laboratory design
DOE实验设计ppt课件
部分析因实验（正交实验）
由田口博士(Dr.Taguchi)田口玄一所提出的一套实验方法，它在工业上较具有实 际应用性，是以生产力和成本效益，而非困难的统计为依归。
参数
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次数
1
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L4(23)正交表 总共须做四次实验，最多只能配置三个因子
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A
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L4(23)正交表图解
实验设计降低开发成本
The DoE 的方法
Two factors at two levels
A low low high high middle
B low high low high middle
Result ？ ？ ？ ？ ？
• Centerpoint: 检测弯曲相互作用的存在 • Replicated centerpoint: 评估系统噪音
品质源于设计里的工艺空间
Characterized space
特征空间
Design space
设计空间
Operating space
操作空间
在设计空间内的操作不被监管机构认作是工艺改变
5. AKTA avant 25系统
目前金斯瑞所使用的系统。 GE Healthcare历经数年研制，对欧美及亚洲多家知名生物制药公司如 GSK, Amgen, Novo nordisk, Lilly, Wyeth等公司进行调研，开发出的新一代适 合现代工艺开发的AKTA设备，所以AKTATM avant 25 最突出的优点就是 Design of Experiment (DOE)实验条件智能优化，和UNICORN6.0软件配合堪 称是现代纯化工艺优化的最佳搭档。
LTCC_filter
The Design of 2.4GHz LTCC Band-Pass Filters withEnhanced Stop-Band CharacteristicsLeung Wing Yan KittySept.15,2001IntroductionNowadays,the development of CAD tools in assisting circuit design is of great importance for increasingly complex structures.In this application notes,the design of a 2.4GHz Band-pass filters implemented by the Low Temperature Co-Fired Ceramic (LTCC)technology is introduced.To facilitate this LTCC design,an electronic design automation (EDA)tool,Advanced Design System (ADS),developed by Agilent Eesof is applied here.TheoryRealization of the transfer functions of passive band-pass filters in practice is a challenging work.The transfer characteristic should offer a sufficient attenuation in the stop-band,while providing a flat pass-band with small insertion loss.One of the options to enhance the stop-band characteristic is by the insertion of transmission zero.Fig.1illustrates the structure for the realization of transmission zeros such that:By introducing such characteristic into a standard band-pass filter prototype,the stop-band characteristic of the filter can be improved.Fig.2depicts a second-order Butterworth filter after the introduction of the characteristic shown in Fig. 1.Based on the design specifications,all the circuit elements in the filter can be evaluated explicitly by the design equations.For verification,the schematic as well as the physical layout of this filter are simulated by ADS ,which are illustrated in the following sections.ADS Application NotesMicrowave Laboratory,Department of Electronic EngineeringThe Chinese University of Hong Kong LC jB Fig.1Structure for the Realization of Transmission Zerosankresonant t C -L the of suceptance the is B where for 0z ωω==B z ωis the frequency at which the transmission zero locatedSchematic Simulation1.S-parameter SimulatorVarious simulators are available in ADS for specific purposes.For filter designs,S-parameter simulator is usually applied.By selecting this simulator,circuit characteristics,such as S-parameters,group delay and linear noise can be obtained.Y-and Z-parameters can also be found by the transformation from the s-parameters.Before simulation,some parameters have to be pre-defined (Fig.3),including the range of frequency under consideration (Start and Stop )and the number of points to be simulated (Num.of pts ).2.Drawing of SchematicThe components can be either inserted from thecomponent library window or from thecomponent palette appearing on the left-handedside of the schematic window (Fig.4).The s-parameter ports and the simulation setup boxare the essential elements for the s-parametersimulation.Fig.4illustrates a circuit ready forsimulation.3.Schematic SimulationOnce the circuit simulation is started,a simulationwindow showing the simulation time and runningstatus appears on the screen (Fig.5).Thegenerated data is stored in a Dataset ,which can bedisplayed in the Data Display Window .In ADS ,it ispossible to display the data in various formats,suchas linear plot,polar plot and smith chart.For clearillustration,markers can be inserted to the plots.Toundergo further computation on the data,mathematical equations can be inputted as well.Fig.6illustrated the simulated frequency responsesof the filter (Fig.4)with markers inserted at theresonant point (2.4GHz)V sourceZFig.2A Band-Pass Filter Structure with Improved Stop-Band CharacteristicFig.3Parameter Setting for S-parameter SimulationFig.4Schematic Window in ADSFig.5Simulation Window in ADSLayout Simulation1.MomentumAfter the schematic simulation,the schematic can be transformed into layout.For examples,capacitors can be realized by simple parallel plates or multi-layer structures.On the other hand,inductors can be realized in the forms of spiral or rectangular strip.Since the LTCC band-pass filter going to be designed is of multi-layer structure with passive components embedded inside,Momentum provided in ADS can be applied here for layout simulation.Momentum is an electromagnetic simulator for simulations on passive and planar circuits.2.Drawing of Physical LayoutThere are three ways to prepare a physical layout in Momentum :1)Convert from a schematic,2)Draw directly in the Layout Window and 3)Import from another design system.In Momentum ,various common file formats,such as DXF and GDSll can be imported.The finalized layout is shown in the Layout Window (Fig.7).As illustrated in the figure,different colours refer to the conductive materials in different layers.Before layout simulation,all the material properties in the layout have to be pre-defined.The settings for the substrate and metallization layers are illustrated,respectively,in Fig.8and Fig.9.Fig.6Data Display Window in ADSFig.7Finalized Layout in the Layout WindowFig.8Definition for the Substrate Layer Characteristicyout SimulationSimilar to the schematicsimulation describedpreviously,a frequencyplan has to be set beforethe simulation starts (Fig.10).The main parameters inthe plan include the sweeptype ,start and stopfrequency as well as thesample points limit underconsideration.After invokingthe simulator,a SimulationWindow (similar to Fig.5)showing the simulationprogress and the errormessages (if any)during thesimulation is invoked.The simulated data is stored in a Dataset ,which can be displayed in the Data Display window (similar to Fig.6).Note that a 3D view (Fig.11)of the physical layout at different angle and scale can be attained as well.Fig.9Definition for the Metallization Layer CharacteristicFig.10Frequency Plan for Layout SimulationConclusionTo facilitate LTCC circuit design,various types of CAD tools are required.ADS is one of the options.One of the important features in ADS is related to the feasibility in the linkages to many third-party softwares,which is considered to be a convenience for the circuitdesigners.Fig.113D View for the Finalized Layout。
殿廷版雅思阅读真题-第三册答案(2)
殿廷版雅思阅读真题库REAL IELTS READING EXAM QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS_DT ENGLISH ACADEMY殿廷教育简介殿廷教育（DIAN TING ENGLISH ACADEMY）由前雅思考官Roxanne 创办，是一家致力于雅思在线培训的教学机构。
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1342s3The Persuaders28YES29NOT GIVEN30YES31NO32B33C34D35C36trolleys37aisles38loyalty card39cosmetics40group1329s2Food for Thought14viii15ii16iv17x18i19v20vii21H22F23I24A25C26B27E1428s3Music：Language We All Speak27iii28vii29iv30i31viii32F33B34E35D36G37A38C39C40C1427s1Chinese Ancient Chariots14TRUE15FALSE16NOT GIVEN17elm1818to3219struts20bronze21dish22lubricating oil23neck24sand25complex14278s3The Rainmaker Design27.YES28.NO29.YES30.NOT GIVEN31.NO32.hot dry air33.moist34.heat35.condenser36.(pure)distilled water37.fans38.solar panels39.construction cost40.environmentally-friendly1411s1Animal's Self-Medicating1True2Not Given3False4True5pith6terpenes7alkaloids8detoxify9hooks10G11D12E13C1436s1PRT and RUF system1True2False3Not Given4Not Given5True6False7A8C9C10A11B12B13C,E,F1336s1Children and Food Advertising1viii2ii3vi4v5i6x7iii8NO9NO10YES11NOT GIVEN12YES13NOT GIVEN1449s2Pollution in the Bay1E2C3H4B5C6B7B8A9FALSE10NOT GIVEN11FALSE12TRUE13TRUE13167s1Seed Hunting14drugs and crops15extinction16pioneers17Sir Joseph Banks18underground vaults 19TRUE20NOT GIVEN21TRUE22TRUE23FALSE24TRUE25-26In any orderA foodB fuel1312s1Detection of a Meteorite Lake14TRUE15NOT GIVEN16FALSE17TRUE18FALSE19(high-pressure)air gun20sound energy/sound wave21(long)cable22hydrophones/underwater microphones 23ship container/shipping container24seismic reflection profiling25laboratory26three-dimensional/3D image27fishing nets1313s1Biomimetic Design1NOT GIVEN2FALSE3True4False5NOT GIVEN6False7True8the same way9carbon-fiber10limbs/legs and feets11self-cleaning12surveillance13lifesaving1311s2TV Addiction14TRUE15FALSE16TRUE17NOT GIVEN18-20ACD21D22B23A24E25popular pastime26TV addicts27orienting response14150s3Compliance or Noncompliance for Children27B28C29C30A31D32F33D34E35A36NO37YES38YES39YES40NOTGIVEN1311s1Bamboo1E2D3B4A5D6C7B8A9B10B11D12soil erosion 13paper15109s3Children's Literature14stories15America16folklore17fairy-stories18adventures19C20A21E22False23True24NotGiven25True26True1333s1Longaeva:Ancient Bristlecone Pine14H15B16C17A18D19A20C21energy,22stratification,23（bands of）bark,24（dry mountain）air,25ground cover,26distance15133s3Communication in Science27B28A29C30D31C32TRUE33NOT GIVEN34FALSE35FALSE36word choices37colloquial terminology38observer39description40general relativity1303s2Biodiversity14TRUE15FALSE16TRUE17TRUE18FALSE19NOT GIVEN20NOT GIVEN21keystone(species) 22fig family/figs23(sea)urchins24cactus moth25Australia26public education1348s2Australian water filter14.clay15.water16.straw17.cow manure18.950degrees19.60minutes20.FALSE21.TRUE22.NOT GIVEN23.NOT GIVEN24.C25.D26.A1435s1The Pearl1B2D3E4E5TRUE6FALSE7NOT GIVEN8B9J10K11F12C13D1411s2Amateur Naturalists27B28C29H30G31E32D33A34beekeeping(notes)35life cycle(s)36drought(s)37C38B39A40A1309s1T-rex Hunter 1TRUE2FALSE3NOT GIVEN4TRUE5NOT GIVEN6TRUE7FALSE8shin bone9slow walker10cheetah11run fast12blunt13crush10006s3Flight from Reality28navigation and communications 29radiation30antennae31smoke32C33D34B35E36A37TRUE38TRUE39NOT GIVEN40TRUE1430s1What Are You Laughing at？1D2B3A4C5B6A7H8F9I10D11FALSE12NOT GIVEN13TRUE1416s1Animal Minds:Parrot Alex14NOT GIVEN15NOT GIVEN16FALSE17TRUE18TRUE19FALSE20particularly chosen21chimpanzees22100English words23avian cognition24color25wrong pronunciation26teenager1307s1Learning by Examples14E15A16D17C18False19True20False21True22less23social24watched25observer26Nutcracker1422s1The Innovation of Grocery Stores14.D15A16.F17.C18.E19.clerk20.lobby21.galleries22.stockroom23.customers/shoppers24.C25B26.C1438s2Bird Migration28iv29i30ii31vii32x33v34viii35-36in any order35A36B37parental guidance38compass39(daytime)predators 40visible14273s1The Effects of Living ina Noisy World185dBA2secondhandnoise3high-frequency4stomach contractions5noise maps6D7A8C9E10B11Nonauditory effects12acoustical tile13street designs1333s2storytelling,From Prehistoric Caves to Modern Cinemas14D15G16A17B18H19B20B21C22A23Poetics24tragedy25landmarks26flaw/weakness1444s2left-handedor right-handed2814C29A30B31F32D33D34B35C36A37Yes38No39Not Given40Not Given1307s2Exploring theBritish Village14-19：14v15iii16iv17vi18x19i20-24：20cottages21Domesday Book22self-sufficient23remnants24triangular25-2625I26F1432s3The legend ofEaster Island27v28ii29iii30viii31NOT GIVEN32TRUE33FALSE34FALSE35NOT GIVEN36TRUE37growing population38racist assumption39archeologicaland historical40inhumane behavior14133s1Ecotourism1A2D3C4B5A6C7D8A9B10sustainable11adventure12tropical forest13illegal killing1304s2We have Star performers14C15F16B17G18NOT GIVEN19YES20NO21YES22analysts/star-stock analysts23performance star/star/star performer 24working environment/settings25salary26rivals10007Sand Dunes27i28v29x30vii31ix32ii33vi34iv35B36C37barchans38compound39tones40deserts1345s1The Color of Butterfly28E29B30G31F32D33False34True35NOT GIVEN36False37NOT GIVEN38True39D40B1201s1Consecutive and Simultaneous Translation1B2D3C4C5A62-3seconds710seconds8100-12092001095-16411B12C13E14F1332s2Art in Iron and Steel14C15E16H17B18A19G20Abraham Darby III21timber22Severn River23Coalbrookdale museum24B25D26G1327s1Radio Automation1chip2grit3molten zinc4milling machine5Robot hands6valves7loudspeakers8cheaper9components10lighter11cost12A13C1415s2Activities for Children ABCDTTNGFCBCAB1308s3Memory Decoding27E28D29B30F3130seconds32specific person33loci method34synesthesia35practice36YES37YES38NO39NOT GIVEN40NO1426s1Child Development in Western Societies28.TRUE29.FALSE30.FALSE31.NOT GIVEN32.TRUE33.FALSE34.TRUE35.Industrialization36.Social reformers37.play and educationeful child39.half-time schools40.going to school1337s1Amazing Animal:Otter1C2A3G4E5B6D7F8C9Salt water10Sight11Swimming speed12Coastal otters13Moles1449s1Brunel:'The Practical Prophet' ACBGGEFBCAustralia，4000，telegraphic cable，Suez Canal1338s2The Evolutional Mystery:Crocodile Survives14ii15vi16v17iv18ix19viii20x21dry season或者hot season；或者dry period均可22water23four months24body mass25dehydration:26growth。
山东大学培养方案-机械学院机械设计制造及其自动化专业_2010.09.5
按计划要求完成学业者，授予工学学士学位。 Length of Schooling: 4 years Students who complete all the required courses will be conferred the bachelor’s degree.
八、专业优势及特色(Ⅷ、Major Predominance and characteristics) 在“高效精密加工与工具系统”研究方面具有突出的专业优势，在“机电集成控制技术及装备”
和“数字化制造技术”方面处于国内先进水平。将科研成果引入课堂，注重机械设计及制造基础训
练，强调实践能力和创新意识的培养，使学生走上工作岗位后，能够尽快胜任技术工作，成为企业
The objectives for this major are for students to acquire a broad, fundamental-based knowledge, solid specialty knowledge as well as basic practical skills; to possess comprehensive innovative consciousness, capability of doing research independently and team spirit; to be capable of the works in design and development, manufacturing, marketing and operation management of mechanical and electrical products, and cross-disciplinary collaboration; to have high level cultural quality and professional moral.
实验室的英文
Data
• Information collected or generated during an experiment or study. • Facts or figures used to support or refute a hypothesis or theory. • Statistical or quantitative information used in scientific research and analysis.
• Laboratory Coats • Protective clothing worn to shield the skin and clothing from chemicals and hazardous substances. • A white, long-sleeved lab coat that covers the entire body and provides a clean and professional appearance. • A laboratory essential that helps maintain a clean and safe work environment.
