Online Identification of Hierarchical Heavy Hitters分层重量级的在线辨识
online verification report of higher education
online verification report of higher education高等教育的在线认证报告是一种对个人的高等教育背景进行验证和确认的文件。
这种认证通常由学校、教育机构或认证机构提供，用于向其他机构或雇主证明个人所获得的学历和学位的合法性和真实性。
一份高等教育的在线认证报告通常包括以下几个部分：1. 学历和学位信息：报告中应包括个人所获得的学历和学位的具体信息，如学校名称、专业或领域、学位级别和所获得的资格。
2. 学习成绩和学术表现：认证报告应提供个人在高等教育阶段的学习成绩和学术表现的详细信息，如课程成绩、绩点平均值等。
这些信息可以帮助雇主或其他机构评估个人的学术能力和专业知识水平。
3. 学习经历和课程内容：报告中应包括个人在高等教育阶段的学习经历和所学课程的具体内容。
这些信息可以给雇主提供关于个人所学领域和专业技能的了解。
4. 学校或机构认证信息：认证报告应提供个人所就读学校或机构的认证信息，如学校的授权或认证机构的名称和认证编号。
这些信息可以帮助验证个人学历的合法性和可信度。
5. 学校或机构的联系信息：报告中应包括学校或机构的联系信息，如官方网站、地址和联系电话。
这些信息可以供其他机构或雇主进行进一步的验证和查询。
高等教育的在线认证报告通常被用于以下情况：1. 就业申请：雇主经常要求求职者提供高等教育认证报告，以验证其学历和学位。
这可以帮助雇主评估求职者的学术背景和专业知识，决定是否适合特定的职位。
2. 教育继续：某些教育机构可能要求申请人提供高等教育认证报告，以便评估他们是否满足特定课程或项目的入学要求。
3. 移民申请：一些国家或地区的移民部门要求申请人提供高等教育认证报告，以证明其学历和学位的合法性和真实性。
总之，高等教育的在线认证报告对于个人展示其学历和学术背景的合法性和真实性至关重要。
同时，对雇主、教育机构和移民部门来说，这种认证报告也是评估个人学术能力和专业知识的重要工具。
浦东新区2020届高三三模考试英语试题含解析
浦东新区 2019 学年度第二学期后续教学质量检测高三英语试卷说明:(1)本场考试时间为 120 分钟，总分 140 分；(2)请认真答卷，并用规范文字书写。
I. Listening Comprehension(满分 25 分)Section A(共 10 题，每小题 1 分，满分 10 分)Directions:In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1.A. A teacher.B. A salesman.C. A hotel manager.D. A policeman.【答案】D【解析】【原文】M: Could you still remember the exact time when the theft happened?W: Yes, of course.Q: What is probably the man?2.A. July 10.B. July 27.C. July 13.D. July 30. 【答案】B【解析】【原文】W: We had planned to set out for New York on July 13 but the weatherman said there would be a heavy rain on that day.M: Well, let’s delay the trip to July 30. But we have to book the air t icket three days in advance.Q: When does man propose to book the air ticket?3.A. He does not want any mixed grill.B. There is no more mixed grill left.C. Mixed grill is his favorite food.D. He orders the mixed grill for the woman.【答案】A【解析】【原文】W: Are you going to try some of the mixed grill?M: Well, to be honest, I have never been a big fan of meat.Q: What does the man imply?4.A. To appreciate famous sculptures.B. To learn skills of paintings.C. To look after her sister.D. To visit the modern art exhibition.【答案】C【解析】【原文】M: News comes that a modern art exhibition is being held and a variety of famous paintings and sculptures is on display. Would you like to go with me tomorrow? W: I’d love to, but I have to take care of my sister who is il l.Q: What is woman probably going to do tomorrow?5.A. The man should get up early in the morning.B. The man can find the time if he makes up his mind.C. It is a bad habit to learn English late in the evening.D. It really takes time to have a good command of English.【答案】B【解析】【原文】M: I want to practise my oral English but never seem to have the time. W: Why don’t you do i t the first thing in the morning?Q: What does the woman mean?6.A. Asking Simon and Sally for help.B. Decorating the house.C. Preparing for a party.D. Purchasing the food.【答案】C【解析】【原文】M: Have you got fully prepared for the party to celebrate your parents’ 20th wedding anniversary?W: Not yet. But everything is going on smoothly. Simon offers to help me with the decoration and Sally will care for the purchase of food.Q: What are the speakers talking about?7.A. 10.B. 11.C. 12.D. 13.【答案】B【解析】【原文】W: We had expected a dozen of guests to attend the lecture but Johnson called just now that he and his wife could not make it.M: All right. I’m just going to tell you I have invited Franklin.Q: How many guests are going to attend the lecture?8.A. She refuses to give free admission to the man.B. She asks the man to bring her some coins.C. She hesitates to give the man free admission.D. She thinks working in a bank has great benefits.【答案】A【解析】【详解】W: Now that you’ve got a job in the Disney Resort, can’t you bring me afree admission now and then?M: Certainly, if you bring me a few coins now and then from the bank where you work! Q: What does the man mean?9.A. The woman broke her arm while doing the project.B. The man expect the woman to go on with the project.C. It takes the doctor a month to cure the woman’s broken leg.D. The woman can now come back to do her unfinished project .【答案】B【解析】【原文】W: What bad news! The doctor says my broken leg has to be secured with bandage for another month.M: I am sorry to hear that. How I wish you could recover soon and continue the project with us.Q: What can you learn from the conversion?10.A. He has totally no idea of how to play games.B. He thinks the team has already been eliminated.C. He finds it hard to believe the team will enter the national game.D. He does not know whether the team enter the national game or not.【答案】D【解析】【原文】W: Did you hear if our school football team is going on to the national game or did they get eliminated halfway?M: To tell the truth, I haven’t been following their progress for years.Q: What does the man imply?Section B(共 10 题，每小题 1.5 分，满分 15 分)Directions: In Section B, you will hear two short passages and a longer conversation,and you will be asked some questions on the passages and the conversation. The passages and the conversation will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard. Questions are based on the following passage.11. A. 8:30. B. 9:00. C. 8:45. D. 9:15.12.A. When the interview begins, you should shake hands with the interviewer first.B. If you don’t understand a question, you should answ er it as quickly as possible.C. Your answer should contain all the skills you have to convince the interviewer.D. A good response can help you sell the interviewer on yourself as the best candidate.13.A. Ask the next step in the hiring process.B. Offer to shake hands with the interviewer again.C. Ask more questions about the position and the salary.D. Take the opportunity to catch your breath and stay calm.【答案】11. C 12. D 13. A【解析】【原文】As an HR manager who has been engaged in recruitment for 30 years, I would like to give you some tips on how to perform better in a job interview. First and foremost, arrive 15 minutes early prior to your interview. An interview is even more stressful than normal if you’re rushing to get there on time. Second, send a positive message through your body language. Shake hands firmly, but only if a hand is offered to you first. Always maintain eye contact and listen carefully. If you do not understand a question, ask the interviewer to either repeat or clarify the questions for you. Give honest, direct answers. However, be sure that your responses are focused on the questions and highlight the skills related to the job. Keep in mind that your responses are your sales pitch. You’re selling the interviewer on yourself as the best candidate for a second interview and for the job, so be sure you focus on yourrelevancy. Last but not least, towards the end of the interview, let the hiring manager know that you think the job is an excellent fit and that you are very interested in the job. It’s appropriate to ask what the next step in the hiring process will be and when you might expect to hear.Questions:If you have an interview at 9:00, when should you arrive according to the speaker’s advice?Which one of the following is TRUE according to the speaker’s advice? If you are the interviewee, what should you do towards the end of the interview according to the speaker’s advice?Questions are based on the following passage.14.A. Drinking a lot of alcohol.B. Going shopping in stores.C. Gathering around tables for hotpot.D. Eating fried food and barbecued meat.15.A. Movies are available to people in Shanghai at midnight.B. People in Hangzhou attach great importance to dinner.C. A total of nine online platforms provide data for the report.D. People in Beijing are most likely to order Starbucks in the afternoon.16.A. People’s eating habits in d ifferent regions of China.B. Th e impact of mobile payment on Chinese people’s lifestyle.C. The difference of nightlife among residents in Chinese cities.D. The pressure of urban life brought by the nightlife activities.【答案】14. D 15. A 16. C【解析】【原文】A new report driven by what people in eight Chinese cities buy on their phonesafter the night falls reveals just how different the nightlife is among Chinese urban dwellers. According to data gathered from Alibaba Group on payment services across eight platforms－including Alipay, food delivery unit Ele.me, as well as the video-streaming site Youku－Chinese people go to bed at 1 a.m. on average. Additionally, it also shows Beijingers order Starbucks after 6 p.m. the most, go to bed late and rise at the earliest times. Residents in Shanghai purchase movie tickets and pay the most hospital visits at midnight, and East China’s Nanjing city has the most bookstore visits. As for the night food orders, they start coming in at 9 p.m. with orders for fried chicke n and barbecued sticks of meat ranking as people’s favorites. Down southwest in Chengdu, people spend the most on dinner, gathering around tables for hotpot. Citizens in Hangzhou City in eastern China prefer drinks over food, with its highest sales of alcohol at night. Mobile payment has been an integrated part of people’s lives in China, as consumers can place a food order, shop online and also pay utility bills on their smartphone screens－no matter what time it is. However, the active nightlife also reflects the pressure of urban life. Questions:What is the favorite nightlife activity of people in Nanjing?Which of the following can be inferred from the report?What is the report mainly about?Questions are based on the following passage.17.A. People can drive their cars at a high speed on the PRT system.B. Each car on the PRT system can carry 300 passengers at a time.C. The cars running on the PRT system can be controlled by a wire.D. The power that sets the cars on the PRT system running comes from the sun.18.A. The traffic jam in Masdar City.B. Building more roads with wider lanes.C. Solutions to traffic jams.D. Encouraging people to cycle more.19.A. Taxi drivers.B. Shop assistants.C. Teachers and students.D. The elderly and the sick.20.A. The benefit of cycling lies in that more people can travel at the same time.B. The man thinks that building more roads with wider lanes is not a perfect solution.C. The woman disagrees with the second expert because riding is practical on rainy days.D. The woman agrees with the first expert because it is very expensive to build more roads.