expected utility :期望效用expected value :期望值expenditure :支出explicit cost :显性成本external benefit :外部收益external cost :外部成本external economy :外部经济external diseconomy :外部不经济externalities :外部性FFactor :要素factor demand :要素需求factor market :要素市场factors of production :生产要素factor substitution :要素替代factor supply :要素供给fallacy of composition :合成谬误final goods :最终产品firm :企业firms’demand curve for labor :企业劳动需求曲线firm supply curve :企业供给曲线first-degree price discrimination :第一级价格歧视first—order condition :一阶条件fixed costs :固定成本fixed input :固定投入fixed proportions production function :固定比例的生产函数flow :流量fluctuation :波动for whom to produce :为谁生产free entry :自由进入free goods :自由品,免费品free mobility of resources :资源自由流动free rider :搭便车,免费搭车function :函数future value :未来值Ggame theory :对策论、博弈论general equilibrium :总体均衡general goods :一般商品Giffen goods :吉芬晶收入补偿需求曲线Giffen's Paradox :吉芬之谜Gini coefficient :吉尼系数goldenrule :黄金规则goods :货物government failure :政府失败government regulation :政府调控grand utility possibility curve :总效用可能曲线grand utility possibility frontier :总效用可能前沿Hheterogeneous product :异质产品Hicks—kaldor welfare criterion :希克斯一卡尔多福利标准homogeneity :齐次性homogeneous demand function :齐次需求函数homogeneous product :同质产品homogeneous production function :齐次生产函数horizontal summation :水平和household :家庭how to produce :如何生产human capital :人力资本hypothesis :假说Iidentity :恒等式imperfect competion :不完全竞争implicitcost :隐性成本income :收入income compensated demand curve :收入补偿需求曲线income constraint :收入约束income consumption curve :收入消费曲线income distribution :收入分配income effect :收入效应income elasticity of demand :需求收入弹性increasing cost industry :成本递增产业increasing returns to scale :规模报酬递增inefficiency :缺乏效率index number :指数indifference :无差异indifference curve :无差异曲线indifference map :无差异族indifference relation :无差异关系indifference set :无差异集indirect approach :间接法individual analysis :个量分析individual demand curve :个人需求曲线individual demand function :个人需求函数induced variable :引致变量induction :归纳法industry :产业industry equilibrium :产业均衡industry supply curve :产业供给曲线inelastic :缺乏弹性的inferior goods :劣品inflection point :拐点information :信息information cost :信息成本initial condition :初始条件initial endowment :初始禀赋innovation :创新input :投入input—output :投入—产出institution :制度institutional economics :制度经济学insurance :保险intercept :截距interest :利息interest rate :利息率intermediate goods :中间产品internatization of externalities :外部性内部化invention :发明inverse demand function :逆需求函数investment :投资invisible hand :看不见的手isocost line :等成本线,isoprofit curve :等利润曲线isoquant curve :等产量曲线isoquant map :等产量族Kkinded—demand curve :弯折的需求曲线Llabour :劳动labour demand :劳动需求labour supply :劳动供给labour theory of value :劳动价值论labour unions :工会laissez faire :自由放任Lagrangian function :拉格朗日函数Lagrangian multiplier :拉格朗乘数,land :土地law :法则law of demand and supply :供需法law of diminishing marginal utility :边际效用递减法则law of diminishing marginal rate of substitution:边际替代率递减法则law of diminishing marginal rate of technical substitution :边际技术替代率law of increasing cost :成本递增法则law of one price :单一价格法则leader—follower model :领导者--跟随者模型least—cost combination of inputs :最低成本的投入组合leisure :闲暇Leontief production function :列昂节夫生产函数licenses :许可证linear demand function :线性需求函数linear homogeneity :线性齐次性linear homogeneous