混凝土材料实验室报告(英文版) Laboratory Report
Laboratory ReportIntroductionThis laboratory report is about concrete materials and some natures of concrete.Concrete is the basic engineering material used in most of the civil engineering structures. Its popularity as basic building material in construction is because of, its economy of use, good durability and ease with which it can be manufactured at site. The ability to mould it into any shape and size, because of its plasticity in green stage and its subsequent hardening to achieve strength, is particularly useful.Concrete like other engineering materials needs to be designed for properties like strength, durability, workability and cohesion. Concrete mix design is the science of deciding relative proportions of ingredients of concrete, to achieve the desired properties in the most economical way.With advent of high-rise buildings and pre-stressed concrete, use of higher grades of concrete is becoming more common. Even the revised IS 456-2000 advocates use of higher grade of concrete for more severe conditions of exposure, for durability considerations. With advent of new generation admixtures, it is possible to achieve higher grades of concretewith high workability levels economically. Use of mineral admixtures like fly ash, slag, meta kaolin and silica fume have revolution the concrete technology by increasing strength and durability of concrete by many folds. Mix design of concrete is becoming more relevant in the above-mentioned scenarioHowever, it should be borne in mind that mix design when adopted at site should be implemented with proper understanding and with necessary precautions. Concrete mix design manual is an attempt to increase the awareness among the users, about concrete mix design. It is made with intention of serving as ready reckoner for personnel, implementing mix design at site.Sieve analysis testObjective:1. Fineness modulus and grading curves of sand through the test , and master sand particle size of the extent and the particles with the relationship between master the basis for the judgment of the sand quality is good or bad , the selection of raw materials to prepare for the mixing of concrete2. The main purpose of the sieve analysis is to determine the Particle Size Distribution (PSD) of the sand. PSD is also known as Grain Size Distribution (GSD). This test is performed to determine the percentage of different grain sizes contained within a soil. The mechanical or sieve analysis is performed to determine the distribution of the coarser, larger-sized particles, and the hydrometer method is used to determine the distribution of the finer particles3.Exercises sieve analysis operation4. Familiar with the experimental equipmentApparatus:1.balance and scale:This is what we use in determine the weight of sand, cement, aggregate and water. So that we know the exact amount of quantity we use in order to be accurate in our test, also the balance (also balance scale, beam balance and laboratory balance was the first mass measuring instrument invented. In its traditional form, it consists of a pivoted horizontal lever of equal length arms, called the beam, with a weighing pan, also called scale, scale pan, or bason (obsolete[), suspended from each arm (which is the origin of the originally plural term "scales" for a weighing instrument). The unknown mass is placed in one pan, and standard masses are added to the other pan until the beam is as close to equilibrium as possible. In precision balances, a slider mass is moved along a graduated scale. The slider position gives a fine correction to the mass value. Although a balance technically compares weights, not masses, the weight of an object is proportional to its mass, and the standard weights used with balances are usually labeled in mass units2. Sieves with standard size of 10mm, 5mm, 2.36mm, 1.18mm, 600μm, 300μm & 150μm.Sieve is one important tool to be work as a filter. Each sieve has certain specifications of the hole The use of large pieces of objects to stay inside , small pieces out through the hole. So that can distinction different size of sands, aggregates and so on.3. Mechanical Sieve Shaker:Shaker to work is the use of complex rotation vibration generated by the oscillator excitation. Oscillator rotating hammer to the screen surface flat whirling vibration, rotating hammer to produce the conical rotary vibration sieve surface, the effect of the combined effects of the screen surface complex rotation vibration. Vibration locus is a complex space curved. The curve in the horizontal projection of a circle, an oval in the vertical plane of projection. Adjustment, rotary hammer excitation force can change the amplitude. To adjust the phase angle of under the hammer space, you can change the trajectory of the screen surface shape of the curveand change the trajectory of the screen surface materialThis is a Mechanical Sieve Shaker3.OvenThe ovenshell is generally thin steel plate , the surface paint , studio quality structural steel production . Shell and filled aluminum silicate fiber between the studio . The bottom of the heater installation , and can also be placed at the top or sides . The temperature control instrumentation with digital display smart table , PID regulation : Configure 999.99 hours time controller and the alarm device is connected . The operation of theoven is simple , fast and effective. Oven use Stainless steel heat pipe powered fever, after a high efficiency centrifugal fans use the air flow heat pipe heat to the studio internal.In the laboratory we use oven to dry the sample to a constant temperature ( 105 ± 5 ) ° C, to Make the experiment data more precise.Procedures:1)Weight about 500g of fine aggregate.2)Dry the samples to constant weight in the furnace at a temperature of 105˚ ± 5˚C.3)Measure the total mass of the example of dry aggregate.4)Pour the sample of dry aggregate into the combination of pore size from top tobottom sieve.5)Covered the top, placed on the Mechanical Sieve Shaker and keep shakingsieve for 5 minutes.6)Remove the set of sieves, weight the sample in each sieve7)Calculation and evaluationConcrete mix designObjective:Concrete is the second largest material consumed by human brings after food and water as per WHO. It is obtained by mixing cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, water and other admixtures in required proportions. The mixture when placed in forms and allowed to cure becomes hard like stone. The hardening is caused by chemical action between water and the cement clue to which concrete grows stronger with age.The strength, durability and other characteristics of concrete depend upon the proportions of its ingredients, proportion of the mix, the method of compaction and other controls during placing, compaction and curing.Design of concrete mixes involves determination of the given constituents namely, cement, water, coarse aggregate and fine aggregate with admixtures if any.Factors to be considered in concrete mix design:1. Grade of Concrete:This gives the characteristic strength requirements of concrete. Depending upon the level of quality control available at the site. The concrete mix has to be designed for a target mean strength which is higher than the characteristic strength.2. Water-Cement RatioThe controlling factor for most of the desirable properties of concrete-things like strength, durability, shrinkage potential and permeability-is what’s know as the water-cement ratio. It really is as simple as it sounds. Just take the weight of water in a cubic yard and divide it by the weight of cement. Durable concrete mixes usuallyneed a water-cement ratio of .50 or less . So, to translate, that would mean a mix with 500 lbs of cement shouldn’t have more than 250 pounds of water or about 30 gallons.So, one of the first things we have to decide one when designing a mix is the water-cement ratio. Mixes with lower water-cement ratios produce higher quality concrete and they will usually be better for the finisher in terms of set times, bleeding and other important characteristics, provided the mix also has sufficient workability for easy placement and consolidation. For specification work, this water-cement ratio is usually determined by the service requirements or conditions for the concrete placement, and it is the first of many decisions that require the mix designer to balance a myriad of sometimes conflicting needsWater-Cement Ratio3. Cement and Other PowdersIt is very common for today's mixes to have more than one type of 'powder' included - in addition to Portland cement many mixes will fly ash or perhaps clag cement. Some mixes might have all three 'powders'. For purpose of water-cement ratio you total up all the powders and divide that weight by the weight of water in the mix.The trend for the future seems to be toward greater use of other powders. While there are several reasons for this, including better performance, two big reasons are the move toward building materials that are considered 'green' and reduction of costs. The use of oher powders gives the mix designer more tools on the quest to formulate mixes that meet varying performance requirements.Both fly ash and slag produce mixes that are denser and often stronger than plain cement mixes, and mixes utilizing more than one powder are often more finisher-friendly in terms of placement and finishing characteristic. Of course, such mixes behave differently than plain cement mixes and generally have slower set times, especially in cold weather. Once again, the mix designer has to balance these factors as he or she moves through the mix design process.Another trend that seems to be emerging is a move back to mixes with higher cementitious contents. There was a period of time when 'performance mix design' meant the cheapest possible mix that would meet the strength requirements for the job, often at the expense of other importantmix characteristics such as durability or ease of placement. These lean mixes are rarely a bargain for anyone, so don't be talked into saving a few cents and then having to deal with a mix that won't perform well for you or for the owner. In many cases the best performance enhancer you can build into a mix is to add some more powder. And remember, when you add some more powder you can also add additional water without compromising the water-cement ratio so this will often lead to a more workable mix that is easier to place and finish.4. AggregateAnother major factor that influences mixes is the type and amount of aggregate - sand and stone - that are included in the mix. The guiding principle of mix design is to pack as much aggregate into the mix as possible to make the mixes economical and to reduce the required paste volume (Paste is defined as the cement and other powders plus the water). The less paste (within reason) that a mix has, the less shrinkage potential it has (shrinkage is what causes most cracks in concrete) and the lower its overall cost.Especially important for mix workability is how the various size pieces of aggregate in both rock and sand are distributed. A well-graded aggregate will have a well-distributed range of particle sizes from large to small without having an overabundance of any one particle size. Well-graded aggregates usually have lower water demands and produce more workable mixes than aggregates that are more gap-graded. Gap-graded aggregates may have its of one size particle and very few of another and this usually leads to mixes that are difficult to place and finish even if a lot of water is added.Sometimes mix design problems are best solved by change the aggregates in the mix, by modifying the ratio of coarse aggregate to fine aggregate used in the mix, or by changing the size of coarse aggregate used in the mix. Local supply conditions and availability will determine how far you can go with these kinds of changes, but sometimes small changes can yield big results.5.AdmixturesAdmixtures are often the mix designer's best friend and they allow modern mix designs to be tailored to meet a large number of exacting performance demands while still maintaining high quality concrete. There are lots of different admixtures, but they generally fail into four categoriesDesign Procedure:(a)Arrive at the target mean strength from the characteristic strength required.(b)Choose the water cement ratio for target mean strength.(c)Arrive at the water content for the workability required(d)Calculate the cement content.(e)Choose the relative proportion of the fine and coarse aggregate.(f)Determine the mix proportion as given in Figure 3.12 (attached as appendix) toproduce concrete of 0.015m3.(g)Mix cement, fine and course aggregate in a mixer for 1 minute.(h)Add in water and mix approximately for another 1 minute.(i)When the mix is ready, proceed with the workability tests before casting it intocubes.Slump TestObjective:1. The slump test is to measure the workability of fresh concrete (Workability of concrete is a standard of construction operation and close-grained performance, is a comprehensive performance which includes mobility, cohesiveness and water retention).1. The slump of concrete is used to determine the actual construction of a standard concrete workability good or bad , the greater the slump , indicating that the better the workabilityApparatus:1. Slump cone:A mould consisting of the frustum of a cone which use for slump test2. Mixing rod:Standard 600mm long, 16mm diameter steel rod to mix concrete inside theslump cone3. Measuring scale4. ShovelProcedures:1）First with a damp cloth to wipe the wet slump cone and extinguishers, shovels, mixing rod, and other appliances. Slump cone is a cylinder the Catchy diameter of 100mm, the exit diameter 200mm, height 300mm, which have a horn –like shape.2）In accordance with mixture ratio to weight the different materials and stir them evenly3）Place the cone on a smooth, flat and clean surface.4）Fixed pedal, divide the fresh concrete into three layers load slump cone, The height of each layer is about One-third of the height of the slump cone. Pound 25 times from the edge to the center on each layer. The pound should be evenly distributed at the interface, shall not impact. When pounding the edge concrete in slump cone, the mixing rod can be slightly tilted. When pounding the bottom layer concrete, the mixing rod Should be run through the entire depth. When pounding other two layers, Should be inserted through this layer and insert the lower about 20mm ~ 30mm.5）After filling the slump cone, With steamed bread knife to cut excess mixing mixture, and smooth out the top of cylinder, remove the fresh concrete around thebottom of slump cone. Then immediately filed the slump cone.Finish filing procedure in 5-10seconds. Don’t make concrete effected by horizontal and torsion power. Complete t he whole process from start loading fresh concrete to filing the slump cone should be in 150 seconds.6）Put the slump cone near the pyramidal concrete specimen.Put a ruler on the top of slump cone and make it flat toward the pyramidal concrete specimen. Use another ruler to measure out the distance between the top of the pyramidal concrete specimen and the flat ruler we put just now. This data is the slump. Accurate to one millimeter. When one side of the concrete specimens landslides or side of the shear failure, another measure should be re- sampled . If the second still happens, the workability of the concrete is not good, should be recorded. Height of the slump cone(300mm) minus the height of the slump of concrete after the highest point , also known as the slump.7）When