英国社会与文化Text C
英国社会与文化
作为英语专业的学生，千万不要 让这些英国黑暗料理阻碍了你探索 大英帝国的脚步，下面我给大家推 荐一些可以在英国吃到的正常料理， 来抚平你内心的伤痛。
英式早餐Full British Breakfast
赶时间的人可不适合吃全 套的英式早餐，因为它吃 起来很费时。英式早餐一 共包含开胃小吃（新鲜果 汁、梅子或柚子）、谷物、 主菜、英式奶茶、土司和 果酱五道菜。其中，主菜 一般由煎炸食物组成，例 如煎培根和煎鸡蛋(Bacon and eggs)。现在，许多 餐馆都全天候提供英式早 餐，出于营养均衡的目的， 他们会将西红柿、蘑菇、 卷心菜煎土豆和罐头豆子 作为主菜的一部分。
在1858至1863年，Fish & Chips是英国最受欢 迎的外卖食品，炸鳕鱼 片和炸薯条，配上酸甜 可口的番茄酱和滑腻的 蛋黄酱，十分可口。全 境有1.1万多家炸鱼薯条 店，这道快餐每年大约 能卖出2.55亿份。这一 传统美食是将鱼(一般是 鳕鱼和 黑线鳕)两面裹 粉后煎炸，再配上比美 式薯条更加粗厚的英式 薯条。进餐时的传统配 料包括盐、醋、番茄酱 或蛋黄酱沙司以及豌豆 糊。如果沿着英国海岸 旅行，炸鱼 薯条堪称经 典的海滨晚餐。
英国国菜：炸鱼薯条 Fish & Chips
星期日大餐(Sunday Roast)
传统的英国人通常在周 日的中午享用Sunday Roast，烤肉大餐，或称 星期日烤肉，是传统的 英式大餐，只在星期日 供应。如果适逢圣诞节， 则更加隆重丰盛。烤肉 大餐一般包括烤肉(如羊 羔肉，牛肉，鸡肉和猪 肉)，烤土豆和各种蔬菜， 还会配以约克郡布丁和 各种风味的肉汁。
英国美食与文化
——探究中英美食文化差异
谈到英国料理 你脑中呈现的 是！什！么！
英式早餐or下午茶? British breakfast or Afternoon tea
英国社会与文化
The Geography of Britain and ChinaWhen it comes to Britain, what do you think first? For me, the first thing is that Britain is an European country. Most people will choose the geography as their first topic to introduce a country because it is an important symbol.Britain, whose full name is The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland lies in Europe but is separated from the European Continents, in another words, it is an island country. It is crossed by the Atlantic Ocean, Irish Sea, Celtic Sea and the English Channel. Lying to the north of France and the west of the Netherlands, Denmark and Norway, the south of the Republic of Ireland, the Great Britain is made up of England, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland and a lot of coastal islands. The total area of the country is 244,820 square kilometers and the total coastline is 11,450 kilometers. And for the longitude and latitude, it is approximately from 50°N to 58°N and 2°E to 7°W. Though Great Britain isn’t big, the terrain is varied from the flatland in the south and east to mountains of Scotland and Wales. The chief mountain ranges are the Pennines in the middle, the Cambrians in the west and the Grampians in the north. Ben Nevis is the highest mountain in the UK and is about 1343meters. Many rivers also flow past this country. The main river is the River Severn, the longest river in the UK which is westward flowing streams reach the Atlantic. Its about 354 kilometers long and drainage are is about 11,266 square kilometers. The Clyde in Scotland, the Eden and the Mersey in northwest England, and the Welsh Dee and Teifi are the only significant rivers. And the most famous river is the Thames in London which is a popular scenery in the UK. It flows through Eton, the Oxford, Windsor and so on in the upriver, and finally joins the North Sea. Through the English Channel, Britain is linked with France by the tunnel.Though, Britain is an island country, it is fertile and rich in resources. It has coal mine and iron mine, and because of this, British had so much power sources during the first industrial revolution. Thanks to its position which is around by the sea, the fishery and shipbuilding are also developed. And temperate marine climate is dominant the whole country because it is around by the sea and some ocean currentsalso pass through Britain. It often rains but not very cold and this causes the people here like talking about the weather. In addition, flatland is a big part in Britain, so, the animal husbandry is well developed. Wheat is the main cope and because of the developed animal husbandry, it also has a lot of cattle and sheep.On the top of the Great Britain is Scotland. It is mountainous, in the northern parts lies the Grampians, and most of the northern highlands are between 600 and 1000 m. There is also standing the highest mountain in Great Britain--Ben Nevis. The southern part is lower than the north for it is just about 600m. In the valley of North of the Southern Uplands, there are two main cities: Edinburgh and Glasgow. In the middle is the lowland which is made up of the Clyde River and the Tay River.From the middle to the bottom is England which is the largest part in the UK. Here is dominant by the flatland and hills and also some moorlands. In the eastern seacoast, the land is fertile to farm. The Pennines is the main mountain in England and even in the whole country. Besides, on the side of the mountain, there is much coal and iron. The Thames and River Severn flow through England. And there are also a lot of big cities such as London and Liverpool. Because of the largest area, England has a large population which is also one of the most dense area.In the southwestern part is Wales which capital city is Cardiff. It is mostly mountainous. The northern part of Wales is largely hills and moorland. The