国际商法概念中英对照
国际商法全套课件(英文)
• Customs and Usages in International Business Law • Incoterms 2000（2000年国际贸易术语解释通则） • Warsaw-Oxford Rules 1932（1932年《华沙-牛津规
则》） • Revised American Foreign Trade Definitions 1941（19
of one or more parties; • (4) the object of the commercial relationship is located in a State or District outside the Country o
r Countries of one or more parties. • 3. The meaning of “commercial”
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（5）Convention regulating Product Liability • Convention on the Law Applicable to Products Liability （1977年产品责任法律适用公约） • （6）Convention on Protection of Intellectual Property Rights • Paris Convention on the Protection of Industrial Property （1883年《保护工业产权巴黎公约》） • Bern Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works （关于保护文学艺术作品伯尔尼公
国仲裁裁决的公约
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2. International trade Custom and Us age
国际商法（InternationalCommericalLaw）名词解释
国际商法（InternationalCommericalLaw）名词解释国际商法International Commerical Law：是调整国际商事交易活动及规范国际商事组织的各种法律规范的总称。
独资企业Individual Proprietorship：所谓独资企业也指个人企业，是指一个人单独出资所建立的企业。
合伙企业partnership：是指两个或两个以上的人通过协议共同出资，合伙经营，共担风险的营利性组织，它是一个人和性的组织。
公司corporation：是指依法设立的以营利为目的的法人组织，它是一个资合性的组织。
合伙协议partnership contract：也就是合伙合同，是合伙企业成立的前提条件，没有合伙协议就不能产生合伙企业。
直接投票制straight voting：参加会议的普通的股东按照认购股份的份额每一股享有一票表决权，而优先股股东没有表决权。
累积投票accumulative voting：股东享有表决权数以其所持有的股票数乘以应选董事的人数来计算，股东可以把自己享有的所有表决权投到一个候选者名下。
解散dissolution：公司的解散是指依照公司章程或法律规定的事由发生而消灭的法律行为，也称公司法人人格的消失。
有限责任公司limited liability：是指股东仅以其出资对公司债务承担清偿责任，而公司以其全部财产对公司债务承担清偿责任。
股份有限公司publicly held corporation：全部资本划分为等额的股份，股东以其认购的股份为限对公司债务承担责任。
公司章程articles of corporation:是有限责任公司的股东或股份有限公司的发起人制定的关于公司的组织和行为的基本规则的法律文件。
要约offer：又称“报价”或“发盘”。
凡向一个或一个以上特定的人提出的订立合同的建议，如果其内容十分确定，并且表明要约人有在其要约一旦得到承诺就将受其约束的意思表示，即构成要约。
国际商法概念
国际商法概念International business law is the body of rules and norms that regulates business activities carried outside the legal boundaries of states. In particular, it regulates the business transactions of private persons internationally, and the relationship of international commercial organizations.国际商法是调整跨国商事活动的法律规范的总称。
它调整的是国际私人商事交易关系和国际商事组织间的关系.Chapter one 第一章Introduction to International Business Law (国际商法总论)III Sources of international business law国际商业法的渊源A. National law 国内法The most important source.Take China as an example:The Contract LawTrademark Law 商标法Chinese-Foreign joint Venture (Cooperative) Law,中外合资企业(合作)法律The Civil Procedure Law民事诉讼法Arbitration Law仲裁法律B. International treaties and conventions国际条约和惯例Differences between treaties and convention:The most important international conventions:The United nations Convention on Contract for the International Sales of Goods （CISG，联合国国际货物销售合同公约）Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law Relating to Bills of Lading (the Hague rules，海牙规则)The Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property (Paris Convention，巴黎公约 )Understanding on the Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes (DSU，争端解决规则与程序谅解）C .International model law国际通则Definition定义: rules and norms worked out and passed by some international organizations for the free choice by nations.Influence:1. model for national and international legislature;国家与国际立法机构模型2. a means of interpreting and supplementing existing uniform law;3. rules governing the contract (situations?);4. a substitute for the domestic lawD. International trade customs and usages国际贸易惯例Definition(定义): the general rules and practices in international trade activities that have become generally adopted through unvarying habit and common use. (used to be oral but later compiled into written rules)Influence: not law, but plays an important role.1. as binding rules by agreed upon by the parties to the contract.2. as interpreting or filling the gaps in the contract.(only for usages the parties agreed to be bound or that derive from their past dealings, or the usages the party knew or ought to have known and that are regularly observed in the industry or trade involved.Chapter Two 第二章Forms of international Business 国际商事方式I Some International Trade TheoriesB. Absolute Advantage 绝对优势Adam Smith 亚当.斯密绝对优势理论（Theory of Absolute Advantage），又称绝对成本说（Theory of Absolute Cost）、地域分工说（Theory of Territorial Division of Labor）。
国际商法 全套课件(英文)
• 6. provision: 规定，规范。指具体部门所制 定的规定。
• 7.procedures: 程序，办法。主要指具体部 门或行业为实施某法律制订的具体步骤。
• 8.institutions: 制度，法律，法令；公共机构。 该词主要表示制度、公共机构或诉讼的提起。
• 9.rule of law: 法治。 • 10. legal doctrines: 法律理论。 • 11.legal validity: 法律效力。
• Treaties are binding agreements between two or more states, and conventions are legally binding agreements sponsored by international organizations, such as the United Nations.
• Hague Rules（海牙规则） • Visby Rules （维斯比规则） • Hamburg Rules （汉堡规则）
• Convention Concerning International Carriage of Goods by Rail,CIM（国际铁路货物运输公约）
• Agreement Concerning International Carriage of Goods by Rail（国际铁路货物联运协定）
• Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules for International Carriage by Air（统一国际航空运输某些 规则的公约）
• United Nations Convention on International Multimodal Transport of Goods，1980（联合国国际货物多式联运
第一章 国际商法概上课用
2、德国 1897年《德国商法典》 《德国商法典》共分4编，905条。第一编商人，分 为八章，包括：商人、商业登记、商号、商业账 簿、经理权及代理权、商业使用人、代理商、商 业居间人；第二编商事公司及隐名合伙，分为五 章，包括：无限公司、两合公司、股份公司、股 份两合公司、隐名合伙；第三编商事行为，分为 七章，包括：总则。商业买卖、行纪营业、承揽 运送业、仓库营业、运送营业、铁路运送；第四 编海商，分为十一章，包括：总则、船舶所有人 及船舶共有、船长、物品运送、旅客运送、风险 借贷、共同海损、海难救助、船舶债权人、海上 保险、时效。
4、英国
自19世纪以来，英国也产生了一系列的商 事制定法，从而构成的英国的商法体系。英国的 商事制定法，主要体现在公司、合伙、破产、票 据及保险方面。现行的公司法是以1948年公司法 为基础，逐步修订补充而来现行破产法是由1914 年《破产法》、1976年《无力偿债法》及其他判 例和法规构成。英国票据法源于商业惯例，现行 票据法包括1882年《汇票法》、1957年《支票 法》、1970年《金融法》、1971年《银行和金融 交易法》和相关判例和法规构成。英国最有影响 的保险法是1906年颁布的《海上保险法》，是资 本主义世界最有影响的一部海上保险法，对世界 各国保险立法具有重大影响。
3、日本 1890年公布“旧商法典”。新商法典于1899年获得 议会通过 。 现行《日本商法典》是1999年对1899年法典修订而 成的，共四编947条。第一编总则，主要包括：商 人、商业登记、商号、商业账簿、商业使用人和 代理商；第二编公司，内容包括：总则、无限公 司、两合公司、股份公司、外国公司、罚则；第 三编商行为，内容包括：总则、买卖、交换计算、 隐名合伙、居间营业、行纪营业、承揽运输业、 运输营业、寄托和保险；第四编海商，内容包括： 船舶及船舶所有人、船员、运输、海损、海难救 助、保险和船舶债权人。
(完整版)国际商法专业词汇中英文对照
国际商法专业词汇中英文对照A Note on the Incoterms(国际贸易术语通则解释)Absolute Advantage(亚当.斯密的绝对优势理论)Acceptance with Modifications(对邀约做出修改、变更的承诺)Acceptance(承诺/受盘)Act of State Doctrine(国家行为主义)Act of the Parties (当事人的行为)Administrative Management (经营管理)Advising and Confirming Letters of Credit(信用证的通知和确认)Agent for International Settlements(国际结算代理人)Agreement of the Parties(协议选择原则)Agriculture(农业协定)Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR解决方式)Anticipatory Breach in Common Law (普通法上预期违约)Antidumping Authority(反倾销机构)Applicability of the CISG (CISG的适用范围)Application of Home State Labor LawsExtraterritorially(内国劳工法律域外适用)Applying for a Letter of Credit(信用证的申请)Approval of Foreign Investment Applications(外国投资申请的批准)Arbitrage(套汇)Arbitration Agreement and Arbitration Clauses(仲裁协议和合同中的仲裁条款)Arbitration Tribunals(仲裁机构)Artistic Property Agreements(保护文学艺术作品的协定)Artistic Property Agreements(文学艺术品产权协定)Assignment(合同权利转让)Attorney-General(法律总顾问)Automatic Dissolution (自动散伙)Average Clauses(海损条款)Avoidance(解除)Bank Deposits(银行储蓄)Bases of Income Taxation(所得税的征税依据/基础)Battle of the Forms(形式上的分歧/冲突)Bills of Lading (提单)Branch Banking(银行的分支机构)Business Form and Registered Capital (企业形式和注册资本)Business Forms(商业组织形式)Buyer's Remedies(买方可以采取的救济措施)Carriage of Goods by Air(航空货物运输)Carriage of Goods by Sea and Marine CargoInsurance(海上货物运输及其保险)Carrier's Duties under a Bill of Lading(在提单运输方式下承运人的责任/义务)Carrier's Immunities(承运人责任/义务的豁免)Cartels (企业联合/卡特尔)Categories of Investment Projects (外国投资的项目类别)Charterparties (租船合同)Charterparties by Demise (光船出租合同)China's Fundamental Policies for Encouraging Foreign Investments(中国大陆鼓励外国投资的基本政策)Choosing the Governing Law(准据法的选择)CIF (cost, insurance and freight) (port ofdestination) (CIF成本\保险费加运费付至指定的目的港)Civil Law (民法法系)Clearance and Settlement Procedures(交换和转让程序)Collection of Documentary Bills Through Banks(银行跟单托收)Commercial Arbitration (国际商事仲裁)Commodity Arrangements(初级产品/农产品安排)Common Enterprise Liability(企业的一般责任)Common Law (普通法系)Common Procedures in Handling Bills ofExchange (汇票处理的一般程序) Common Stock (股票)Company Taxpayers(公司/法人企业纳税人)Comparative Advantage(大卫.