the slump of the concrete mixture is greater than 220mm , the just ruler measuring concrete extension of the final maximum and minimum diameters , under the conditions of the difference of the two diameter less than 50mm , the arithmetic product average to collapse and expansion of value, otherwise the test is invalid . SLUMP FLOW TEST precise value of 1mm, the results for rounding to the nearest 5mm.Compaction Factor TestObjective:To study and measure the workability of fresh concrete. Compaction coefficient refers to the roadbed compaction of dry density and actually reached by the compaction experiment get sample of the ratio of the maximum dry density K. The roadbed compaction quality to the degree of compaction K (%) said. Compaction coefficient gets closer to 1, show that the higher the compaction quality requirements. There is maximum dry density corresponding moisture content is the best water content, not least water contentApparatus:1. Two conical hoppers and a cylinder:2. Weighing machineProcedure:1. Ensure the apparatus and associated equipment are clean before test and free from hardened concrete and superfluous water.2. Weigh the bottom cylinder to nearest 10gm , put it back on the stand and cover it up with a pair of floats.3. Gently fill the upper hopper with the sampled concrete to the level of the rim with use of a scoop.4. Immediately open the trap door of the upper hopper and allow the sampled concrete to fall into the middle hopper.5. Remove the floats on top of the bottom cylinder and open the trap door of the middle hopper allowing the sampled concrete to fall into the bottom cylinder.6. Remove the surplus concrete above the top of the bottom cylinder by holding a float in each hand and move towards each other to cut off the concrete across the top of cylinder.7. Wipe clean the outside of cylinder of concrete and weigh to nearest 10gm.8. Subtract the weight of empty cylinder from the weight of cylinder plus concrete to obtain the weight of partially compacted concrete.9. Remove the concrete from the cylinder and refill with sampled concrete in layers.10. Compact each layer thoroughly with the standard Compacting Bar to achieve full compaction.11. Float off the surplus concrete to top of cylinder and wipe it clean.12. Weigh the cylinder to nearest 10gm and subtract the weight of empty cylinder from the weight of cylinder plus concrete to obtain the weight of fully compacted concrete.13. The compacting factor (CF) = ( weight of partially compacted concrete ) divided by ( weight of fully compacted concrete ) .Compressive strength testIntroductionThe concrete compressive strength is in the role of external forces, able to withstand the pressure per unit area, also refers to the ability to resist pressure destruction. When the limit of compressive strength is reached, materials are crushed. Concrete can be made to have high compressive strength, e.g. many concrete structures have compressive strengths in excess of 50 MPa, whereas a material such as soft sandstone may have a compressive strength as low as 5 or 10MPa.Compressive strength is often measured on a universal testing machine; these range from very small table top systems to ones with over 53 MN capacity.[1] Measurements of compressive strength are affected by the specific test method and conditions of measurement. Compressive strengths are usually reported in relationship to a specific technical standard.When a specimen of material is loaded in such a way that it extends it is said to be in tension. On the other hand if the material compresses and shortens it is said to be in compression.On an atomic level, the molecules or atoms are forced apart when in tension whereas in compression they are forced together. Since atoms in solids always try to find an equilibrium position, and distance between other atoms, forces arise throughout the entire material which oppose both tension or compression. The phenomena prevailing on an atomic level are therefore similar. On a macroscopic scale, these aspects are also reflected in the fact that the properties of most common materials in tension and compression are quite similar.The major difference between the two types of loading is the strain which would have opposite signs for tension (positive—it gets longer) and compression(negative—it gets shorter).Another major difference is tension tends to pull small sideways deflections back into alignment, while compression tends to amplify such deflection into buckling.By definition, the compressive strength of a material is that value of uniaxial compressive stress reached when the material fails completely. The compressive strength is usually obtained experimentally by means of a compressive test.Objective:A compression test determines behavior of materials under crushing loads. The specimen is compressed and deformation at various loads is recorded. Compressive stress and strain are calculated and plotted as a stress-strain diagram which is used to determine elastic limit,proportional limit, yield point,yield strength and, for some materials, compressive strength.Apparatus:1. compression-testing machine:This machine Applicable to all types of industrial paper tubes, chemical fiber paper tube -boxes and other types of container flat crush strength and deformation detection. With other related accessories, paper and cardboard ring crush strength,edge crush strength of corrugated board, corrugated board flat crush resistance ofcorrugated board adhesive strength testing.2.Concrete cube (from previous concrete mix design)3. Accuracy of one millimeter of the rulerProcedure:1. Take out the concrete cube (the cube form previous concrete mix design), this cube should be conservation to the required age by the standard curing conditions. Should do test as soon as possible to avoid the errors caused by changes in humidity.2. First check the size and shape, relative both sides should be parallel. Surface deviation of tilt should not be more than 0.5mm. Expenditure and edge length, accurate to lmm. The specimen by the force of cross-sectional area in accordance with the press contact up and down surface average. If the sample have a cellular defect, should concentrated slurry to fill the flat in 3 days before the test. And indicate in the report.3. Keep original humidity of the concrete cube, dry it and weighed out its quality.4. Place the specimen in the compression-testing machine and slowly bring the blocksto bear on the specimen.5. Operate the machine at a constant rate within the range 0.14 to 0.35MPa per second. Adjust the test should be stopped when the specimen close to the destruction and began to transform, Until the sample is completely broken,write down the destruction of the ultimate load.。
Spreadsheet Design, Verification and Validation, Use and
Spreadsheet Design, Verification and Validation, Use and Storage of Single-User Workbook Files in the US FDALaboratoriesPart IIbyDennis Cantellops, San Juan DistrictIntroductionTwo Laboratory Information Bulletins (LIBs)* covering the design, testing, verification and validation of spreadsheets have been prepared. Part I covers the general principles of spreadsheet application to be employed by several users (multi-users). This document (Part II) covers the spreadsheets to be used by single-users. It includes the use and storage of single-user spreadsheet files, the design aspects of spreadsheets and the verification and validation documentation for reporting in a regulatory environment. The discussion pertains to applications of the Microsoft Excel spreadsheet program.Due to the variability and complexity of sample analyses in FDA laboratories, analytical spreadsheet applications are often modified or created in actual time, as an analyst performs the analytical procedure.This paper relates to a single-user spreadsheet which is intended to be used by a single analyst, its creator, at one specific point in time for one time use depending of the type (single-user template or module). The single user spreadsheet can take various forms, but in general it is a single workbook file which is relatively simple because it is based on uncomplicated formula construction and does not contain macros, color-coding, cells protection or instruction worksheets. These features are not needed when the spreadsheet is intended for personal use, since the developer knows how to identify the raw data, cell locations of formulas, data-entry cells and cell addresses.The single user spreadsheet usually follows one of two basic options:A)A single-user workbook file can be created from a pre-developed single user template,which can contain approved and protected FDA forms (e.g. forms 431, 431a, and nutrition sample transfer form) and worksheet examples to aid the analyst in undertaking the sample analysis with the spreadsheet. The single user template is installed in a shared network location for use by the analysts. After the single user template is opened, it is saved as a single-user workbook file in a designated folder on a personal drive forpersonal use. The individual analyst can perform data entries and modifications to handle raw and secondary data. This single-user workbook file will increase in file size because the analyst will add the additional data including formula construction and additional formatting to complete the sample analyses.B)Another way to implement the single-user workbook file is to develop it from an emptyworkbook i.e. the analyst opens an empty workbook with unpopulated worksheets (or opens a previously used version from the local drive for use in the development of the necessary worksheets). For this article we shall refer to this process as using a single user module. During the creation and data population (data-entry) stages of the single-user workbook files, the analyst uses the same formatting practices as if it was a hand-written worksheet. The creator should perform in-process verification of any formulas by manual calculations during the developmental stage of the workbook file. These verifications should be documented and the evidence of correct operation should be attached with the future workbook results, either in paper form or as a separate worksheet if the verification is performed electronically using one of the referenced auditing tools. After completion, but prior to data use or approval, a second analyst verifies the calculations and data integrity of the printed sample worksheet using the visible data and the formulas displayed by the auditing tools. Therefore, the degree of the verification depends on the module complexity.In either of the two options mentioned, whether the single user workbook is created from a single user template or a single user module, the workbook file must not be transferred between the analysts. This is explained on section under “Managing Single-User Workbook Files”, page 14. In addition, a copy of the completed, verified and printed sample worksheet shall be maintained for documentation in the laboratory for future worksheet audits against the saved single user workbook file.The Power Pak Utility-PUP v5.0 (1) mentioned in Part I (2), or the ABB Spreadsheet Specification and Reporting Tool (3), can be used to audit the single-user workbook file templates during the testing and verification stages. It is important that effective and appropriate principles and procedures be applied to all stages of producing analytical spreadsheets. At the design stage, such principles include design standards, clarity of formulas, documentation, and user-friendliness. Furthermore, when the basic principles of software engineering techniques are applied to the construction of spreadsheet models, many errors are reduced or eliminated. Notes:1.Excel documents are called workbook files. Each workbook is made up of individual spreadsheets calledworksheets and sheets containing charts called chart sheets.2.In summary “spreadsheet” is only really used as a generic term whereas “single-user template”, is the readonly template, “single-user module” is the empty file ready for development and “single-user workbook”, is a saved analyst file (it can be created from either the template or a module).Below there is a table describing the differences between the Single-User Template1, Single-User Modules2, Single-User Workbooks3, and Multi-User application.Table 1 – Differences between analytical spreadsheets (Single-User Template1, Single-User Modules2, Single-User Workbooks3, and Multi-User)Spreadsheet AttributesSingle 1UserTemplateSingle 2UserModuleSingle 3UserWorkbookMulti-userCreated from empty spreadsheet 3Designed for use by one analyst 333Can be opened by more than one analyst 333 Can be populated by more than one analyst 3 May contain complex formulas 3 May contain macros 33 May contain color coded data-entry 333 Should protect cells, whenever possible 333 May contain instruction worksheets 333 May contain protected forms (e.g., 431 and 431a) 333 During population, formulas checked by calculator 3Second analyst verifies raw data entry 33 Second analyst verifies calculations integrity 3Electronic workbook file is saved 33 Contains unprotected worksheets 333May insert worksheets 333Needs validation documentation 33 Needs in-process verification of formulas during thepopulation stage3Should verify data-entry 33 Notes:1)The Single User Template1 and the Single User Module2 only exist prior to use. Once they are opened andsaved, they become a Single User Workbook3. The differences between single and multi-user spreadsheets are summarized in Table 1 above.2)For single-user workbook files standard formulas (such as “Round” and statistical functions) need to beverified for accuracy by the creator and by the reviewer (second check analyst). For multi-user workbook file applications the standard formulas (such as “Round” and statistical functions) need to be verified for accuracy by the developer during the testing and validation of the application. After the validation the reviewer only needs to verify data-entry entered by the end user.Analytical Spreadsheets and Hand-Written Worksheets; a ComparisonWhen only hand-written paper worksheets (e.g. FDA forms 431, 431a and calculation of results worksheets) are used, a hand electronic calculator is used to calculate sample results. Microsoft Excel single user workbook files can be created in a similar manner, as a simple reporting method, which includes an integrated calculator. For example, when using Excel to implement a simple calculation, the formula is entered into a cell, which will display the formula result. When using the paper or electronic process, the creator should perform in-process verification of formulas using an electronic calculator (hand electronic calculator or Windows Accessory calculator).Single-user workbook templates should be kept very simple. For example, they may involve the FDA form 431 and its general continuation form 431a for describing the sample. The template may also include other worksheets to aid the analyst in the population of raw data forms (fill-in-the-blank form) and development of secondary data forms (calculations and results) including the option to insert worksheets to create personal formatting capabilities. The equation editor (Microsoft Equation v3.0) can be used to describe the formulas in the analytical procedure. We can visualize the spreadsheet worksheet as an integrated electronic calculator in the background of the worksheet.In normal use, calculations are performed in the background of the spreadsheet, due to formulas inserted in the cells and the Excel formulas will