Mt.Snowdon(1085m) rises in the northeast. The Cambridge Rang dominates the region. The limestone country in the northeast, the great coalfield area with its characteristic deep valleys in the south and the peninsula of Pembroke in the southwest can be recognized. Different from the prosperous England, Wales is more like a countryside for it has many natural views including three national parks.Northern Ireland is made up of six countries and the capital city is Belfast. It is low basin in the middle and around by mountains and uplands. Like Wales, Northern Ireland reserves a lot of natural scenery, and because of having so many green prairies, mountains and rivers, people would like to call it “Green Kingdom”. Here also has the biggest lake in Great Britain, Lough Neagh which is a glacial lake. The main river is River Bann. The southern part and western part is connected with Republic of Ireland.Different from Great Britain, China is a large country which is a part of Eurasia. Lying in the east of Asia and the west of the Pacific Ocean, it is connected with the continent but also faces the sea on three sides. The position of longitude and latitude is around 4°N to 53°N and 73°E to 135°W. Our country is the third largest country in the world and the national territory area is about 9,600,000 square kilometers. The terrain is low in the east and high in the west which is like stairs. But mountains and plateaus dominate the whole country. Because China is a vast country and has many kinds of terrains, the climate is also varied. And the main climate is monsoon climate because of facing seas and backing continents. We are bordered with 14 countries such as North Korea in the east, Burma in the south, Afghanistan in the west and Mongolia in the north. We are also around by the Bohai Sea, the Yellow Sea, the East China Sea and the South China Sea. China has five freshwater lakes and five salt water lakes. The biggest freshwater lake is Po yang Lake and the biggest salt water lake is Qinghai Lake which is also the biggest lake in China.There are four plains: Northeast Plain, North China Plain, Yangtze Plain and Wei he Plain and the biggest one is Northeast Plain. Theses places are suitable to farming. There are also four plateaus : Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Inner Mongolia Plateau, Loess Plateau and Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau. And Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is not only the biggest plateau in China, it is also the highest plateau in the world which is about 4000 meters and called “the roof of the world”. Inner Mongolia Plateau is an important animal husbandry area. Loess Plateau is the biggest loess deposit area in the world and has many different mines. China has many mountains such as Greater Khingan mountains, Qingling Mountains and the Himalayas, and the highest is Qomolangma. There are seven big rivers: Yangtze River, Yellow River, Huaihe River, Haihe River, the Pearl River, the Songhua River and Liao River. Yangtze River is the longest river in China and the Asia, besides, it is also the third longest in the world and Yellow River is the fifth.Due to the vast territory, our resources are rich enough. First, the large land causes many different mines, for example, coal mine and iron mine, and we also have some rare mine such as rare earth mine. Forests also spread around the country. Forhaving many rivers, so water resources are very abundant. Second, facing seas, fishery is always the main work for coastal areas, meanwhile, it gives an advantage in seafaring. The population of China is the largest in the world, so, though we have so many resources, when they are put to each person, these resources become very few.Britain has four main parts and we also have four parts: northern area, southern area, northwestern area and Qinghai-Tibet area. These four parts are really different in geography. Northern area is dominated by plains which soil is very fertile to farm and the weather is different in four seasons. And most people live here not only for its geography but also for its has some important cities such as Beijing and Tianjin. Southern area is famous for an abundant place because there are many plains and rivers. It is very open and rich so that many big cities are here, for instance, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Chongqing. Northwestern area is a barren part in our country, for it lacks rains and the soil is not fertile. But it has some resources such as the coal. And there also lies the famous old city, Xi’an which is the capital of many dynasties. Qinghai-Tibet area is the highest area in China, and the plants here are different from the former areas, for example, Qingke. And few people live here for its high altitude causing the bad weather and less resources. But there is rich in solar power and geothermal energy. And the famous city is Lhasa which is a pilgrimage city.This is a brief introduction in geography, and through it, we can see how different between Britain and China. And I believe that the geography may influence the country and people. So British is conservative and Chinese is also conservative but more modest.。
