新时代科技英语

新时代科技英语Unit 11．什么是科技英语文体？请比较下面两个英语句子：a.The factory turns out 100,000 cars every year.b.The annual output of the factory is 100,000 cars.这两句话的意思是一样的，但是用词和语法上不一样。

第一句用了日常口语中常用的动词短语作谓语。

第二句用了系词，构成对事实的客观表达。

句子里用了日常口语中少用的文语词annual和output。

将它们分别译成：a. 这家工厂每年生产十万辆汽车。

b. 该工厂的汽车年产量为十万辆。

上述两句属于不同的文体。

科技文体就是自然科学家和社会技术人员从事专业活动时使用的一种文体。

科学著作、学术论文、实验报告、产品说明书等都属于科技文体。

科技文体不以语言的艺术美为追求目标，而是讲求逻辑的条理清楚和叙述的准确严密。

因此它有自己的语言、词汇和语法特点。

2．英语科技文体的词汇来源1）来自英语中的普通词，但赋予了它们新的词义。

例如：Work is the transfer of energy expressed as the product of a force and the distance through which its point of application moves in the direction of the force. （功是能的转换，功的大小等于作用力的大小和在力的方向上物体通过的距离的乘积。

）句中work: “工作”--- “功”energy: “活力”--- “能”product “产品”--- “乘积”force: “力量”--- “力”2）从希腊或拉丁语中吸收。

例如：therm 热（希腊语）thesis 论文（希腊语）（复数：theses）parameter 参数（拉丁语）radius 半径（拉丁语）formula 公式（拉丁语）（复数：formulae或formulas）stratum 层（拉丁语）（复数：strata或stratums）datum 数据（拉丁语）（复数：data或datas）stratus 层云（拉丁语）（复数：strati）这些词的复数形式有些仍按原来的形式，但不少词由于在英语里用得久了，除了保留原来的复数形式，有的也有符合英语习惯的复数形式。

3）新造词。

构成新词的主要方法如下：（1）转化。

如：名词island（岛屿）转化成动词island（隔离）动词coordinate（协调）转化成名词coordinate（坐标）（2）合成。

如：air + craft --- aircraft飞机power + plant --- powerplant 发电机有的合成词的两个成分之间要有连字符。

例如：cast-iron 铸铁machine-made 机制的很多专业术语由两个或更多的词组成，叫做复合术语，构成一个完整的概念。

例如：liquid crystal液晶machine building机器制造（3）派生。

派生词是由词根加上前缀或后缀构成的。

加前缀构成新词只改变词义，不改变词类。

如：de + control v. 取消控制ultra + sonic a. 超声的sub + system n. 分系统有些加前缀的派生词在前缀和词根之间有连字符。

例如：hydro-electric 水利的non-metal 非金属加后缀构成新词可能改变也可能不改变词义，但一定改变词类。

如：liquid + ize --- liquidize v. 液化conduct + or --- conductor n. 导体有些派生词加后缀后，语音或拼写可能发生变化。

例如：simple + icity --- simplicity 单纯maintain + ance --- maintenance维修（4）缩略。

把词省略或简化，然后组合成新词。

例如：laboratory --- lab 实验室unidentified flying object --- UFO 不明飞行物radio detection and ranging --- radar 雷达transistor + receiver --- transceiver 收发机3．长句、难句分析、翻译1) As propounded by Einstein as an audaciously confident young patent clerk in1905, relativity declares that the laws of physics, and in particular the speed of light 186,000 miles per second are the same no matter where you are or how fast you are moving.本句的as从句中，主语it和谓语的一部分was被省略。

句意：正如作为大胆、自信的年轻专利职员的爱因斯坦于1905年所提出的那样，相对论指出物理学的定律，尤其是光速为每秒186，000英里，无论你在哪，跑得有多快，都是一样的。

2) Guided by ambiguous signals from the heavens, and by the beauty of their equations, a few brave or perhaps foolhardy physicists now say that relativity may have limits and will some day have to be revised.本句的关键是明白分词短语Guided by …的逻辑主语是句子的主语a few brave or perhaps foolhardy physicists。

句意：在来自天体的不明信号以及他们的一些美妙的方程式的引导下，少数几个勇敢、也许莽撞的物理学家现在说，相对论也许有限，有朝一日必须得到修正。

3) They have also been tantalized by evidence, as yet unconfirmed, from distant quasars that a fundamental constant of nature, a measure of the strength of electromagnetism known as the fine-structure constant, might have changed ever so slightly over billions of years, shifting the wavelengths of light emitted by the quasars.句意：来自遥远的类星体、仍有待证实的证据表明：一个基础自然常数，即一种叫做精细结构常数、测量电磁强度的尺度经过几十亿年也许发生了轻微的变化，改变了类星体发出的光的波长。

这样的证据也对他们有诱惑力。

4) Few physicists would seem to have as much invested in revising relativity as Dr. Magueijo. Cosmologists did not rally to the idea, which even Dr. Magueijo admitted violated relativity.理解上述二句的关键是掌握（as much as和…一样多）结构、短语rally to[（为支持某一观点等）集合到一起]以及由which引起的定语从句。

句意：在修正相对论方面，像马古悠博士一样投入很多精力的物理学家似乎很少。

宇宙学家们也没有集合到一起来支持这一连马古悠博士都承认违背了相对论的观点。

Unit 21．英语科技文章中动词的时态和语态特点1）时态英语动词有16个时态。

在科技文章中，最常用的有5个，而一般现在时、一般将来时和现在完成时要比现在进行时、一般过去时更常用些。

（1）一般现在时a. 用于一般叙述过程A scientist observes carefully, applies logical thought to his observations and tries to find relationships in data, etc.b. 用于叙述客观事实或科学定律Sound travels through the air in waves.A complete rotation of the Earth in relation to the pole star takes four minutes short of twenty-four hours.Work is equal to the product of force and the distance through which the force moves.c. 用于通常或习惯发生的行为Alternating current is usually supplied to people’s houses at 50 cycles per second.（2）一般将来时表示将来发生的行为或情况。

In time, many things now unknown will become known.（3）现在完成时现在完成时表示到现在为止发生的行为或者已经发生但对现在有影响的行为。

During the past few years, several countries have pooled their resources in order to carry out certain types of scientific investigation more efficiently.Cast iron is more brittle than iron which has been heated but not melted, but it is easier to shape, as it can be poured into moulds.2）被动语态被动语态在科技文章中用得十分频繁，这主要有两个原因：第一个原因是科技文章重在描写行为或状态本身，行为或状态的主体或者没有必要指出，或者根本指不出来。

All the insulating substances were damaged by sea water.The raw materials with which engineers work seldom are found in useful forms.The phenomenon was recognized many years ago and put to use in various applications although it was then poorly understood.下面两个句子中by短语表示工具或行为方式。