李嘉图的比较优势理论)Comparison of Municipal Legal Systems(内国法系的比较研究)Compensation for Winding up (清算补偿)Comprehensive Agreements (综合性的协定)Compulsory Licenses(强制许可)Computation of Income(收入计算)Conformity of Goods(与合同约定相符合的货物)Consent to the Jurisdiction of the Host State(给予东道国管辖权的许可/同意)Consideration in Common Law(英美法上的对价)Contemporary International Trade Law(当代国际贸易法)Contract Law for the International Sale ofGoods(国际货物销售合同法)Contract Liability of the Agent (代理人的合同义务)Contract Liability of the Principal (委托人的合同义务)Contractual Issues Excluded from the Coverageof CISG(排除在CISG适用范围之外的合同问题)Copyrights (著作权/版权)Council for Trade-Related Aspects ofIntellectual Property Rights(与知识产权有关的理事会)Coverage of Tax Treaties(税收条约的覆盖范围)Creation of Agency (代理创立)Creditors of Partners(合伙人的债权人)Currency Crises: The Role of Monetary Policy(金融危机：货币政策的作用与地位)Currency Exchange Obligations of IMF MemberStates(国际货币基金组织成员国在外汇交易中的义务)Currency Exchange(外汇交易)Currency Support(资金/财政援助)Custom(习惯)Customs Valuation(海关估价协定)Debt Securities (债券)Decision Making within the WTO(WTO内部决定作出机制)Deficiencies in the GATT 1947 Dispute Process(关税及贸易总协定1947争端解决程序的不足)Definite Sum of Money or Monetary Unit ofAccount(确定货币的总额或者计价的货币单位)Definition and Special Features(定义和特征)Delayed Bills of Lading(提单迟延)Denial of Justice(司法不公)Development Banks (发展银行)Direct Effect(直接效力)Direct Exporting(直接出口)Directors' and Officer's Duties to theCorporation(董事和经理/首席执行官对公司的义务)Dispute Settlement(争端的解决)Dissolution by Agreement (协议解散)Dissolution by Court Order (依法院令状散伙)Dissolution of the Partnership (散伙)Distribution of Earnings and Recovery ofInvestments (收入分配和投资回收)Distribution to Shareholders (红利分配权)Doctrine of Imputability (归责原则)Documentary Formalities(文本格式要求)Double Taxation Provision(双重征税的规定)Double Taxation(双重征税)Duress (胁迫行为)Duties of Agent and Principal (代理人和委托人的义务)Duties of Agent to Principal (委托人的义务)Duties of Principal to Agent (代理人、的义务)Duty of Care in Partnership Business(对合伙事务尽心看护义务)Duty of Loyalty and Good Faith (忠诚和诚信义务)Effectiveness of an Offer(邀约/发盘的效力)Employment Laws in the European Union(欧洲联盟雇佣/劳工法)Employment Standards of the Organization forEconomic Cooperation and Development(经济合作与发展组织雇佣/劳工标准)Enforcement of Exchange Control Regulationsof IMF Member States(国际货币基金组织成员国对外汇交易管理规则的履行)Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards in thePeople's Republic of China (在中华人民共和国境内外国仲裁裁决的执行)Enforcement of Foreign Judgment (外国法院判决的执行)Enforcement of Partnership Rights andLiabilities(执行合伙事务的权利和责任)Enforcement of Securities RegulationsInternationally(国际证券规则的执行)Environmental Regulation(环境规则)Escape Clause(免责条款)Euro-currency Deposits(欧洲货币储蓄)European Communities - Regime for theImportation, Sale, and Distribution of Bananas(欧洲共同体对于香蕉的进口、销售和分销的管理) European Union Law on Trade in Services(欧洲联盟关于服务贸易的法律) Exceptio non Adimpleti Contractus in CivilLaw (大陆法上履行契约之抗辩权)Exceptions(例外)Exclusive Licenses(独占许可)Excuses for Non-performance (不履行的免责)Excuses for Nonperformance(不履行合同的抗辩/借口)Exemptions for New Members from IMF MemberState Currency Exchange Obligations(国际货币基金组织新成员国在外汇交易中义务的免除) Export Restrictions (出口限制)Exporting(出口)Expropriation(征收)Extraterritorial Application of U. S.Securities Laws(美国证券法域外的适用问题)Failure to Exhaust remedies(没有用尽法律救济)Fault and Causation(过错和因果关系)Finance Ministry(财政部)Finance of International Trade(国际贸易的结算/支付)Financing Foreign Trade(对外贸易的价金支付)FOB (free on hoard) (port of shipment)(FOB装运港船上交货)Force Majeure Clauses (不可抗力条款)Foreign Investment Guarantees(外国投资的担保)Foreign Investment Laws and Codes(外国投资法)Formal and Informal Application Process(正式和非正式申请程序)Formation of the Contract(合同的成立)Forsed Endorsements(虚假背书)Fraud Exception in Letters of CreditTransaction (信用证交易的欺诈例外) Frauds on Bills of Lading(提单欺诈)Fraudulent Misrepresentation(受欺诈的误解)Free Zones(保税区/自由贸易区)Fundamental Breach(根本违约)GATS Schedules of Specific Commitments(服务贸易总协定减让表中的特别承诺)General Agreement on Trade in Services (服务贸易总协定)General Requirements and Rights of the Holderin Due Course(票据持有人的一般要求和权利)General Standards of Performance(履行的一般标准)Geographic Limitations(地区限制)Government Controls over Trade (政府对贸易的管制)Government Guarantees(政府担保)Governmental Interest(政府利益原则)Governmental Sources of Capital(官方资金)Grant Back Provisions(回授的规定)Home state Regulation of MultinationalEnterprises(本国对跨国企业的管理)Host State Regulation of MultinationalEnterprises(东道国对跨国企业的管理)Illegality and Incompetency(行为不合法性与主体不适当资格的认定)IMF "Conditionality"(国际货币基金组织的制约性)IMF Facilities(国际货币基金组织的机制)IMF Operations(国际货币基金组织的运作)IMF Quotas(国际货币基金的份额)Immunities of States from the Jurisdiction ofMunicipal Courts(国家豁免于内国法院的管辖权)Import-Licensing Procedures(进口许可证程序协定)Income Categories(收入分类)Income Tax Rates(所得税税率)Income Taxes(所得税)Independence Principles and Rule of StrictCompliance (信用证独立原则和单证严格相符规则)Indirect Exporting(间接出口)Industrial Property Agreements (保护工业产权的协定)。
国际商法 全套课件(英文)607页PPT
• On the one hand, after the Second World War the rapid development of the world economy made the contact of each country more frequently. This made it necessary that a set of uniform international law regulating the relationship of international economy and trade should be made.
international commercial law, refers to the body of legal rules and norms that regulates international trade and international business organizations. • 2. The meaning of “International” • A commercial transaction is international if: • (1) the parties have their places of business in different States or Countries;
• 9.rule of law: 法治。
• 10. legal doctrines: 法律理论。
• 11.legal validity: 法律效力。
I. Definition of International Business Law
第一章 国际商法概述
（二）国际条约与转化为国内法的国际条约 的效力 直接承认国际条约优先适用， 1、直接承认国际条约优先适用，即使与本国 的国内法相抵触。 的国内法相抵触。 2、只有经议会立法手续，转为国内法后才能 只有经议会立法手续， 在国内适用。 在国内适用。 主张自动执行的条约优于国内法。 3、主张自动执行的条约优于法 （2） 划分公法和私法 2、大陆法系法的渊源 （1）宪法 （2）法典 （3）条例 （4）判例 学理” “学理”
（二）英美法系 又称普通法系、英国法系或判例法系。 又称普通法系、英国法系或判例法系。 指英国从十一世纪起主要以源于日耳曼习 惯法的普通为基础， 惯法的普通为基础，逐步形成的一种独特 的法律制度以及仿效英国的其他一些国家 和地区的法律制度， 和地区的法律制度，是西方国家中与大陆 法系并列的一种历史悠久和影响较大的法 系。 1、英美法系的结构 划分普通法与衡平法 2、英美法系的渊源
二、大陆法系中的商法体系
2、民商分立 民法与商法的区别： 民法与商法的区别： 商事关系有着与民事关系不同的主体、 （1）商事关系有着与民事关系不同的主体、客 体和内容。 体和内容。 商法中所确立的一些制度， （2）商法中所确立的一些制度，只适用于商事 关系，而不适用于民事关系。 关系，而不适用于民事关系。 商法受习惯法和国际商业惯例影响较大。 （3）商法受习惯法和国际商业惯例影响较大。
民法与商法的适用规则： 民法与商法的适用规则： 根据特别法优于普通法的原则， （1）根据特别法优于普通法的原则，商法应得 到优先适用。 到优先适用。 商法没有规定的事项， （2）商法没有规定的事项，则适用民法的一般 原则。 原则。 商法的效力优先于民法。 （3）商法的效力优先于民法。
三、英美法系的商法体系 英国：以判例法为主要法律渊源 制定法是判例法的补充 美国：《统一商法典》(Uniform Commercial Code/UCC) 美国统一州法全国委员会(National Conference of Commissioners for Uniform State Law /NCCUSL) 美国法学会（American Law Institute/ALI）
国际商法术语中英文对照