production function :线性齐次生产函数long run :长期long run average cost :长期平均成本long run equilibrium :长期均衡long run industry supply curve :长期产业供给曲线long run marginal cost :长期边际成本long run total cost :长期总成本Lorenz curve :洛伦兹曲线loss minimization :损失极小化1ump sum tax :一次性征税luxury :奢侈品Mmacroeconomics :宏观经济学marginal :边际的marginal benefit :边际收益marginal cost :边际成本marginal cost pricing :边际成本定价marginal cost of factor :边际要素成本marginal physical productivity :实际实物生产率marginal product :边际产量marginal product of capital :资本的边际产量marginal product of 1abour :劳动的边际产量marginal productivity :边际生产率marginal rate of substitution :边替代率marginal rate of transformation边际转换率marginal returns :边际回报marginal revenue :边际收益marginal revenue product :边际收益产品marginal revolution :边际革命marginal social benefit :社会边际收益marginal social cost :社会边际成本marginal utility :边际效用marginal value products :边际价值产品market :市场market clearance :市场结清,市场洗清market demand :市场需求market economy :市场经济market equilibrium :市场均衡market failure :市场失败market mechanism :市场机制market structure :市场结构market separation :市场分割market regulation :市场调节market share :市场份额markup pricing :加减定价法Marshallian demand function :马歇尔需求函数maximization :极大化microeconomics :微观经济学minimum wage :最低工资misallocation of resources :资源误置mixed economy :混合经济model :模型money :货币monopolistic competition :垄断竞争monopolistic exploitation :垄断剥削monopoly :垄断,卖方垄断monopoly equilibrium :垄断均衡monopoly pricing :垄断定价monopoly regulation :垄断调控monopoly rents :垄断租金monopsony :买方垄断NNash equilibrium :纳什均衡Natural monopoly :自然垄断Natural resources :自然资源Necessary condition :必要条件necessities :必需品net demand :净需求nonconvex preference :非凸性偏好nonconvexity :非凸性nonexclusion :非排斥性nonlinear pricing :非线性定价nonrivalry :非对抗性nonprice competition :非价格竞争nonsatiation :非饱和性non--zero—sum game :非零和对策normal goods :正常品normal profit :正常利润normative economics :规范经济学Oobjective function :目标函数oligopoly :寡头垄断oligopoly market :寡头市场oligopoly model :寡头模型opportunity cost :机会成本optimal choice :最佳选择optimal consumption bundle :消费束perfect elasticity :完全有弹性optimal resource allocation :最佳资源配置optimal scale :最佳规模optimal solution :最优解optimization :优化ordering of optimization(social) preference :(社会)偏好排序ordinal utility :序数效用ordinary goods :一般品output :产量、产出output elasticity :产出弹性output maximization 产出极大化Pparameter :参数Pareto criterion :帕累托标准Pareto efficiency :帕累托效率Pareto improvement :帕累托改进Pareto optimality :帕累托优化Pareto set :帕累托集partial derivative :偏导数partial equilibrium :局部均衡patent :专利pay off matrix :收益矩阵、支付矩阵perceived demand curve :感觉到的需求曲线perfect competition :完全竞争perfect complement :完全互补品perfect monopoly :完全垄断perfect price discrimination :完全价格歧视perfect substitution :完全替代品perfect inelasticity :完全无弹性perfectly elastic :完全有弹性perfectly inelastic :完全无弹性plant size :工厂规模point elasticity :点弹性post Hoc Fallacy :后此谬误prediction :预测preference :偏好preference relation :偏好关系present value :现值price :价格price adjustment model :价格调整模型price ceiling :最高限价price consumption curve :价格费曲线price control :价格管制price difference :价格差别price discrimination :价格歧视price elasticity of demand :需求价格弹性price elasticity of supply :供给价格弹性price floor :最低限价price maker :价格制定者price rigidity :价格刚性price seeker :价格搜求者price taker :价格接受者price tax :从价税private benefit :私人收益principal—agent issues :委托--代理问题private cost :私人成本private goods :私人用品private property :私人财产producer equilibrium :生产者均衡producer theory :生产者理论product :产品product transformation curve :产品转换曲线product differentiation :产品差异product group :产品集团production :生产production contract curve :生产契约曲线production efficiency :生产效率production function :生产函数production possibility curve :生产可能性曲线productivity :生产率productivity of capital :资本生产率productivity of labor :劳动生产率profit :利润profit function :利润函数profit maximization :利润极大化property rights :产权property rights economics :产权经济学proposition :定理proportional demand curve :成比例的需求曲线public benefits :公共收益public choice :公共选择public goods :公共商品pure competition :纯粹竞争rivalry :对抗性、竞争pure exchange :纯交换pure monopoly :纯粹垄断Qquantity—adjustment model :数量调整模型quantity tax :从量税quasi—rent :准租金Rrate of product transformation :产品转换率rationality :理性reaction function :反应函数regulation :调节,调控relative price 相对价格rent :租金rent control :规模报酬rent seeking :寻租rent seeking economics :寻租经济学resource :资源resource allocation :资源配置returns :报酬、回报returns to scale :规模报酬revealed preference :显示性偏好revenue :收益revenue curve :收益曲线revenue function :收益函数revenue maximization :收益极大化ridge line :脊线risk :风险Ssatiation :饱和,满足saving :储蓄scarcity :稀缺性law of scarcity :稀缺法则second—degree price discrimination :二级价格歧视second derivative :--阶导数second—order condition :二阶条件service :劳务set :集shadow prices :影子价格short—run :短期short—run cost curve :短期成本曲线short—run equilibrium :短期均衡short—run supply curve :短期供给曲线shut down decision :关闭决策shortage 短缺shut down point :关闭点single price monopoly :单一定价垄断slope :斜率social benefit :社会收益social cost :社会成本social indifference curve :社会无差异曲线social preference :社会偏好social security :社会保障social welfare function :社会福利函数socialism :社会主义solution :解space :空间stability :稳定性stable equilibrium :稳定的均衡Stackelberg model :斯塔克尔贝格模型static analysis :静态分析stock :存量stock market :股票市场strategy :策略subsidy :津贴substitutes :替代品substitution effect :替代效应substitution parameter :替代参数sufficient condition :充分条件supply :供给supply curve :供给曲线supply function :供给函数supply schedule :供给表Sweezy model :斯威齐模型symmetry :对称性symmetry of information :信息对称Ttangency :相切taste :兴致technical efficiency :技术效率technological constraints ;技术约束technological progress :技术进步technology :技术third—degree price discrimination :第**价格歧视total cost :总成本total effect :总效应total expenditure :总支出total fixed cost :总固定成本total product :总产量total revenue :总收益total utility :总效用total variable cost :总可变成本traditional economy :传统经济transitivity :传递性transaction cost :交易费用Uuncertainty :不确定性uniqueness :唯一性unit elasticity :单位弹性unstable equilibrium :不稳定均衡utility :效用utility function :效用函数utility index :效用指数utility maximization :效用极大化utility possibility curve :效用可能性曲线utility possibility frontier :效用可能性前沿Vvalue :价值value judge :价值判断value of marginal product :边际产量价值variable cost :可变成本variable input :可变投入variables :变量vector :向量visible hand :看得见的手vulgur economics :庸俗经济学Wwage :工资wage rate :工资率Walras general equilibrium :瓦尔拉斯总体均衡Walras's law :瓦尔拉斯法则Wants :需要Welfare criterion :福利标准Welfare economics :福利经学Welfare loss triangle :福利损失三角形welfare maximization :福利极大化Zzero cost :零成本zero elasticity :零弹性zero homogeneity :零阶齐次性zero economic profit :零利润。