reference other cells in the workbook to display the correct result. To aid the user (and the verifier) in the visualization and traceability of such formulas standard, Excel tools can give visual presentation (draws lines to the respective relative active cells) of the relationships between the cells that provide values to the formulas or the cells that depend on the formulas. Similar commands in the Auditing toolbar can locate the cells that provide data to the formula in the active cell and find the cells that depend on the value in the active cell.It is important to mention that both systems (paper hand-written worksheets and analytical spreadsheets) are developed in a similar manner according to the FDA Laboratory Manual of Quality Policies for ORA Regulatory Laboratories, the Good Laboratory Practices Manual in conjunction with any FDA worksheet-training module. The analytical spreadsheet construction mimics the paper hand-written worksheet. Labels (sample number, method reference, description of formulas) and formulas are located in comparable places to where they are situated on the paper hand-written worksheets. Therefore, when viewed on screen or printed the analytical spreadsheet should look similar to the paper hand-written worksheet.Types of Single-User Workbook FilesThere are several ways to implement single-user workbooks:a.Exclusive use Single-user Template. The analyst opens a read-only template file(usually saved as an XLT file), which may include protected forms (e.g. FDA 431 andFDA 431a continuation sheet) and other forms verified by the creator of the single-user template and approved by the management for sample documentation. This read-only template file should be installed in a shared or network drive. Also, this templateis likely to contain unprotected forms to aid the analyst in the population and/ordevelopment of the analytical worksheets. Analysts can create raw data worksheets(fill-in-the-blank forms) and secondary data worksheets (calculation and results) for aparticular analysis such as a USP drug assays or for a vitamin determination. Thissingle-user template can vary in complexity depending on the number of testsrequired for completion of sample analysis. Once in use, this template would be savedwith a unique name and would become a single-user workbook.b.Portion of work (single-user module). The analyst creates a module for a specific typeof analysis. Creation may begin from a blank workbook, or from a workbook alreadypopulated with data from another source. Examples of single-user modules includeworkbook files with data on content uniformity for a drug or the calculations requiredfor various assays. Also, a single-user module can consist of one or a combination ofthe following:1)Raw data and secondary data worksheets including supporting documentation(system suitability results, instrument parameters, HPLC/GC chromatograms).2)Secondary data only combined with other forms (for example Microsoft Word orExcel fill-in-the-blanks forms). Once in use, this module would be saved with aunique name and would become a single-user workbook.c.Fill-in-the-blank form (with no formulas). In this case, the analyst creates a workbookfor a specific analysis: a fill-in-the-blank form with no formulas being used within theworkbook. Usually these forms are used to enter hand-written raw data such asstandard and sample weights, sample dilution factors and their aliquots and dilutions.The creator may use the workbook to simply create table headings and formatting.d.Fill-in-the-blank form with formulas. In this case, the analyst creates a workbook fora specific analysis: a fill-in-the-blank form with formulas being used in the populationof tables or associated worksheets. Usually these forms with formulas utilize the rawdata (standard and sample weights, sample dilution factors and their aliquots anddilutions) which were hand-written on the fill-in-the-blank form with no formulas andthen this form with formulas automatically calculates the results using standard Excelfunctions such as SUM, AVERAGE, STDEV etc.An example familiar to FDA staff of an “Exclusive use Single-user Template”is the spreadsheet which includes forms FDA 431 and 431a, along with other forms used to aid the analyst to create or modify raw data and secondary data worksheets for specific assays. Single-user modules are also widely used in FDA laboratories and include a combination of one or more of Microsoft Office Programs such as Word, fill-in-the-blanks forms, Excel analytical applications and Excel fill-in-the-blanks forms.Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) RegulationsThe use of spreadsheets by FDA regulated establishments to judge the quality of a product is covered by cGMPs (4), GLP (5), regulations and ISO 17025 accreditation. The following are some of the requirements established by GLP regulations:•Configuration Management.•Written Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs).•Completeness of Data.•Raw Data.•Security.•Training.Note: For more detail on the requirement definitions, see Part I (2) of this series.Quality Standards and Guidelines (See ISO/IEC 17025 Guideline)The “General Requirements for the Competence of Testing and Calibration Laboratories”, (International Organization for Standardization ISO 17025) (6). Sections 4.3 Document Control, 4.12 Control of Records, and 5.10 Reporting the Results include several paragraphs on the manipulation of quality and technical records and the use of computers. For details, see Part I (2).General Spreadsheet Design (Single-user and Multi-User Spreadsheets)Spreadsheet structure is fundamentally similar to a computer program (7). Formula construction in a spreadsheet is essentially a form of computer programming. Therefore, it is important to apply basic software engineering techniques and quality assurance principles in the construction and use of spreadsheets. For spreadsheets this means the following:•Following a structured and documented approach to design, develop, and specify the spreadsheet.•Apply security principles to access the workbooks and data and the environment in which they are housed.•Thoroughly test the spreadsheet applications: considering correct cell inputs-outputs, correct cell and worksheets links, user defined formulas.•Fully document the above process using a comprehensive validation approach•Use the spreadsheets in a controlled and consistent manner, operated and maintained by trained individuals, with appropriate procedures.•Apply the principles of change control when spreadsheets are updated (multi-user applications and single-user template)Despite the controls needed to validate a spreadsheet it is important to remember the goal of the spreadsheet and the flexibility the analysts may require in its routine use. A spreadsheet isusually a set of worksheets and macro sheets designed to evaluate and organize data or to solve a particular problem (8). Such a solution should meet two design objectives:•Guaranteed correctness. If you cannot guarantee that your solution always yields the right answers, it is not effective and is dangerous. Design your solution to make errorsimmediately apparent.•Adaptability. Most likely, the task you want your solution to perform will change with time. Design the solution so that it is flexible and can be easily modified.Note: For more detail on “General Spreadsheet Design”, see Part I (2).Safety Design Procedures (Single and Multi-User Spreadsheets)The following are safety features for developing an analytical spreadsheet (9):•Separate primary (raw data) from secondary data. Identify and separate all raw data (Fig. 3) and secondary data (Fig. 4) from the analytical procedure. Provide aseparate sheet for the raw data. All the calculations, results, and graphs should be inthe Secondary Sheets 2, 3, etc. If needed, add sheets with Insert Æ Worksheet. Protectthe secondary sheets (see below). For very small or simple spreadsheets theseparation can be done using clearly headed tables for raw data and secondary data.•Use drop-down-lists whenever possible. This feature restricts the user to valid entries, when they are known beforehand. It is created by the sequence: Data ÆValidation ÆChoose “Setting”TabÆin “Allow”choose “List”Æin “Source”.Give the cell range where the allowed choices will be written. A message will beactivated when the cell is addressed. For setting up the message, select Data ÆValidation Æ choose Input Message Æand enter short instructions in the windowTitle. Optionally,choose: Error Alert and write the correction instructions in thewindow: Error Message. For example, in single-user the drop-down-list can be usedfor titles in front of the continuation sheet (431a). Example of titles are; Raw Data forAssay, Assay Calculation and Results, Content Uniformity Raw Data, ContentUniformity Calculations and Results, Dissolution Test Raw Data, Dissolution TestCalculations and Results, etc.. The continuation sheet (431a) is printed with the titlefor each analysis performed and in the back of the continuation sheet the raw-data orthe secondary data worksheet is printed.•Introduce the units in all appropriate cells. This feature allows creation of new number formats. For example, the units (e.g. mg/mL) used in the analytical methodscan be added by selecting from the Excel main menu bar: Format Æ Format Cells ÆChoose “Number”ÆChoose Category “Custom”Æ: Type: General. In the windowwhere General is typed, type the entry: “mg/mL” just after General and click OK.•Format numbers. Use the Round function and specify the number of decimal places to which the value should be rounded-off. For example, a formula to calculate an average with two decimal places would be:=ROUND(AVERAGE(Range), 2)Never round to less than a total of five places (including decimal places). For example, it is permissible to round the average to 87.333 but not to 87.33. This criterion is used for rounding-off the values of intermediate calculations. The weights and chromatographic peak areas should be reported with all their digits. The final results should be rounded to the least significant digit (LSD), using the appropriate official guidance. For example, the USP 28 / NF 23 page 4 provides the following rules:9Establish the position of the LSD.9If the digit to the right of the LSD is less than 5, eliminate all remaining digits after the LSD.9If the next digit is larger than or equal to 5, increase the LSD by one and eliminate all the digits beyond the LSD.The calculations always must be done with an excess of digits over the significant ones. Rounding off should be done only on the final results, intermediate data steps should be left without rounding and Excel should then be allowed to managed the calculation to its maximum available decimal places (this is generally far more accurate than hand calculators). Excel will not automatically round-off. The Round function should be included in the formula verification where rounding is performed.When considering the impact of rounding on calculations, always remain pragmatic and refer back to the assay accuracy and a comparison to a paper based method. Often calculators and manual calculation will give a different result to one performed by Excel as calculators can not handle as many significant figures as Excel can.•Calculations. In the calculation and results worksheet (secondary data, attachment B3), each result should be based on the results of the previous calculation so that the calculations progresses through the worksheet from top to bottom.•Statistics. Use the following Excel formulas when necessary (use Excel 2002 Office Assistant for Excel 2002 formula definitions):9Equations for calculating trendlinesThe equation for the straight line: y = mx + bwhere:m is the slopeb is the interceptOnce the slope and intercept are known, if one of the dependent variables is known, a value for the other dependent variable x’ or y’ can be calculated through the formulas: mb)(y x'−=b mx y'+=ExampleUse: =(Sample Response - INTERCEPT)/SLOPE.This formula gives the sample concentration as found by regression.9 Equation for calculating the interceptUse: =INTERCEPT(Response range of cells, Concentration range of cells). For example, INTERCEPT(A1:A6, B1:B6).9 Equation for calculating the slopeUse: =SLOPE(Response range of cells, Concentration range of cells). For example, SLOPE(A1:A6, B1:B6).9 Equation for calculating the correlation coefficientUse: =CORREL(Concentration range of cells, Response range of cells). This is the correlation coefficient. For example, CORREL(A1:A6, B1:B6).9 Equation for calculating the averageUse: =AVERAGE(Range of cells). For example, AVERAGE(A1:A6).9 Equation for calculating the standard deviationUse: =STDEV(Range of cells).For example, STDEV(A1:A6).For the % RSD: =(STDEV/AVERAGE)*100.Note: For more detail on “Safety Design Procedures”, see Part I (2) of this series.Design and Verification/Validation of Analyst Single-user Templates and WorkbooksThe design (follow above sections “General Spreadsheet Design and Safety Design Procedures”) of the single-user workbook must be performed by an analyst experienced in the used ofanalytical spreadsheets. For example, FDA forms 431 and 431a are developed and followed by any other forms that a particular laboratory section may need. The forms or worksheets to be included in this workbook file are selected by the creators (or analysts) and management of the particular laboratory section. Second, after compilation, the protected and read-only workbook file is installed as a template (XLT) in a shared or network drive with controlled access. In addition, this workbook file is flexible, allowing the analyst to create raw data (fill-in-the-blank forms) and secondary data (calculation and results) worksheets for a particular analysis such as a drug or vitamin assay. Also, the worksheet examples that are included in the template can be modified as per analyst needs.Therefore, when the analyst opens this protected and read-only single-user template from the shared or network drive the analyst must save the template in a designated protected folder in their private network drive directory with the sample number and abbreviated product name. From this stage on, the analyst will personalize this single-user workbook with new sample description data in the FDA forms (431, 431a) including new data from the analytical method in the subsequent worksheets.Protect cells when developing a form or formulas that should not change. Unprotect data-entry cells and color code for easy identification. Apply protection as follows: By default, Excel has all cells locked. First, unlock all data-entry cells in each worksheet by using the Format Æ Cells ÆProtection tab and remove both checkmarks. Next, apply protection to each of the other worksheets in the workbook file by selecting from the Excel main menu bar: Tools Æ Protection Æ Protect Sheet and, optionally, entering a password. This protects the secondary calculated data from unintentional changes.The verification or validation of the single-user template is performed according to the complexity of the workbook file. This may involve following the advice in this article or for more complex spreadsheets consider the Validation for Multi-User Applications in Part I (2). Follow the instructions below:•If the template contains only protected forms and example worksheets, perform 100% verification.