国际商法术语中英文对照章一、国际贸易法概述国际贸易法International Trade Law国际贸易惯例International Trade Usages or Practices国际商业惯例International Business Practices联合国国际贸易法委员会United Nations Commission on International Trade Law(UNCITRAL)国际统一私法协会International Institute for the Unification of Private Law(UNIDROIT)国际海事组织International Maritime Organization (IMO)遵循先例Stare Decisis判决依据Ratio Decidendi章二、国际货物买卖合同制度联合国国际货物销售合同公约United Nations Convention for Contracts onInternational Sale of Goods (CISG)国际货物销售统一法公约Convention relating to a Uniform Law onthe International Sale of Goods (ULIS)国际货物销售合同成立统一法公约Convention relating to a Uniform Law on the Formation of Contract for the International Sale of Goods (ULF)要约邀请Invitation to offer要约Offer承诺Acceptance要约的撤回Withdrawal of offer要约的撤销Revocation of offer货物相符Conformity of the goods与通常用途相符Fitness for ordinary purpose与特定用途相符Fitness for particular purpose根本违反合同Fundamental breach of contract 预期违约Anticipatory breach of contract分批交货合同Installment contract宣告合同无效Declare the avoidance of contract 收取货物Take delivery of the goods风险转移Passing of risks损害赔偿Damages减轻损失义务Mitigation of damages免责Exemptions非能控制的障碍Impediment beyond control章三、国际贸易惯例贸易术语Trade usage贸易习惯做法Trade practice托运人Shipper交货Delivery费用Charges查对Checking检验Inspection所在地Premise清关Clearance码头作业费Terminal Handling Charges, THC章四、国际货物运输和运输保险制度海运提单Ocean Bill of Lading租船合同Charter Party海上货物运输Carriage of Goods by Sea 航空货物运输Carriage of Goods by Air 铁路货物运输Carriage of Goods by Rail 多式联运Multimodal Transportation 海牙—维斯比规则The Hague- Visby Rules 汉堡规则Hamburg Rules华沙公约Warsaw Convention海牙议定书The Hague Protocol蒙特利尔公约Montreal Convention多式联运Multimodal Transport保险单Policy实际全损Actual Total Loss推定全损Constructive Total Loss共同海损General Average单独海损Particular Average委付Abandonment代位求偿权Subrogation协会货物条款Institute Cargo Clauses章五、国际贸易支付和融资制度汇票Bills of Exchange / Draft跟单托收Documentary Collection付款交单Documentary Against Payment 承兑交单Documentary Against Acceptance 托收委托书Remittance Letter提示Presentation拒付Dishnour承兑Acceptance信托收据Trust Receipt, T / R。
国际商法InternationalBusinessLaw
国际商法InternationalBusinessLaw一、国际商法International Business Law二、国际商法的概念(一)定义(What is international business law?)International business law is the body of rules and norms that regulates activities carried out outside the legal boundaries of states. In particular, it regulates the business transactions of private persons internationally,and the intermantional relationships of international commercial organizations.调整国家之间、不同国家和地区的商事组织之间以及它们之间在从事国际商事交易活动中所形成的各种关系的法律规范的总称。
三、特征1、国际商法源于传统的商法，但其调整对象和范围比后者更为广泛。
2、国际商法中的“国际”不是指“国家之间”，而是指“跨越国界”（transnational）。
3、国际商法的性质属于跨国私法。
4、国际商法主要是实体法。
四、国际商法的渊源（一）国际商事条约（international treaties and conventions) Legally, treaties are binding agree-ments between two or more states, and conventions are legally binding agree-ments between states sponsored by international organizations, such as the United Nations.The following are the most important international conven-tions: CI SG, Hague Rules, WTO’s DSU, etc.1、优点：对缔约国具有确定的法律约束力，通过并入或转化使其成为国内法的一部分。
国际商法的名词解释
1.国际商事法，简称国际商法，它是指调整国际商事交易和商事组织的各种法律规范的总称。
它强调的是各国商人(企业)之间从事商业活动，尤其是贸易和投资活动方面的法律规范。
２.（英国法的）担保：如果合同双方认为某一条款不是实质性的，而是附属性的或第二位的，则该条款为一项担保。
在一方违反担保的情况下，另一方可以要求得到赔偿，但不能解除自己的合同义务。
3.违约：是指在合同规定的履行期到来以前，已有根据预示合同的一方当事人将不会履行其合同义务。
4.错误：指合同当事人对有关事实情况的误解，如果没有这样的误解，该当事人本来不会依现有的合同条件签约。
5.最终裁决是指整个案件审理终结之后，仲裁庭就全部提交仲裁争议事项所做出的终局性裁决。
最终裁决一经做出，除了并不多见的裁决更正、修改或补充外，整个案件的仲裁程序即告结束。
1.要约：是具有足够的确定性并包含一旦被接受合同即成立的意图的订立合同的建议。
２.（英国法的）条件：如果合同双方认为某一条款具有实质性(essential)，则该条款为一项合同条件。
当条件被违反时，受损害方有权解除自己的进一步履约的义务。
与此同时，该方也有权就其蒙受的损失让另一方做出赔偿。
3.权利担保：是指卖方应保证对其所出售的货物享有合法的权利，没有侵犯任何第三人的权利，并且任何第三人都不会就该项货物向买方主张任何权利，4.实际履行：就是令违约方实践其诺言，即让他按合同的规定履行其对受损害方承担的义务。
5. 部分裁决：是指对整个争议中的某一个或某几个问题已经审理清楚，为了及时保护当事人的合法权益或有利于继续审理其他问题，仲裁庭先行做出的对某一个或某几个问题的终局性裁决。
１. 承诺：是受要约人按要约限定的方式对要约人作出的接受要约中包含的合同条件的意思表示。
2.根本违反合同：如果一方当事人违反合同的结果，使另一方当事人蒙受损害，以至于实际上剥夺了他根据合同有权期待得到的东西，即属于根本违反合同，除非违反合同的一方并不预知而且同样一个通情达理的人处于相同情况下也没有理由预知会发生这种结果。
国际商法 名词解释
1.International commerce law:国际商法,是指调整国际商事主体和国际商事行为的俄各种法律规范的总称.它强调的是各国商人之间从事跨国境的商业活动,尤其是跨国间贸易和投资活动方面的法律规范.mon law :普通法, 在不同时期的判例的基础上发展起来、具备司法连贯性特征并在一定的司法共同体内普遍适用的各种原则、规则的总称3.Equity :衡平法, 是英国自14世纪末开始与普通法平行发展的、适用于民事案件的一种法律4.大陆法系；一般是指以罗马法为基础而形成和发展起来的一个完整的法律体系总称5.英美法系：是指英国中世纪以来的法律,是以普通法为基础的,与以罗马法为基础的民法法系相比较而存在的一种法律制度.实体法是指规定具体权利义务内容或者法律保护的具体情况的法律，如民法、合同法、婚姻法、公司法等等。
程序法是规定以保证权利和职权得以实现或行使，义务和责任得以履行的有关程序为主要内容的法律，如行政诉讼法、行政程序法、民事诉讼法、刑事诉讼法、立法程序法等等。
国际贸易法：国际之间的贸易关系以及与贸易有关的其他各种关系的法律规则。
（商事交易）国际商法：调整国际商事组织（公司、投资）与商事交易（买卖）的各种法规的总称。
强调各国商人（企业）之间从事商业活动，尤其是贸易和投资活动方面的法律规范。
英美法系：中世纪以来英国的法律以及受其影响或仿其模式制定的美国及其他国家法律的总称。
以普通法为基础的一中法律指读。
大陆法系：以罗马法为基础而形成和发展起来的一个完整的法律体系的总称。
独资企业（个人企业）：由一个出资者单独出资，并以自己的财产、对企业债务承担无限责任的经营实体。
特点：企业非法人，无独立财产合伙企业：由两个或者两个以上的合伙人通过订立协议，约定共同出自、合伙经营、共享收益、共担风险，并对合伙企业债务承担无限连带责任的盈利性组织。
特点：企业非法人，无限责任。
合作企业：由法定人数以上的社员出资组成的，在互助的基础上，以共同经营的方式谋求社员经济利益或提供生产和生活服务的社团法人。
国际商法双语知识点总结
国际商法双语知识点总结Introduction国际商法是指规范国际贸易和商业活动的法律体系。
国际商法是国际私法的分支，其内容涵盖了国际合同、国际货物买卖、国际运输、国际支付结算、国际投资和国际仲裁等领域。
本文将重点介绍国际商法的相关知识点，并结合双语进行详细解析。
一、国际商法基本原则1. Autonomy of the will(意志自治)Autonomy of the will is the basic principle of international commercial law, which means that the parties to an international business transaction are free to determine the content and form of their transaction. This principle reflects the idea of freedom of contract and is essential for the development of international trade.意志自治是国际商法的基本原则，意思是国际商事交易的各方有权自由确定其交易的内容和形式。
这一原则体现了合同自由的理念，对国际贸易的发展至关重要。
2. Good faith(诚实信用)Good faith is another fundamental principle of international commercial law, which requires the parties to act honestly and fairly in their business dealings. This principle helps to ensure the smooth operation of international trade and promotes trust and cooperation among business partners.诚实信用是国际商法的另一个基本原则，要求各方在商业交易中诚实和公平地行事。
国际商法专业词汇中英文对照表
国际商法专业词汇中英文对照A Note on the Incoterms（国际贸易术语通则解释）Absolute Advantage(亚当.斯密的绝对优势理论)Acceptance with Modifications（对邀约做出修改、变更的承诺）Acceptance（承诺/受盘）Act of State Doctrine（国家行为主义）Act of the Parties （当事人的行为）Administrative Management （经营管理）Advising and Confirming Letters of Credit（信用证的通知和确认）Agent for International Settlements（国际结算代理人）Agreement of the Parties（协议选择原则）Agriculture（农业协定）Alternative Dispute Resolution （ADR解决方式）Anticipatory Breach in Common Law （普通法上预期违约）Antidumping Authority（反倾销机构）Applicability of the CISG (CISG的适用范围)Application of Home State Labor Laws Extraterritorially（内国劳工法律域外适用）Applying for a Letter of Credit（信用证的申请）Approval of Foreign Investment Applications（外国投资申请的批准）Arbitrage（套汇）Arbitration Agreement and Arbitration Clauses （仲裁协议和合同中的仲裁条款）Arbitration Tribunals（仲裁机构）Artistic Property Agreements（保护文学艺术作品的协定）Artistic Property Agreements（文学艺术品产权协定）Assignment（合同权利转让）Attorney-General（法律总顾问）Automatic Dissolution （自动散伙）Average Clauses（海损条款）Avoidance（解除）Bank Deposits（银行储蓄）Bases of Income Taxation（所得税的征税依据/基础）Battle of the Forms（形式上的分歧／冲突）Bills of Lading （提单）Branch Banking（银行的分支机构）Business Form and Registered Capital （企业形式和注册资本）Business Forms（商业组织形式）Buyer's Remedies（买方可以采取的救济措施）Carriage of Goods by Air（航空货物运输）Carriage of Goods by Sea and Marine Cargo Insurance（海上货物运输及其保险）Carrier's Duties under a Bill of Lading（在提单运输方式下承运人的责任/义务）Carrier's Immunities（承运人责任/义务的豁免）Cartels (企业联合/卡特尔)Categories of Investment Projects （外国投资的项目类别）Charterparties （租船合同）Charterparties by Demise （光船出租合同）China's Fundamental Policies for Encouraging Foreign Investments （中国大陆鼓励外国投资的基本政策）Choosing the Governing Law（准据法的选择）CIF (cost, insurance and freight) (port of destination) （ＣＩＦ成本＼保险费加运费付至指定的目的港）Civil Law (民法法系)Clearance and Settlement Procedures（交换和转让程序）Collection of Documentary Bills Through Banks（银行跟单托收）Commercial Arbitration （国际商事仲裁）Commodity Arrangements（初级产品/农产品安排）Common Enterprise Liability（企业的一般责任）Common Law (普通法系)Common Procedures in Handling Bills of Exchange （汇票处理的一般程序）Common Stock （股票）Company Taxpayers（公司/法人企业纳税人）Comparative Advantage(大卫.