【答案】17. D 18. C 19. A 20. B【解析】【原文】M: The Nightly News made a special program on how to deal with traffic jams in big cities. Did you watch it?W: Not yet. Would you please tell me something about it?M: Certainly. The program began with an introduction of the PRT system in Masdar City. Controlled wirelessly and powered by solar energy, 300 highspeed driverless cars each carrying three passengers were running on it. Then, three experts were invited to work out a few possible solutions.W: Really? What are those solutions?M: Well, the solution proposed by the first expert involves engineering. This means building more roads with wider lanes so that more cars can travel at the same time. W: Hmm, don’t you think more roads may actually encourage more traffic? Besides, the cost is so high.M: You hit the point. The second expert criticized that solution and proposed that the government should encourage people to cycle more because this mode of transport has obvious health benefits and helps to reduce air pollution.W: Yeah. But is it practical in every climate? What’s more, riding can prove dangerous in heavy traffic.M: I agree with you. The solution put forward by the last expert is to increase taxon fuel so that people are more likely to think carefully about using cars. Do you think it really works?W: Not exactly. It can discourage people from driving to work to some extent. But how about people “driving for work” ? They will lose their jobs.M: All right. It seems that each of the solutions has its own advantages and disadvantages.Questions:Which one of following statements is TRUE about the PRT system in Masdar City? What did the experts in the TV program mainly discuss about ?If the government increases the tax on fuel, who will directly fall victim to it? According to the dialogue, which one of following statements is TRUE? II Grammar and Vocabulary(满分 20 分) Section A(共 10 题，每小题 1 分，满分 10 分) Directions: After reading the passages below, fill in the blanks to make the passagescoherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.The rapid spread of new technology in Africa is changing the way people receive news and entertainment. Traditionally, vast numbers of Africans relied on radio to keep ___21___ (inform). So how is this medium coping ___22___the face of fast growing competition from mobile phone, Internet and television?If you want to get a sense of ___23___Africa is listening to, come with me to Kenya’s capital Nairobi. Over the past 20 years, the number of radio stations in Kenya ___24___ (grow) from 10 to more than 130. It’s a trend ___25___has been mirrored across Africa. Economic growth paired with ___26___new generation that’s more connected to the outside world and more diverse. Stations have become incredibly local producing programs in dozens of indigenous( 当地的)languages and increasingly global playing western music. Africa’s passion for radio remains insatiable(未被满足)___27___the growth of television. As not many of them ___28___afford a TV, thisrise in TV sales or TV numbers will never compare to radio at least for the next maybe decade or two.Commercial radio stations are what most people listen to. In Nairobi, I have interviewed a lot of people about their attitude towards radio. “Yeah, I love to listen to news. I like to hear what’s happening in people’s lives.” “Radio is much ___29___(cheap). I like listening to the music station.” “It’s so convenient. You can choose as many stations ___30___you like.” “It tells us the news of what is happening all over the world.” Therefore, it seems tha t radio is here to stay for a while.【答案】21. informed22. in 23. what24. has grown25. that/which26. a 27. despite28. can 29. cheaper30. as【解析】这是一篇说明文。
211062343_高校去中心化身份无密码认证系统设计
第8期表2拓扑数据表发送拓扑信号的开关①②③④⑤⑥⑦⑧⑨识别到拓扑信号的开关①⑤②⑤⑨③⑤①④⑤⑥⑤①⑤⑥③⑤⑦①⑤⑧⑤⑨层级232413332根据“发送信号的开关本身及其上级开关可检测到拓扑信号”原则，分析得到拓扑结构如图13所示。
图13拓扑结构图终端通过通信模块依次发出识别信号。
以④号开关为例，终端要求④号开关发生脉冲电流信号，⑥、①、⑤号开关能检测到脉冲电流信号并告知终端，终端已能判断⑥、①、⑤号开关是④号开关的上层节点。
在⑥号开关发出脉冲电流信号时，①、⑤号开关能检测到脉冲电流信号并告知终端，终端已能判断①、⑤号开关为⑥号开关的上层节点。
当①号开关发出脉冲电流信号时，只有⑤号开关能够检测到脉冲电流信号，终端已能判断⑤号开关是①号开关的上层节点；终端认为拓扑的层次结构是：④→⑥→①→⑤→智能终端。
实验过程中，总体拓扑识别时间为96s ，拓扑识别准确率达到99%以上。
实验结果表明，在试验环境下，本文技术所形成的拓扑结构图和拓扑数据表准确、可靠，拓扑识别时间短，可清晰展示各级开关之间的关系，为准确定位故障点和识别故障类型提供了技术途径。
5结论针对现有技术存在的系统拓扑与实际拓扑不一致、可用性不高等缺陷，本文提出一种基于智能量测开关的拓扑识别技术方案，对方案中特征电流模块、调制解调方式、电流采样及CT 取电电路等分别进行了设计，明确了拓扑识别电流特征及关键参数，提出了完善的拓扑识别流程，给出了信息编码方式及数据帧格式，设计了拓扑识别单元的通信网络协议栈结构及报文封装格式。
经实验验证与结果分析表明，本文提出的技术方案拓扑识别时间短、功耗低，识别准确率达99%以上，能有效熊德智，等：智能量测开关拓扑识别技术研究图12拓扑试验平台135现代电子技术2023年第46卷解决现有技术缺陷。
该技术可在低压数字化台区中进行大规模推广应用，为实现低压台区异常用电的可观、可测、可控奠定了基础。
注：本文通讯作者为熊德智。
电网结构薄弱环节识别方法及应对措施研究
摘要随着特高压交直流输电的迅猛发展，我国电网规模不断扩大，电网大规模互联在极大提高能源资源配置能力和提高电力系统稳定性的同时，也给系统的同步运行带来了新的问题。
大电网局部故障可能传播至整个网络，导致电力系统连锁故障的发生。
大停电事故的频繁发生，在一定程度上反映了大电网本身结构特性存在安全隐患；现有的安全防御体系依旧不完善。
本文针对大规模电网所面临的问题，主要从脆弱线路识别，关键节点识别，主动防御方案，失步解列方案等4个方面进行了研究，主要工作包括以下四个方面：（1）基于支路势能函数建立了脆弱线路识别指标，依赖支路的动态信息提炼系统失去稳定时的关键特征量，构建可定量评价系统脆弱性的指标，考虑到系统不同运行方式和复杂多变的触发故障，所计算的脆弱性指标可能不同，采用层次分析法来解决脆弱线路评估指标的排序问题。
四川电网的计算结果表明：提出的方法能有效识别脆弱联络线，为提高连锁故障条件下电网维持稳定运行和重要用户供电提供了实施针对性措施的对象。
（2）电力系统连锁故障一般伴随着线路有功功率的大规模转移。
鉴于此，本文针对节点移除后，电网潮流转移情况给出了节点潮流转移度的概念，考虑到节点移除后可能会造成系统不连通的现象，提出了节点位置重要度的概念，同时文章借用电气耦合连接度的概念，基于以上三个指标结合多属性决策方法给出了关键节点综合性指标的排序方法。
针对华中电网某省系统应用该方法能有效识别出系统的关键节点，并通过时域仿真的方法证明了该方法的有效性。
（3）在识别出电力系统的关键节点后，通过对特定网络结构制定相应的主动防御策略，可以防止连锁故障发生或抑制连锁故障大规模传播。
在前文基础上，提出了包括节点分裂运行，省间联络线采用直流输电，以及薄弱节点附近加装SVC在内的3种策略。
并对华中电网进行仿真验证，仿真结果表明，所提策略能够有效防止华中-华北系统功角失步，保证了跨区域电网的稳定运行。
（4）归纳总结了现有失步解列措施的不足，给出了振荡中心迁移的原因，提出了离线生成解列策略表，在线决策解列方案的失步解列方案。
安全系统工程——6.1 危险控制的基本原则
other. Neither of them can be ignored.
一、危险控制的基本原则
3. Principles of Risk Control
System risk control is fundamental to human’s safety in production
and life. There exit the following control principles in risk control:
仅对危险进行辩识和评价，而不进行控制，系统的安全状态
没有得到改善是没有意义的。通过系统危险辨识和评价，找 到系统中的危险所在和危险等级后，还必须提出系统危险的 控制措施并加以实施，才能使系统的安全状况得到改善。因 此，系统危险控制技术是安全系统工程的最终目的。
The identification and assessment of risk is meaningless if there is
一、危险控制的基本原则
2. Risk Control Technology
2024年高等教育自学考试自考《英语二》试题与参考答案
2024年高等教育自学考试自考《英语二》模拟试题与参考答案一、阅读判断（共10分）第一题Read the following passage and decide if each statement is true (T), false (F), or not given (NG).Passage:The University of Global Excellence has announced a new initiative aimed at enhancing the English language proficiency of its students. The program, called “Global English,” will be implemented across all undergraduate courses and will include weekly language workshops, a dedicated language lab, and a series of online resources. The university believes that this initiative will not only improve the students’ language skills but also prepare them for international communication and employment opportunities.1、The “Global English” program is only available to postgraduate students.2、The program includes a language lab and online resources for language learning.3、The university expects the program to negatively impact the students’employment prospects.4、The workshops are held twice a week to ensure maximum participation.5、The main purpose of the “Global English” program is to prepare students for international travel.Answers:1、F2、T3、F4、NG5、T第二题Passage:Alice has been looking for a job for the past three months. She recently graduated from college and was hopeful that her degree in Business Administration would land her a good position at a reputable company. After numerous interviews and rejections, Alice decided to take the plunge and start her own business. She found a suitable location, bought the necessary equipment, and started selling homemade candles online and in local markets. Within a month, her business is gaining popularity, and she has received orders from all over the city.1、Alice wanted to start her own business before she graduated from college. Answer: 22、Alice was rejected from all of the job interviews she applied for. Answer: 03、Alice uses the internet to sell her homemade candles.Answer: 14、Alice’s business has only been opera ting for less than a month. Answer: 15、Alice’s products are popular and have attracted orders from many places. Answer: 1二、阅读理解（共10分）Passage:Hospital length of stay (LOS) has been a significant indicator in assessing the quality of healthcare. It is defined as the time a patient spends in a hospital from admission to discharge. The impact of LOS on both patients’ recovery and healthcare systems is multifaceted. Most societies aim to minimize LOS to ensure cost-effectiveness and improve overall patient experience.According to the World Health Organization (WHO), optimizing hospital LOS is crucial to balancing patient care with resource allocation. A decrease in LOS is particularly important for chronic patients who often have longer stays due to the complexity of their conditions. As such, reducing LOS for these patients can lead to better health outcomes and reduced financial burden on the healthcare system.Modern healthcare technologies have played a pivotal role in reducing hospital LOS. Advanced diagnostic tools allow for faster and more accurate identification of patients’ conditions, leading to timely interventions. Similarly, innovations in medication administration and patient monitoring devices have enabled healthcare professionals to closely monitor patients’ recovery processes and discontinue treatments when necessary.However, hospital LOS remains a complex issue due to various factors, such as hospital resources, staff availability, and patient-specific conditions. Navigating these factors requires a holistic approach that encompasses continuous improvement, evidence-based practice, and the adoption of new technologies.Questions:1.What is the primary purpose of optimizing hospital length of stay (LOS)?A. To minimize the financial burden on patientsB. To improve the quality of healthcare systemsC. To enhance the overall patient experienceD. To allow for more efficient resource allocation2.Which of the following is a significant factor in determining hospital LOS?A. The availability of advanced diagnostic toolsB. The complexity of patients’ conditionsC. The efficiency of medication administrationD. The number of staff available at the hospital3.According to the passage, reducing LOS for chronic patients can lead to:A. Increased costs for the healthcare systemB. Longer stays in the hospitalC. Better health outcomes and reduced healthcare costsD. Reduced availability of specialized treatments4.What role does evidence-based practice play in optimizing hospital LOS?A. It ensures the adoption of new technologiesB. It helps to identify potential barriers in healthcare deliveryC. It allows for personalized care plans for each patientD. It increases the number of patients requiring hospitalization5.Which of the following is NOT a factor that contributes to the complexity of hospital LOS?A. Hospital resourcesB. Staff availabilityC. Patient-specific conditionsD. The number of patients needing treatmentAnswer Key:1.B2.B3.C4.B5.D三、概况段落大意和补全句子（共10分）第一题Reading Material:The rapid development of technology has brought about significant changes in the field of education. One of the most notable advancements is the introduction of online learning platforms. These platforms have revolutionized the way students acquire knowledge and skills, making education more accessible and flexible. However, with the increasing number of online resources, students may face difficulties in selecting the right materials for their studies. In this essay, we will discuss the advantages and challenges of online learning platforms and provide some tips for students to make the most of these resources.Questions:1、What is the main topic of the passage?A. The benefits of online learning platformsB. The challenges of online learning platformsC. The evolution of educational technologyD. The importance of selecting the right learning materials2、According to the passage, what has been the most significant change in the field of education?A. The introduction of online learning platformsB. The increase in the number of educational institutionsC. The development of new teaching methodsD. The expansion of educational resources3、What is the main purpose of the essay?A. To encourage students to use online learning platformsB. To provide a comprehensive comparison of online and traditional learningC. To offer tips for students to effectively utilize online learning resourcesD. To analyze the future of online education4、What challenges do students face when using online learning platforms?A. Difficulty in finding reliable resourcesB. Lack of motivation and disciplineC. The need for a strong internet