英国社会与文化
美国人的身份定义与美国梦Relationship: 每一个美国梦都是与美国culture相关，也在美国文学中体现出来。
如果要讨论美国人的定义，不如说是每一个美国梦定义的每一代美国人。
American national identity and American dreamAmerican literature records the dreams during different periods of American whose history is about two hundred years or more. The American literature may be said to be the history of American dreams. The various literary characters that writers created represent various dreams and make up various colors of the American culture.Some of them were dreams of pioneers created by romanticism writers; some were the dreams about democracy just as what Walt Whiteman had described. Some were dreams of the strong such as Ernest Hemingway and Jack London .But those dreams still contained many horrible dreams which happened on negro writers，Jewish writers……I. Dream of pioneersThe American continents were peopled as the result of two long-continuing immigration movements. The pioneer andcreation became the main work for that immigration when they faced the wild land. And the spirit of pioneers was lately regarded as the primary feature during the plantation economy. The early literature works presented those pioneers’ exploring activities on the new land. From which we know that they were optimistic and passionate. For example, Cooper’s novel The Pioneers, which described the hardship during pioneering. Most of literature works have showed the positive effects derived from the dream of pioneers. If we have read Whitman’s poems, we may found he spoke highly of working, especially ordinary workers. And pioneers’spirit has been taken into American culture, which has been an important part of American culture. Although the society is developing, the dream of pioneers never disappeared. We can find them in so many literature characters. Wukka cather’s O pioneer! depicts life on the sweeping plains of Midwestern Nebraska. My Antonia is her another novel which described a woman had got her own land and found happiness after failing to search a job and being hurt because of affective factors. The spirit of pioneers is represented on her.II. Dream of freedom and democracyThe new immigration on the continent wished to live freely, and here was a paradise for them because no one could takecharge of their fates. However British colonial rule is one of the biggest obstacles which prevented them from pursuing for freedom and democracy. With the successful ending of American independence war, people intensively realized that they needed freedom and would fight for it forever. So freedom and democracy became American symbol in many poets’ hearts. Walt Whitman, a man advocated egotism and tried to write poetry in a new vision of American. In 1855, he published a ground-breaking book called leaves of grass . Starling as this poetry was, it won Whitman admires across American and in Europe. The-flowing structure of this poetry with its long irregular lines appeared in literature just like a fresh blood flow into an old body. Whitman ventured beyond traditional forms to meet his need for more space to express the American spirit. Another important change was that individual impulses were appropriate and accepted. Nathaniel Hawthorne published a novel in 1850 called the scarlet letter. Personal desire was admitted when we read the novel and we can believe the idea was what the author wanted to express.Uncle Tom’s cabin made a voice for the slaves. They fought for freedom and equality. They requested to abolish slavery. And they succeed at last. Those had reflected the spirit of democracy and humanright. As all we know, Mark Twain, one of the greatest writers in the history of American literature, had showed his dream of freedom in his novel the adventures of sawyer and the adventures of huckleberry. No matter sawyer and huckleberry, both of them set foot on the road to adventure with their dreams of freedom.III. Dream of the strongIn my opinion, American is a people which have extremely worshiped the strong for a long time. They just believe a principle, that is the fittest survives. So everyone wants to be a strong man. Actually, here the means of strong include ability, strength, power, rich, and