经济学最全词典 中英对照

经济学最全词典 中英对照

经济学词典提供经济学词典.向他致敬!Ability-to-pay principle(of taxation)(税收的)支付能力原则按照纳税人支付能力确定纳税负担的原则。

纳税人支付能力依据其收人或财富来衡量。

这一原则并不说明某经济状况较好的人到底该比别人多负担多少。

Absolute advantage(in international trade)(国际贸易中的)绝对优势A国所具有的比B国能更加有效地(即单位投入的产出水平比较高等)生产某种商品的能力。

这种优势并不意味着A国必然能将该商品成功地出口到B国。

因为B国还可能有一种我们所说的比较优势或曰比较利益(comparative advantage)。

Accelerator principle 加速原理解释产出率变动同方向地引致投资需求变动的理论。

Actual,cyc1ical,and structual budget 实际预算、周期预算和结构预算实际预算的赤字或盈余指的是某年份实际记录的赤字或盈余。

实际预算可划分成结构预算和周期预算。

结构预算假定经济在潜在产出水平上运行,并据此测算该经济条件下的政府税入、支出和赤字等指标。

周期预算基于所预测的商业周期(及其经济波动)对预算的影响。

Adaptive expectations 适应性预期见预期(expectations)。

Adjustable peg 可调整钉住一种(固定)汇率制度。

在该制度下,各国货币对其他货币保持一种固定的或曰“钉住的”汇率。

当某些基本因素发生变动、原先汇率失去合理依据的时候,这种汇率便不时地趋于凋整。

在1944-1971年期间,世界各主要货币都普遍实行这种制度,称为“布雷顿森林体系”。

Administered(or inflexible)prices 管理(或非浮动)价格特指某类价格的术语。

按照有关规定,这类价格在某一段时间内、在若干种交易中能够维持不变。

(见价格浮动,price flexibility)Adverse selection 逆向选择一种市场不灵。

经济学基本词汇英文对照

经济学基本词汇英文对照

经济学基本词汇英文对照1. 供需关系(Supply and Demand)在经济学中,供需关系是指商品或服务的供给量与需求量之间的关系。

当供给量大于需求量时,价格往往下降;反之,当需求量大于供给量时,价格则会上升。

2. 市场均衡(Market Equilibrium)市场均衡是指在一个市场中,商品的供给量和需求量达到平衡状态,此时商品的价格稳定。

3. 边际效用(Marginal Utility)边际效用是指消费者在消费过程中,每增加一单位商品所获得的额外满足感。

随着消费量的增加,边际效用逐渐递减。

4. 机会成本(Opportunity Cost)机会成本是指为了得到某种东西而放弃的其他最有价值的机会。

在做决策时,我们需要考虑机会成本。

5. 生产要素(Factors of Production)生产要素是指在生产过程中所使用的资源,主要包括劳动力、土地、资本和企业家精神。

6. 宏观经济学(Macroeconomics)宏观经济学研究的是整个国家或地区的经济总量、经济增长、通货膨胀、失业等经济现象。

7. 微观经济学(Microeconomics)微观经济学研究的是个体经济单位(如家庭、企业)在资源有限的情况下如何进行选择,以及这些选择如何影响市场价格和资源配置。