connectionD. All of the above5、The author suggests what tips for students to make the most of online learning resources?A. Set a specific study scheduleB. Engage in discussions with peersC. Take regular breaks to avoid burnoutD. All of the aboveAnswers:1、A2、A3、C4、D5、D第二题阅读内容：The self-study examination on English for Specific Purpose 2 (ESP2) is a vital part of higher education assessment systems in China. It reflects the students’ ability to apply English to specialized fields such as business, technology, and law. This examin ation tests students’ comprehension of academic texts, their ability to write coherent essays, and their proficiency in using language accurately and effectively in specialized contexts. The examination consists of three parts: Listening, Reading, and Writing. Each section aims to evaluate different aspects of students’ English skills that are essential for their future professional development.1、The self-study examination on English for Specific Purpose 2 tests ________.a、only listening skillsb、comprehension of academic textsc、only writing skillsd、all of the aboveAnswer: d、all of the above2、The examination consists of________parts.a、twob、threec、fourd、fiveAnswer: b、three3、Which field does the examination NOT test students’ English proficiency in?a、Businessb、Technologyc、Lawd、MarketingAnswer: d、Marketing4、What aspect of students’ English skills is NOT evaluated in the Writing section?a、coherenceb、accuracyc、vocabularyd、comprehensionAnswer: d、comprehension5、The main purpose of this examination is to assess students’ ability to apply English in ________.a、daily lifeb、business and technologyc、primary educationd、general conversationAnswer: b、business and technology四、填空补文（共10分）Four. Fill in the BlanksRead the following passage and choose the best word or phrase to fill in each blank. Each word or phrase is given in a list of choices following the passage. Write the letter of the correct choice in each blank.Passage:In the modern digital age, [1] is increasingly important for individuals to stay [2]. The ability to communicate effectively in [3] is not only crucial for personal growth and professional success but also plays a significant role in cultural understanding and global interaction.With the advent of online learning platforms, [4] has become more accessible than ever before. Companies and educational institutions are also recognizing the [5] of proficiency in English, which opens up opportunities for career advancement and international networking.Choices:A. connectionB. literacyC. repressionD. technologyE. advancementF.achievement G. prevention H. innovationBlanks:[1]___________ [2]___________ [3]___________ [4]___________ [5]___________Answer Keys:[1] D[2] B[3] A[4] D[5] E五、填词补文（共15分）第一题Please complete the following passage by choosing the most appropriate word from the options given below each blank. Each blank will have only one correct answer.Reading Material:In the digital age, the importance of learning a new language cannot be overstated. Language proficiency opens up numerous opportunities for personal and professional growth. The following passage discusses the benefits of learning a new language.Passage:The benefits of learning a new language are vast. Firstly, it enhances cognitiveabilities, such as problem-solving and critical thinking. Secondly, it allows for better communication with people from diverse backgrounds. Thirdly, it can improve career prospects by making one more adaptable and versatile. Lastly, learning a new language can be a source of immense personal satisfaction and cultural understanding.Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words:1.The process of learning a new language can be quite challenging, but the rewards are(a) _______.a) numerousb) limitedc) insignificantd) negligible2.Bilingual individuals often demonstrate higher levels of (a) _______.a) intelligenceb) creativityc) aggressiond) laziness3.One of the main advantages of learning a new language is the ability to(a) _______.a) travelb) workc) communicated) study4.A new language can (a)_______one’s career prospects.a) enhanceb) deterioratec) ignored) stagnate5.Learning a new language can also provide a deeper understanding of (a) _______.a) historyb) sciencec) cultured) mathematicsAnswers:1.a) numerous2.a) intelligence3.c) communicate4.a) enhance5.c) culture第二题Part 5: Fill in the BlanksRead the following passage carefully and fill in the blanks with the correct words from the options provided.In the 21st century, the English language has become a global 1 that notonly bridges cultural 2 but also facilitates business and academic 3. As a language 4, English holds a significant position in higher education systems worldwide. The 5 of English, revered as the lingua franca, highlights its importance in the contemporary world.1、A. medium B. linguist C._ENDPOINT D. barrier E. proficiency2、A. barrier B._medium C._ENDPOINT D. keyword E. proficiency3、A._barrier B. medium C._endpoint D. keyword E. proficiency4、A. barrier B. medium C. endpoint D. keyword E. _linguist5、A. _linguist B. proficiency C. barrier D. medium E. endpointAnswers1、A. medium2、B. _barrier3、E. proficiency4、E. _linguist5、B. proficiency六、完型补文（共15分）第一题Please read the following passage and then complete the passage with the most appropriate word or words from the list provided after each gap.In the past decade, the digital revolution has swept across the globe, transforming every aspect of our lives. From the way we communicate to the waywe work, the impact of computers and the internet has been enormous. One area that has seen significant changes is the field of 1, which has become more accessible and flexible than ever before. Here are some key developments in higher education:1.e-Learning PlatformsOnline learning platforms have become increasingly popular. They provide a wide range of courses that students can access from anywhere in the world. These platforms offer 2 learning experiences, allowing students to learn at their own pace and in their own style.2.Blended LearningBlended learning combines traditional classroom teaching with online resources. This approach offers the best of both worlds, ensuring that students get the personal interaction they need while also having the flexibility to study when and where it suits them best.3.Mobile LearningWith the increase in the use of smartphones and tablets, mobile learning has become a significant trend. Students can access course materials and resources on the go, making learning more convenient and efficient.4.Personalized LearningEducational institutions now offer 3 learning experiences tailored to the individual needs and abilities of each student. This personalized approach helps students to learn more effectively and to achieve their academic goals.5.Greater FlexibilityStudents now have more flexibility in terms of when and where they can study.They can fit their studies around their other commitments, such as work or family, giving them the opportunity to gain a qualification without disrupting their lives.However, despite these advancements, some challenges remain. For example, 4 can be a barrier for students who do not have access to reliable internet connections or computer equipment.6.Quality AssuranceMaintaining the quality of education remains a crucial issue. Educational institutions need to ensure that the online courses and programs they offer meet high standards and are recognized by employers and educational bodies.Choose the correct word or words to complete each gap:1.a) accessibility b) interaction c) technology d) architecture2.a) diverse b) rigid c) monotonous d) linear3.a) generic b) personalized c) mass-produced d) uniform4.a) feedback b) technology c) communication d) funding5.a) potential b) passion c) participation d) progressAnswers:1.c) technology2.a) diverse3.b) personalized4.a) feedback5.d) progress第二题Read the following passage and choose the best word for each blank from the options given below the passage. There is an extra word which does not fit into the passage.The rise of the internet has had a profound impact on 1 of our lives. From 2 communication to 3 information, it has changed the way we interact with the world. However, this technological revolution has also brought about 4 challenges that we need to address.In the 5 of education, the internet has provided students with 6 to a vast amount of resources and knowledge. Online courses, forums, and virtual classrooms have become increasingly popular, offering 7 learning opportunities. Despite these advancements, some educators argue that the 8 of face-to-face interaction cannot be fully replaced by technology.1.a) aspectsb) fieldsc) elementsd) dimensions2.a) personalb) directc) instantd) distant3.a) acquiringb) accessingc) gatheringd) obtaining4.a) newb) emergingc) increasingd) decreasing5.a) sectorb) areac) fieldd) department6.a) accessb) opportunityc) insightd) exposure7.a) uniqueb) diversec) limitedd) restricted8.a) importanceb) valuec) essenced) significanceAnswers:1.b) fields2.c) instant3.b) accessing4.b) emerging5.a) sector6.a) access7.b) diverse8.b) value七、写作（30分）Writing QuestionPrompt:Imagine you are writing a letter of recommendation for a friend who is applying for a scholarship. Write a letter that includes the following points:1.Introduce yourself and your relationship to the friend.2.Discuss your friend’s personality traits, academic achievements, and any special skills they possess.3.Provide an example of how your friend has demonstrated these qualities in your shared experiences.4.Conclude by encouraging the reader to consider your friend’s application favorably.Required Length: At least 100 words.Sample Response[Sample Response]Dear [Scholarship Committee],I am writing to wholeheartedly recommend my dear friend, Lily, for the [Name of Scholarship]. For the past three years, I have had the distinct pleasure of being Lily’s closest friend and mentor at our university. Lily is an outstanding individual both academically and personally.Academically, Lily excels in all her courses, consistently achieving top grades. She has a profound understanding of complex concepts and demonstrates excellent critical thinking skills. Furthermore, Lily holds a unique ability to navigate challenging projects with creativity and perseverance. For instance, during our senior project, she conceived an innovative marketing strategy that not only enhanced our group’s understanding of business principles but also secured us the top honors in our class.Moreover, Lily embodies the qualities of kindness, leadership, and empathy. She often volunteers at community service events and is responsible for organizing several successful charity fundraisers. Her ability to lead a team and her genuine interest in her fellow students have made her a beloved figure among her peers.In summary, I strongl y encourage you to consider Lily’s application favorably, as she possesses the intellectual aptitude, social skills, and community engagement that are central to your scholarship’s goals.Yours sincerely, [Your Name]ExplanationStructure:•The letter follows a clear structure: introduction, discussion of qualities, a specific example, and a conclusion.•It includes transition words and phrases to maintain coherence and flow.•The response is detailed and provides concrete examples to support the claims made about the friend.•It concludes with a strong recommendation, which is essential for the purpose of the letter.。