status etc.Dream of the strong can be viewed as a continuity or a development of dream of pioneers. In Go with the wind, the actress was a strong woman. Hemingway’s main characters were usually tough, silent men, good at sports or war. Such as Jordon in for whom the bell tolls,Santiago in the old man and the sea. The leading roles in Jack London’s the call of the wild and love life strived as much as possible, and finally they succeed from a weak one to a strong one.IV. Dream of wealthAmerican, with the newest technologies whose economy is developed greatly after the World War I is an ideal place for many people. And this is one of the most important factors for the appearing of various desires, including money, alcohol, drugs, pleasure and sexuality. In F. Scott Fitzgerald’s the Great Gatsby, Gatsby was always dreaming of villa, car and woman. From Jack London’s Martin Eden,Eden was a chaser for American dreams. He wrote as much as possible in order to get a life just like the middle classes have. But he realized his dream was broken when he succeed. He found that the back of rich life was depravation. Those Youngman during this period was called jazz generation.If we want to know how American national identity reflected in American literature, we just should find out what dream American have experienced. In my view, every dream represents a generation. So one dream is an identity of American.。
英国社会和文化unit2text1
清 清 ， 这 雨 要下到 何时？
母 亲 4 点 多就 起床准 备包粽 子的材 料。洗 米、搓 绿豆皮 、煮粽 叶、切肥肉、冬菇、 蛋 黄、拿 出早已 洗净的 棕藤， 一切准 备就绪 ，母亲 就坐在 小凳子 上，包 起了粽 子。 在 母 亲 的 手 中，包 一条粽 子，犹 如穿针 引线般 熟练。 拿起一 片叶子 ，弯成 漏斗的 形 状 ， 抓 一 把糯米 ，均匀 散放在 叶子底 部，再 铺一层 绿豆， 挑选肥 美的半 肥瘦猪 肉 ， 往 中 间 一放， 按两下 ，把切 好的四 分之一 蛋黄放 置中间 ，两头 镶嵌冬 菇，上 面 依 次 重 复 开头的 步骤， 又依粽 叶的边 缘绕多 几层粽 叶，轻 轻拍一 下粽身 ，好让 米 厚实些 ，再将 粽叶往 左向下 相折。 拿起绳 子紧紧 绕上两 三圈， 打结， 就完成 了。
• Para.2 however 没什么卵用~~~
Constitution gives much limit In any case she has no means of enforcing her will no real power
英国社会与文化
英国社会与文化 An Introduction to British Society & Culture主编常俊跃 李莉莉 赵永青国家哲学社会科学项目“英语专业基础阶段内容依托式教学改革研究”项目组 编ContentsUnit 1 The English Character (1)Text A The English Character (I) (1)Text B The English Character (II) (7)Text C The English Spirit of Control (11)Unit 2 The Constitutional Monarchy (14)Text A The Constitutional Monarchy (15)Text B The Role of the Monarchy Today (23)Text C The Queen’ s Official Birthday (25)Text D Diana, the People’s Princess (27)Unit 3 The British Parliament (33)Text A The British Government Today (34)Text B Political Parties in the U.K (39)Text C Margaret Thatcher (41)Unit 4 Food and Drinks in the U.K (45)Text A Food and Drinks in the U.K (46)Text B British Meals (51)Text C Pub Etiquette (53)Text D Leisure Time for Britons (56)Unit 5 The British Ways & Manners (60)Text A Politeness in Britain (61)Text B What’s Typically British (66)Text C Social Customs in Britain (68)Text D Name Roots (71)Unit 6 Education System in the U.K (74)Text A Going to School: British Style (75)Text B Schools in the U.K (79)Text C Boarding School (81)Unit 7 The British Welfare System (85)Text A Welfare System in the U.K (86)Text B The Welfare State (90)Text C The National Health Service (92)Unit 8 The British Media (94)Text A The British Press (95)Text B The Broadcast Media (100)Text C Local Newspapers in Britain (102)Text B Jury System in the Dock (113)Text C The Police in Britain (115)Unit 10 Family Life in the U.K (118)Text A Family Life in the U.K (119)Text B Changing Values & Norms of the U.K. Family (124)Text D Marriage Customs (127)Unit 11 The British Sports & Games (129)Text A The British Sports (130)Text B Cricket—A Very English Game (136)Text C The Highland Games (137)Text D Traditional Games in Scotland (139)Unit 12 Theatre & Music in the U.K (142)Text A Theatre & Music in the U.K (143)Text B Pantomimes (150)Text C Cats, the Classic Musical (151)Text D The Beatles (152)Unit 13 The British Holidays& Festivals (156)Text A Holidays and Festivals in the U.K (157)Text B Holiday Life in England (164)Text C Valentine Customs (166)Unit 14 The British Literature (I) (168)Text A Overview of British Literature (I) (169)Text B William Shakespeare (176)Text C To be, or not to be (177)Text D Of Studies (179)Unit 15 The British Literature (II) (182)Text A Overview of British Literature (II) (183)Text B Pride and Prejudice (191)Text C Christmas Dinner (193)Text D Agatha Christie––Queen of Crime (196)Appendix: Key to the Exercises (200)重点参考的书目和网站 (214)Unit 1The English CharacterSuccess is the ability to go from one failure toanother with no loss of enthusiasm.