李嘉图的比较优势理论)Comparison of Municipal Legal Systems(内国法系的比较研究) Compensation for Winding up （清算补偿）Comprehensive Agreements （综合性的协定）Compulsory Licenses（强制许可）Computation of Income（收入计算）Conformity of Goods（与合同约定相符合的货物）Consent to the Jurisdiction of the Host State（给予东道国管辖权的许可/同意）Consideration in Common Law（英美法上的对价）Contemporary International Trade Law（当代国际贸易法）Contract Law for the International Sale of Goods（国际货物销售合同法）Contract Liability of the Agent （代理人的合同义务）Contract Liability of the Principal （委托人的合同义务）Contractual Issues Excluded from the Coverage of CISG（排除在CISG适用范围之外的合同问题）Copyrights （著作权/版权）Council for Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights（与知识产权有关的理事会）Coverage of Tax Treaties（税收条约的覆盖范围）Creation of Agency （代理创立）Creditors of Partners（合伙人的债权人）Currency Crises: The Role of Monetary Policy（金融危机：货币政策的作用与地位）Currency Exchange Obligations of IMF Member States（国际货币基金组织成员国在外汇交易中的义务）Currency Exchange（外汇交易）Currency Support（资金/财政援助）Custom（习惯）Customs Valuation（海关估价协定）Debt Securities （债券）Decision Making within the WTO（WTO内部决定作出机制）Deficiencies in the GATT 1947 Dispute Process （关税及贸易总协定1947争端解决程序的不足）Definite Sum of Money or Monetary Unit of Account（确定货币的总额或者计价的货币单位）Definition and Special Features（定义和特征）Delayed Bills of Lading（提单迟延）Denial of Justice（司法不公）Development Banks （发展银行）Direct Effect（直接效力）Direct Exporting(直接出口)Directors' and Officer's Duties to the Corporation（董事和经理/首席执行官对公司的义务）Dispute Settlement（争端的解决）Dissolution by Agreement （协议解散）Dissolution by Court Order （依法院令状散伙）Dissolution of the Partnership （散伙）Distribution of Earnings and Recovery of Investments （收入分配和投资回收）Distribution to Shareholders （红利分配权）Doctrine of Imputability (归责原则)Documentary Formalities（文本格式要求）Double Taxation Provision（双重征税的规定）Double Taxation（双重征税）Duress （胁迫行为）Duties of Agent and Principal （代理人和委托人的义务）Duties of Agent to Principal （委托人的义务）Duties of Principal to Agent （代理人、的义务）Duty of Care in Partnership Business（对合伙事务尽心看护义务）Duty of Loyalty and Good Faith （忠诚和诚信义务）Effectiveness of an Offer（邀约/发盘的效力）Employment Laws in the European Union（欧洲联盟雇佣/劳工法）Employment Standards of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development（经济合作与发展组织雇佣/劳工标准）Enforcement of Exchange Control Regulations of IMF Member States（国际货币基金组织成员国对外汇交易管理规则的履行）Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards in the People's Republic of China （在中华人民共和国境内外国仲裁裁决的执行）Enforcement of Foreign Judgment （外国法院判决的执行）Enforcement of Partnership Rights and Liabilities（执行合伙事务的权利和责任）Enforcement of Securities Regulations Internationally（国际证券规则的执行）Environmental Regulation（环境规则）Escape Clause（免责条款）Euro-currency Deposits（欧洲货币储蓄）European Communities - Regime for the Importation, Sale, and Distribution of Bananas（欧洲共同体对于香蕉的进口、销售和分销的管理）European Union Law on Trade in Services（欧洲联盟关于服务贸易的法律）Exceptio non Adimpleti Contractus in Civil Law （大陆法上履行契约之抗辩权）Exceptions（例外）Exclusive Licenses（独占许可）Excuses for Non-performance （不履行的免责）Excuses for Nonperformance（不履行合同的抗辩/借口）Exemptions for New Members from IMF Member State Currency Exchange Obligations（国际货币基金组织新成员国在外汇交易中义务的免除）Export Restrictions (出口限制)Exporting(出口)Expropriation（征收）Extraterritorial Application of U. S. Securities Laws（美国证券法域外的适用问题）Failure to Exhaust remedies（没有用尽法律救济）Fault and Causation（过错和因果关系）Finance Ministry（财政部）Finance of International Trade(国际贸易的结算/支付)Financing Foreign Trade（对外贸易的价金支付）FOB (free on hoard) (port of shipment)（ＦＯＢ装运港船上交货）Force Majeure Clauses （不可抗力条款）Foreign Investment Guarantees（外国投资的担保）Foreign Investment Laws and Codes（外国投资法）Formal and Informal Application Process（正式和非正式申请程序）Formation of the Contract（合同的成立）Forsed Endorsements（虚假背书）Fraud Exception in Letters of Credit Transaction (信用证交易的欺诈例外) Frauds on Bills of Lading（提单欺诈）Fraudulent Misrepresentation（受欺诈的误解）Free Zones（保税区/自由贸易区）Fundamental Breach（根本违约）GATS Schedules of Specific Commitments（服务贸易总协定减让表中的特别承诺）General Agreement on Trade in Services (服务贸易总协定)General Requirements and Rights of the Holder in Due Course（票据持有人的一般要求和权利）General Standards of Performance（履行的一般标准）Geographic Limitations（地区限制）Government Controls over Trade (政府对贸易的管制)Government Guarantees（政府担保）Governmental Interest（政府利益原则）Governmental Sources of Capital（官方资金）Grant Back Provisions（回授的规定）Home state Regulation of Multinational Enterprises（本国对跨国企业的管理）Host State Regulation of Multinational Enterprises（东道国对跨国企业的管理）Illegality and Incompetency（行为不合法性与主体不适当资格的认定）IMF "Conditionality"(国际货币基金组织的制约性)IMF Facilities（国际货币基金组织的机制）IMF Operations（国际货币基金组织的运作）IMF Quotas（国际货币基金的份额）Immunities of States from the Jurisdiction of Municipal Courts（国家豁免于内国法院的管辖权）Import-Licensing Procedures（进口许可证程序协定）Income Categories（收入分类）Income Tax Rates（所得税税率）Income Taxes（所得税）Independence Principles and Rule of Strict Compliance （信用证独立原则和单证严格相符规则）Indirect Exporting(间接出口)Industrial Property Agreements （保护工业产权的协定）Innocent Misrepresentation（因无知的误解）Inquiry（调查）Insider Trading Regulations（内幕交易规则）Insurance Cover （保险范围）Integration of Company and Personal Income Taxes（公司和个人所得税的征收）Intellectual Property Right Law （知识产权法）International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes （解决投资争端国际中心）International Commercial Dispute Settlement （国际商事争端的解决）International Court of Justice （海牙联合国国际法院）International Factoring （国际保理）International Franchising(国际特许经营权)International Labor Standards（国际劳工标准）International Licensing Agreement(国际许可证协议)International Licensing Agreements （国际许可证协定）International Model Law(国际示范法)International Organizations(国际组织)International Persons（国际法主体）International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms(国际贸易术语解释通则)International Trade Customs and Usages(国际贸易惯例和习惯)International Treaties and Conventions(国际条约和公约)International Tribunals （国际法庭）Interpreting of the CISG (CISG的解释)Invitation Offer （要约邀请／要约引诱／询盘）Involuntary Dissolution （非自愿解散）Issuance of Securities（证券发行）Jurisdiction and Venue （管辖权和法院地）Jurisdiction in Civil Cases（民事案件的管辖权）Jurisdiction in Criminal Cases（刑事案件的管辖权）Know-how （技术秘密/专有技术）Lack of Genuine Link（缺乏真实的联系）Lack of Nationality（无国籍）Lack of Standing（身份不明）Law Applicable to Letters of Credit （调整信用证的法律）Law of Foreign Investment Enterprises of China （中国的外商投资企业法）Law of the People's Republic of China on Chinese Foreign Contractual Joint Ventures（中华人民共和国中外合作企业法）Law of the People's Republic of China on Chinese Foreign Equity Joint Ventures （中华人民共和国中外合资企业法）Law of the People's Republic of China on Foreign Capital Enterprises（中华人民共和国外资企业法）Legal Characteristics （定义和法律特征）Legal Structure of the WTO （世界贸易组织的法律框架）Legal System of International Business(国际商事的法律体系)Letters of Credit (L/C)（信用证）Liabilities of Makers, Drawers, Drawees, Endorsers and Accommodation Parties（票据制作人、出票人、付款人、背书人、代发人/担保人的责任）Liability for Environmental Damage（环境损害责任）Liability Limits（承运人责任/义务的限制）Licensing Regulations（许可证制度）Limitations on Foreign Equity（外国投资的资金比例限制）Limitations on the Excuses That Drawers and Makers Can Use to Avoid Paying Off a Bill or Note 661 （票据制作人、出票人拒绝付款借口的限制）Liquidated Damages （约定的损害赔偿金）Liquidation （清算）Maintaining Monetary Value（维护币值稳定）Major Principles of GATT 1994（关税及贸易总协定1947的主要原则）Marine Insurance Policies and Certificates （海运保险单和证书）Maritime Insurance（海运保险）Maritime Liens （留置权）Means of Delivery（根据交付方式）Mediation（调停/调解）Membership（成员）Memorandums of Understanding（谅解备忘录）Methods of Investment Contribution（出资方式）Mini-trial （模拟审判方式）Miscellaneous Taxes（混杂的，各种各样的税）Misrepresentation（误解）Mixed Sales（混合销售）Modification of Foreign In vestment Agreements（外国投资协议的修改）Money and Banking(货币与金融)Monopoly Control Authority (反垄断机构)Most Significant Relationship（最密切联系原则）Most-favored-nation Treatment （最惠国待遇原则）Movement of Workers（劳工流动）Multilateral Investment Guaranty Programs（多边投资担保计划／安排）Multilateral Trade Agreements（多边贸易协定）Multilateral Trade Negotiations （多边贸易谈判）Multinational Enterprise（跨国企业）Municipal Courts（国内法院的实践）Municipal Legal Systems（内国法系）National Foreign Investment Policies（内国的外国投资政策）National Investment Guarantee Programs（内国／国家投资担保计划／安排）National Law(国内法)National Monetary Systems（国内金融/货币体系）National Treatment （国民待遇原则）Nationality Principle（国籍原则）Negligent (innocent) Misrepresentation（因疏忽的误解）Negotiability of Bills and Negotiability of Notes（可流通的汇票和可流通的本票）Negotiation (谈判，议付)Noncompetition Clauses（限制竞争条款）Nondiscrimination（非歧视原则）Nonimputable Acts（免责行为）Nontariff Barriers to Trade(非关税贸易壁垒)Nonwrongful Dissolution （非不法原因散伙）Objections（异议）Obligations of the Parties （当事人各方的义务）Obligations of the Seller and the Buyer （买卖双方的合同义务）Offer （要约／发盘）Operation of Law （法律的原因而终止）Operational Reviews（营业审查）Opting In and Out（加入和退出）Organization of the IMF（国际货币基金组织的机构）Organizations Affiliated with the United Nations(联合国的相关组织) Overseas Private Investment Corporation（海外私人投资公司的案件）Parent Company（母公司）Passing of Property （产权的转移）Passing of Risk （风险的转移）Patents （专利权）Payable on Demand or at a Definite Time（付款要求或者在指定的付款时间）Payment of the Price（支付价款）Penalties for Noncompliance（对于不遵守法规的处罚）Perils and Losses（保险危险和损失）Persons Immune from Taxation（个人所得税的免除）Piercing the Corporate Veil（普通法上揭开公司的面纱/大陆法上公司人格否认原则）Place for Delivery（交付的地点）Post -Termination Relationship（代理终止后的有关问题）Powers during Winding up （合伙人在清算过程中的权力/权利）Practices and Usages（交易习惯和商业惯例）Preemption（先买权/优先权）Preshipment Inspection（装运前检验协定）Price-Fixing（定价）Private Insurers（私人／商业保险）Private Sources of Capital（私人资金）Products Liability Laws（产品质量法）Promissory Notes（本票）Promoter of International Monetary Cooperation（国际金融合作的促进者）Promoters（公司的发起人）Protection of Natural Resources（自然资源的保护）Protection of Subsidiaries（分支机构的保护制度）Protection of Workers' Rights by the Council of Europe（欧洲理事会关于劳工权利的保护）Protection through Tariffs（关税保护）Proving Foreign Law（外国法的查明）Provisions Governing Trade in Services in the North American Free Trade Agreement （北美自由贸易区协定中关于服务贸易的规定）Quality Controls（质量控制）Quantity and Field-of-Use Restrictions（对数量和使用领域的限制）Recognition and Enforcement of Awards （仲裁裁决的承认和执行）Recognition of Foreign Judgments（外国裁决的承认）Refusal to Exercise Jurisdiction（拒绝执行管辖权）Regional and International Development Agencies（区域性和国际性发展机构）Regional Integration（区域联合）Regional Intergovernmental Regulations on Labor（区域性政府间关于劳工的规定）Regional Intergovernmental Regulations on Trade in Services（关于服务贸易的区域性政府间管理规则）Regional Monetary Systems（区域性金融体系）Regulation of Foreign Workers（外籍员工的的管理规定）Regulation of Pollution（防止污染规则）Relief（救济、赔偿）Remedies Available to Both Buyers and Sellers（买卖双方都可以采取的救济措施）Remedies for Breach of Contract（违反合同的救济）Requests for Specific Performance（要求继续/特定履行）Residency Principle（居住地原则）Restrictions on Research and Development（对技术研究和发展的限制）Restrictions That Apply after the Expiration of Intellectual Property Rights（知识产权保护期满后应用的限制）Restrictions That Apply after the Expiration of the Licensing Agreement （知识产权使用许可合同期满后应用的限制）Right to Compensation （主张赔偿的权利）Rights and Duties （权利与义务）Rights and Responsibilities of Beneficiaries（收款人/收益人的权利与义务）Rights and Responsibilities of the Account Party（付款人/信用证帐户申请人的权利与义务）Rules of Origin（原产地规则）Rules of Private International Law（国际私法规则）Safeguards（保障措施协定）Sanitary and PhytosanitaryMeasures（卫生与植物卫生措施协定）Scope and Coverage of GATT 1947 and GATT 1994 （关税及贸易总协定1947和1994文本的调整范围）Screening Foreign Investment Applications（对外国投资申请的筛选/审查）Sectoral Limitations（行业/部门限制）Securities and Exchange Commission（证券交易委员会）Securities Exchanges （证券交易所）Securities Regulations（证券规章）Seller's Obligations（卖方的义务）Seller's Remedies（卖方可以采取的救济措施）Settlement of Disputes between ILO Member States（国际劳工组织成员国之间争端的解决）Settlement of Disputes between Intergovernmental Organizations and Their Employees （政府间国际组织与它的雇员之间争端的解决）Settlement of Disputes in International Tribunals（在国际法庭解决争端）Settlement of Disputes in Municipal Courts（内国法院的争端解决途径）Settlement of Disputes through Diplomacy（通过外交途径解决争端）Settlement of Disputes through Municipal Courts （通过内国法院解决国际商事争端）Shareholders' Inspection and Information Rights（股东的监督和知情权）Shareholders' Lawsuits （股东的诉权）Shareholders' Meetings（股东会议/大会）Shareholders' Rights and Liabilities （股东的权利和责任）Sharp Practices （欺诈行为）Signed by the Maker or Drawer（票据制作人或者出票人签名）Source Principle（税收发生来源原则）Sources of Corporate Financing （公司资本的来源）Sources of Foreign Investment Law of China （中国外国投资法的渊源）Sources of International Business Law(国际商法的渊源)Sources of International Law（国际法的渊源）Sources of Investment （投资范围）Sovereign or State Immunity（国家主权豁免）Specialization(国际分工专门化)Standard of Care(给予外国人的待遇/关照标准)Start-Up Standards（设立标准）State Responsibility（国家责任）Statements and Conduct of the Parties（当事人的陈述和行为）Statutory Choice-of-Law Provisions （强制选择条款）Structure of the WTO（WTO的组织结构）Subordinate Business Structures（商业分支机构）Subsidies and Countervailing Measures（补贴与反补贴措施协定）Supervision of Foreign Investment（外国投资的监管）Supreme Court Decision（最高法院的裁决）Systems for Relief from Double Taxation（避免双重征税的救济体制）Takeover Regulations（接管/收购规则）Taking Delivery（接受交付）Tariff-based Import Restriction （约束进口关税）Tariffs(关税)Tax Avoidance（避税）Tax Evasion（逃税）Tax Incentives (税收激励)Tax Sparing（节税）Tax Treaties（税收条约）Taxation（税收）Taxpayers（纳税人）Technical Barriers to Trade（贸易的技术壁垒）Technology Transfer(技术转让)Termination of an Agency （代理的终止）Termination of Corporations （公司的终止）Territorial Restrictions（地区限制）Textiles and Clothing（纺织品和服装协定）The Acceptance（承诺／受盘）The Administrative Discretion of Screening Authorities（筛选/监管机构的管理权）The Anglo-American Common Law System(普通法系或者英美法系)The Applicable Procedure Law （应用的程序法）The Applicable Substantive Law（应用的实体法）The Bank for International Settlements（巴塞尔国际清算银行）The Bill of Exchange（汇票）The Board of Directors （董事会）The Bretton Woods System（布雷敦森林体系）The Business Form（商业组织形式）The Buyer's Right to Avoid the Contract（买方解除合同的权利）The Central Bank（中央银行）The Choice of Money（货币的选择）The Convention on Insider Trading（内幕交易的公约）The Drafting of the CISG(CISG的起草)the Economic Globalization （经济全球化）The Final Act Embodying the Results of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations（乌拉圭回合多边贸易谈判结果的最后文本）The Foreign Exchange Market（外汇交易市场）The Founding of GATT（关税及贸易总协定的成立）The Framework Agreement（协定的框架）The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade（关税及贸易总协定）The Importance of the Separate Legal Identity of Juridical Entities（跨国企业作为拥有独立法律地位的实体之重要性）The Interbank Deposit Market（银行间的储蓄市场）The International Labor Organization（国际劳工组织）The International Monetary Fund（国际货币基金组织）The International Standard(国际待遇/标准)The International Transfer of Intellectual Property（工业产权的国际转让）The Islamic Law System （伊斯兰法系）The Law Governing Bills of Exchange （调整汇票的法律制度）The Law of Agency （国际商事代理法）The Making of International Law （国际法的构成）The National Standard(国民待遇/标准)The Negotiation and Transfer of Bills and Notes（票据权利的转让和背书转让）The Obligations of Banks（银行的义务/责任）The Principal Characteristics（基本特征）The Role of Banks in Collecting and Paying Negotiable Instruments（银行在可流通票据的托收和付款中的角色）The Roman-Germanic Civil Law System(大陆法系或者罗马日耳曼法系)The Scope of International Law in Actual Practice （实践中国际法的范围）The Subordinate Structure（分支结构）The Transfer of Money（货币转移）The Turning Over of Documents（交付与货物有关的单证）The Uruguay Round（乌拉圭回合）The Value of Money（币值）The World Trade Organization (WTO) （世界贸易组织）The WTO Agreement （WTO协定）Third Party Relations of the Principal and the Agent （与委托人和代理人有关的第三人）Third-Party Claims and Personal Injuries（第三方的权利和人身伤害）Third-Party Rights (Himalaya Clause)（第三方的权利----喜玛拉亚条款）Time Charterparties （定期租船合同）Time for Delivery （交付的时间）Time Limitations（时效）Trade Barriers （贸易壁垒）Trade in Goods(货物贸易)Trade Liberalization Through Cooperation （通过合作实现贸易自由化）Trade Policy Review（贸易政策评审机制）Trade Terms（贸易术语）Trademarks（商标权）Trade-Related Investment Measures（与贸易有关的投资措施协定）Trading in Securities （证券交易）Transactions Covered in CISG（CISG适用的交易范围）Transnational Organized Labor（有组织的跨境服务的劳工）Transparency(透明度)Treaties and Conventions（条约和公约）Trial Court Decision（初等法院的裁决）Turnover Taxes（流转/交易税）Tying Clauses（搭售条款）Unconditional Promise or Order to Pay（无条件的付款承诺和要求）Unfair Competition Laws（不正当竞争法）UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC)(国际统一私法协会国际商事合同通则,简称PICC)United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG)(联合国国际货物销售合同公约,简称CISG)Validity and Formation of International Sale of Contracts（国际货物销售合同的成立和效力）Visas（签证）Voyage Charterparties （航次租船合同）Waivers（让渡、放弃）Winding Up （合伙清算）World Intellectual Property Organization（世界知识产权组织）World Trade Organization Dispute Settlement Procedures（世界贸易组织争端解决机制）Wrongful Dissolution （不法原因散伙）WTO Antidumping Agreement （世界贸易组织反倾销协议）WTO Dispute Settlement Procedures（世界贸易组织的争端解决程序）。