Williamson(1979)transaction-cost economics交易费用经济学-合同关系的治理(中英文)资料
TRANSACTION-COST ECONOMICS: THE GOVERNANCE OFCONTRACTUAL RELATIONS交易费用经济学：合约关系的治理The new institutional economics is preoccupied with the origins, incidence, and ramifications of transaction costs. 新制度经济学都已经先研究了交易费用的起源、发生、和分支。
Indeed, if transaction costs are negligible, the organization of economic activity is irrelevant, since any advantages one mode of organization appears to hold over another will simply be eliminated by costless contracting. 事实上，如果交易费用是可以忽略的，经济活动的组织就是不相关的，因为一种组织模型对于另一种的优势将仅被低成本的合约所消除。
But despite the growing realization that transaction costs are central to the study of economics,1 skeptics remain. 但是怀疑主义说坚持说，尽管日益增长的事实，交易成本仍是经济研究的中心。
Stanley Fischer's complaint is typical: "Transaction costs have a well-deserved bad name as a theoretical device... [partly] because there is a suspicion that almost anything can be rationalized by invoking suitably specified transaction costs."2 Stanley Fischer的抱怨是典型的：交易成本作为理论设计拥有一个罪有应得的恶名。
hierarchical名词
hierarchical名词hierarchical（等级制）- a term used to describe a system or structure in which various levels or ranks of authority exist, with higher levels having more power and control than lower levels.1. The military operates under a hierarchical system, with each rank having specific duties and responsibilities.军队运作在一个等级制度下，每个军阶有着特定的职责和责任。
2. In many companies, there is a hierarchical organizational structure, with senior management making decisions that are implemented by lower-level employees.在许多公司中，存在着一种等级制的组织结构，高层管理人员做出决策，由低层员工来执行。
3. The Catholic Church has a hierarchical structure, with the Pope as the highest authority and bishops and priests at lower levels.天主教会有一个等级制度，教皇是最高权威，而主教和神父则处于较低的层级。
4. The feudal system was a hierarchical social structure in medieval Europe, with kings, nobles, and peasants occupying different levels of power and status.封建制度是中世纪欧洲的一种等级社会结构，国王、贵族和农民在权力和地位上处于不同的层次。
英语本科-语法简答及名词解释
1、Modal auxiliaries: meaning of modal auxiliaries can be divided into two categories: predictive and non-predictive. Thepredictive meaning is concerned with the speaker’s assumption or assessment of probility and, in most cases, indicates the speaker’s confidence or lack of confidence in the truth of his statement. Eg: it must be Juhn.2、Anaphoric reference: with regard to the direction that the reference points to in the text. The anaphoric reference suggestsretrieving information from the foregoing context. Eg: wow, you’ve got a huge house, I didn’t expect it to be so big. The cataphoric reference suggests the information from the forthcoming context.3、Two tenses and two aspects: two tenses- the present tense and the past tense; two aspects-the progressive aspect and theperfective aspect.4、Non-finite verbs: the non-finitive verbs are so called because they are not marked for tense or for subject-verb concord. Inform it has the features of aspect and tense, while in its function, it can be object, complement, adverbial, etc. we recognize three types of non-finite verbs: infinitive ( further divided into to-infinitive and bare infinitive,) –ing participle and –ed participle.5、Extraposition: is defined as “the replacement of the postponed item by a substitute form”. The extraposed item is almostalways a nominal clause, which satisfies the desire for end-weight. In function, the extraposed item can be subject or object;in form, it can be finite or non-finite. When we remove a clausal subject or object to the final position, we use the anticipatory it to fill in the slot. (Remove a clausal subject or object to the final focal position.)6、Tex: refers to a unified passage, is one that is not only structurally well-integrated but also semantically coherent.7、Modal auxiliaries features: are a special group of words that have unique features both in syntax and in semantics. They areoften described as inflectionally defective verbs, because in syntactic terms they lack a full set of forms- not having non-finite forms or being marked for concord with the subject in semantics, modal auxiliaries are all the more complicated because nearly all of them are polysemous and, as a consequence, their interpretation is such that we forever feel the need to resort to context for clues.8、Participles: they are divided into two groups, one is “-ing participle” the other is “-ed participle.” The former used to be called“the present participle ” or “the gerund.” now they are so termed because we attach our concern to form, not to meaning. Eg: she looked depressed. I regret telling you the truth.9、Fronting: refers to the removal of an item from its unmarked postsubject position to the marked presubject position. Eg: into alarge crowd of people the plane dived.10、Ellipsis: refers to leaving out sth. understood. Strictly speaking, we refer to incomplete sentences with such a structureas to presuppose a preceding item. In this sense, ellipsis sets up cohesion on the basis of structural recoverability with reference to the linguistic context. Eg: why give me two cups of coffee? I only asked for one.11、The antecedent: is that preceding item which the relative clause modifies. A typical antecedent is nominal. i.e: a noun ora noun phrase.12、Relative clauses: restrictive relative and non-restrictive relative clause. Restrictive relative clause is an integral part ofthe noun phrase and gives essential information for the identification of what its antecedents refer to. Eg: the girl who lives next door is now traveling in SH. Non-restrictive clauses which are separated by commas in that the latter only offers additional information which is not needed to indentify the person or thing we are talking about.13、The double relative clause: is a type of multiple postmodification which is realized by more than one relative modifyingthe same head word. Eg: this is the only book I bought which challenges this common belief. Mr. lee is the only person I know who offers an reasonable price.14、Gradable adjectives: refer to most adjectives that can take comparative forms, inflectional, or they can be modified byintensifiers like “very”“so” and graded on a scale of intensity.15、Postponement: is a means to make an emphatic statement by putting the important information at the end of thesentence. It is usually realized by active to passive transformation, by extraposition of a clause element, by discontinuity of adjacent elements or by various other means, eg: the flowers were destroyed by the rain.(passive.) it is not fun at all to make fun of a disabled man.(extraposition) she is the only girl in my class who can play the guitar.(discontinuity)16、Simple present: is used to refer to the past in such as: 1 newspaper headlines,2 photographic captions. 3 stage directions.17、The non-finite verbs: are so called because they are not marked for tense or for subject-verb concord. ( to infinitive, bareinfinitive, -ing participle, -ed participle)18、Subject complements: denote what the subject is or what the subject becomes.19、Aspect: reflects the way in which verb action is regarded or experienced with respect to time. Two aspects-theprogressive aspect and the perfective aspect.20、Given information: is assumed to be familiar to the receiver of the message because it was explicity provided in thepreceding linguistic context or implicity provided in view of the situational context or the shared cultural background.21、New information: is assumed to be unfamiliar to the receiver and hence is the most important part of the utterance.22、Predictive meaning of modal auxiliaries: is concerned with the speaker’s assumption or assessment of probability. Andin most cases, indicates the speaker’s confidence or lack of confidence. In the truth of his statement.23、The cataphoric reference: with regard to the direction that the reference points to in the text, the cataphoric referencesuggests the information from the forthcoming context. (Anaphoric reference retrieving information from the foregoing context.24、Double genitive: also refereed as the “post genitive.”Is so called because it is a combination the genitive and theof-phrase. eg: a friend of my father’s.25、Double relative clause: is a type of multiple postmodification which is realized by more than on relative clausemodifying the same head word. Falls into two types: one that consists of parallel clauses, it is usually coordinated by and, or or but. And the other of hierarchical clauses.26、WH-question: is a question that normally begins with a WH-series of word.27、Prepositions: are mainly used to relate people or things in place or in time.28、Inherent adjectives: denoting adjectives inherent qualities characterize the referent of the noun. Non-inherent adjectivesidentify qualities in and indirect way, they are to be interpreted in terms of extended meaning. eg: A big house. A big eater. 29、Stative adjectives: the majority of adjectives are stative in nature. Describing permanent inherent qualities which isparticularly when they are used attributively. Eg: big red tall pretty30、Dynamic adjectives: many adjectives can be used in the dynamic sense, especially when they occur in the predictiveposition to denote subjective measurement or suggest a temporary state. Eg: foolish rude ambition31、Gradable adjectives: most adjective can take comparative forms, inflectional or can be modified by intensifiers like veryand so and graded on a scale of intensity.32、Non-gradable adjectives: adjectives which only act as attribute, denoting provenance, with an absolute meaning arenon-gradable. Eg: mere latter excellent perfect French Chinese33、Restrictive adjective: helps identity the referent of the noun by describing its distinctive qualities. Non-restrictiveadjective merely provides some additional information which is usually not essential for the identification of the referent. 34、Be-passive: is the normal passive auxiliary, which may occur in different tense and aspect forms and with differentmodal auxiliaries and semi-auxiliaries.35、Get passive: is far less popular than be-passive. 1. get-passive is generally avoided in formal style, and even in informalEnglish it is far less frequent than be-passive. 2.And semantically, get-passive is typically used to refer to an event, rather thana state; 3.to denote the consequence, rather than the process of a event, and to lay emphasis on what happens usuallyunfavorably to the subject as a result of the event, rather than who actually causes the event.36、Unit nouns: also refereed to as “partities” are very special class of words that are used to specify the quantities of themodified noun.37、Predictive (shall/ will): also called “epistemic.” It expresses the speaker’s assumption or assessment of probability of afuture situation.38、Non-predictive (shall/ will): also called non-epistemic, interpretation of will or shall is subject-oriented .it typicallyexpresses the willingness or intention of person as represented by the subject of the sentence.39、Subordination: link of two units, usually two clauses at different syntactic level.40、Unit nouns: also referred to as partitives. Are a very special class of word that are used to specify the quantities of themodified noun。
商务英语课后答案
注意：tree diagram 是连续的线构成。
本笔记里有断裂是因为电脑图形无法画出连续的线，请大家自己将线连好。
也就是说，树形图必须都是连续的线。
Label是标在node旁边的。