——Winston ChurchillUnit Goalsz To understand character and personality of English people e To understand character and personality of English peopl z To get acquainted with some basic cultural concepts concerning English characterTo get acquainted with some basic cultural concepts concerning English character z To learn some useful words and expressions on English character To learn some useful words and expressions on English characterBefore You ReadWork with your partner and share ideas with each other.1) What are the first three things that come into your mind when you hear the words “Britain” or “Britons”?E.g. When I think of “the English” I think of…____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2) What do you think of the Britons?What are the three descriptivewords you associate the most withthe British people?E.g. _____, _____, _____Start to ReadText A The English Character (I)1. To other Europeans, the best known quality of the British, and inhe never tells you anything about himself, and you may work with him for years without even knowing where he lives, how many children he has, and what his interests are. English people tend to be like that.2. If they are making a journey by bus they will do their best to findan empty seat; if by train, anempty compartment. If theyhave to share the compartmentwith a stranger, they may travelmany miles without starting aconversation. If a conversationdoes start, personal questions like“How old are you?” or even“What is your name?” are noteasily asked.3. This reluctance to communicate with others is an unfortunate quality in some ways since it tends to give the impression of coldness, and it is true that the English (except perhaps in the North) are not noted for their generosity and hospitality. On the other hand, they are perfectly human behind their barrier of reserve, and may be quite pleased when a friendly stranger or foreigner succeeds for a time in breaking the barrier down. We may also mention at this point that the people of the North and West, especially the Welsh, are much less reserved than those of the South and East.4. Closely related to English reserve is English modesty. Within their hearts, the English are perhaps no less conceited than anybody else, but in their relations with others they value at least a show of modesty. Self-praise is felt to be impolite. If a person is, let us say, very good at tennis and someone asks him if he is a good player, he will seldom reply “Yes,” because people will think him conceited. He will probably give an answer like, “I’m not bad,” or “I think I’m very good,” or “Well, I’m very keen on tennis.” Even if he had managed to reach the finals in last year’s local championships, he would say it in such a way as to suggest that it was only due to a piece of good luck.faults, one’s own failure, even atone’s own ideals. The criticism ,“He has no sense of humor” isvery commonly heard in Britain,where humor is highly prized. Asense of humor is an attitude tolife rather than the mere abilityto laugh at jokes. This attitude isnever cruel or disrespectful ormalicious . The English do not laugh at a cripple or a madman, or a tragedy or an honorable failure.6. Since reserve, a show of modesty and a sense of humor are part of his own nature, the typical Englishman tends to expect them in others. He secretly looks down on more excitable nations, and likes to think of himself as more reliable than they. He doesn’t trust big promises and open shows of feelings, especially if they are expressed in flowery language. He doesn’t trust self-praise of any kind. This applies not only to what other people may tell him about themselves orally, but to the letters they may write to him. To those who are fond of flowery expressions, the Englishman may appear uncomfortably cold.7. Finally, sportsmanship . Like a sense of humor, this is an Englishin ideal which not all Englishmen live upto. It must be realized that sport in thismodern form is almost entirely aBritish invention. Boxing, rugby,football, hockey, tennis and cricketwere all first organized and given rulesin Britain. Rules are the essence ofsport, and sportsmanship is the abilityto practice a sport according to its rules,while also showing generosity to one’sdefeat. The high pressure of modern international sport makes these ideals difficult to keep, but they are atleast highly valued in Britain and are certainly achieved there more commonly than among more excitable peoples. Moreover, sportsmanship as an ideal is applied to life in general this is proved by opponent and good temperwell-aimed, strong criticism and “below the belt” is used to describe an unfair one. One of the most elementary rules of life is “never hit a man when he’s down”—in other words, never take advantage of a person’s misfortune. English schoolboys often