8. 总需求(Aggregate Demand)总需求是指一个国家或地区在一定时期内,所有消费者、企业、政府和外国购买者对最终产品和服务的需求总和。

9. 总供给(Aggregate Supply)总供给是指一个国家或地区在一定时期内,所有生产者愿意提供的最终产品和服务的总量。

10. 通货膨胀(Inflation)通货膨胀是指货币供应量增加,导致物价普遍上涨,购买力下降的经济现象。

11. 失业(Unemployment)失业是指有劳动能力并愿意工作的人未能找到工作的情况。

失业率是衡量一个国家或地区经济状况的重要指标。

12. 货币政策(Monetary Policy)货币政策是指中央银行通过调整货币供应量和利率等手段,以达到控制通货膨胀、促进经济增长等目标的政策。

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南京财经大学本科毕业论文(设计)外文翻译题目:中美贸易摩擦问题研究学生姓名:俞力学号:**********院(系):经济学院专业:经济学基地班指导教师苏华山2012年 5 月 11 日原文:Major U.S.-China Trade IssuesChina-U.S. Trade IssuesChina’s economic reforms and rapid economic gr owth, along with the effects of globalization,have caused the economies of the United States and China to become increasingly integrated Although growing U.S.-China economic ties are considered by most analysts to be mutually beneficial overall, tensions have risen over a number of Chinese economic and trade policies that many U.S. critics charge are protectionist, economically distortive, and damaging to U.S.economic interests. These include China’s resistance to adopting a market-based currency; its mixed record on implementing its obligations in the World Trade Organization (WTO), including its failure to provide adequate protection of U.S. intellectual property rights (IPR); and its use of industrial policies, including discriminatory government procurement policies, to promote and protect various Chinese domestic industries. Some Members have argued that, given the high rate of U.S. unemployment, China’s “unfair” economic and trade policies can no longer be tolerated, and have urged the Obama Administration to more aggressively use the trade tools at its disposal to challenge such policies whenever possible, such as U.S. trade remedy laws and the WTO’s dispute resolution mechanism.A 2011 survey by the American Chamber of Commerce of its members in China illustrates China’s opportunities and challenges for U.S. firms. It reported that 78% of those surveyed said that they made a profit in China in 2010, and 85% said they would boost investment in their Chinese operations in 2010. However, 35% of respondents stated that it has become more difficult to obtain businesses licenses in recent years and 25% said that China’s indigenous innovation policies (discussed below) were hurting their businesses.China’s Currency PolicyUnlike most advanced economies (such as the United States), China does not maintain a market based floating exchange rate. Between 1994 and July 2005, China pegged its currency, the renminbi (RMB) or yuan, to the U.S. dollar at about 8.28 yuan to the dollar. In July 2005, China apprec iated the RMB to the dollar by 2.1% and moved to a “managed float,” based on a basket of major foreign currencies, including the U.S. dollar. In order to maintain a target rate of exchange with the dollar (and other currencies), the Chinese government has maintained restrictions and controls over capital transactions and has made large-scale purchases of U.S. dollars (and dollar assets). According to the Bank of China, from July 2005 to July 2009, the dollar-yuan exchange rate went from 8.27 to 6.83 yuan per dollar, an appreciation of 21.1%.However, once the effects of the global financial crisis became apparent, the Chinese government halted its appreciation of the RMB and subsequently kept the yuan/dollar exchange rate relatively constant at 6.83 from July 2009 to June 2010 in order to help limit the impact of the sharp decline in global demand for Chinese products.Many U.S. policymakers, labor groups, and business representatives of import-sensitive industries have charged that, despite minor reforms, the Chinese government continues tomanipulate its currency in order to keep the value of its currency artificially low against the dollar (with estimates of undervaluation ranging from 15% to 50%). They claim that this policy constitutes a de facto subsidy for Chinese exports to the United States, and acts as a de fac to tariff on Chinese imported U.S. goods. They complain that this policy has particularly hurt several U.S. manufacturing sectors that are forced to compete against low-cost Chinese products, and has led to the loss of hundreds of thousands of U.S. jobs. Critics further charge that China’s currency policy has been a major factor in the size and growth of the U.S. trade deficit with China. Some Members of Congress contend that, given the current high rate of unemployment in the United States, Chinese “currency manipulation” can no longer be tolerated.China’s Obligations in the World Trade OrganizationNegotiations for China’s accession to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and its successor organization, the WTO, began in 1986 and took over 15 years to complete. During the WTO negotiations, Chinese officials insisted that China was a developing country and should be allowed to enter under fairly