Chapter 4 SyntaxContents4.1 The traditional approach4.1.1 Number, gender and case4.1.2 Tense and aspect4.1.3 Concord and agreement4.2 The structural approach4.2.1 Syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations4.2.2 Immediate constituent analysis4.2.2.1 IC analysis with brackets4.2.2.2 IC analysis with tree diagrams4.2.2.3 IC analysis with labelled tree diagrams4.2.2.4 Criterion of IC analysis4.2.2.5 Advantages of IC analysis4.2.2.6 Problems of IC analysis4.2.3 Endocentric and exocentric constructions4.3 The generative approachSyntax: is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.1. The traditional approachTraditionally, a sentence is seen as a sequence of words.(A sentence has a linear structure only.)Study of sentence involves study of the word, such as①classification of words (parts of speech/word class): noun, verb, adjective, adv, conj, prep, article, pronoun②identification of functions of words: subject, predicate.These parts of speech and functions are called categories.Category is also specifically used for the defining properties of these units (like noun or verb). Categories of noun: number, gender, caseCategories of verb: tense, aspect, voice1.1 Number, gender, case （这两条大家已熟悉，此处不再列出。
《人工智能英语》试卷(含答案)
参考试卷一、写出以下单词的中文意思（每小题0.5分，共10分）1 accuracy 11 customize2 actuator 12 definition3 adjust 13 defuzzification4 agent 14 deployment5 algorithm 15 effector6 analogy 16 entity7 attribute 17 extract8 backtrack 18 feedback9 blockchain 19 finite10 cluster 20 framework二、根据给出的中文意思，写出英文单词（每小题0.5分，共10分）1 v.收集，搜集11 n.神经元；神经细胞2 adj.嵌入的，内置的12 n.节点3 n.指示器；指标13 v.运转；操作4 n.基础设施，基础架构14 n.模式5 v.合并；集成15 v.察觉，发觉6 n.解释器，解释程序16 n.前提7 n.迭代；循环17 adj.程序的；过程的8 n.库18 n.回归9n.元数据19 adj.健壮的，强健的；结实的10 v.监视；控制；监测20 v.筛选三、根据给出的短语，写出中文意思（每小题1分，共10分）1 data object2 cyber security3 smart manufacturing4 clustered system5 data visualization6 open source7 analyze text8 cloud computing9 computation power10 object recognition四、根据给出的中文意思，写出英文短语（每小题1分，共10分）1 数据结构2 决策树3 演绎推理4 贪婪最佳优先搜索5 隐藏模式，隐含模式6 知识挖掘7 逻辑推理8 预测性维护9 搜索引擎10 文本挖掘技术五、写出以下缩略语的完整形式和中文意思（每小题1分，共10分）缩略语完整形式中文意思1 ANN2 AR3 BFS4 CV5 DFS6 ES7 IA8 KNN9 NLP10 VR六、阅读短文，回答问题（每小题2分，共10分）Artificial Neural Network (ANN)An artificial neural network (ANN) is the piece of a computing system designed to simulate the way the human brain analyzes and processes information. It is the foundation of artificial intelligence (AI) and solves problems that would prove impossible or difficult by human or statistical standards. ANNs have self-learning capabilities that enable them to produce better results as more data becomes available.Artificial neural networks are built like the human brain, with neuron nodes interconnected like a web. The human brain has hundreds of billions of cells called neurons. Each neuron is made up of a cell body that is responsible for processing information by carrying information towards (inputs) and away (outputs) from the brain.An ANN has hundreds or thousands of artificial neurons called processing units, which are interconnected by nodes. These processing units are made up of input and output units. The input units receive various forms and structures of information based on an internal weighting system, and the neural network attempts to learn about the information presented to produce one output report. Just like humans need rules and guidelines to come up with a result or output, ANNs alsouse a set of learning rules called backpropagation, an abbreviation for backward propagation of error, to perfect their output results.An ANN initially goes through a training phase where it learns to recognize patterns in data, whether visually, aurally, or textually. During this supervised phase, the network compares its actual output produced with what it was meant to produce — the desired output. The difference between both outcomes is adjusted using backpropagation. This means that the network works backward, going from the output unit to the input units to adjust the weight of its connections between the units until the difference between the actual and desired outcome produces the lowest possible error.A neural network may contain the following 3 layers:Input layer – The activity of the input units represents the raw information that can feed into the network.Hidden layer – To determine the activity of each hidden unit. The activities of the input units and the weights on the connections between the input and the hidden units. There may be one or more hidden layers.Output layer – The behavior of the output units depends on the activity of the hidden units and the weights between the hidden and output units.1. What is an artificial neural network (ANN)?2.What is each neuron made up of？3.Wha do the input units do?4.What does an ANN initially go through?5.How many layers may a neural network contain? What are they?七、将下列词填入适当的位置（每词只用一次）。
项目管理流程英文缩写
项目管理流程英文缩写Project Management Processes and Their Acronyms.Project management is a crucial aspect of any organization, as it involves the planning, execution, and closure of projects to ensure their successful completion within specified time, cost, and quality constraints. To simplify and standardize project management processes, various acronyms and abbreviations have been coined. Inthis article, we will explore some common project management process acronyms and their detailed explanations.1. PMBOK: This acronym stands for "Project Management Body of Knowledge." PMBOK is a guidebook published by the Project Management Institute (PMI) that provides a standardized framework for project management. It outlines the processes, principles, and best practices that project managers should follow to ensure the success of their projects.2. PRINCE2: PRINCE2, which stands for "Projects IN Controlled Environments," is a project management methodology that emphasizes controlled and structured project delivery. It was developed by the UK government and is widely used in both the public and private sectors. PRINCE2 focuses on seven principles, seven themes, and seven processes to ensure effective project management.3. Agile: Agile is a project management approach that emphasizes adaptability, collaboration, and continuous improvement. It was developed in response to thetraditional waterfall approach, which often led toinflexible and unresponsive project delivery. Agile methodologies, such as Scrum and Extreme Programming, promote iterative development, customer involvement, and cross-functional teams to deliver projects quickly and efficiently.4. WBS: WBS stands for "Work Breakdown Structure." It is a hierarchical decomposition of a project into smaller, more manageable components called work packages. The WBS helps project managers allocate resources, assignresponsibilities, and estimate costs and durations. It also serves as a foundation for project planning, monitoring, and controlling.5. Gantt Chart: Named after its inventor, Henry Gantt, the Gantt chart is a popular project management tool that visually represents the start and end dates of project activities. It helps project managers identify critical path activities, monitor progress, and identify potential delays. Gantt charts are often used in conjunction with other project management tools and techniques.6. Risk Management: Risk management is the process of identifying, analyzing, and responding to project risks to minimize their impact on project objectives. It involves the development of a risk register, identification of potential risks, assessment of their likelihood and impact, development of risk response plans, and monitoring and controlling risks throughout the project lifecycle.7. Stakeholder Management: Stakeholder management involves identifying, understanding, and engaging withproject stakeholders to ensure their support and satisfaction. Stakeholders are individuals or groups who have an interest in the project's success or failure. Stakeholder management involves communication, negotiation, and consensus building to ensure that stakeholders' needs and expectations are met.8. Scope Management: Scope management involves defining, planning, and controlling the work required to complete a project successfully. It involves the development of a project scope statement, scope baseline, and scope change control process. Scope management ensures that the project remains focused on delivering the agreed-upon outputswithin the agreed-upon time, cost, and quality constraints.9. Time Management: Time management involves planning, scheduling, and controlling the project's timeline toensure its timely completion. It involves the developmentof a project schedule, allocation of resources, and monitoring and controlling progress against the schedule. Time management techniques such as critical path method (CPM) and earned value management (EVM) help projectmanagers identify and manage potential delays.10. Cost Management: Cost management involves planning, estimating, budgeting, and controlling project costs to ensure that they remain within approved budgets. It involves the development of a cost management plan, cost estimates, and cost baselines. Cost management techniques such as earned value management (EVM) and variance analysis help project managers identify and address cost overruns.In conclusion, project management processes are complex and require the application of various tools, techniques, and acronyms to ensure their effective implementation. PMBOK, PRINCE2, Agile, WBS, Gantt Chart, Risk Management, Stakeholder Management, Scope Management, Time Management, and Cost Management are some of the most common acronyms associated with project management processes. Understanding these acronyms and their associated processes andprinciples is crucial for successful project delivery.。
tqrltm计算机英语词汇大全