国际商法专业词汇中英文对照表.pptx
Carriage of Goods by Air（航空货物运输）
Advising and Confirming Letters of Credit（信用证的通知和确认）
Carriage of Goods by Sea and Marine Cargo Insurance（海上货物运输及其保险）
Agent for International Settlements（国际结算代理人）
Cartels (企业联合/卡特尔) Categories of Investment Projects （外国投资的项目类别） Charterparties （租船合同） Charterparties by Demise （光船出租合同）
Applicability of the CISG (CISG 的适用范围) Application of Home State Labor Laws Extraterritorially（内国劳工法律域外适用） Applying for a Letter of Credit（信用证的申请） Approval of Foreign Investment Applications（外国投资申请的批准）
序的不足）
Compensation for Winding up （清算补偿）
Definite Sum of Money or Monetary Unit of Account（确定货币的总额或者计价的货
Comprehensive Agreements （综合性的协定）
币单位）
Compulsory Licenses（ 强 制 许 可 ）
China's Fundamental Policies for Encouraging Foreign Investments （中国大陆鼓励 外国投资的基本政策） Choosing the Governing Law（准据法的选择） CIF (cost, insurance and freight) (port of destination) （ＣＩＦ成本＼保险费加运费付
国际商法专业词汇中英文对照表
国际商法专业词汇中英文对照A Note on the Incoterms（国际贸易术语通则解释）Absolute Advantage(亚当.斯密的绝对优势理论)Acceptance with Modifications（对邀约做出修改、变更的承诺）Acceptance（承诺/受盘）Act of State Doctrine（国家行为主义）Act of the Parties （当事人的行为）Administrative Management （经营管理）Advising and Confirming Letters of Credit（信用证的通知和确认）Agent for International Settlements（国际结算代理人）Agreement of the Parties（协议选择原则）Agriculture（农业协定）Alternative Dispute Resolution （ADR解决方式）Anticipatory Breach in Common Law （普通法上预期违约）Antidumping Authority（反倾销机构）Applicability of the CISG (CISG的适用范围)Application of Home State Labor Laws Extraterritorially（内国劳工法律域外适用）Applying for a Letter of Credit（信用证的申请）Approval of Foreign Investment Applications（外国投资申请的批准）Arbitrage（套汇）Arbitration Agreement and Arbitration Clauses （仲裁协议和合同中的仲裁条款）Arbitration Tribunals（仲裁机构）Artistic Property Agreements（保护文学艺术作品的协定）Artistic Property Agreements（文学艺术品产权协定）Assignment（合同权利转让）Attorney-General（法律总顾问）Automatic Dissolution （自动散伙）Average Clauses（海损条款）Avoidance（解除）Bank Deposits（银行储蓄）Bases of Income Taxation（所得税的征税依据/基础）Battle of the Forms（形式上的分歧／冲突）Bills of Lading （提单）Branch Banking（银行的分支机构）Business Form and Registered Capital （企业形式和注册资本）Business Forms（商业组织形式）Buyer's Remedies（买方可以采取的救济措施）Carriage of Goods by Air（航空货物运输）Carriage of Goods by Sea and Marine Cargo Insurance（海上货物运输及其保险）Carrier's Duties under a Bill of Lading（在提单运输方式下承运人的责任/义务）Carrier's Immunities（承运人责任/义务的豁免）Cartels (企业联合/卡特尔)Categories of Investment Projects （外国投资的项目类别）Charterparties （租船合同）Charterparties by Demise （光船出租合同）China's Fundamental Policies for Encouraging Foreign Investments （中国大陆鼓励外国投资的基本政策）Choosing the Governing Law（准据法的选择）CIF (cost, insurance and freight) (port of destination) （ＣＩＦ成本＼保险费加运费付至指定的目的港）Civil Law (民法法系)Clearance and Settlement Procedures（交换和转让程序）Collection of Documentary Bills Through Banks（银行跟单托收）Commercial Arbitration （国际商事仲裁）Commodity Arrangements（初级产品/农产品安排）Common Enterprise Liability（企业的一般责任）Common Law (普通法系)Common Procedures in Handling Bills of Exchange （汇票处理的一般程序）Common Stock （股票）Company Taxpayers（公司/法人企业纳税人）Comparative Advantage(大卫.李嘉图的比较优势理论)Comparison of Municipal Legal Systems(内国法系的比较研究)Compensation for Winding up （清算补偿）Comprehensive Agreements （综合性的协定）Compulsory Licenses（强制许可）Computation of Income（收入计算）Conformity of Goods（与合同约定相符合的货物）Consent to the Jurisdiction of the Host State（给予东道国管辖权的许可/同意）Consideration in Common Law（英美法上的对价）Contemporary International Trade Law（当代国际贸易法）Contract Law for the International Sale of Goods（国际货物销售合同法）Contract Liability of the Agent （代理人的合同义务）Contract Liability of the Principal （委托人的合同义务）Contractual Issues Excluded from the Coverage of CISG（排除在CISG适用范围之外的合同问题）Copyrights （著作权/版权）Council for Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights（与知识产权有关的理事会）Coverage of Tax Treaties（税收条约的覆盖范围）Creation of Agency （代理创立）Creditors of Partners（合伙人的债权人）Currency Crises: The Role of Monetary Policy（金融危机：货币政策的作用与地位）Currency Exchange Obligations of IMF Member States（国际货币基金组织成员国在外汇交易中的义务）Currency Exchange（外汇交易）Currency Support（资金/财政援助）Custom（习惯）Customs Valuation（海关估价协定）Debt Securities （债券）Decision Making within the WTO（WTO内部决定作出机制）Deficiencies in the GATT 1947 Dispute Process （关税及贸易总协定1947争端解决程序的不足）Definite Sum of Money or Monetary Unit of Account（确定货币的总额或者计价的货币单位）Definition and Special Features（定义和特征）Delayed Bills of Lading（提单迟延）Denial of Justice（司法不公）Development Banks （发展银行）Direct Effect（直接效力）Direct Exporting(直接出口)Directors' and Officer's Duties to the Corporation（董事和经理/首席执行官对公司的义务）Dispute Settlement（争端的解决）Dissolution by Agreement （协议解散）Dissolution by Court Order （依法院令状散伙）Dissolution of the Partnership （散伙）Distribution of Earnings and Recovery of Investments （收入分配和投资回收）Distribution to Shareholders （红利分配权）Doctrine of Imputability (归责原则)Documentary Formalities（文本格式要求）Double Taxation Provision（双重征税的规定）Double Taxation（双重征税）Duress （胁迫行为）Duties of Agent and Principal （代理人和委托人的义务）Duties of Agent to Principal （委托人的义务）Duties of Principal to Agent （代理人、的义务）Duty of Care in Partnership Business（对合伙事务尽心看护义务）Duty of Loyalty and Good Faith （忠诚和诚信义务）Effectiveness of an Offer（邀约/发盘的效力）Employment Laws in the European Union（欧洲联盟雇佣/劳工法）Employment Standards of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development （经济合作与发展组织雇佣/劳工标准）Enforcement of Exchange Control Regulations of IMF Member States（国际货币基金组织成员国对外汇交易管理规则的履行）Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards in the People's Republic of China （在中华人民共和国境内外国仲裁裁决的执行）Enforcement of Foreign Judgment （外国法院判决的执行）Enforcement of Partnership Rights and Liabilities（执行合伙事务的权利和责任）Enforcement of Securities Regulations Internationally（国际证券规则的执行）Environmental Regulation（环境规则）Escape Clause（免责条款）Euro-currency Deposits（欧洲货币储蓄）European Communities - Regime for the Importation, Sale, and Distribution of Bananas （欧洲共同体对于香蕉的进口、销售和分销的管理）European Union Law on Trade in Services（欧洲联盟关于服务贸易的法律）Exceptio non Adimpleti Contractus in Civil Law （大陆法上履行契约之抗辩权）Exceptions（例外）Exclusive Licenses（独占许可）Excuses for Non-performance （不履行的免责）Excuses for Nonperformance（不履行合同的抗辩/借口）Exemptions for New Members from IMF Member State Currency Exchange Obligations （国际货币基金组织新成员国在外汇交易中义务的免除）Export Restrictions (出口限制)Exporting(出口)Expropriation（征收）Extraterritorial Application of U. S. Securities Laws（美国证券法域外的适用问题）Failure to Exhaust remedies（没有用尽法律救济）Fault and Causation（过错和因果关系）Finance Ministry（财政部）Finance of International Trade(国际贸易的结算/支付)Financing Foreign Trade（对外贸易的价金支付）FOB (free on hoard) (port of shipment)（ＦＯＢ装运港船上交货）Force Majeure Clauses （不可抗力条款）Foreign Investment Guarantees（外国投资的担保）Foreign Investment Laws and Codes（外国投资法）Formal and Informal Application Process（正式和非正式申请程序）Formation of the Contract（合同的成立）Forsed Endorsements（虚假背书）Fraud Exception in Letters of Credit Transaction (信用证交易的欺诈例外)Frauds on Bills of Lading（提单欺诈）Fraudulent Misrepresentation（受欺诈的误解）Free Zones（保税区/自由贸易区）Fundamental Breach（根本违约）GATS Schedules of Specific Commitments（服务贸易总协定减让表中的特别承诺）General Agreement on Trade in Services (服务贸易总协定)General Requirements and