show this sense of sportsmanship to a surprisingly high degree in their relations with each other.After You ReadKnowledge Focuspartner and share ideas with each other.1. Work with your W h a t w o u l d a n E n g l i s h m a n o r w o m a n u s u a l l y d o i n t h e f o l l o w i n g s i t u a t i o n s ?lishman makes a journey to somewhere by train… man’s skills inomething quite funny happening in public and annis match…rite T if the statement is true and F if it is false.emotional, and____ 2) t noted for their generosity and____ 3) are much less reserved than people of the____ 4) is an attitude to life rather than the mere____ 5) lder” and “below the belt” areAn Eng An acquaintance asks an English lady’s age…Someone pays compliments to an English tennis…There’s s Englishman happens to see it…An Englishman has just lost a ten2. W ____ 1) A reserved person is one who is quite tends gets excited easily.The British people are no hospitality.The Welsh,South and East.A sense of humor ability to laugh at jokes.“Straight from the shou sporting terms borrowed from rugby.Language Focusnings of the bold-faced words in this text and 1. Discuss the mea work with a partner to fill in the blanks with a proper word ormunicate with others, he usuallye guests are treated _______.as honeyis likely to. Fill in the blanks with the following expressions you have be noted for look down on be keen on2) If a person is reluctant to com __________ to start a conversation.3) The hostess is very hospitable , and th 4) Whenever anyone mentions the word “conceit ”, the image of Mr.Darcy comes into mind, he was thought to be_________.5) You’d better ____________those people who are sweet to your face and as malicious as hell behind your back.6) If you seek help from a friend known for generosity , he __________.2learned in this text.due to for a time live up totake advantage of apply to) This rule cannot be ________ any case.to speak English.ilty, but before longlong. I ________ outdooress is entirely ________ his hard work.nts.. Fill in the blanks with the proper forms of words in the1) (reserve) person is one who does not talk very much tosh (except perhaps in the North) are not 12) Students must ________ every opportunity 3) Conceited people always ________ others.4) _________ the police thought she might be gu they eliminated her from their list of suspects.5) This resort ________ its hot springs.6) It’s boring to stay at home all day sports.7) His succ 8) I hope I can ________ the expectations of my pare3brackets.A _____ strangers, does not show much emotion, and seldom gets excited.2) This _____ (reluctant) to communicate with others is an unfortunate quality in some ways since it tends to give the impression of coldness.3) It is true that the Englivery _____ hoolboys often show this sense of sportsmanship to a6)The _____ (criticize), “He has no sense of humor” is commonly heard in Britain, where humor is highly prized. 7)The typical Englishman secretly looks down on more (excite) nations, and likes to think of himself as more _____ (rely) than they. 8) English sc _____ (surprise) high degree in their relations with each other.Comprehensive WorkBritish sayings and try to use them to make 1) time saves nine.an’s poison.not make it drink.em.th.. Pair-work: work with your partner and share ideas with each re the English character with the American character. What 1. Study the following dialogues.A stitch in 2) One man’s meat is another m 3) You can lead a horse to water, but you can 4) The grass is always greener on the other side.5) Don’t cross your bridges before you come to th 6) The best advice is found on the pillow.7) Birds of a feather flock together.8) Don’t look a gift horse in the mou2other.Compa are the similarities and differences?Read Moregolden ”, “Empty vessels make the most noise ” andeirtuations isnot exclusively a sporting one. It describes the sort ofay appear fearless and calm on the surface, deepmanner.2) “Silence is “You are not put on to this earth to enjoy yourself ”. From the sayings above we can get the clue that the English parents want their children to be __________________________________.3) If there is one trait that absolutely singles out the English it is th shared dislike for anyone or anything that “________”.4) To the English the proper way to behave in almost all si to display a languid _____ to almost everything. Even in affairs of the heart, it is considered unseemly to show one’s feelings except ________.5) The term is behaviour both on and off the playing field that characterises everything the English really respect. The term refers to “________”.6) Whilst they m down the English suffer from