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—罗兰ＡActive-matrix主动距陈Adapter cards适配卡Advanced application高级应用Analytical graph分析图表Analyze分析Animations动画Application software应用软件Arithmetic operations算术运算Audio-output device音频输出设备Access time存取时间access存取accuracy准确性ad network cookies广告网络信息记录软件Add-ons附软件Address地址Agents代理Analog signals模拟信号Applets程序Asynchronous communications port异步通信端口Attachment附件BBar code条形码Bar code reader条形码读卡器Basic application基础程序Binary coding schemes二进制译码方案Binary system二进制系统Bit比特Browser浏览器Bus line总线Backup tape cartridge units备份磁带盒单元Bandwidth带宽Bluetooth蓝牙Broadband宽带Browser浏览器Business-to-business企业对企业电子商务Business-to-consumer企业对消费者Bus总线ＣCables连线Cell单元箱Chain printer链式打印机Character and recognition device字符标识识别设备Chart图表Chassis支架Chip芯片Clarity清晰度Closed architecture封闭式体系结构Column列Combination key结合键computer competency计算机能力connectivity连接，结点Continuous-speech recognition system连续语言识别系统Control unit操纵单元Cordless or wireless mouse无线鼠标Cable modems有线调制解调器carpal tunnel syndrome腕骨神经综合症CD-ROM可记录光盘CD-RW可重写光盘CD-R可记录压缩光盘Channel信道Chat group谈话群组chlorofluorocarbons(CFCs) ]氯氟甲烷Client客户端Coaxial cable同轴电缆cold site冷战Commerce servers商业服务器Communication channel信道Communication systems信息系统Compact disc rewritableCompact disc光盘computer abuse amendments act of 19941994计算机滥用法案computer crime计算机犯罪computer ethics计算机道德computer fraud and abuse act of 1986计算机欺诈和滥用法案computer matching and privacy protection act of 1988计算机查找和隐私保护法案Computer network计算机网络computer support specialist计算机支持专家computer technician计算机技术人员computer trainer计算机教师Connection device连接设备Connectivity连接Consumer-to-consumer个人对个人cookies-cutter programs信息记录截取程序cookies信息记录程序cracker解密高手cumulative trauma disorder积累性损伤错乱Cybercash电子现金Cyberspace计算机空间cynic愤世嫉俗者ＤDatabase数据库database files数据库文件Database manager数据库管理Data bus数据总线Data projector数码放映机Desktop system unit台式电脑系统单元Destination file目标文件Digital cameras数码照相机Digital notebooks数字笔记本Digital bideo camera数码摄影机Discrete-speech recognition system不连续语言识别系统Document文档document files文档文件Dot-matrix printer点矩阵式打印机Dual-scan monitor双向扫描显示器Dumb terminal非智能终端data security数据安全Data transmission specifications数据传输说明database administrator数据库管理员Dataplay数字播放器Demodulation解调denial of service attack拒绝服务攻击Dial-up service拨号服务Digital cash数字现金Digital signals数字信号Digital subscriber line数字用户线路Digital versatile disc数字化通用磁盘Digital video disc数字化视频光盘Direct access直接存取Directory search目录搜索disaster recovery plan灾难恢复计划Disk caching磁盘驱动器高速缓存Diskette磁盘Disk磁碟Distributed data processing system分部数据处理系统Distributed processing分布处理Domain code域代码Downloading下载DVD 数字化通用磁盘DVD-R 可写DVDDVD-RAM DVD随机存取器DVD-ROM 只读DVDEe-book电子阅读器Expansion cards扩展卡end user终端用户e-cash电子现金e-commerce电子商务electronic cash电子现金electronic commerce电子商务electronic communications privacy act of1986电子通信隐私法案encrypting加密术energy star能源之星Enterprise computing企业计算化environment环境Erasable optical disks可擦除式光盘ergonomics人类工程学ethics道德规范External modem外置调制解调器extranet企业外部网FFax machine传真机Field域Find搜索FireWire port port火线端口Firmware固件Flash RAM闪存Flatbed scanner台式扫描器Flat-panel monitor纯平显示器floppy disk软盘Formatting toolbar格式化工具条Formula公式Function函数fair credit reporting act of 1970公平信用报告法案Fiber-optic cable光纤电缆File compression文件压缩File decompression文件解压缩filter过滤firewall防火墙firewall防火墙Fixed disk固定硬盘Flash memory闪存Flexible disk可折叠磁盘Floppies磁盘Floppy disk软盘Floppy-disk cartridge磁盘盒Formatting格式化freedom of information act of 1970信息自由法案frustrated受挫折Full-duplex communication全双通通信GGeneral-purpose application通用运用程序Gigahertz千兆赫Graphic tablet绘图板green pc绿色个人计算机Hhandheld computer手提电脑Hard copy硬拷贝hard disk硬盘hardware硬件Help帮助Host computer主机Home page主页Hyperlink超链接hacker黑客Half-duplex communication半双通通信Hard disk硬盘Hard-disk cartridge硬盘盒Hard-disk pack硬盘组Head crash磁头碰撞header标题help desk specialist帮助办公专家helper applications帮助软件Hierarchical network层次型网络history file历史文件hits匹配记录horizontal portal横向用户hot site热战Hybrid network混合网络hyperlinks超连接IImage capturing device图像获取设备information technology信息技术Ink-jet printer墨水喷射印刷机Integrated package综合性组件Intelligent terminal智能终端设备Intergrated circuit集成电路Interface cards接口卡Internal modem内部调制解调器internet telephony网络电话internet terminal互联网终端Identification识别i-drive网络硬盘驱动器illusion of anonymity匿名幻想index search索引搜索information pushers信息推送器initializing 初始化instant messaging计时信息internal hard disk内置硬盘Internal modem内部调制解调器Internet hard drive 网络硬盘驱动器intranet企业内部网Ｊjoystick操纵杆Kkeyword search关键字搜索Llaser printer激光打印机Layout files版式文件Light pen光笔Locate定位Logical operations逻辑运算Lands凸面Line of sight communication视影通信Low bandwidth低带宽lurking潜伏MMain board主板Mark sensing标志检测Mechanical mouse机械鼠标Memory内存Menu菜单Menu bar菜单条Microprocessor微处理器Microseconds微秒Modem card调制解调器Monitor显示器Motherboard主板Mouse 鼠标Multifunctional device多功能设备Magnetic tape reels磁带卷Magnetic tape streamers磁带条mailing list邮件列表Medium band媒质带宽metasearch engine整合搜索引擎Microwave微波Modem解调器Modulation解调NNet PC网络计算机Network adapter card网卡Network personal computer网络个人电脑Network terminal 网络终端Notebook computer笔记本电脑Notebook system unit笔记本系统单元Numeric entry数字输入na?ve天真的人national information infrastructure protection act of1996国际信息保护法案national service provider全国性服务供应商Network architecture网络体系结构Network bridge网桥Network gateway网关network manager网络管理员newsgroup新闻组no electronic theft act of1997无电子盗窃法Node节点Nonvolatile storage非易失性存储OObject embedding对象嵌入Object linking目标链接Open architecture开放式体系结构Optical disk光盘Optical mouse光电鼠标Optical scanner光电扫描仪Outline大纲off-line browsers离线浏览器Online storage联机存储Ppalmtop computer掌上电脑Parallel ports并行端口Passive-matrix被动矩阵PC card个人计算机卡Personal laser printer个人激光打印机Personal video recorder card个人视频记录卡Photo printer照片打印机Pixel像素Platform scanner平版式扫描仪Plotter绘图仪Plug and play即插即用Plug-in boards插件卡Pointer指示器Pointing stick指示棍Port端口Portable scanner便携式扫描仪Presentation files演示文稿Presentation graphics电子文稿程序Primary storage主存Procedures规程Processor处理机Programming control lanugage程序控制语言Packets数据包Parallel data transmission平行数据传输Peer-to-peer network system得等网络系统person-person auction site个人对个人拍卖站点physical security物理安全Pits凹面plug-in插件程序Polling轮询privacy隐私权proactive主动地programmer程序员Protocols协议provider供应商proxy server代理服务pull products推取程序push products推送程序RRAM cache随机高速缓冲器Range范围Record记录Relational database关系数据库Replace替换Resolution分辨率Row行Read-only只读Reformatting重组regional service provider区域性服务供应商repetitive motion injury反复性动作损伤reverse directory反向目录right to financial privacy act of 1979财产隐私法案Ring network环形网络ＳScanner扫描器Search查找Secondary storage device助存储设备Semiconductor半导体Serial ports串行端口Server服务器Shared laser printer共享激光打印机Sheet表格Silicon chip硅片Slots插槽Smart card智能卡Soft copy软拷贝Software suite软件协议Sorting排序分类Source file源文件Special-purpose application专用文件Spreadsheet电子数据表Standard toolbar标准工具栏Supercomputer巨型机System cabine 系统箱System clock时钟System software系统软件Satellite/air connection services卫星无线连接服务search engines搜索引擎search providers搜索供应者search services 搜索服务器Sectors扇区security安全Sending and receiving devices发送接收设备Sequential access顺序存取Serial data transmission单向通信signature line签名档snoopware监控软件software copyright act of1980软件版权法案software piracy软件盗版Solid-state storage固态存储器specialized search engine专用搜索引擎spiders网页爬虫spike尖峰电压Star network星型网Strategy方案subject主题subscription address预定地址Superdisk超级磁盘surfing网上冲浪surge protector浪涌保护器systems analyst系统分析师TTable二维表Telephony电话学Television boards电视扩展卡Terminal 终端Template模板Text entry文本输入Thermal printer 热印刷Thin client瘦客Toggle key触发键Toolbar工具栏Touch screen触摸屏Trackball追踪球TV tuner card电视调谐卡Two-state system双状态系统technical writer技术协作者technostress重压技术telnet远程登录Time-sharing system分时系统Topology拓扑结构Tracks磁道traditional cookies传统的信息记录程序Twisted pair双绞线ＵUnicode统一字符标准uploading上传usenet世界性新闻组网络VVirtual memory虚拟内存Video display screen视频显示屏V oice recognition system声音识别系统vertical portal纵向门户video privacy protection act of 1988视频隐私权保护法案virus checker病毒检测程序virus病毒V oiceband音频带宽V olatile storage易失性存储voltage surge冲击性电压WWand reader 条形码读入Web 网络Web appliance 环球网设备Web page网页Web site address网络地址Web terminal环球网终端Webcam摄像头What-if analysis假定分析Wireless revolution无线革命Word字长Word processing文字处理Word wrap自动换行Worksheet file 工作表文件web auctions网上拍卖web broadcasters网络广播web portals门户网站web sites网站web storefront creation packages网上商店创建包web storefronts网上商店web utilities网上应用程序web-downloading utilities网页下载应用程序webmaster web站点管理员web万维网Wireless modems无线调制解调器wireless service provider无线服务供应商world wide web万维网worm蠕虫病毒Write-protect notch写保护口其他缩写DVD digital bersatile 数字化通用光盘IT ingormation technology信息技术CD compact disc 压缩盘PDA personal digital assistant个人数字助理RAM random access memory随机存储器WWW World Wide Web 万维网DBMS database management system数据库管理系统HTML Hypertext Markup Language超文本标示语言OLE object linking and embedding对象链接潜入SQL structured query language结构化查询语言URL uniform resouice locator统一资源定位器AGP accelerated graphics port加速图形接口ALU arithmetic-logic unit算术逻辑单元CPU central processing unit中央处理器CMOS complementary metal-oxide semiconductor互补金属氧化物半导体CISC complex instruction set computer复杂指令集计算机HPSB high performance serial bus高性能串行总线ISA industry standard architecture工业标准结构体系PCI peripheral component interconnect外部设备互连总线PCMCIA Personal Memory Card International Association个人计算机存储卡国际协会RAM random-access memory随机存储器ROM read-only memory只读存储器USB universal serial bus通用串行总线CRT cathode-ray tube阴极射线管HDTV high-definition television高清晰度电视LCD liquid crystal display monitor液晶显示器MICRmagnetic-ink character recognition磁墨水字符识别器OCR optical-character recognition光电字符识别器OMR optical-mark recognition光标阅读器TFT thin film transistor monitor薄膜晶体管显示器其他Zip disk压缩磁盘Domain name system（DNS）域名服务器file transfer protocol(FTP)文件传送协议hypertext markup language(HTML)超文本链接标识语言Local area network（LAN）局域网internet relay chat(IRC)互联网多线交谈Metropolitan area network(MAN)城域网Network operation system(NOS)网络操作系统uniform resource locator(URL)统一资源定位器Wide area network(W AN)广域网。
基于Cytoscape的蛋白质网络可视化聚类分析插件
基于Cytoscape的蛋白质网络可视化聚类分析插件唐羽，李敏*【摘要】摘要:蛋白质网络聚类是识别功能模块的重要手段，不仅有利于理解生物系统的组织结构，对预测蛋白质功能也具有重要的意义。
聚类结果的可视化分析是实现蛋白质网络聚类的有效途径。
本论文基于开源的Cytoscape平台，设计并实现了一个蛋白质网络聚类分析及可视化插件CytoCluster。
该插件集成了MCODE，FAG－EC，HC－PIN，OH－PIN，IPCA，EAGLE等六种典型的聚类算法;实现了聚类结果的可视化，将分析所得的clusters以缩略图列表的形式直观地显示出来，对于单个cluster，可显示在原网络中的位置，并能生成相应的子图单独显示;可对聚类结果进行导出，记录了算法名称、参数、聚类结果等信息。
该插件具有良好的扩展性，提供了统一的算法接口，可不断添加新的聚类算法。
【期刊名称】生物信息学【年(卷),期】2014(012)001【总页数】8【关键词】关键词:聚类算法;蛋白质网络;可视化分析;Cytoscape插件;CytoCluster蛋白质是生物完成各种生命活动，实现各种生命功能所必需的大分子物质。
生物体的各种功能并不是通过单个蛋白质表现出来，而是通过众多蛋白质之间在特定条件下的相互作用才能表现出一定的功能。
生物系统是由许多相互作用的、相对独立的结构化功能模块组成，识别出这些模块对于理解生物系统的组织结构具有重要意义。
聚类分析是识别这些功能模块的有效手段。
蛋白质网络可视化对于更快速，更有效，更直观的分析蛋白质网络特性起到了重要的作用。
尤其是对蛋白质网络作聚类分析的时候，聚类分析结果的可视化处理无疑将有利于更快速地得出正确结论。
因此，本文将蛋白质网络的聚类分析和生物网络可视化功能相结合，开发了一个集成于Cytoscape［1］的蛋白质网络聚类分析和显示插件CytoCluster。
本插件不仅集成了MCODE［2］，FAG －EC［3］，HC－PIN［4］，OH －PIN［5］，IPCA［6］，EAGLE［7］等六种典型的聚类算法，实现了使用多种算法对网络进行聚类分析，而且还提供了聚类结果可视化功能，能，将分析所得的clusters以缩略图列表的形式直观地显示出来，对于单个cluster，可显示在原网络中的位置，并能生成相应的子图单独显示，有助于研究人员对cluster 功能特性更深入研究。
研究生专业词汇
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跨轨信号架通用的地理编码地理计算大地测量地理实体地理（数据处理）过程地理参考地理空间地理信息，空间信息地理要素几何的，几何学的几何图元地理（数据）处理过程地理坐标参考地理关系的地球科学地理空间的地学空间分析地质统计学的假设心射切面投影颗粒容差地图网格灰度栅格,格网手绘的手持的障碍，难点处置、处理手写的头记录重的,强健的异质性异构的启发式的层次层次的山坡（体）阴影图均匀的、均质的主机家庭色调腐植的困难，阻碍水文地理学超链接的即，换言之，也就是理想点法相同的可识别的、标识识别阐明图像，影像全电阻，阻抗阻抗实现，履行履行,实现牵连,暗示隐含的超过…关于根据…在中间的嵌入的，内藏的不一致性，矛盾性结合，组成公司(或社团)内在的,本土的信息集成基础设施固有的继承，遗传， 遗产内陆的实例，例子实例，个例化整数综合，结合相互作用交互式的交互式的协议组互操作性内插插值询问相交交集、逻辑的乘交区间估值法直觉的直觉的不变量存储，存量反向的，倒转的，倒置的互相对立的不能撤回的，不能取消的相邻完全包含于包含于相等的，相同的线族等值线图迭代的接合,汇接点主帧克里金内插法克里金法标签，标记间隙，迟滞量土地利用类别纬度 （B）纬度坐标熔岩，火山岩图层图层出租，租用最佳路径分析左图例图例图例长度量测在于小型的同样地限制，限度，局限线模型线段谱系，来源容貌，线性构造线性的，长度的，直线的线跟踪的岩性单元局域和广域网对数的逻辑的逻辑的经度 （L）经度坐标宏语言类宏语言宏主流管理人的， 管理的手工数字化多对一的关系地图比例尺排列,集合掩膜matrix 的复数矩阵实测发生频率量测中间的合并墨卡托墨卡托投影法合并合并，融合子午线元数据元数据，也可写为 metadata元数据方法学，方法论度量空间最佳路径镜像错误表示混合像素建模模块化的单色的,单频整体的垄断， 专利权， 专卖形态学镶嵌, 镶嵌体移动移动平均数多准则决策分析多谱线的,多谱段的相互排斥的短视，没有远见的最低点，天底，深渊，最底点本性，性质整洁地成为必要嵌套的、巢状的网络网络分析网状数据库结构网络模型节点节点节点捕捉容限非数值的(字符)非空间的非空间数据范式指北针非新手，初学者有效位数数字字符数值的数值的基于对象的模型客观的，目标的面向对象的模型面向对象的数据库阻碍全能的，全部的以…为基础在线分析处理屏幕数字化运算对象，操作数算子，算符，操作人员优化算法或次，次序组织方案原点，起源，由来直角的，直交的正射投影正射影像缺少结果长出，派出，结果，副产物开头 ，开端卵形的，椭圆形的迟到的管理费用重叠，叠加叠加叠置运算超出过头线软件包成对(双)地，两个两个地平移面,板范例、父节点补钉，碎片，斑点路径搜索图案式样,图案, 模式模式识别感觉，概念，理解力透视图从属， 有关， 适合现象学的，现象的摄影测量的摄影测量物理关系饼图导航洼坑象素平面的平面欧几里得空间平面投影平台绘图仪绘图仪绘图插件便携式，袖珍式，小型的点实体指针点方式点数，分数极坐标抛光多边形多义线，折线多形性，多态现象预防措施精确， 精度（多次测量结果之间的敛散程度） 预定义的，预设计的预定、预先偏好先地理空间主外键主码面向处理的纵剖面、轮廓编程工具投影投影所有权,业主原型，典型最接近的,近侧的接近性假的, 伪的伪节点缓冲区查询（数字化仪）鼠标数字化鼠标鼠标毕达哥拉斯方庭，四方院子象限，四分仪四叉树四叉树方格限定，使合格定性的量的定量的、数量的使量子化准量测雷达影像以固定半径建立缓冲区牧场，放牧地等级次序集合法等级评定法栅格栅格数据模型栅格扫描仪栅格空间数据模型分数评定法关系数据结构现成的随需随运行的实时记录娱乐平面坐标纠正多余的，过剩的， 冗余的参考网格自反的自反最近邻体制，状态，方式配准规则模式关系关系关系代数运算符关系数据库关系连接中肯，关联，适宜，适当地势起伏，减轻地势的起伏评论，谈论，谈到遥感遥感遥感遥感的知识库可再产生的相似，相似性，相貌相似类似，像重取样调整形状居住， 驻扎调整大小分辨率分辨率回答者，提取检索检索检索高压脊右稳健的根部均方根旋转迂回的舍入的、凑整的行行和列的编号游程长度编码行程编码鞍点显著的，突出的，跳跃的，凸出的样品, 标本, 样本卫生状况卫星影像可升级的比例尺扫描扫描仪扫描仪扫描仪缺乏，不足情节模式脚本，过程（文件）灌木安全， 安全性选择选择自定义的自编程的语义的，语义学的语义的，语义学的半自动化长半轴半量测短半轴半方差半变差模型半变差图传感器次序集合、集、组改变， 移动基石,岩床联立方程同时地正弦的骨骼，骨架滑动显示模式裂片坡度坡向坡的凸凹性咬合捕捉社会人口统计学的社会经济学的意大利面条自相关函数空间相互关系空间数据GIS的空间数据模型 空间数据库空间决策支持系统空间依赖性空间实体空间模型空间关系空间关系空间统计时空的具体的，特殊的光谱的球空间球状体，回转椭圆体曲线排列文字分割股票持有者单机标准误差，均方差标准操作最新的静态的极射赤面投影极射赤面投影立体测图仪存储空间火炉的烟囱形成阶层的流方式步幅，进展，进步结构化查询语言被串起的细分，再分子程序相减组， 套件，程序组，代替,取代叠加，叠印代理，代用品，代理人测量测量，测量学野外测量数据免受...... 影响的（地图）符号符号，记号对称性给...... 贴上标签剪裁讲究的考虑…接触，相切胶带、带子风流地，高雅地远程登录试验性的术语台地，露台领域，领地，地区棋盘格的，镶嵌的花样的纹理等距圆锥投影兰伯特保形圆锥射影专题的专题图主题，图层泰森图第三方的阈值生产量，生产能力，吞吐量逆冲断层地理控制点等级,一排,一层,平铺费时间的终止节点允许(误差)、容差、容限、限差色调地形图地形学拓扑的拓扑维数拓扑对象拓扑结构建立了拓扑结构的数据集拓扑关系拓扑交替换位，交替使用，卖掉交换，协定，交易事务处理系统变换，转换转置，颠倒顺序巨大的不规则三角网修整真方向投影元组不偏性不确定性海图上未标明的，未知的欠头线合并并集、逻辑的和上升级最上面的城市改造用户友好的效用， 实用，公用事业效用函数含糊的效力，正确，有效性方差，变差变量(变化记录)图矢量矢量空间数据模型经销商言语的， 动词的对，与…相对顶点 （单数）矢量化可实行的，可行的反之亦然反之亦然数据库的表示只读的虚拟的虚拟现实通视性分析视觉的可视化，使看得见的重大的沃伦网格顶点（复数）分水岭杂草，野草 v.除草，铲除清除容限度加权求和法同时在 ...... 距离内异或放大缩小。