•If the template contains protected formulas, validation should be performed (see multi-user validation procedure, Part I) and appropriate documentation produced. The workbook template can include examples of unprotected analytical worksheets that demonstrate the use of Excel formulas and functions.Figure 1a we can observe an analyst spreadsheet flow chart displaying the sequence of events as the worksheets are developed. Figure 1b displays a brief description of the differences between the single-user template and the single-user module. Figures 2, 3, and 4 show examples of the analyst spreadsheet (single-user) which include the “Analyst Worksheet” form FDA 431 (Fig. 2) and the raw data worksheet for an assay of Baclofen tablets (Fig. 3). Also, Figure 2 (FDA form 431) item “10. Summary of Analysis” under “Notes:” includes the software name and version (Microsoft Excel 2002) along with any upgrades or add-ins used to create the workbook file. Figure 4 shows a secondary data worksheet (calculation and results), which summarizes the rawDFS/ORALaboratory Information BulletinNo. 4349 Software Verification Page 11 of 25data for the calculations and results. Figure 5 shows an Analyst Spreadsheet / Worksheet Review which is used by the check analyst to review the completed printed worksheets. How to Use the Single-User Template The analyst will open a single-user template previously verified or validated. FDA forms 431 and 431a used for sample description along with other necessary forms to describe the sample are completed. The analyst will identify the first method to be used for the sample analysis along with the raw data and secondary data from the analytical procedure. If the template does not include the forms for raw data and secondary data (calculations and results) the analyst proceeds to create them following the formatting properties identified in the template. Then save the file template to create a single-user workbook in a designated protected folder located in a network drive for personal use, with the sample number and abbreviated product name. The analyst workbook files should flow logically with raw data first followed by the secondary data (calculation and results) plus system suitability results if a liquid or gas chromatographic assay was performed. All steps should be followed in a chronological order. A logical progression diminishes confusion when a second analyst is checking the workbook file. Verification of data integrity, raw data and calculation of results (secondary data) are in-process activities performed concurrently with the spreadsheet population. With single-user workbook files, it is seldom necessary to apply color-coding or cell protection. Specific instructions might be useful for seldom-used worksheets. On single-user templates, official FDA forms are protected and data-entry cells are color coded along with any specific raw data and secondary data worksheets for a particular analysis. Therefore, when analysts use a template with protected FDA forms and containing protected worksheets for any previously identified sample analysis (for example assay or dissolution test), and if other analyses are need to be included in the workbook file, the creation of additional raw data and secondary data worksheets do not need to apply color-coding or cell protection because the creator knows where the formulas and dataentry cells are located. Manually verify the calculations and results reported on the spreadsheet. This in-process verification must initially be done by the spreadsheet creator, then by the check analyst who verifies the calculations and sample integrity. The spreadsheet creator should consider the impact of rounding in the manual calculation, and attempt to minimize the chance of minor numerical discrepancies due to manual calculation rounding. After completion, any unused worksheet examples and dummy data included in the template should be deleted, maintaining only the data necessary for regulatory purposes. Design and Verification of Single-user Modules Single-user modules are the most commonly used form of spreadsheet in FDA laboratories. Analysts should follow the guidance given above in “General Spreadsheet Design and Safety Design Procedures”for the design of the single-user modules. This type of workbook file is。
Ch8-Experimental-Design
第八章：实验设计的例子(Experimental Design Examples)黄炽森引言在前几章我们介绍了关于测量工具的信度、效度及建立可接受的测量工具的步骤和所需的证据。
本章的目的是介绍与实验设计(Experimental Designs)相关的研究方法，我们会先重复实验设计的定义，然后简介实验设计要注意的几个重点，及针对实验设计的常用的统计分析工具，最后我们会讨论几个实验设计的研究例子。
实验设计的定义及要注意的重点在第三章中，我们曾指出实验(Experiment)和准实验(Quasi-Experiment)设计的定义：「真的实验，要符合两个条件。
第一个是可控制我们要研究的原因(即X；自变项；Independent variable)，或称为实验的情景(Experimental conditions)，例如我们在研究某一新报酬制度(X)对员工生产力(Y；即依变项；Dependent variable)的影响时，如果我们可以设计新的报酬制度及保留原来的报酬制度以作比较，这便是可控制要研究的原因。
第二个是能随机分派实验的对象(Random assignment)，在管理学的研究中，研究对象一般是个人，小组或整个机构。
用同一个例子，即某一新报酬制度(X)对员工生产力(Y)的影响，我们的研究对象便是员工(个人)，如果我们可以把员工完全随机地分派到新旧两个报酬制度之中，然后观察﹑测量及比较他们的生产力，这样才是真正的实验。
」「不过，在进行研究中，我们不一定能随机分派实验的对象，例如虽然我们可以设计新的报酬制度来与旧的比较，企业不一定容许我们把他的员工随机分派。
这种祗有控制实验情景，而没有随机分派实验对象的研究设计，我们称为准实验(Quasi-Experiment)，它提供了X与Y的共变及X先Y后的次序，但却不能完全排除其它也可能影响Y的因素，因此，在准实验的设计中，我们很多时会尽量考虑或甚至是测量了其它可能影响Y的因素(例如在进行研究前员工的生产力及他们的聪明才智)，以逻辑推理或统计分析的方法来排除这些因素的可能性。
Silverson实验室规模搅拌器产品说明书
Laboratory scale mixersSilverson Laboratory mixersare suitable for the widestrange of applications - mixing,emulsifying, homogenising,disintegrating, dissolving - withan efficiency and flexibilityunmatched by other machines.With a capacity from 1ml up to12 litres and the ability to mixin-line with flow rates up to 20litres/minute, they offer excellentreproducibility when scaling upand provide an accurate andeasy means of forecasting theperformance of larger Silversonmachines under full-scaleworking conditions.The Silverson L5 Series is thelatest development in High ShearLaboratory mixing, ideal for allroutine laboratory work, researchand development, QA analysisand small scale production inall industries.Laboratory MixersThe first name in high shear mixersL5 Series mixersL5M MixerThe multifunctional L5MModel features touch padcontrol with digital tachometer,programmable integral timerand amperage display, allaccessed via the Mode button.This level of instrumentationis invaluable for applicationswhere process validation andreproducibility are required.Motor unitMotor 250W (0.33hp) 220 volt,single phase (110 volt optional),50/60 Hz. Nominal maximumspeed 8000 rpm (6000 rpmunder full load).Speed controlInfinitely variable electronicspeed control with integralon/off switch.Electric rise & fall bench standThe mixing unit may beeffortlessly raised andlowered using the touch padcontrols on the motor unit.ConstructionAll wetted parts are in grade 316stainless steel with the exceptionof the bush, which may bebronze alloy or PTFE.The L5 is finished in a tough,easy-to-clean, non-chip whitenylon coating. The flat baseis covered by a removablenon-slip solvent-resistant mat.9 L5T MixerSimilar to the model L5M butsupplied with tachometer only.L5M-A MixerAs model L5M but fitted witha more powerful 750W (1hp)motor. The L5M-A can beconnected to a computervia USB port for use with theSilverson “DataLogger” program,allowing monitoring andrecording of speed and powerdraw during operation.Interchangeablemixing assembliesStandard assembly (two arm)supplied complete with aGeneral Purpose DisintegratingHead, Square Hole High ShearScreen, Standard EmulsorScreen and Axial Flow Head.Slotted Disintegrating Heads,Fine Emulsor Screen, PumpHeads and other special headsare available as optional extras,see overleaf.Capacity - depending on viscosity- up to 12 litres. Mixing unitdimensions – length 290mm(11 1⁄2”), width 57mm (2 1⁄4”).Mixing assembliesDuplex assembly The Duplex comprises two workheads facing in opposite directions. The upper head pulls materials down from the surface of the mix, and provides a coarse disintegrating action, while the lower head draws material up from the base of the mixing container, further reducing particle size to accelerate solubilisation or suspension.This combined use of two workheads makes the Duplex ideal for high viscosity mixes and applications where light or buoyant material (powders, rubbers and polymers, etc.) needs to be drawn down from the surface of a mix and rapidly dispersed.Typical applications- Rapid solution of rubbers and polymers for the production of luboils, adhesives and bituminous compounds - Disintegration and dissolving solid resin for varnishes - Vegetable and meat purée/slurriesThe first name in high shear mixersLaboratory MixersTubular mixing assembliesA series of interchangeable tubular mixing units suitable for use in narrow-necked containers is available, with capacities from 1 - 500ml.1” tubularCapacity, depending on viscosity, 50ml up to 500ml.3/4” tubularCapacity, depending on viscosity, 20ml up to 250ml.5/8” microCapacity, depending on viscosity, 5ml up to 50ml.3/8” mini-microCapacity, depending on viscosity, 1ml up to 10ml.UltramixThe Silverson Ultramix isdesigned for applications which are beyond the capabilities of a conventional agitator or stirrer but do not necessarily require the intense high shear of a Silverson rotor/stator mixer.In-Linemixing assemblyThe In-Line assembly fits on to the model L5 Series Laboratory range and converts it into anin-line mixer/homogeniser.The centrifugal action of the rotor in the high shear rotor/stator workhead generates a non-positive pumping action, which11 gives a throughput on low viscosity liquids of approximately20 litres/minute, reducing as the viscosity increases.The In-Line assembly is suitablefor use at atmospheric pressure only. It is not suitable for use on abrasive, corrosive or flammable materials.Specialised mixersL5 Sealed unit laboratory mixer Designed for research inthe pharmaceutical and biotechnology fields, the L5 Sealed Unit allows sterile or highly infected tissues to be handled under conditions of absolute safety.The Sealed Unit features a Quick-Release mechanism permitting use with a wide range of mixing assemblies.Mixing vesselsGlass vessels with capacities from 7ml up to 1 litre are available. Stainless steel vessels are available with volumes from 1 - 10 litres.Operation under vacuum Special sealed mixing assemblies are available for operation under vacuum.Model L2/Air (Compressed air) Suitable for use in Atex Zoned/ Explosion Hazard areas. TheL2/Air is powered by a 0.25 hp, 6000 rpm variable speed air motor. The L2/Air will accept all L5 Series mixing assemblies. Supplied with a manually operated adjustable bench stand.Pilot scale mixersThe first name in high shear mixersLaboratory MixersAX seriesThis series of mixers is designed for small-scale production in pilot plants, research institutes, hospital pharmacies, etc. Light and easily operated, AX series models have a capacity of up to 50 litres.Model AX5The AX5 features touch pad controls and is compatible with Silverson’s “DataLogger” system.MotorPowerful 0.75 kW (1 hp) 220 volt single phase motor (110 volt optional) 50/60 Hz.Speed controlInfinitely variable speed control.Nominal maximum speed 6000 rpm.Electric Rise & Fall Stand The unit features an integral rise and fall stand with touch pad controls.Model AX3The Model AX3 features a fixed speed 0.25kW (0.33hp), 3 phase, IP55/Hoseproof, TEFV or ATEX approved Flameproof industrial motor. Variable speed available via an inverter as an optional extra.More powerful motors allowing a maximum speed of up to 6000 rpm also available.Model AX/AirThe Model AX/Air is powered by an intrinsically safe compressed air motor suitable for use in Atex Zoned/Explosion Hazard areas.Bench standSpring assisted or electric rise and fall bench stands are available for use with the AX3 and AX/Air models.13The Silverson Verso is abench top In-Line mixer ideal for laboratory or pilot scale applications. The unit offers excellent reproducibility when scaling up and provides an accurate and easy means of forecasting the performance of larger In-Line mixers under full-scale working conditions.The Verso is equipped with a digital tachometer, ammeter and programmable timer, invaluable for applications where process validation and reproducibility are required. It is also compatible with the Silverson “DataLogger” program. Advantages- Eliminates agglomerates andfish eyes.- Creates stable emulsions and suspensions.- Reduces particle size.- Rapidly dissolves solids.- Accelerates reactions.- Aeration free.- No bypassing.Verso - pilot scale In-Line mixerFeatures- Touch pad control panel.- 0.75 kW (1 hp) motor with infinitely variable speed control. - Single or multistageinterchangeable workheads available. - Self-pumping.- Maximum operating pressure 100 psi (7.6 bar).- 0.75” Tri-clamp inlet/outletconnections.- Single mechanical shaft seal.- All wetted parts are in grade 316L stainless steel. - Hygienic construction.- Vessel package available,comprising vessel, stand, valve and pipework.- Powder/liquid mixing conversion kit available, comprising powder feedhopper, manifold and valve.United KingdomCorporate HeadquartersSilverson Machines Ltd.Waterside, CheshamBuckinghamshire HP5 1PQEnglandTel: +44 (0) 1494 786331Fax: +44 (0) 1494 791452Email:******************.ukUnited StatesSilverson Machines, Inc.355 Chestnut StreetEast Longmeadow, MA 01028Tel: +1 (413) 525-4825Fax: +1 (413) 525-5804Email:*******************FranceSilverson France12 Boulevard Louise Michel91030 EVRY CEDEXFranceTel: +33 (0) 1 60 77 91 92Fax: +33 (0) 1 60 77 81 88Email:*****************JapanSilverson Nippon LimitedOnohara Higashi 4-22-3Mino 562-0031Osaka-JapanTel: +81-72-734-8003Fax: +81-72-734-8004Email:******************.jpSilverson can be found on the World Wide Web at Silverson® is a registered trademark of Silverson Machines.Square Hole High Shear Screen™ is a trademark of Silverson Machines. Patent Pending.。
公司部门英文缩写简称大全（1）