lenient terms. The United States insisted that China could enter the WTO only if it substantially liberalized its trade regime. In the end, a compromise was reached that required China to make immediate and extensive reductions in various trade and investment barriers, while allowing it to maintain some level of protection (or a transitional period of protection) for certain sensitive sectors. China’s WTO membership was formally approved at the WTO Ministerial Conference in Doha, Qatar, on November 10, 2001. On November 11, 2001, China notified the WTO that it had formally ratified the WTO agreements, and on December 11, 2001, it formally joined the WTO.Violations of U.S. Intellectual Property RightsLack of effective and consistent protection in China of IPR has been cited by U.S. firms as one of the most significant problems they face in doing business in China. Although China has improved significantly its IPR protection regime over the past few years by beefing up its IPR laws and conducting periodic focused campaigns (such as raids) against major IPR infringers, U.S. industries complain that piracy rates in China remain unacceptably high. The U.S. International Trade Commission (USITC) estimates that U.S. intellectual property-intensive firms that conducted business in China lost $48.2 billion in sales, royalties, and license fees in 2009 because of IPR violations in China.The International Intellectual Property Alliance (IIPA) estimated that business software piracy in China alone cost U.S. firms $3.4 billion in lost trade in 2009.The Business Software Alliance (BSA) estimates the commercial value of illegally used software in China in 2009 was $7.6 billion, a $900 million increase over 2008 levels. Critics of China’s IPR regime note that, even when the Chinese government enforces its IPR laws, the resulting fines, seizures, and other punishments are often not significant enough to act as an effective deterrence against piracy. The U.S. Customs and Border Protection reported that China accounted for 66% of pirated goods seized by the agency in FY2010 (based on domestic value). Piracy also has a number of negative effects on China’s economy.China and U.S. Trade Remedy LawsWhen China entered the WTO in 2001, it agreed to allow the United States to continue to treat it as a non-market economy for 12 years (codified in U.S. law under Sections 421of the 1974Trade Act, as amended) for the purpose of U.S. safeguards.This provision enables the United States(and other WTO members) to impose restrictions (such as quotas and/or increased tariffs) on Chinese products when imports of those products have sharply increased and have caused, or threaten to cause, market disruption to U.S. domestic producers. The Bush Administration on six different occasions chose not to extend relief to various industries under the China-specific safeguard, even though in four cases the U.S. International Trade Commission (USITC) recommended relief. A number of U.S. industries and labor groups have called on the Obama Administration to utilize the China safeguard provision, especially in the face of the current U.S. recession and because of “unfair” Chinese trade practices.The U.S.-China Strategic and Economic DialogueOn September 29, 2006, President George W. Bush and Chinese President Hu Jintao agreed to establish a Strategic Economic Dialogue (SED) in order to have discussions on major economic issues at the “highest official level.” According to a U.S. Treasury Department press release, the intent of the SED was to “discuss long-term strategic challenges, rather than seeking immediate solutions to the issues of the day,” in order to provide a stronger foundation for pursuing concrete results through existing bilateral economic dialogues. The first meeting was held in December 2006. Four subsequent rounds of talks were held (the last was in December 2008).While attending the G-20 summit in London on the global financial crisis on April 1, 2009, President Obama and Chinese President Hu agreed to continue the high-level forum, renaming it the U.S.-China Strategic and Economic Dialogue (S&ED). The new dialogue is based on two tracks. The first (the “Strategic Track”) is headed by the Secretary of State on the U.S. side and focuses on political and strategic issues, while the second track (the “Economic Track”) is headed by the U.S. Treasury Secretary on the U.S. side and focuses on financial and economic issues. Areas of discussion include economic and trade issues, counterterrorism, law enforcement,science and technology, education, culture, health, energy, the environment (including climate change), non-proliferation, and human rights.译文:中美主要贸易问题中国的经济改革和经济快速增长,随着全球化的影响,已经引起美国和中国的经济越来越集成日益增长的中美经济关系,虽然大多数分析家认为是互惠互利的整体,紧张局势的上涨了已经超过了中国的经济和贸易政策,许多美国评论家声称保护主义,经济扭曲,和损害美国经济利益。

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