出一篇思维导图式英语作文
出一篇思维导图式英语作文Here is an English essay written in the style of a mind map, with the content exceeding 1,000 words as requested. Please note that there is no title in the main body of the text, as per your instructions.Exploring the Versatility of Mind Mapping: A Transformative Approach to Learning and Idea GenerationMind mapping is a powerful tool that has revolutionized the way we approach learning, problem-solving, and idea generation. This visual representation of information allows us to harness the full potential of our cognitive abilities, fostering a deeper understanding and facilitating the exploration of complex topics.At the heart of a mind map lies the central idea or topic. This serves as the foundation upon which a web of interconnected thoughts, concepts, and associations is built. Radiating outward from the central node are branches, each representing a subtopic or related idea. These branches can further bifurcate, creating a hierarchical structure that mirrors the natural flow of our thought processes.The beauty of mind mapping lies in its versatility. It can be employedacross a wide range of disciplines, from academic study to professional planning, and even personal development. In the academic realm, mind maps can be instrumental in note-taking, research organization, and the synthesis of information. Students can use this technique to capture the key points of a lecture, organize their thoughts for an essay or research paper, and even visualize the relationships between different concepts within a subject.Moreover, mind mapping can be a valuable tool for professionals in various industries. Project managers can utilize mind maps to plan and coordinate complex initiatives, breaking down tasks into manageable components and identifying interdependencies. Marketers can leverage mind maps to brainstorm campaign ideas, map out customer journeys, and develop comprehensive marketing strategies. Even in the realm of personal development, mind mapping can be employed to set goals, explore personal values, and uncover new perspectives on life challenges.One of the most compelling aspects of mind mapping is its ability to stimulate creativity and idea generation. By allowing the mind to freely associate and explore connections between disparate concepts, mind maps can unlock new avenues of thought. This can be particularly useful in problem-solving scenarios, where traditional linear approaches may fall short. The visual nature of mind maps encourages lateral thinking, enabling individuals to consideralternative solutions and generate innovative ideas.Furthermore, mind mapping can enhance memory and retention. The act of physically creating a mind map engages multiple senses, including visual, kinesthetic, and spatial awareness. This multisensory experience helps to cement information in the mind, making it easier to recall and apply in the future. Additionally, the hierarchical structure of a mind map mirrors the way our brains naturally process and store information, making it a more intuitive and effective learning tool.Beyond its practical applications, mind mapping can also be a powerful tool for personal growth and self-reflection. By mapping out one's thoughts, feelings, and aspirations, individuals can gain a deeper understanding of their inner landscapes. This can lead to the identification of patterns, the recognition of personal strengths and weaknesses, and the formulation of actionable plans for personal development.In conclusion, the versatility of mind mapping is truly remarkable. This dynamic tool can be harnessed to enhance learning, boost creativity, improve productivity, and foster personal growth. As we continue to navigate the complexities of the modern world, the ability to effectively organize, synthesize, and generate ideas will become increasingly valuable. By embracing the power of mindmapping, we can unlock new pathways to discovery, problem-solving, and self-actualization, ultimately transforming the way we approach the challenges and opportunities that lie ahead.。
英语本科-语法简答及名词解释
1、Modal auxiliaries: meaning of modal auxiliaries can be divided into two categories: predictive and non-predictive. Thepredictive meaning is concerned with the speaker’s assumption or assessment of probility and, in most cases, indicates the speaker’s confidence or lack of confidence in the truth of his statement. Eg: it must be Juhn.2、Anaphoric reference: with regard to the direction that the reference points to in the text. The anaphoric reference suggestsretrieving information from the foregoing context. Eg: wow, you’ve got a huge house, I didn’t expect it to be so big. The cataphoric reference suggests the information from the forthcoming context.3、Two tenses and two aspects: two tenses- the present tense and the past tense; two aspects-the progressive aspect and theperfective aspect.4、Non-finite verbs: the non-finitive verbs are so called because they are not marked for tense or for subject-verb concord. Inform it has the features of aspect and tense, while in its function, it can be object, complement, adverbial, etc. we recognize three types of non-finite verbs: infinitive ( further divided into to-infinitive and bare infinitive,) –ing participle and –ed participle.5、Extraposition: is defined as “the replacement of the postponed item by a substitute form”. The extraposed item is almostalways a nominal clause, which satisfies the desire for end-weight. In function, the extraposed item can be subject or object;in form, it can be finite or non-finite. When we remove a clausal subject or object to the final position, we use the anticipatory it to fill in the slot. (Remove a clausal subject or object to the final focal position.)6、Tex: refers to a unified passage, is one that is not only structurally well-integrated but also semantically coherent.7、Modal auxiliaries features: are a special group of words that have unique features both in syntax and in semantics. They areoften described as inflectionally defective verbs, because in syntactic terms they lack a full set of forms- not having non-finite forms or being marked for concord with the subject in semantics, modal auxiliaries are all the more complicated because nearly all of them are polysemous and, as a consequence, their interpretation is such that we forever feel the need to resort to context for clues.8、Participles: they are divided into two groups, one is “-ing participle” the other is “-ed participle.” The former used to be called“the present participle ” or “the gerund.” now they are so termed because we attach our concern to form, not to meaning. Eg: she looked depressed. I regret telling you the truth.9、Fronting: refers to the removal of an item from its unmarked postsubject position to the marked presubject position. Eg: into alarge crowd of people the plane dived.10、Ellipsis: refers to leaving out sth. understood. Strictly speaking, we refer to incomplete sentences with such a structureas to presuppose a preceding item. In this sense, ellipsis sets up cohesion on the basis of structural recoverability with reference to the linguistic context. Eg: why give me two cups of coffee? I only asked for one.11、The antecedent: is that preceding item which the relative clause modifies. A typical antecedent is nominal. i.e: a noun ora noun phrase.12、Relative clauses: restrictive relative and non-restrictive relative clause. Restrictive relative clause is an integral part ofthe noun phrase and gives essential information for the identification of what its antecedents refer to. Eg: the girl who lives next door is now traveling in SH. Non-restrictive clauses which are separated by commas in that the latter only offers additional information which is not needed to indentify the person or thing we are talking about.13、The double relative clause: is a type of multiple postmodification which is realized by more than one relative modifyingthe same head word. Eg: this is the only book I bought which challenges this common belief. Mr. lee is the only person I know who offers an reasonable price.14、Gradable adjectives: refer to most adjectives that can take comparative forms, inflectional, or they can be modified byintensifiers like “very”“so” and graded on a scale of intensity.15、Postponement: is a means to make an emphatic statement by putting the important information at the end of thesentence. It is usually realized by active to passive transformation, by extraposition of a clause element, by discontinuity of adjacent elements or by various other means, eg: the flowers were destroyed by the rain.(passive.) it is not fun at all to make fun of a disabled man.(extraposition) she is the only girl in my class who can play the guitar.(discontinuity)16、Simple present: is used to refer to the past in such as: 1 newspaper headlines,2 photographic captions. 3 stage directions.17、The non-finite verbs: are so called because they are not marked for tense or for subject-verb concord. ( to infinitive, bareinfinitive, -ing participle, -ed participle)18、Subject complements: denote what the subject is or what the subject becomes.19、Aspect: reflects the way in which verb action is regarded or experienced with respect to time. Two aspects-theprogressive aspect and the perfective aspect.20、Given information: is assumed to be familiar to the receiver of the message because it was explicity provided in thepreceding linguistic context or implicity provided in view of the situational context or the shared cultural background.21、New information: is assumed to be unfamiliar to the receiver and hence is the most important part of the utterance.22、Predictive meaning of modal auxiliaries: is concerned with the speaker’s assumption or assessment of probability. Andin most cases, indicates the speaker’s confidence or lack of confidence. In the truth of his statement.23、The cataphoric reference: with regard to the direction that the reference points to in the text, the cataphoric referencesuggests the information from the forthcoming context. (Anaphoric reference retrieving information from the foregoing context.24、Double genitive: also refereed as the “post genitive.”Is so called because it is a combination the genitive and theof-phrase. eg: a friend of my father’s.25、Double relative clause: is a type of multiple postmodification which is realized by more than on relative clausemodifying the same head word. Falls into two types: one that consists of parallel clauses, it is usually coordinated by and, or or but. And the other of hierarchical clauses.26、WH-question: is a question that normally begins with a WH-series of word.27、Prepositions: are mainly used to relate people or things in place or in time.28、Inherent adjectives: denoting adjectives inherent qualities characterize the referent of the noun. Non-inherent adjectivesidentify qualities in and indirect way, they are to be interpreted in terms of extended meaning. eg: A big house. A big eater. 