BOM Bill Of Material 物料清單PS Package Specification 包裝規範SPEC Specification 規格DWG Drawing 圖面部類PMC Production & Material Control 生產和物料控制PPC Production Plan Control 生產計劃控制MC Material Control 物料控制ME Manufacture Engineering 製造工程部PE Project Engineering 產品工程部A/C Accountant Dept 會計部P/A Personal & Administration 人事行政部DC Document Center 資料中心QE Quality Engineering 品質工程(部)QA Quality Assurance 品質保證(處)QC Quality Control 品質管制(課)PD Product Department 生產部LAB Laboratory 實驗室IE Industrial Engineering 工業工程R&D Research & Design 設計開發部P Painting 烤漆(廠)A Assembly 組裝(廠)S Stamping 沖壓(廠)生產類PCS Pieces 個(根,塊等)PRS Pairs 雙(對等)CTN Carton 卡通箱PAL Pallet/skid 棧板PO Purchasing Order 采購訂單MO Manufacture Order 生產單D/C Date Code 生產日期碼ID/C Identification Code (供應商)識別碼SWR Special Work Request 特殊工作需求L/N Lot Number 批號P/N Part Number 料號其它OEM Original Equipment Manufacture 原設備製造PCE Personal Computer Enclosure 個人電腦外設PC Personal Computer 個人電腦CPU Central Processing Unit 中央處理器SECC SECC` 電解片SGCC SGCC 熱浸鍍鋅材料U.S.A the United States of America 美國A.S.A.P As Soon As Possible 盡可能快的E-MAIL Electrical-Mail 電子郵件N/A Not Applicable 不適用QTY Quantity 數量vs. versus 以及.REV Revision 版本JIT Just In Time 零庫存I/O Input/Output 輸入/輸出OK OK 好NG Not Good 不行,不合格C=0 Critical=0 極嚴重不允許ESD Electro Static Discharge 靜電排放5S 希臘語整理,整頓,清掃,清潔,教養ATIN Attention 知會CC Carbon Copy 副本復印相關人員APP Approve 核準,認可,承認CHK Check 確認AM Ante Meridian 上午PM Post Meridian 下午CD Compact Disk 光碟CD-ROM Compact Disk Read-Only Memory 只讀光碟FDD Floppy Disk Drive 軟碟機HDD Hard Disk Drive 碟碟機REF Reference 僅供參考CONN Connector 連接器CAV Cavity 模穴CAD Computer Aid Design 計算機輔助設計ASS''''Y Assembly 裝配,組裝MAT''''S Material 材料IC Integrated Circuit 集成電路T/P True Position 真位度TYP Type 類型WDR Weekly Delivery Requirement 周出貨需求C?T Cycle Time 制程周期L/T Lead Time 前置時間(生產前準備時間)S/T Standard Time 標準時間P/M Product Market 產品市場3C Computer, Communication, Consumer electronics’ 消費性電子5W2H When, Where, Who, What, Why, How,How many5M Man, Machine, Material, Method, Measurement4M1E Man, Machine, Material, Method, Environment4MIH Man, Material, Money, Method, Time 人力,物力,財務,技術,時間(資源) SQA Strategy Quality Assurance 策略品質保證DQA Design Quality Assurance 設計品質保證MQA Manufacture Quality Assurance 製造品質保證SSQA Sales and service Quality Assurance 銷售及服務品質保證LRR Lot Reject Rate 批退率BS Brain storming 腦力激蕩EMI Electronic Magnetron Inspect 高磁測試FMI Frequency Modulator Inspect 高頻測試B/M Board/Molding (flat cable)SPS Switching power supply 電源箱DT Desk Top 臥式(機箱)MT Mini-Tower 立式(機箱)LCD Liquid Crystal Display 液晶显示器CAD Computer AID Design 计算机辅助设计CAM Computer AID Manufacturing 计算机辅助制造CAE Computer AID Engineering 计算机辅助工程网BIOS Advanced Basic in put/output system 先進的基本輸入/輸出系統CMOS Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor 互補金屬氧化物半導體PDA Personal Digital Assistant 個人數位助理IC Integrated Circuit 集成電路ISA Industry Standard Architecture 工業標準體制結構MCA Micro Channel Architecture 微通道結構EISA Extended Industry Standard Architecture 擴充的工業標準結構SIMM Single in-line memory module 單項導通匯流組件DIMM Dual in-line Memory Module 雙項導通匯流組件LED Light-Emitting Diode 發光二級管FMEA Failure Mode Effectiveness 失效模式分析W/H Wire Harness 金屬線緒束集組件F/C Flat Cable 排線PCB Printed Circuit Board 印刷電路板CAR Correction Action Report 改善報告NG Not Good 不良WPR Weekly Delivery Requirement 周出貨要求PPM Parts Per Million 百萬分之一TPM Total Production Maintenance 全面生產保養MRP Material Requirement Planning 物料需計劃OC Operation System 作業系統TBA To Be Design 待定,定缺D/C Drawing Change 图纸变更/设计变更EMI Electrical-Music Industry 電子音樂工業RFI Read Frequency Input 讀頻輸入总公司 Head Office分公司 Branch Office营业部 Business Office人事部 Personnel Department人力资源部 Human Resources Department总务部 General Affairs Department财务部 General Accounting Department销售部 Sales Department促销部 Sales Promotion Department国际部 International Department出口部 Export Department进口部 Import Department公共关系 Public Relations Department广告部 Advertising Department企划部 Planning Department产品开发部 Product Development Department研发部 Research and Development Department(R&D)秘书室 Secretarial Pool采购部 Purchasing Department工程部 Engineering Department行政部 Admin. Department人力资源部 HR Department市场部 Marketing Department技术部 Technolog Department客服部 Service Department行政部: Administration财务部 Financial Department总经理室、Direcotor, or President副总经理室、Deputy Director, or Vice president总经办、General Deparment采购部、Purchase & Order Department工程部、Engineering Deparment研发部、Research Deparment生产部、Productive Department销售部、Sales Deparment广东业务部、GD Branch Deparment无线事业部、Wireless Industry Department拓展部 Business Expending Department物供部、Supply DepartmentB＆D business and development 业务拓展部Marketing 市场部Sales 销售部HR 人力资源部Account 会计部PR people relationship 公共关系部OFC (Office, 但不常见) / OMB = Office of Management and Budget 办公室Finance 财务部MKTG (Marketing) 市场部R&D (Research & Development) 研发部MFG (Manufacturing) 产品部Administration Dept. 管理部Purchasing Dept 采购部Chairman/President Office // Gerneral Manager office or GM office 总经理办公室Monitor & Support Department 监事会Strategy Research 战略研究部我认为翻译没有标准答案，要根据实际情况来进行决定。
试验设计
沸石粒径的选取：50目，100目，150目，200目 pH的水平：3，4，5，6，7 其他因素固定：沸石用量1g；反应时间60min
铬离子的去除率（％）
100 80 60 40 20 0 0 1 2 3 4 溶液的pH 5 6
★
50目 100目 150目 200目
7
8
三、正交试验设计
对于单因素或双因素试验，因其因素少 ， 试验的设计 、实施与分析都比较简单 。但 在实际工作中 ，常常需要同时考察 3个或3 个以上的试验因素 ，若进行全面试验 ，则 试验的规模将很大 ，往往因试验条件的限制 而难于实施 。
第二点合格率低 第三点 690 697 702
第四点 第三点合格率低
690 695 697
× ×
709 第二点
第四点为第三点的对称点， 其对称中心点为699.5 ，第 四点 = 690 + 709 – 702 = 697 第五点为第四点的对称点， 其对称中心点为696 ，第五 点 = 690 + 702 - 697 = 695
均分法
对采用新钢种的某零件进行磨削加工，砂轮转速范围为 420转/分~720转/分，拟经过试验找出能使光洁度最佳的 砂轮转速值。 N = 30 转/分
b-a 720 - 420 n = ———— + 1 = —————— +1 = 11 N 30
试验转速：
420，450，480，510，540，570，600，630，660，690，720
××
702
第三点
第五点 第四点
0.618法（例）
重复上面的步骤,最佳点被限制在越来越小 的范围内，即存优范围越来越小。
上面的过程可以总结如下:
卡文迪许(cavendish)实验室
☆重要研究成果
◆1897年，约瑟夫· 汤姆孙研究阴极射线时发现电子。 ◆1935年，詹姆斯· 查德威克发现中子。
汤姆逊和卢瑟福最早证实了空气被X射线游离。从游离现象推导 出游离辐射 (放射线)，也就是由原子释出能量范围广大的电磁波和粒 子辐射。汤姆逊最负盛名的贡献是探讨阴极射线的性质，也就是电子 的性质。他借着电场以偏转阴极射线；在过去是用磁场使它子偏转。 他终于证实电子为带负电的粒子。接着他又测定电子的质量，约为氢 原子核的二千分之一。在当时它子是被视为最小的粒子。 电子是属于次原子级的粒子，汤姆逊是证明次原子级粒子存在的 第一位，从此打开了次原子级的门户。后来汤姆逊证实电子和物质相 互作用的结果会产生X射线，而X射线和物质相互作用的结果却会产 生电子。 第一个原子模型也要归功于汤姆逊，也就是闻名的「葡萄干布丁 模型」。他绘出原子为一球形，充满了正电荷，同时也有相同数目的 负电荷(电子)。汤姆逊因在电子和气体导电两方面的卓越成就，获得 1906年度的诺贝尔物理奖。
◆创建时间及其背景 ◆研究领域 ◆重要研究成果 ◆主要人物及历任实验室主任介绍 ◆诺贝尔奖得主
在现代物理学的发展中，实验室 的建设具有重要的意义。以英国物理 学家和化学家H.卡文迪什（Henry Cavendish）（左图）命名的卡文迪什 实验室（Cavendish Laboratory）相当 于英国剑桥大学(University of Cambridge)的物理系。
国际著名的理论凝聚态物理学家爱德华兹 （Samuel Frederick Edwards，1928－），19831995年担任卡文迪什实验室第八任主任。他1949年毕 业于英国剑桥大学，获硕士学位，后赴美留学，1951 年获得哈佛大学博士学位。1953年到普林斯顿高级研 究院工作，次年回国，在伯明罕大学任教，19581972年在曼彻斯大学物理系任理论物理教授。1972年 到卡文迪什实验室任教授。1992-1995年任剑桥大学 副校长。 爱德华兹早期从事电动力学和量子场论研究，后 将量子场论的概念和方法应用到固体物理和化学物理 的各种问题上，包括液态金属、涡流、高分子物理及 非有序磁性系统。最新研究领域包括粉末材料及玻璃 的流动、拉胀性、神经网络的信息传递等。他在理论 高分子物理方面的成就尤为突出，其标志便是国际公 认的爱德华兹哈密顿量的问世。他发表论文250余篇， 专著2部以及若干有关科学技术的政策性论著布拉格（William Lawrence Bragg）继任实验室第五任主任。W.L. 布拉格与其父W.H.布拉格（William Henry Bragg）因在X线衍射分析晶体结构方面的成就共 获1915年度的诺贝尔物理奖。 在二次世界大战的时候，实验室的主攻方向 由主要从事原子物理和核物理基础研究转向对雷 达、核武器的军事研究。二战结束以后，鉴于从 科学研究和对于国家安全的重要性出发，英国政 府觉得核物理研究不应该在大学的一个实验室里 进行，就专门成立了一个国家实验室。所以从事 核物理研究的科学家就转移到国家实验室去了， 钱也转移过去了。这样，实验室不仅经费短缺， 研究方向也失去了。
KKT-conditions
• Note that I+J = m, the total number of (inequality) constraints. Georgia Institute of Technology
Optimization in Engineering Design
Systems Realization Laboratory
6
Necessary KKT Conditions For the problem: Min f(x) s.t. g(x) ≤ 0 (n variables, m constraints) The necessary conditions are:
∇f(x) + Σ µi ∇gi(x) = 0 (optimality) gi(x) ≤ 0 for i = 1, 2, ..., m (feasibility) µi gi(x) = 0 for i = 1, 2, ..., m (complementary slackness condition) µi ≥ 0 for i = 1, 2, ..., m (non-negativity)
– It can be a minimum, maximum, or saddle point
• How do we know that we have a minimum? • Answer: Sufficiency Condition: The sufficient conditions for x* to be a strict local minimum are: ∇f(x*) = 0 Georgia Institute of Technology ∇2f(x*) is positive definite
医学医学统计学10ExperimentdesignSurveydesign
research
There are two kinds of research:
Laboratory experiment and Clinical trial Medical survey
13.1 Principles of research design
(1) Empty control
Others
Treatment
Subject A
Effect of treatment
Effect of others
Others
Subject B Effect of others
(2) Placebo control
Others
Treatment
Subject A
but compare with certain “standard”
(6) Historical control
Others
Treatment
Subject Effect of treatment
Effect of others
There is no control group,
but compare with “historical result”
Chapter 13 Design of medical research
Chapter 13 Design of Medical Research (I)
design research design reliable random error efficiency laboratory experiment clinical trial medical survey control balance randomization replication treatment subject effect empty control
试验设计
0.618
0.618法
X2
X1
a
b
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0.618 X1 = a + 0.618(b-a) X2 = a + b – X1
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第一点是经过试验后留下的好点；
铸铝件最佳浇铸温度的优选试验。某厂铸铝件壳 体废品率高达55%，经分析认为铝水温度对此影 响很大，现用0.618法优选。优选范围在690℃~ 740 ℃之间。
二、单因素和双因素试验设计
在试验时，只考虑一个对目标影响最大的因素， 其它因素尽量保持不变，则称为单因素试验。把 这个因子如何划分为若干个水平称为处理设计。
1.质量性差异的单因子处理设计：这种单因子是不可 分割的，只能按它固有的单位进行处理设计。 ２.数量性差异的单因子处理设计：这种单因子可以采 用不同的方法分割成不同的等级，每个等级即为一个处 理。分割常用的方法：
N
30
试验转速：
420，450，480，510，540，570，600，630，660，690，720
★
均分法（例）
均分法使用条件：
这种方法的特点是对所试验的范围进行“普 查”，常常应用于对目标函数的性质没有掌握 或很少掌握的情况。即假设目标函数是任意的 情况，其试验精度取决于试验点数目的多少。
应用最广泛
✓取三因素三水平，通常有两种试验方法：
（1）全面实验法：
A1B1C1 A2B1C1 A3B1C1
A1B1C2 A2B1C2 A3B1C2 B3
A1B1C3 A2B1C3 A3B1C3
A1B2C1 A2B2C1 A3B2C1
Laboratory Biosafety Manual(实验室生物安全手册,英文版)
74
Standard precautions with blood and other body fluids, tissues and excreta
74
Precautions with materials that may contain prions
76
13. Contingency plans and emergency procedures
29
Animal facility – Biosafety Level 3
30
Animal facility – Biosafety Level 4
31
Invertebrates
32
7. Guidelines for laboratory/facility commissioning
33
8. Guidelines for laboratory/facility certification
25
Code of practice
25
Laboratory design and facilities
25
6. Laboratory animal facilities
28
Animal facility – Biosafety Level 1
29
Animal facility – Biosafety Level 2
64
PART IV. Good microbiological techniques
67
12. Laboratory techniques
69
Safe handling of specimens in the laboratory
69
Use of pipettes and pipetting aids
IATF16949-2016中英文对照
IATF16949-2016中英文对照TABLE OF CONTENTS目录TABLE OF CONTENTS (3)目录 (3)FOREWORD – AUTOMOTIVE QMS STANDARD (14)前言——汽车质量管理体系标准 (14)HISTORY (14)历史 (14)GOAL (15)目标 (15)REMARKS FOR CERTIFICATION (15)有关认证的说明 (15)INTRODUCTION (17)引言 (17)0.1 GENERAL (17)0.1 总则(ISO 9001:2015) (17)0.2 QUALITY MANAGEMENT PRONCIPLES (18)0.2 质量管理原则(ISO 9001:2015) (18)0.3 PROCESS APPROACH (19)0.3 过程方法(ISO 9001:2015) (19)0.3.1 GENERAL (19)0.3.1 总则(ISO 9001:2015) (19)0.3.2 PLAN – DO – CHECK – ACT CYCLE (20)0.3.2 计划-执行-检查-处理循环(ISO 9001:2015) (20)0.3.3 RISK BASED THINKING (22)0.3.3 基于风险的思维(ISO 9001:2015) (22)0.4 RELATIONSHIP WITH OTHER MANAGEMENT SYSTEM STANDARDS (22)0.4 与其他管理体系标准的关系(ISO 9001:2015) (22)QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS – REQUIREMENTS (24) 质量管理体系——要求 (24)1 SCOPE (24)1 范围(ISO 9001:2015) (24)1.1 SCOPE –AUTOMOTIVE SUPPLEMENTAL TO ISO 9001:2015 (24)1.1 范围——汽车行业对ISO 9001:2015的补充 (24)2 NAORMATIVE REFERENCES (25)2 引用标准(ISO 9001:2015) (25)2.1 NORMATIVE AND INFORMATIVE REFERENCES (25)2.1 规范性应用标准和参考性引用标准 (25)3 TERMS AND DEFINITIONS (25)3 术语和定义(ISO 9001:2015) (25)3.1 TERMS AND DEFINITIONS FOR THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY (25)3.1 汽车行业的术语和定义 (25)4 CONTEXT OF THE ORGANIZATION (32)4 组织的背景环境(ISO 9001:2015) (32)4.1 UNDERSTANDING THE ORGANIZATION AND ITS CONTEXT (32)4.1 理解组织及其背景环境(ISO 9001:2015) (32)4.2 UNDERSTANDING THE NEEDS AND EXPECTIATIONS OF INTERESTED PARTIES (32)4.2 理解相关方的需求和期望(ISO 9001:2015) (32)4.3 DETERMINING THE SCOPE OF THE QUALITY MANAGEMENTS SYSTEM (32)4.3 确定质量管理体系的范围(ISO 9001:2015) (32)4.3.1 Determinging the scope of the quality management system –suppliemental(33)4.3.1 确定质量管理体系的范围——补充 (33)4.3.2 Customer- specific requirements (33)4.3.2 顾客特定要求 (33)4.4 QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM AND ITS PROCESSES (34)4.4 质量管理体系及其过程(ISO 9001:2015) (34)4.4.1(ISO 9001:2015) (34)4.4.1(ISO 9001:2015) (34)4.4.1.1 Conformance of products and processes (34)4.4.1.1 产品和过程的符合性 (34)4.4.1.2 Product safety (34)4.4.1.2 产品安全 (34)4.4.2(ISO 9001:2015) (35)4.4.2(ISO 9001:2015) (35)5 LEADERSHIP (36)5 领导作用(ISO 9001:2015) (36)5.1 LEADERSHIP AND COMMITMENT (36)5.1 领导作用与承诺(ISO 9001:2015) (36)5.1.1 GENERAL (36)5.1.1 总则(ISO 9001:2015) (36)5.1.1.1 Corporate responsibility (37)5.1.1.1 公司责任 (37)5.1.1.2 Process effectiveness and efficiency (37)5.1.1.2 过程有效性和效率 (37)5.1.1.3 Process owners (37)5.1.1.3 过程拥有者 (37)5.1.2 CUSTOMER FOCUS (37)5.1.2 以顾客为关注焦点(ISO 9001:2015) (37)5.2 POLICY (38)5.2 方针(ISO 9001:2015) (38)5.2.1 ESTABLISHING THE QUALITY POLICY (38)5.2.1 建立质量方针(ISO 9001:2015) (38)5.2.2 COMMUNICATING THE QUALITY POLICY (38)5.2.2 沟通质量方针(ISO 9001:2015) (38)5.3 ORGANIZATIONAL ROLES, RESPONSIBILITIES AND AUTHORITIES (38)5.3 组织的作用、职责和权限(ISO 9001:2015) (38)5.3.1 Organbizational roles, responsibilities and authorities–suppliemental 395.3.1 组织的作用、职责和权限——补充 (39)5.3.2 Responsibility and authority for product requirements and correctiveactions (39)5.3.2 产品要求和纠正措施的职责和权限 (39)6 PLANNING (40)6 策划(ISO 9001:2015) (40)6.1 ACTIONS TO ADDRESS RISKS AND OPPORTUNITIES (40)6.1 风险和机遇的应对措施(ISO 9001:2015) (40)6.1.1(ISO 9001:2015) (40)6.1.1(ISO 9001:2015) (40)6.1.2(ISO 9001:2015) (40)6.1.2(ISO 9001:2015) (40)6.1.2.1 Risk analysis (41)6.1.2.1 风险分析 (41)6.1.2.2 Preventive actions (41)6.1.2.2 预防措施 (41)6.1.2.3 Contingency plans (41)6.1.2.3 应急计划 (41)6.2 QUALITY OBJECTIVES AND PLANNING TO ACHIEVETHEM (42)6.2 质量目标及其实施的策划(ISO 9001:2015) (42)6.2.1(ISO 9001:2015) (42)6.2.1(ISO 9001:2015) (42)6.2.2(ISO 9001:2015) (43)6.2.2(ISO 9001:2015) (43)6.2.2.1 Quality objectives and planning to achieve them –supplemental.. 436.2.2.1 质量目标及其实施的策划——补充 (43)6.3 PLANNING OF CHANGES (43)6.3 更改的策划(ISO 9001:2015) (43)7 SUPPORT (44)7 支持(ISO 9001:2015) (44)7.1 RESOURCES (44)7.1 资源(ISO 9001:2015) (44)7.1.1 GENERAL (44)7.1.1 总则(ISO 9001:2015) (44)7.1.2 PEOPLE (44)7.1.2 人员(ISO 9001:2015) (44)7.1.3 INFRASTRUCTURE (44)7.1.3 基础设施(ISO 9001:2015) (44)7.1.3.1 Plant, facility, and equipment planning (45)7.1.3.1 工厂、设施及设备策划 (45)7.1.4 ENVIRONMNT FOR THE OPERATION OF PROCESSES (45)7.1.4 过程操作的环境(ISO 9001:2015) (45)7.1.4.1 Environment for the operation of processes –supplemental (46)7.1.4.1 过程操作的环境——补充 (46)7.1.5 MONITORING AND MEASURING RESOURCES (46)7.1.5 监视和测量资源(ISO 9001:2015) (46)7.1.5.1 GENERAL (46)7.1.5.1 总则(ISO 9001:2015) (46)7.1.5.1.1 Measurement system analysis (46) 7.1.5.1.1 测量系统分析 (46)7.1.5.2 MEASUREMENT TRACEABILITY (47) 7.1.5.2 测量可追溯性(ISO 9001:2015) (47)7.1.5.2.1 Calibration/verification records (47) 7.1.5.2.1 校准/验证记录 (47)7.1.5.3 Laboratory requirements (48)7.1.5.3 实验室要求 (48)7.1.5.3.1 Intenal laboratory (48)7.1.5.3.1 内部实验室 (48)7.1.5.3.2 External laboratory (49)7.1.5.3.2 外部实验室 (49)7.1.6 ORGANIZATION KNOWLEDGE (50)7.1.6 组织知识(ISO 9001:2015) (50)7.2 COMPETENCE (50)7.2 能力(ISO 9001:2015) (50)7.2.1 Competence – supplemental (51)7.2.1 能力——补充 (51)7.2.2 Competence – on – the – job training (51) 7.2.2 能力——在职培训 (51)7.2.3 Internal auditor competency (51)7.2.3 内部审核员能力 (51)7.2.4 Second party auditor competency (52) 7.2.4 第二方审核员能力 (52)7.3 AWARENESS (53)7.3 意识(ISO 9001:2015) (53)7.3.1 Awareness – supplemental (53)7.3.1 意识——补充 (53)7.3.2 Employee motivation and empowerment (53)7.3.2 员工激励和授权 (53)7.4 COMMUNICATION (54)7.4 沟通(ISO 9001:2015) (54)7.5 DOCUMENTED INFORMATION (54)7.5 形成文件的信息(ISO 9001:2015) (54)7.5.1 GENERAL (54)7.5.1 总则(ISO 9001:2015) (54)7.5.1.1 Quality management system documentation (54) 7.5.2 CREATIONG AND UPDATING (55)7.5.2 编制和更新(ISO 9001:2015) (55)7.5.3 CONTROL OF DOCUMENTED INFORMATION (55) 7.5.3 形成文件的信息的控制(ISO 9001:2015) (55)7.5.3.1(ISO 9001:2015) (55)7.5.3.1(ISO 9001:2015) (55)7.5.3.2(ISO 9001:2015) (56)7.5.3.2(ISO 9001:2015) (56)7.5.3.2.1 Record retemtion (56)7.5.3.2.1 记录保留 (56)7.5.3.2.2 Engineering specifications (57)7.5.3.2.2 工程规范 (57)8 OPERATION (57)8 运行(ISO 9001:2015) (57)8.1 OPERATIONAL PLANNING AND CONTROL (57)8.1 运行策划和控制(ISO 9001:2015) (57)8.1.1 Operational planning and control – supplemental (58) 8.1.1 运行策划和控制——补充 (58)8.1.2 Confidentiality (58)8.1.2 保密 (58)8.2 REQUIREMENTS FOR PRODUCTS AND SERVICES (59)8.2 产品和服务要求(ISO 9001:2015) (59)8.2.1 CUSTOMER COMMUNICATION (59)8.2.1 顾客沟通(ISO 9001:2015) (59)8.2.1.1 Customer communication – supplemental (59)8.2.1.1 顾客沟通——补充 (59)8.2.2 DETERMINING THE REQUIREMENTS FOR PRODUCTS AND SERVICES (59)8.2.2 产品和服务要求的确定(ISO 9001:2015) (59)8.2.2.1 Determining the requirements for products and services –supplemental (60)8.2.2.1 产品和服务要求的确定——补充 (60)8.2.3 REVIEW OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR PRODUCTS AND SERVICES (60)8.2.3 产品和服务要求的评审(ISO 9001:2015) (60)8.2.3.1(ISO 9001:2015) (60)8.2.3.1(ISO 9001:2015) (60)8.2.3.1.1 Review of the requirements for products and services –supplemental (61)8.2.3.1.1 产品和服务要求的评审——补充 (61)8.2.3.1.2 Customer – designated special characteristics (61)8.2.3.1.2 顾客指定的特殊特性 (61)8.2.3.1.3 Organization manufacturing feasibility (61)8.2.3.1.3 组织制造可行性 (61)8.2.3.2(ISO 9001:2015) (61)8.2.4 CHANGES TO REQUIREMENTS FOR PRODUCTS AND SERVICES (61)8.2.4 产品和服务要求的更改(ISO 9001:2015) (61)8.3 DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF PRODUCTS AND SERVICES (62)8.3 产品和服务的设计和开发(ISO 9001:2015) (62)8.3.1 GENERAL (62)8.3.1 总则(ISO 9001:2015) (62)8.3.1.1 Design and development of products and services –supplemental.. 