Rights of the Holder in Due Course（票据持有人的一般要求和权利）General Standards of Performance（履行的一般标准）Geographic Limitations（地区限制）Government Controls over Trade (政府对贸易的管制)Government Guarantees（政府担保）Governmental Interest（政府利益原则）Governmental Sources of Capital（官方资金）Grant Back Provisions（回授的规定）Home state Regulation of Multinational Enterprises（本国对跨国企业的管理）Host State Regulation of Multinational Enterprises（东道国对跨国企业的管理）Illegality and Incompetency（行为不合法性与主体不适当资格的认定）IMF "Conditionality"(国际货币基金组织的制约性)IMF Facilities（国际货币基金组织的机制）IMF Operations（国际货币基金组织的运作）IMF Quotas（国际货币基金的份额）Immunities of States from the Jurisdiction of Municipal Courts（国家豁免于内国法院的管辖权）Import-Licensing Procedures（进口许可证程序协定）Income Categories（收入分类）Income Tax Rates（所得税税率）Income Taxes（所得税）Independence Principles and Rule of Strict Compliance （信用证独立原则和单证严格相符规则）Indirect Exporting(间接出口)Industrial Property Agreements （保护工业产权的协定）Innocent Misrepresentation（因无知的误解）Inquiry（调查）Insider Trading Regulations（内幕交易规则）Insurance Cover （保险范围）Integration of Company and Personal Income Taxes（公司和个人所得税的征收）Intellectual Property Right Law （知识产权法）International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes （解决投资争端国际中心）International Commercial Dispute Settlement （国际商事争端的解决）International Court of Justice （海牙联合国国际法院）International Factoring （国际保理）International Franchising(国际特许经营权)International Labor Standards（国际劳工标准）International Licensing Agreement(国际许可证协议)International Licensing Agreements （国际许可证协定）International Model Law(国际示范法)International Organizations(国际组织)International Persons（国际法主体）International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms(国际贸易术语解释通则) International Trade Customs and Usages(国际贸易惯例和习惯)International Treaties and Conventions(国际条约和公约)International Tribunals （国际法庭）Interpreting of the CISG (CISG的解释)Invitation Offer （要约邀请／要约引诱／询盘）Involuntary Dissolution （非自愿解散）Issuance of Securities（证券发行）Jurisdiction and Venue （管辖权和法院地）Jurisdiction in Civil Cases（民事案件的管辖权）Jurisdiction in Criminal Cases（刑事案件的管辖权）Know-how （技术秘密/专有技术）Lack of Genuine Link（缺乏真实的联系）Lack of Nationality（无国籍）Lack of Standing（身份不明）Law Applicable to Letters of Credit （调整信用证的法律）Law of Foreign Investment Enterprises of China （中国的外商投资企业法）Law of the People's Republic of China on Chinese Foreign Contractual Joint Ventures （中华人民共和国中外合作企业法）Law of the People's Republic of China on Chinese Foreign Equity Joint Ventures （中华人民共和国中外合资企业法）Law of the People's Republic of China on Foreign Capital Enterprises（中华人民共和国外资企业法）Legal Characteristics （定义和法律特征）Legal Structure of the WTO （世界贸易组织的法律框架）Legal System of International Business(国际商事的法律体系)Letters of Credit (L/C)（信用证）Liabilities of Makers, Drawers, Drawees, Endorsers and Accommodation Parties（票据制作人、出票人、付款人、背书人、代发人/担保人的责任）Liability for Environmental Damage（环境损害责任）Liability Limits（承运人责任/义务的限制）Licensing Regulations（许可证制度）Limitations on Foreign Equity（外国投资的资金比例限制）Limitations on the Excuses That Drawers and Makers Can Use to Avoid Paying Off a Bill or Note 661 （票据制作人、出票人拒绝付款借口的限制）Liquidated Damages （约定的损害赔偿金）Liquidation （清算）Maintaining Monetary Value（维护币值稳定）Major Principles of GATT 1994（关税及贸易总协定1947的主要原则）Marine Insurance Policies and Certificates （海运保险单和证书）Maritime Insurance（海运保险）Maritime Liens （留置权）Means of Delivery（根据交付方式）Mediation（调停/调解）Membership（成员）Memorandums of Understanding（谅解备忘录）Methods of Investment Contribution（出资方式）Mini-trial （模拟审判方式）Miscellaneous Taxes（混杂的，各种各样的税）Misrepresentation（误解）Mixed Sales（混合销售）Modification of Foreign In vestment Agreements（外国投资协议的修改）Money and Banking(货币与金融)Monopoly Control Authority (反垄断机构)Most Significant Relationship（最密切联系原则）Most-favored-nation Treatment （最惠国待遇原则）Movement of Workers（劳工流动）Multilateral Investment Guaranty Programs（多边投资担保计划／安排）Multilateral Trade Agreements（多边贸易协定）Multilateral Trade Negotiations （多边贸易谈判）Multinational Enterprise（跨国企业）Municipal Courts（国内法院的实践）Municipal Legal Systems（内国法系）National Foreign Investment Policies（内国的外国投资政策）National Investment Guarantee Programs（内国／国家投资担保计划／安排）National Law(国内法) National Monetary Systems（国内金融/货币体系）National Treatment （国民待遇原则）Nationality Principle（国籍原则）Negligent (innocent) Misrepresentation（因疏忽的误解）Negotiability of Bills and Negotiability of Notes（可流通的汇票和可流通的本票）Negotiation (谈判，议付)Noncompetition Clauses（限制竞争条款）Nondiscrimination（非歧视原则）Nonimputable Acts（免责行为）Nontariff Barriers to Trade(非关税贸易壁垒)Nonwrongful Dissolution （非不法原因散伙）Objections（异议）Obligations of the Parties （当事人各方的义务）Obligations of the Seller and the Buyer （买卖双方的合同义务）Offer （要约／发盘）Operation of Law （法律的原因而终止）Operational Reviews（营业审查）Opting In and Out（加入和退出）Organization of the IMF（国际货币基金组织的机构）Organizations Affiliated with the United Nations(联合国的相关组织)Overseas Private Investment Corporation（海外私人投资公司的案件）Parent Company（母公司）Passing of Property （产权的转移）Passing of Risk （风险的转移）Patents （专利权）Payable on Demand or at a Definite Time（付款要求或者在指定的付款时间）Payment of the Price（支付价款）Penalties for Noncompliance（对于不遵守法规的处罚）Perils and Losses（保险危险和损失）Persons Immune from Taxation（个人所得税的免除）Piercing the Corporate Veil（普通法上揭开公司的面纱/大陆法上公司人格否认原则）Place for Delivery（交付的地点）Post -Termination Relationship（代理终止后的有关问题）Powers during Winding up （合伙人在清算过程中的权力/权利）Practices and Usages（交易习惯和商业惯例）Preemption（先买权/优先权）Preshipment Inspection（装运前检验协定）Price-Fixing（定价）Private Insurers（私人／商业保险）Private Sources of Capital（私人资金）Products Liability Laws（产品质量法）Promissory Notes（本票）Promoter of International Monetary Cooperation（国际金融合作的促进者）Promoters（公司的发起人）Protection of Natural Resources（自然资源的保护）Protection of Subsidiaries（分支机构的保护制度）Protection of Workers' Rights by the Council of Europe（欧洲理事会关于劳工权利的保护）Protection through Tariffs（关税保护）Proving Foreign Law（外国法的查明）Provisions Governing Trade in Services in the North American Free Trade Agreement （北美自由贸易区协定中关于服务贸易的规定）Quality Controls（质量控制）Quantity and Field-of-Use Restrictions（对数量和使用领域的限制）Recognition and Enforcement of Awards （仲裁裁决的承认和执行）Recognition of Foreign Judgments（外国裁决的承认）Refusal to Exercise Jurisdiction（拒绝执行管辖权）Regional and International Development Agencies（区域性和国际性发展机构）Regional Integration（区域联合）Regional Intergovernmental Regulations on Labor（区域性政府间关于劳工的规定）Regional Intergovernmental Regulations on Trade in Services（关于服务贸易的区域性政府间管理规则）Regional Monetary Systems（区域性金融体系）Regulation of Foreign Workers（外籍员工的的管理规定）Regulation of Pollution（防止污染规则）Relief（救济、赔偿）Remedies Available to Both Buyers and Sellers（买卖双方都可以采取的救济措施）Remedies for Breach of Contract（违反合同的救济）Requests for Specific Performance（要求继续/特定履行）Residency Principle（居住地原则）Restrictions on Research and Development（对技术研究和发展的限制）Restrictions That Apply after the Expiration of Intellectual Property Rights（知识产权保护期满后应用的限制）Restrictions That Apply after the Expiration of the Licensing Agreement（知识产权使用许可合同期满后应用的限制）Right to Compensation （主张赔偿的权利）Rights and Duties （权利与义务）Rights and Responsibilities of Beneficiaries（收款人/收益人的权利与义务）Rights and Responsibilities of the Account Party（付款人/信用证帐户申请人的权利与义务）Rules of Origin（原产地规则）Rules of Private International Law（国际私法规则）Safeguards（保障措施协定）Sanitary and PhytosanitaryMeasures（卫生与植物卫生措施协定）Scope and Coverage of GATT 1947 and GATT 1994 （关税及贸易总协定1947和1994文本的调整范围）Screening Foreign Investment Applications（对外国投资申请的筛选/审查）Sectoral Limitations（行业/部门限制）Securities and Exchange Commission（证券交易委员会）Securities Exchanges （证券交易所）Securities Regulations（证券规章）Seller's Obligations（卖方的义务）Seller's Remedies（卖方可以采取的救济措施）Settlement of Disputes between ILO Member States（国际劳工组织成员国之间争端的解决）Settlement of Disputes between Intergovernmental Organizations and Their Employees （政府间国际组织与它的雇员之间争端的解决）Settlement of Disputes in International Tribunals（在国际法庭解决争端）Settlement of Disputes in Municipal