29、Stative adjectives: the majority of adjectives are stative in nature. Describing permanent inherent qualities which isparticularly when they are used attributively. Eg: big red tall pretty30、Dynamic adjectives: many adjectives can be used in the dynamic sense, especially when they occur in the predictiveposition to denote subjective measurement or suggest a temporary state. Eg: foolish rude ambition31、Gradable adjectives: most adjective can take comparative forms, inflectional or can be modified by intensifiers like veryand so and graded on a scale of intensity.32、Non-gradable adjectives: adjectives which only act as attribute, denoting provenance, with an absolute meaning arenon-gradable. Eg: mere latter excellent perfect French Chinese33、Restrictive adjective: helps identity the referent of the noun by describing its distinctive qualities. Non-restrictiveadjective merely provides some additional information which is usually not essential for the identification of the referent. 34、Be-passive: is the normal passive auxiliary, which may occur in different tense and aspect forms and with differentmodal auxiliaries and semi-auxiliaries.35、Get passive: is far less popular than be-passive. 1. get-passive is generally avoided in formal style, and even in informalEnglish it is far less frequent than be-passive. 2.And semantically, get-passive is typically used to refer to an event, rather thana state; 3.to denote the consequence, rather than the process of a event, and to lay emphasis on what happens usuallyunfavorably to the subject as a result of the event, rather than who actually causes the event.36、Unit nouns: also refereed to as “partities” are very special class of words that are used to specify the quantities of themodified noun.37、Predictive (shall/ will): also called “epistemic.” It expresses the speaker’s assumption or assessment of probability of afuture situation.38、Non-predictive (shall/ will): also called non-epistemic, interpretation of will or shall is subject-oriented .it typicallyexpresses the willingness or intention of person as represented by the subject of the sentence.39、Subordination: link of two units, usually two clauses at different syntactic level.40、Unit nouns: also referred to as partitives. Are a very special class of word that are used to specify the quantities of themodified noun。
Incremental tag build for hierarchical memory arch
专利名称：Incremental tag build for hierarchicalmemory architecture发明人：Ravi Kumar Arimilli,John Steven Dodson,JerryDon Lewis申请号：US09903729申请日：20010712公开号：US06587926B2公开日：20030701专利内容由知识产权出版社提供专利附图：摘要：A method and system for managing a data access transaction within ahierarchical data storage system. In accordance with the method of the present invention,a data access request is delivered from a source device to multiple data storage devices within the hierarchical data storage system. The data access request includes a source path tag and a target address. At least one device identification tag is added to the source path tag, wherein the at least one device identification tag uniquely identifies a data storage device within each level of the hierarchical data storage system traversed by the data access request such that the data access transaction can be processed in accordance with source path information that is incrementally encoded within the data access request as the data access request traverses the hierarchical data storage system.申请人：INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION代理机构：Bracewell & Patterson, L.L.P.代理人：Casimer K. Salys更多信息请下载全文后查看。
这是什么花 英语作文
这是什么花英语作文Title: "Identifying a Flower: A Journey in Botanical Exploration"Introduction。
In the vast realm of flora, every flower tells a story of its own, captivating hearts with its beauty and mystery. Among the myriad of species, identifying a specific flower can be akin to solving a botanical puzzle. In this exploration, we embark on a journey to uncover the identity of a particular flower through keen observation, research, and the language of botany.Observation。
Our journey begins with a simple yet profound act—observation. To identify our mysterious flower, we must pay close attention to its physical attributes. Observing the flower's color, shape, size, arrangement of petals, and anydistinguishing features such as scent or texture arecrucial steps in the identification process.Research。
file.pathseparator用法 -回复
file.pathseparator用法-回复Title: Understanding the Usage of file.pathseparatorIntroduction:In computer programming, the path separator is a character used to separate different levels of directory hierarchy in file systems. Each operating system may have its own specific path separator. In this article, we will dive into the file.pathseparator's usage, exploring its purpose and various examples of its usage in different operating systems.1. Definition of file.pathseparator:The file.pathseparator, also known as the path separator or directory separator, is a character or a sequence of characters that separates the directories within a file path. This separation allows for easy navigation and identification of file locations within a hierarchical file system.2. Purpose of file.pathseparator:The primary purpose of file.pathseparator is to provide a standardized way to represent file paths in an operating system. Byusing a consistent path separator, developers can writecross-platform code that works seamlessly on various operating systems.3. Usage in Windows:On Windows, the file.pathseparator is represented by the backslash character ('\'). For example, "C:\Program Files\MyApp\file.txt" is a Windows file path. The backslash is used to separate eachfolder/directory from the others. When working with file paths in Windows, it is crucial to escape the backslash character in strings to avoid misinterpretation as an escape sequence.4. Usage in Unix-based systems:In Unix-based systems, such as Linux and macOS, thefile.pathseparator is represented by the forward slash character ('/'). For example, "/home/user/documents/file.txt" is a Unix-based file path. The forward slash separates each directory/folder in the path.5. Usage in Java:Java is a cross-platform language, and the file.pathseparator is essential for writing platform-independent code. The`File.separator` variable in Java dynamically adjusts to the correctpath separator based on the operating system. For instance,String path = "C:" + File.separator + "Program Files" +File.separator + "MyApp" + File.separator + "file.txt";In this example, `File.separator` will be replaced by the appropriate path separator for the current operating system.6. Usage in C#:Just like Java, C# provides a platform-independent approach to handle file paths. The `Path.DirectorySeparatorChar` constant can be used to obtain the correct path separator character. For example,string path = "C:" + Path.DirectorySeparatorChar + "Program Files" + Path.DirectorySeparatorChar + "MyApp" +Path.DirectorySeparatorChar + "file.txt";The `Path.DirectorySeparatorChar` will automatically be replaced by the correct path separator for the underlying operating system.Conclusion:The file.pathseparator serves as an essential tool in cross-platform development, enabling programmers to write code that works seamlessly across different operating systems. Understanding the usage of the file.pathseparator and using it correctly can help ensure compatibility and portability of software applications. Developers must be familiar with the different path separators used in Windows, Unix-based systems, and programming languages like Java and C#.。
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• Difference
– PC: rules given a priori and mostly static – HHH: rules generated on the fly via dynamic drilldown
• Adapted 2 more PC algorithms to 2-D HHH
Output
• Robust heavy hitter & Identification change detection (robust HH & CD) – Deals with sampling errors, missing values Characterization
• Characterization (ongoing)
– Reduce false alarms by correlating multiple metrics – Can pipe to external systems
4
Prefiltering
• Input
– <src_ip, dst_ip, src_port, dst_port, proto> – Bytes (we can also use other metrics) – All traffic clusters with volume above (epsilon * total_volume) – Traffic clusters: defined using combinations of IP prefixes, port ranges, and protocol – Single Pass – Efficient (low overhead) – Dynamic drilldown capability
• Reconstruction can be done at the end
– Can be done using longest prefix matching (LPM) – Hash table: cross product of 1-D interior nodes
9
Cross-Producting Performance
– Netflow from a tier-1 ISP
Trace ISP-100K ISP-1day ISP-1mon Duration #routers 3 min 1 day 1 month 1 2 2 #records 100 K 332 M 7.5 G Volume 66.5 MB 223.5 GB 5.2 TB
– What do anomalies really mean?
3
Approach
Prefiltering (extract clusters)
Input
• Prefiltering extracts multidimensional hierarchical traffic clusters
– Fast, scalable, accurate – Allows dynamic drilldown
• ADT provides upper bounds (lower bound = 0) • Translate sampling variance into bounds
13
– Can plug in your favorite method
Evaluation Methodology
• Dataset description
– Multi-dimensional may involve multiple header fields
• E.g. src IP 1.2.3.4 AND port 1214 (KaZaA) • Looking at individual fields separately is not enough!
8
Update(k1, k2, value)
Extending 1-D Trie to 2-D: Cross-Producting
p1 = f(k1)
p2 = f(k2)
totalBytes{ p1, p2 } += value
• In each dimension, find the deepest interior node (prefix): (p1, p2) • Update a hash table using key (p1, p2):
• Sampling (packet level or flow level)
– May wash out some details
• False alarms
– Too many alarms = info “snow” simply get ignored
• Root cause analysis
Internet Measurement Conference 2004
Motivation
• Traffic anomalies are common
– DDoS attacks, Flash crowds, worms, failures
• Traffic anomalies are complicated
cp* got*
rs*
cp* got*
rs*
We are an order of magnitude faster
15
Normalized Space
ISP-100K (gran = 1) ISP-100K (gran = 8)
• Algorithms tested
Baseline (Brute-force)
Our algorithms
Sketch
Lossy Counting Cross-Producting Grid-of-tries Rectangle Search
sk, sk2
lc cp got rs
14
Runtime Costs
• Update cost:
– 2 X (1-D update cost) + 1 hash table update.
• Memory
– Hash table size bounded by (d/Tsplit)2 – In practice, generally much smaller
• Accuracy: For any given T > d*Tsplit
5
• Output
• ( cluster ID, estimated volume )
• Goals
Dynamic Drilldown via 1-DTrie
field stage 1 (first octet)
0
255
0
255
stage 2 (second octet) stage 3 (third octet) stage 4 (last octet)
• Approach
– Classic time series analysis
• Big change
– Significant departure from forecast
12
Change Detection: Details
• Holt-Winters
– Smooth + Trend + (Seasonal)
• Smooth: Long term curve • Trend: Short term trend (variation) • Seasonal: Daily / Weekly / Monthly effects
• Joint analysis on upper & lower bounds
– Can deal with missing clusters – Can deal with sampling variance
0
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0
255
• At most 1 update per flow • Split level when adding new bytes causes bucket >= Tsplit • Invariant: traffic trapped at any interior node < Tsplit
Online Identification of Hierarchical Heavy Hitters
Yin Zhang yzhang@ Joint work with Sumeet Singh Subhabrata Sen Nick Duffield Carsten Lund
– Captures all flows with metric >= T – Captures no flow with metric < T- d*Tsplit
10
HHH vs. Packet Classification
• Similarity
– Associate a rule for each node finding fringe nodes becomes PC
– Grid-of-tries & Rectangle Search – Only require O(d/Tsplit) memory
• Decompose 5-D HHH into 2-D HHH problems
11
Change Detection
• Data
– 5 minute reconstructed cluster series – Can use different interval size
7
1-D Trie Performance
• Update cost
– 1 lookup + 1 update