628.3.1.1 产品和服务的设计和开发——补充 (62)8.3.2 DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT PLANNING (62)8.3.2 设计和开发策划(ISO 9001:2015) (62)8.3.2.1 Design and development planning –supplemental (63)8.3.2.1 设计和开发策划——补充 (63)8.3.2.2 Product design skills (63)8.3.2.2 产品设计技能 (63)8.3.2.3 Development of products with embedded software (63)8.3.2.3 带有嵌入式软件的产品的开发 (63)8.3.3 DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT IMPUTS (64)8.3.3 设计和开发输入(ISO 9001:2015) (64)8.3.3.1 Product design input (64)8.3.3.1 产品设计输入 (64)8.3.3.2 Manufacturing process design input (65)8.3.3.2 制造过程设计输入 (65)8.3.3.3 Special characteristics (66)8.3.3.3 特殊特性 (66)8.3.4 DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT CONTROLS (66)8.3.4 设计和开发控制(ISO 9001:2015) (66)8.3.4.1 Monitoring (67)8.3.4.1 监视 (67)8.3.4.2 Design and development validation (67)8.3.4.2 设计和开发确认 (67)8.3.4.3 Prototyoe programme (67)8.3.4.3 原型样件方案 (67)8.3.4.4 Product approval process (68)8.3.4.4 产品批准过程 (68)8.3.5 DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OUTPUTS (68)8.3.5 设计和开发输出(ISO 9001:2015) (68)8.3.5.1 Design and development outputs – supplemental (68)8.3.5.1 设计和开发输出——补充 (68)8.3.5.2 Manufacturing process design output (69)8.3.5.2 制造过程设计输出 (69)8.3.6 DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT CHANGES (70)8.3.6 设计和开发更改(ISO 9001:2015) (70)8.3.6.1 Design and development changes – supplemental (71)8.3.6.1 设计和开发更改——补充 (71)8.4 CONTROL OF EXTERNALLY PROVIDED PROCESSES, PRODUCTS AND SERVICES (71)8.4 外部提供的过程、产品和服务的控制(ISO 9001:2015) (71)8.4.1 GENERAL (71)8.4.1 总则(ISO 9001:2015) (71)8.4.1.1 General – supplemental (72)8.4.1.1 总则——补充 (72)8.4.1.2 Supplier selection process (72)8.4.1.2 供应商选择过程 (72)8.4.1.3 Customer–directed sources (also known a s “Directed–Buy”) (73)8.4.1.3 顾客指定的货源（亦称“指向性购买”） (73)8.4.2 TYPE AND EXTENT OF CONTROL (73)8.4.2 控制的类型和程度(ISO 9001:2015) (73)8.4.2.1 Type and extent of control – supplemental (74)8.4.2.1 控制的类型和程度——补充 (74)8.4.2.2 Statutory and regulatory requirements (74)8.4.2.2 法律法规要求 (74)8.4.2.3 Supplier quality management system development (74)8.4.2.3 供应商质量管理体系开发 (74)8.4.2.3.1 Automotive product –related software or automotive productswith embedded software (75)8.4.2.3.1 汽车产品相关软件或带有嵌入式软件的汽车产品 (75)8.4.2.4 Supplier monitoring (75)8.4.2.4 供应商监视 (75)8.4.2.4.1 Second – party audits (76)8.4.2.4.1 第二方审核 (76)8.4.2.5 Supplier development (76)8.4.2.5 供应商开发 (76)8.4.3 INFORMATION FOR EXTERNAL PROVIDERS (77)8.4.3 外部供方的信息(ISO 9001:2015) (77)8.4.3.1 Information for external providers – supplemental (77)8.4.3.1 外部供方的信息——补充 (77)8.5 PRODUCTION AND SERVICE PROVISION (78)8.5 生产和服务提供(ISO 9001:2015) (78)8.5.1 CONTROL OF PRODUCTION AND SERVICE PROVISION (78)8.5.1 生产和服务提供的控制(ISO 9001:2015) (78)8.5.1.1 Control plan (79)8.5.1.1 控制计划 (79)8.5.1.2 Standardised work – operator instructions and visual standards.. 808.5.1.2 标准化作业——操作指导书和目视标准 (80)8.5.1.3 Verification of job set-ups (80)8.5.1.3 作业准备的验证 (80)8.5.1.4 Verification after shutdown (80)8.5.1.4 停工后的验证 (80)8.5.1.5 Total productive maintenance (81)8.5.1.5 全面生产维护 (81)8.5.1.6 Management of production tooling and manufacturing, test, inspectiontooling and equipment (81)8.5.1.6 生产工装及制造、试验、检验工装和设备的管理 (81)8.5.1.7 Production scheduling (82)8.5.1.7 生产排程 (82)8.5.2 IDENTIFICATION AND TRACEABILITY (82)8.5.2 标识和可追溯性(ISO 9001:2015) (82)8.5.2.1 Identification and traceability – supplemental (83)8.5.2.1 标识和可追溯性——补充 (83)8.5.3 PROPERTY BELONGING TO CUSTOMERS OR EXTERNAL PROVIDERS (84)8.5.3 属于顾客或外部供方的财产(ISO 9001:2015) (84)8.5.4 PRESERVATION (84)8.5.4 防护(ISO 9001:2015) (84)8.5.4.1 Preservation – supplemental (84)8.5.4.1 防护——补充 (84)8.5.5 POST – DELIVERY ACTIVITIES (85)8.5.5 交付后的活动(ISO 9001:2015) (85)8.5.5.1 Feedback of information from service (85)8.5.5.1 服务信息的反馈 (85)8.5.5.2 Service agreement with customer (86)8.5.5.2 与顾客的服务协议 (86)8.5.6 CONTROL OF CHANGES (86)8.5.6 更改的控制(ISO 9001:2015) (86)8.5.6.1 Control of changes – supplemental (86)8.5.6.1 更改的控制——补充 (86)8.5.6.1.1 Temporary change of process controls (87)8.5.6.1.1 过程控制的临时更改 (87)8.6 RELEASE OF PRODUCTS AND SERVICES (88)8.6 产品和服务的放行(ISO 9001:2015) (88)8.6.1 Release of products and services – supplemental (88)8.6.1 产品和服务的放行——补充 (88)8.6.2 Layout inspection and functional testing (88)8.6.2 全尺寸检验和功能性试验 (88)8.6.3 Appearance items (89)8.6.3 外观项目 (89)8.6.4 Verification and acceptance of conformity of externally provided productsand services (89)8.6.4 外部提供的产品和服务符合性的验证和接受 (89)8.6.5 Statutory and regulatory conformity (90)8.6.5 法律法规的符合性 (90)8.6.6 Acceptance criteria (90)8.6.6 接收准则 (90)8.7 CONTROL OF NONCONFORMING OUTPUTS (90)8.7 不符合输出的控制(ISO 9001:2015) (90)8.7.1(ISO 9001:2015) (90)8.7.1(ISO 9001:2015) (90)8.7.1.1 Customer authorization for concession (91)8.7.1.1 顾客的让步授权 (91)8.7.1.2 Control of nonconforming product –customer –specified process(91)8.7.1.2 不合格品控制——顾客规定的过程 (91)8.7.1.3 Control of suspect product (91)8.7.1.3 可疑产品的控制 (91)8.7.1.4 Control of reworked product (91)8.7.1.4 返工产品的控制 (91)8.7.1.5 Control of repaired product (92)8.7.1.5 返修产品的控制 (92)8.7.1.6 Customer notification (92)8.7.1.6 顾客通知 (92)8.7.1.7 Nonconforming product disposition (92)8.7.1.7 不合格品的处置 (92)8.7.2(ISO 9001:2015) (93)8.7.2(ISO 9001:2015) (93)9 PERFORMANCE EVALUATION (93)9 绩效评价(ISO 9001:2015) (93)9.1 MONITORING, MEASUREMENT, ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION (93)9.1 监视、测量、分析和评价(ISO 9001:2015) (93)9.1.1 GENERAL (93)9.1.1 总则(ISO 9001:2015) (93)9.1.1.1 Monitoring and measurement of manufacturing processes (93)9.1.1.1 制造过程的监视和测量 (93)9.1.1.2 Identification of statistical tools (94)9.1.1.2 统计工具的确定 (94)9.1.1.3 Application of statistical concepts (95)9.1.1.3 统计概念的应用 (95)9.1.2 CUSTOMER SATISFACTION (95)9.1.2 顾客满意(ISO 9001:2015) (95)9.1.2.1 Customer satisfaction – supplemental (95)9.1.2.1 顾客满意——补充 (95)9.1.3 ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION (96)9.1.3 分析和评价(ISO 9001:2015) (96)9.1.3.1 Prioritization (96)9.1.3.1 优先级 (96)9.2 INTERNAL AUDIT (97)9.2 内部审核(ISO 9001:2015) (97)9.2.1(ISO 9001:2015) (97)9.2.1(ISO 9001:2015) (97)9.2.2(ISO 9001:2015) (97)9.2.2(ISO 9001:2015) (97)9.2.2.1 Internal audit programme (98)9.2.2.1 内部审核方案 (98)9.2.2.2 Quality management system audit (98)9.2.2.2 质量管理体系审核 (98)9.2.2.3 Manufacturing process audit (98)9.2.2.3 制造过程审核 (98)9.2.2.4 Product audit (99)9.2.2.4 产品审核 (99)9.3 MANAGEMENT REVIEW (99)9.3 管理评审(ISO 9001:2015) (99)9.3.1 GENERAL (99)9.3.1 总则(ISO 9001:2015) (99)9.3.1.1 Management review – supplemental (99)9.3.1.1 管理评审——补充 (99)9.3.2 MANAGEMENT REVIEW INPUTS (99)9.3.2 管理评审输入(ISO 9001:2015) (99)9.3.2.1 Management review inputs – supplemental (100) 9.3.2.1 管理评审输入——补充 (100)9.3.3 MANAGEMENT REVIEW OUTPUTS (101)9.3.3 管理评审输出(ISO 9001:2015) (101)9.3.3.1 Management review outputs – supplemental (101)9.3.3.1 管理评审输出——补充 (101)10 IMPROVEMENT (101)10 改进(ISO 9001:2015) (101)10.1 GENERAL (101)10.1 总则(ISO 9001:2015) (101)10.2 NONCONFORMITY AND CORRECTIVE ACTION (102)10.2 不符合和纠正措施(ISO 9001:2015) (102)10.2.1(ISO 9001:2015) (102)10.2.1(ISO 9001:2015) (102)10.2.2(ISO 9001:2015) (102)10.2.2(ISO 9001:2015) (102)10.2.3 Problem solving (103)10.2.3 问题解决 (103)10.2.4 Error – proofing (103)10.2.4 防错 (103)10.2.5 Warranty management systems (103)10.2.5 保修管理体系 (103)10.2.6 Customer complaints and field failure test analysis (104)10.2.6 顾客投诉和使用现场失效试验分析 (104)10.3 CONTINUAL IMPROVEMENT (104)。
公司部门英文缩写简称大全
BOM Bill Of Material 物料清單PS Package Specification 包裝規範SPEC Specification 規格DWG Drawing 圖面部類PMC Production & Material Control 生產和物料控制PPC Production Plan Control 生產計劃控制MC Material Control 物料控制ME Manufacture Engineering 製造工程部PE Project Engineering 產品工程部A/C Accountant Dept 會計部P/A Personal & Administration 人事行政部DC Document Center 資料中心QE Quality Engineering 品質工程(部)QA Quality Assurance 品質保證(處)QC Quality Control 品質管制(課)PD Product Department 生產部LAB Laboratory 實驗室IE Industrial Engineering 工業工程R&D Research & Design 設計開發部P Painting 烤漆(廠)A Assembly 組裝(廠)S Stamping 沖壓(廠)生產類PCS Pieces 個(根,塊等)PRS Pairs 雙(對等)CTN Carton 卡通箱PAL Pallet/skid 棧板PO Purchasing Order 采購訂單MO Manufacture Order 生產單D/C Date Code 生產日期碼ID/C Identification Code (供應商)識別碼SWR Special Work Request 特殊工作需求L/N Lot Number 批號P/N Part Number 料號其它OEM Original Equipment Manufacture 原設備製造PCE Personal Computer Enclosure 個人電腦外設PC Personal Computer 個人電腦CPU Central Processing Unit 中央處理器SECC SECC` 電解片SGCC SGCC 熱浸鍍鋅材料U.S.A the United States of America 美國A.S.A.P As Soon As Possible 盡可能快的E-MAIL Electrical-Mail 電子郵件N/A Not Applicable 不適用QTY Quantity 數量vs. versus 以及.REV Revision 版本JIT Just In Time 零庫存I/O Input/Output 輸入/輸出OK OK 好NG Not Good 不行,不合格C=0 Critical=0 極嚴重不允許ESD Electro Static Discharge 靜電排放5S 希臘語整理,整頓,清掃,清潔,教養ATIN Attention 知會CC Carbon Copy 副本復印相關人員APP Approve 核準,認可,承認CHK Check 確認AM Ante Meridian 上午PM Post Meridian 下午CD Compact Disk 光碟CD-ROM Compact Disk Read-Only Memory 只讀光碟FDD Floppy Disk Drive 軟碟機HDD Hard Disk Drive 碟碟機REF Reference 僅供參考CONN Connector 連接器CAV Cavity 模穴CAD Computer Aid Design 計算機輔助設計ASS''''Y Assembly 裝配,組裝MAT''''S Material 材料IC Integrated Circuit 集成電路T/P True Position 真位度TYP Type 類型WDR Weekly Delivery Requirement 周出貨需求C?T Cycle Time 制程周期L/T Lead Time 前置時間(生產前準備時間)S/T Standard Time 標準時間P/M Product Market 產品市場3C Computer, Communication, Consumer electronics’ 消費性電子5W2H When, Where, Who, What, Why, How,How many5M Man, Machine, Material, Method, Measurement4M1E Man, Machine, Material, Method, Environment4MIH Man, Material, Money, Method, Time 人力,物力,財務,技術,時間(資源) SQA Strategy Quality Assurance 策略品質保證DQA Design Quality Assurance 設計品質保證MQA Manufacture Quality Assurance 製造品質保證SSQA Sales and service Quality Assurance 銷售及服務品質保證LRR Lot Reject Rate 批退率BS Brain storming 腦力激蕩EMI Electronic Magnetron Inspect 高磁測試FMI Frequency Modulator Inspect 高頻測試B/M Board/Molding (flat cable)SPS Switching power supply 電源箱DT Desk Top 臥式(機箱)MT Mini-Tower 立式(機箱)LCD Liquid Crystal Display 液晶显示器CAD Computer AID Design 计算机辅助设计CAM Computer AID Manufacturing 计算机辅助制造CAE Computer AID Engineering 计算机辅助工程网BIOS Advanced Basic in put/output system 先進的基本輸入/輸出系統CMOS Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor 互補金屬氧化物半導體PDA Personal Digital Assistant 個人數位助理IC Integrated Circuit 集成電路ISA Industry Standard Architecture 工業標準體制結構MCA Micro Channel Architecture 微通道結構EISA Extended Industry Standard Architecture 擴充的工業標準結構SIMM Single in-line memory module 單項導通匯流組件DIMM Dual in-line Memory Module 雙項導通匯流組件LED Light-Emitting Diode 發光二級管FMEA Failure Mode Effectiveness 失效模式分析W/H Wire Harness 金屬線緒束集組件F/C Flat Cable 排線PCB Printed Circuit Board 印刷電路板CAR Correction Action Report 改善報告NG Not Good 不良WPR Weekly Delivery Requirement 周出貨要求PPM Parts Per Million 百萬分之一TPM Total Production Maintenance 全面生產保養MRP Material Requirement Planning 物料需計劃OC Operation System 作業系統TBA To Be Design 待定,定缺D/C Drawing Change 图纸变更/设计变更EMI Electrical-Music Industry 電子音樂工業RFI Read Frequency Input 讀頻輸入总公司 Head Office分公司 Branch Office营业部 Business Office人事部 Personnel Department人力资源部 Human Resources Department总务部 General Affairs Department财务部 General Accounting Department销售部 Sales Department促销部 Sales Promotion Department国际部 International Department出口部 Export Department进口部 Import Department公共关系 Public Relations Department广告部 Advertising Department企划部 Planning Department产品开发部 Product Development Department研发部 Research and Development Department(R&D)秘书室 Secretarial Pool采购部 Purchasing Department工程部 Engineering Department行政部 Admin. Department人力资源部 HR Department市场部 Marketing Department技术部 Technolog Department客服部 Service Department行政部: Administration财务部 Financial Department总经理室、Direcotor, or President副总经理室、Deputy Director, or Vice president总经办、General Deparment采购部、Purchase & Order Department工程部、Engineering Deparment研发部、Research Deparment生产部、Productive Department销售部、Sales Deparment广东业务部、GD Branch Deparment无线事业部、Wireless Industry Department拓展部 Business Expending Department物供部、Supply DepartmentB＆D business and development 业务拓展部Marketing 市场部Sales 销售部HR 人力资源部Account 会计部PR people relationship 公共关系部OFC (Office, 但不常见) / OMB = Office of Management and Budget 办公室Finance 财务部MKTG (Marketing) 市场部R&D (Research & Development) 研发部MFG (Manufacturing) 产品部Administration Dept. 管理部Purchasing Dept 采购部Chairman/President Office // Gerneral Manager office or GM office 总经理办公室Monitor & Support Department 监事会Strategy Research 战略研究部我认为翻译没有标准答案，要根据实际情况来进行决定。
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Section 1.0: GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR STANFORD UNIVERSITY LABORATORIESTABLE OF CONTENTSPageA.Codes, Standards, and References1-2B.Scope1-2C.Architectural Considerations1-3D.Ventilation Considerations1-7E.Mechanical Considerations1-8Version 1.1/ 10-00A.Codes, Standards, and ReferencesRegulations:Federal Code of Regulations (“CFR”), Title 29, LaborCalifornia Code of Regulations (“CCR”), Title 8, Cal/OSHA StandardsCalifornia Code of Regulations (“CCR”), Title 24, Part 9, Uniform Fire CodeCalifornia Code of Regulations, Title 24, Part 2, Uniform Building CodeCDC Select Agents, Title 42, Chapter I, Part 72 – Interstate Shipment of Etiologic AgentsNational Fire Protection Association (“NFPA”) Handbook 70National Electric CodeCalifornia Radiation Control Regulations, Title 17Palo Alto Muncipal Code, Title 16, Building RegulationsCounty of Santa Clara Toxic Gas Ordinance No. NS-517.44Consensus Standards and References:American National Standard for Laboratory Ventilation (ANSI/AIHA Z9.5-1992)American National Standard for Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy (ANSI/ASHRAE 55-1992)State of California, Department of Health Services, Radiologic Health Branch,Guide for the Preparation of Applications for Medical Programs (RH 2010 4/90)(not formally adopted)"Safe Handling of Radioactive Materials", National Council on Radiation Protection (NBS Handbook92)"Safe Handling of Radionuclides", International Atomic Energy Agency, Safety Series No. 1,(1973 ed. is still current as of 1999) (IAEA)CDC-NIH Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories, 3 rd EditionGuidelines for Research Involving Recombinant DNA Molecules (NIH Guidelines), January 1997Reducing the Risks of Nonstructural Earthquake Damage: A Practical Guide, Federal Emergency Management Agency: FEMA-74, 1994Version 1.1/ 10-00B.ScopeThe primary objective in laboratory design is to provide a safe environment for laboratory personnel to conduct their work. Therefore, all health and safety hazards must be identified and carefully evaluated so that protective measures can be incorporated into the design. The basic laboratory design features listed in this section illustrate some of the basic health and safety elements to include in all new and remodeled laboratories at Stanford. The subsections of Section 1.0 provide specific guidance on additional critical features of a general laboratory (e.g., fume hoods, hazardous materials storage, and compressed gases.) (Keep in mind, however, that no matter how well designed a laboratory is, improper usage of its facilities will always defeat the engineered safety features.)C.Architectural Considerations!Walls/Doors/Security1. The laboratory shall be completely separated from outside areas (i.e., must be boundby four walls).California Radiation Control Regulations, Title 17State of California, Department of Health Services, Radiologic Health Branch,Guide for the Preparation of Applications for Medical Programs (RH 2010 4/90)Having enclosed laboratories will help contain spills, keep unauthorized personnel fromentering areas where hazardous operations are performed, etc. These regulations applyspecifically to laboratories containing radioactive materials; however, Stanford UniversityEH&S interprets this to include all laboratories (e.g., general chemistry and electronics).2. The laboratory shall have means of securing hazardous and radioactive materials(i.e., lockable doors).CDC Select AgentsCalifornia Radiation Control Regulations, Title 17State of California, Department of Health Services, Radiologic Health Branch,Guide for the Preparation of Applications for Medical Programs (RH 2010 4/90)Having secured hazardous materials storage will keep unauthorized personnel from gainingaccess to them. These regulations apply specifically to laboratories containing radioactivematerials and CDC Select Agents; however, Stanford University EH&S interprets this toinclude all laboratories (e.g., general chemistry and electronics).3. Doors in H-occupancy