Courts（内国法院的争端解决途径）Settlement of Disputes through Diplomacy（通过外交途径解决争端）Settlement of Disputes through Municipal Courts （通过内国法院解决国际商事争端）Shareholders' Inspection and Information Rights（股东的监督和知情权）Shareholders' Lawsuits （股东的诉权）Shareholders' Meetings（股东会议/大会）Shareholders' Rights and Liabilities （股东的权利和责任）Sharp Practices （欺诈行为）Signed by the Maker or Drawer（票据制作人或者出票人签名）Source Principle（税收发生来源原则）Sources of Corporate Financing （公司资本的来源）Sources of Foreign Investment Law of China （中国外国投资法的渊源）Sources of International Business Law(国际商法的渊源)Sources of International Law（国际法的渊源）Sources of Investment （投资范围）Sovereign or State Immunity（国家主权豁免）Specialization(国际分工专门化)Standard of Care(给予外国人的待遇/关照标准)Start-Up Standards（设立标准）State Responsibility（国家责任）Statements and Conduct of the Parties（当事人的陈述和行为）Statutory Choice-of-Law Provisions （强制选择条款）Structure of the WTO（WTO的组织结构）Subordinate Business Structures（商业分支机构）Subsidies and Countervailing Measures（补贴与反补贴措施协定）Supervision of Foreign Investment（外国投资的监管）Supreme Court Decision（最高法院的裁决）Systems for Relief from Double Taxation（避免双重征税的救济体制）Takeover Regulations（接管/收购规则）Taking Delivery（接受交付）Tariff-based Import Restriction （约束进口关税）Tariffs(关税)Tax Avoidance（避税）Tax Evasion（逃税）Tax Incentives (税收激励)Tax Sparing（节税）Tax Treaties（税收条约）Taxation（税收）Taxpayers（纳税人）Technical Barriers to Trade（贸易的技术壁垒）Technology Transfer(技术转让)Termination of an Agency （代理的终止）Termination of Corporations （公司的终止）Territorial Restrictions（地区限制）Textiles and Clothing（纺织品和服装协定）The Acceptance（承诺／受盘）The Administrative Discretion of Screening Authorities（筛选/监管机构的管理权）The Anglo-American Common Law System(普通法系或者英美法系)The Applicable Procedure Law （应用的程序法）The Applicable Substantive Law（应用的实体法）The Bank for International Settlements（巴塞尔国际清算银行）The Bill of Exchange（汇票）The Board of Directors （董事会）The Bretton Woods System（布雷敦森林体系）The Business Form（商业组织形式）The Buyer's Right to Avoid the Contract（买方解除合同的权利）The Central Bank（中央银行）The Choice of Money（货币的选择）The Convention on Insider Trading（内幕交易的公约）The Drafting of the CISG(CISG的起草)the Economic Globalization （经济全球化）The Final Act Embodying the Results of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations（乌拉圭回合多边贸易谈判结果的最后文本）The Foreign Exchange Market（外汇交易市场）The Founding of GATT（关税及贸易总协定的成立）The Framework Agreement（协定的框架）The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade（关税及贸易总协定）The Importance of the Separate Legal Identity of Juridical Entities（跨国企业作为拥有独立法律地位的实体之重要性）The Interbank Deposit Market（银行间的储蓄市场）The International Labor Organization（国际劳工组织）The International Monetary Fund（国际货币基金组织）The International Standard(国际待遇/标准)The International Transfer of Intellectual Property（工业产权的国际转让）The Islamic Law System （伊斯兰法系）The Law Governing Bills of Exchange （调整汇票的法律制度）The Law of Agency （国际商事代理法）The Making of International Law （国际法的构成）The National Standard(国民待遇/标准)The Negotiation and Transfer of Bills and Notes（票据权利的转让和背书转让）The Obligations of Banks（银行的义务/责任）The Principal Characteristics（基本特征）The Role of Banks in Collecting and Paying Negotiable Instruments（银行在可流通票据的托收和付款中的角色）The Roman-Germanic Civil Law System(大陆法系或者罗马日耳曼法系)The Scope of International Law in Actual Practice （实践中国际法的范围）The Subordinate Structure（分支结构）The Transfer of Money（货币转移）The Turning Over of Documents（交付与货物有关的单证）The Uruguay Round（乌拉圭回合）The Value of Money（币值）The World Trade Organization (WTO) （世界贸易组织）The WTO Agreement （WTO协定）Third Party Relations of the Principal and the Agent （与委托人和代理人有关的第三人）Third-Party Claims and Personal Injuries（第三方的权利和人身伤害）Third-Party Rights (Himalaya Clause)（第三方的权利----喜玛拉亚条款）Time Charterparties （定期租船合同）Time for Delivery （交付的时间）Time Limitations（时效）Trade Barriers （贸易壁垒）Trade in Goods(货物贸易)Trade Liberalization Through Cooperation （通过合作实现贸易自由化）Trade Policy Review（贸易政策评审机制）Trade Terms（贸易术语）Trademarks（商标权）Trade-Related Investment Measures（与贸易有关的投资措施协定）Trading in Securities （证券交易）Transactions Covered in CISG（CISG适用的交易范围）Transnational Organized Labor（有组织的跨境服务的劳工）Transparency(透明度)Treaties and Conventions（条约和公约）Trial Court Decision（初等法院的裁决）Turnover Taxes（流转/交易税）Tying Clauses（搭售条款）Unconditional Promise or Order to Pay（无条件的付款承诺和要求）Unfair Competition Laws（不正当竞争法）UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC)(国际统一私法协会国际商事合同通则,简称PICC)United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG)(联合国国际货物销售合同公约,简称CISG)Validity and Formation of International Sale of Contracts（国际货物销售合同的成立和效力）Visas（签证）Voyage Charterparties （航次租船合同）Waivers（让渡、放弃）Winding Up （合伙清算）World Intellectual Property Organization（世界知识产权组织）World Trade Organization Dispute Settlement Procedures（世界贸易组织争端解决机制）Wrongful Dissolution （不法原因散伙）WTO Antidumping Agreement （世界贸易组织反倾销协议）WTO Dispute Settlement Procedures（世界贸易组织的争端解决程序）。
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国际商法概念中英对照
合同法
合同的成立
要件：
●通过要约和承诺达成合意（Agreement）
●当事人具有缔约能力（the legal capacity to contract) ●存在对价（Consideration）或对价（Cause）
●合同形式符合法律规定
●具备合法性
●合意必须真实（Intention of parties）
要约（Offer）
要约人offerer
受要约人offeree
邀请邀约invitation for offer
要约的确定性definiteness
要约人受约束的意旨intention to be bound
特定人specific persons
要约的撤回withdrawal of offer
要约的撤销revocation of offer
确定的要约firm offer
要约的消灭/终止termination
承诺Acceptance
镜像规则mirror image rule
反要约counter offer
承诺生效的时间
英美法：邮箱规则：mailbox rule (发出时有效，有利于受要约人，缩短要约人可撤销要约的时间）
大陆法：德国、合同通则：到达生效原则receipt rule
合同的效力Validity
有效合同legal
无效合同void
可撤销合同avoidable
效力待定/不可强制执行的合同
影响合同效力的因素：
错误mistake：重大误解substantial misunderstanding
欺诈fraud
胁迫duress
显失公平
不正当影响undue influence
不履行（non-performance）
可免责的不履行excused non-performance
不可抗力force majeure/impediment beyond control: 无法控制；无法预见；无法避免；无法克服
重大违约material breach
轻微违约minor breach
预期违约anticipatory breach of contract
违约的救济方式remedies for breach of contract
实际履行specific performance
撤销合同avoidance of the contract
损害赔偿damages
损害的减轻：避免受损害方消极坐等
宽限期grace period
商事组织法
商事组织形式forms of business entities 个人企业individual proprietorship
合伙企业partnership
公司corporation
合伙
连带责任joint and several liabilities
注册申请书application for registration 合伙协议partnership agreement
合伙人身份证明identity paper of partners
接纳新合伙人admission of new partners
解散dissolution
清算liquidation
公司法
独立法人independent legal person
否认公司人格disregarding the corporate entity 揭开公司的面纱piercing the corporate veil
发起人promoter
公司章程articles of association/corporate charter/certificate of incorporation
公司组织大纲memorandum of association
经营范围business scope
公司资本the capital of corporation
注册资本registered capital
授权资本authorized capital
发行资本issued share capital
资本维持maintenance of capital
实缴资本paid-up capital
公司资本的增加/增资raising of capital
公司债debenture
担保公司债/无担保公司债secured/unsecured 记名/无记名公司债registered/unregistered 转换/非转换公司债convertible
公积金reserve funds
法定公积金statutory common reserve
任意公积金discretionary common reserve 普通股common share
优先股preferred stock
期权options
招股说明书prospectus
董事会board of directors
执行董事会the executive board
监事会the supervisory board
独立董事independent directors
股东大会shareholder meeting
表决权voting right
知情和查阅权right to information and inspection
异议股东股份回购请求权appraising right of dissenting shareholders
起诉权right to sue
派生诉讼derivative suits
优先购买权preemptive right
认股/出资义务subscription right
定期会议/年会general meeting/annual meeting
临时大会temporary meeting
普通决议regular resolution
特别决议special resolution
直接投票straight voting
累积投票cumulative voting
委托投票voting by proxy
委托书征集proxy solicitation
信义义务fiduciary duty
忠实义务duty of loyalty
注意义务duty of care
自我交易self-dealing
管理人员薪酬executive compensation
滥用公司资产taking of corporate‘s properties 动机不纯的公司行为corporate action with mixed activities
禁令/说明injunction/declaration
损害赔偿damages/compensation
返还财产restoration of property
撤销合同recession of contracts
利益归入公司accounting for profits。