laboratories shall have doors which swing in the direction ofegress. Doors serving B-occupancy shall swing in the direction of egress if theoccupant load is 50 or more. Where possible, all B-occupancy lab doors shouldswing out.1997 California Building CodeVersion 1.1/ 10-00Doors which swing in the direction of egress will facilitate occupant departures fromlaboratories during emergencies.!Windows4.If the laboratory has windows that open, they must be fitted with insect screens.CDC-NIH Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BSL 2, D.5)Guidelines for Research Involving Recombinant DNA Molecules (NIH Guidelines) App. G-II-B-4-eInsects, particularly flies, are known to be a potential carrier of disease. To keep insects outof the lab, the doors must be closed while an experiment is in progress, and windows shallbe screened if they are capable of being opened. These references apply specifically tolaboratories containing biological materials; however, Stanford University EH&S interpretsthis to include all laboratories (e.g., general chemistry and electronics).!Flooring5. The floor must be non-pervious, one piece, and with covings to the wall. This can beachieved by use of glue, heat welded vinyl flooring, epoxy coated concrete slab, etc.NBS Handbook 92IAEA, Safe Handling of RadionuclidesGuide for the Preparation of Applications for Medical Programs (RH 2010 4/90)Floors should be coved up walls and cabinets to ensure spills cannot penetrate underneathfloors/cabinets. Tiles and wooden planks are not appropriate because liquids can seepthrough the small gaps between them. These references apply specifically to laboratoriescontaining biological and radioactive materials; however, Stanford University EH&Sinterprets this to include all laboratories (e.g., general chemistry, electronics, etc.).6.Floors in storage areas for corrosive liquids shall be of liquid tight construction.CCR, Title 24, Part 9, Sections 8003.1.7.2, 8003.14.1.2!Sinks7. Each laboratory must contain a sink for handwashing.CDC-NIH Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BSL 2, D.1)Guidelines for Research Involving Recombinant DNA Molecules (NIH Guidelines) App. G-II-B-4-dNBS Handbook 92IAEA, Safe Handling of RadionuclidesExposure to hazardous materials and/or pathogenic organisms can occur by hand-to-mouthtransmission. It is extremely important that hands are washed prior to leaving the laboratory.For this very reason, the sink should be located close to the egress. These references applyspecifically to laboratories containing biological and radioactive materials; however, StanfordUniversity EH&S interprets this to include all laboratories (e.g., general chemistry andelectronics).Version 1.1/ 10-00boratory sinks shall have lips that protect sink drains from spills.P.A. Ordinance. 16.09.032(b)(13)Sink lips or berms should be >= 0.25 inches and designed to completely separate the labbench or fume hood work area from the sink drain.!Chemical/Waste Storage9.Chemical storage shelves shall not be placed above laboratory sinks.P.A. Ordinance, 16.09.09110.Sufficient space or facilities (e.g., storage cabinets with partitions) shall beprovided so that incompatible chemicals can be physically separated. This will bebased on the chemical inventory and use projection provided by the PrincipalInvestigator to the project and EH&S. If the project scope cannot provide sufficientstorage the user must develop a written management control plan to include aspart of their local Chemical Hygiene Plan.CCR, Title 24, Part 9, Section 8001.9.8Materials which in combination with other substances may cause a fire or explosion, ormay liberate a flammable or poisonous gas, must be kept separate. Recommend thatsolvent storage not be located under the laboratory fume hood, as this is a location wherefires are most likely to occur in laboratories.11.Adequate space must be provided for the storage of waste materials.Good Practice per Stanford University EH&SAll labs should be designed to conveniently and safely accommodate the temporarystorage of biological, radiological, and chemical wastes based on laboratory useprojections. Wastes are generally stored in the lab in which they are generated, not incentralized accumulation areas.!Furniture Design and Location/Exit Paths12.All furniture must be sturdy. All work surfaces (e.g., bench tops and counters) mustbe impervious to the chemicals used.NBS Handbook 92IAEA, Safe Handling of RadionuclidesGuide for the Preparation of Applications for Medical Programs (RH 2010 4/90)CDC-NIH Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BSL 2, D.3)Guidelines for Research Involving Recombinant DNA Molecules (NIH Guidelines) App. G-II-B-4-bFor example, many microbiological manipulations involve concurrent use of chemicalsolvents such as formaldehyde, phenol, and ethanol as well as corrosives. The lab benchVersion 1.1/ 10-00must be resistant to the chemical actions of these substances and disinfectants. Woodenbench tops are not appropriate because an unfinished wood surface can absorb liquids.Also, wood burns rapidly in the event of a fire. Fiberglass is inappropriate since it candegrade when strong disinfectants are applied. Fiberglass also releases toxic smoke whenburned. These references apply specifically to laboratories containing biological andradioactive materials; however, Stanford University EH&S interprets this to include alllaboratories (e.g., general chemistry and electronics).13.The lab shall have a minimum aisle clearance of at least 24 inches. Main aisles usedfor emergency egress must have a clearance width of at least 36 inches.CCR Title 8, 3272(b)NFPA 45, Standard on Fire Protection for LaboratoriesClear aisles and exits are necessary to facilitate departure in the event of an emergency. Inpractice, lab aisles must be designed wider than 24” so that even with the presence of labstools and other miscellaneous items, a clearance of 24” is always maintained.b benches and other furniture must be placed a minimum of 36 inches from anexit.Good Practice per Stanford University EH&SLab benches must not impede emergency access to an exit. This is also applicable toplacement of other furniture and appliances such as chairs, stools, refrigerators, etc.b desks should be located near exit ways and in the path of fresh make up air.Good practice per Stanford University EH&SWill ensure that in the event of an emergency, employees working in “clean” areas (i.e.,their desk) do not have to pass through more hazardous areas to exit the laboratory.!Earthquake Restraints16. All equipment requiring anchoring shall be anchored, supported and braced to thebuilding structure in accordance with CCR Title 24, Part 2, Table 16A-O. Forexample, any equipment, including but not limited to, appliances and shelving thatare 60 inches or higher and have the potential for falling over during anearthquake, shall be permanently braced or anchored to the wall and/or floor.CCR, Title 24, Part 2, Table 16A-OThis practice keeps these items from falling in the event of an earthquake and assuresthat safety while exiting is not compromised.17. Must provide seismic lips ( 2”) on all laboratory bench shelving.Version 1.1/ 10-00Good Practice per Stanford University EH&SInstallation of seismic lips on shelving areas will prevent stored items from falling during aseismic event.18. Cabinets must be equipped with positive locking door latches.FEMA, Reducing the Risks of Nonstructural Earthquake DamageExamples include barrel bolts, safety hasps, and child-proof locks. These latches will notallow the cabinet door to open unless the locking mechanism is triggered. Magnetic orpinch-grip catches are not considered “positive locking” and hence should not be used.!Cleanability19. The laboratory must be designed so that it can be easily cleaned. Walls should bepainted with washable, hard non-porous paints.CDC-NIH Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories, (BSL 2, D.2)Guidelines for Research Involving Recombinant DNA Molecules (NIH Guidelines) App. G-II-B-4-aNBS Handbook 92IAEA, Safe Handling of RadionuclidesWooden and wood finish walls or floors are not appropriate because they can absorbhazardous and/or potentially infectious material, particularly liquids, makingdecontamination/remediation virtually impossible. These references apply specifically tolaboratories containing biological and radioactive materials; however, Stanford UniversityEH&S interprets this to include all laboratories (e.g., general chemistry and electronics).20. Spaces between benches, cabinets, and equipment must be accessible for cleaning.CDC-NIH Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BSL 2, D.4)Guidelines for Research Involving Recombinant DNA Molecules (NIH Guidelines) App. G-II-B-4-cLaboratory furniture must have smooth, non-porous surfaces so as to resist the absorptionof liquids and the harsh effects of disinfectants. Furniture must not be positioned in such amanner that makes it difficult to clean spilled liquids or conduct routine maintenance. Forexample, positioning a Class II biosafety cabinet in a limited concave space might not allowthe biosafety cabinet certifier to remove panels of the cabinet when recertifying the unit.These references apply specifically to laboratories containing biological and radioactivematerials; however, Stanford University EH&S interprets this to include all laboratories (e.g.,general chemistry and electronics).!Breakrooms21. The design of the laboratory building must incorporate adequate additional facilitiesfor food storage/consumption and personal hygiene tasks.California Radioactive Material License, 0676-43Version 1.1/ 10-00State of California, Department of Health Services, Radiologic Health Branch – DOHS 2010Stanford University Radiation Safety ManualPer 8 CCR 3368(b), 5193(d)(2), the storage and consumption of food, application ofcosmetics or lip balm, or handling of contact lens in areas they may be contaminated by anytoxic material or bloodborne pathogen is prohibited.D. General Ventilation Considerations (see also Section 1.1 for fume hood considerations)22. The room should have mechanically generated supply air and exhaust air.Good Practice per Stanford University EH&SThe air balance of the room cannot be adjusted unless there is mechanically generatedsupply and exhaust air.23. Mechanical climate control should be provided.Good Practice per Stanford University EH&S•Per ASHRAE 55-1992, comfortable temperature range are defined as follows: Winter: 69-76 °F (at 35% RH); Summer: 73-79 °F (at 60% RH)•Electrical appliances often exhaust heat into a room (e.g., REVCO freezer, incubator, and autoclave). Failure to take this effect into consideration may result in an artificiallywarm working environment. Windows must not be opened for a cooling effect since theroom air balance will be altered. A cool room must not be heated with a portable heaterthat may be a fire hazard.24.Cabinetry or other structures or equipment must not block or reduce effectiveness ofsupply or exhaust air.Good Practice per Stanford University EH&SMany supply diffusers and room exhaust room openings are located along laboratory walls.Storage of boxes near these openings may obstruct the circulation of air and supply orexhaust air functioning.25. General laboratories must have a minimum of 6-air changes/hour.Design and Construction of Inside Storage Rooms, General Industry Standard 29 CFR 1910.106, page 144, OSHA2206, Nov. 7, 1987 (OSHA, 1987).OSHA requires a minimum of 6 AC/HR in chemical storage rooms. Since most laboratoriesstore some quantities of chemicals, this regulation applies. OSHA has cited universitychemical storerooms for inadequate ventilation under this regulation.Version 1.1/ 10-0026. Laboratories must be maintained under negative pressure in relation to the corridoror other less hazardous areas. Clean rooms requiring positive pressure should haveentry vestibules provided with door-closing mechanisms so that both doors are notopen at the same time. Consult with SU Fire Marshal for design details.ANSI/AIHA Z9.5 – 1992, 4.11.4-4.11.5As a general rule, airflow should be from areas of low hazard, unless the laboratory is usedas a clean or sterile room.27.Air exhausted from the general laboratory space (as distinguished from exhausthoods) must not be recirculated unless one of the criteria listed in ANSI/AIHA Z9.5-1992, 4:10.2 are met. Exhaust air from hoods is never recirculated.ANSI/AIHA Z9.5-1992There is the potential for the recirculated air from general laboratory to contain aircontaminants generated from bench top research operations, etc.ConsiderationsE. Mechanical!Electrical28.Shall provide GFI protection to electrical receptacles above counter tops andwithin 6 feet of sinks. Receptacles that are not readily accessible or receptacles forappliances occupying dedicated space, which are cord-and-plug connected inaccordance with NEC Section 400-7A(6-8), are exempted.NFPA 70, Chapter 2, 210-829. The lab should be fitted with an adequate number of electrical outlets, which canaccommodate electrical current requirements of the equipment used within.Good Practice per Stanford UniversityThe lab may have several pieces of equipment, which require large amounts of electricalcurrent. Such items include freezers, biosafety cabinets, centrifuges, and incubators. Theroom design must take into consideration concerns such as electrical demand prior tooccupancy to avoid a potential power failure.30. Circuit breakers should be located outside the lab.Good Practice per Stanford University EH&SIn the event of an emergency, the laboratory may be unsafe to enter. Hence, the circuitbreakers for key electrical appliances should be located outside the lab.Version 1.1/ 10-00!Plumbing31.Valves for gas lines should be located outside the lab.Good Practice per Stanford University EH&SIn the event of an emergency, the laboratory may be unsafe to enter. Hence, the valves forgas and vacuum lines should be located outside the lab.32. Flexible connections should be used for connecting gas and other plumbed utilitiesto any freestanding device, including but not limited to biosafety cabinets,incubators, and liquid nitrogen freezers. Flexible connections should be appropriatefor the pressure requirements and should be constructed of material compatible withthe transport gas. A shutoff valve should be located within sight of the connectionand clearly marked.Good Practice per Stanford University EH&SSeismic activity may cause gas and other utility connections to break off. A flexibleconnection will minimize this potential considerably.33.Sink drains traps shall be transparent (e.g., made of glass) and easy to inspect orhave drain plugs to facilitate mercury spill control.P.A. Ordinance, 16.09.032(b)(14)If mercury-containing products or compounds will not be used, an exemption may berequested in writing to; Stanford University Environmental Quality Manager, StanfordUtilities Department, Mail Code 7270.34. Lab waste water lines shall be separate from domestic sewage, and a samplingpoints shall be installed in an easily accessible location outside the building.P.A. Ordinance, 16.09.060The sampling point shall be installed at a location where all building lab wastes aredischarged, before the lab waste line connects to the domestic waste line. The samplingpoint shall be designed so that it is perpendicular to the lab waste line, has a minimum 4inch diameter, has a cleanout screw on cap and is protected by a christie box. Thesampling point should not be located in an area where water from irrigation or flow fromstormwater runoff can accumulate.Version 1.1/ 10-00。