agonising self-doubt, feeling that in many areas of human activity they just cannot cut the mustard. The underlined expression means __________.7) The English have a strong sense of history and they tend to fillul and inventive, but rarelyText B The English Character (II)S t i f f U p p e rL i p their homes with ______.8) The English are endlessly resourcef ________ their inventions.teristic English pose involveskeep The charac ing the head held high, the upper lip stiffand the best foot forward. In this position,conversation is difficult and intimacy of any kindalmost impossible. This in itself is a clue to theEnglish character.ting rather like the thre nd behaviour against all c od is also Eng in this certainty to the gen vessels make the most noise” and, most telling, “You are not put on to this earth to enjoy yourself”.Small wonder that they end up, as adults, ac e wise monkeys and emotionally in traction.But still the English defend their character a omers. Perhaps that is because Puritanism with its punishing work ethic assures them that their reward for all that restraint will come at a sort of school prize-giving ceremony in the world to come.If it is the latter, they are forgetting that since G lish—a firmly-held belief—any hedonism in the next world will probably be accompanied by mugs of bromide.Nevertheless, the English continue to bask eral astonishment of the rest of mankind.is one trait that absolutely singles out the English it is their shar an excess of emo English the proper way to behave in almost all situations is to d If there ed dislike for anyone or anything that “goes too far”.Going too far, as the English see it, covers displaying tion, getting drunk, discussing money in public or cracking off-colour jokes and then laughing at them noisily. Beyond the pale altogether is the man or woman who regales one with his or her titles or qualifications. The only acceptable place to air these is on an envelope.To the isplay a languid indifference to almost everything, though one may be seething underneath. Even in affairs of the heart, it is considered unseemly to show one’s feelings except behind closed doors.h man or woman refers to you as “a good sport”, you wil sively a sporting one. It describes the sort of beh If an Englis l know that you have really arrived. For to them it is a qualification normally never awarded to a foreigner and by no means within the grasp of all the English.The term is not exclu aviour both on and off the playing field that characterises everything the English really respect. In all physical trials, the goodIt goes without saying that the good sport will also be a good loser. The English are fiercely com S e l re will be no arguing with umpires or outward signs of disappointment. On the contrary, a remark such as “The best man won!” tossed airily to all and sundry, and never through clenched teeth, is obligatory even in the face of crushing defeat.This does not really fool anyone, for the petitive especially in matters sporting. They would rather be crossed in love than beaten on the tennis courts, but to let it be seen would be going too far.f -D o u b tapparent colossal self-confidence and moral certainty of the conquered and foreigners to be e helter-skelter slide from Empire to Commonwealth and S e n It is the English that is paradoxically one of their greatest stumbling blocks. For both qualities are, to a certain extent, only illusions. Whilst they may appear fearless and calm on the surface, deep down the English suffer from agonising self-doubt, feeling that in many areas of human activity they just cannot cut the mustard.All the time there were countries to be governed, the English could sublimate all their clamouring uncertainty. The scent of success served as incense at the altar of their self-assurance.But with th ever downwards, their doubts, like itches, have begun to plague them and it is considered bad form to scratch in public.t i m e n tglish have a strong sense of history. Because their past was so led with old thingsnot The En infinitely more glamorous than their present, they cling to it tenaciously. Mix this love of bygone ages with an unrivalled sentimentality and you have a heady mixture which can be sensed inevery aspect of the English life.Antique shops clutter upevery town and village. Englishhomes are fil only because please the eyebut because there is a feeling thatShi andfather/grandmother, it’s good eno niness is vulgar and the patina of age lends respectability. Thus they cling on to old furniture, old carpets, old chipped china, old kitchen gadgets and garden implements long after common sense dictates that they should be replaced.“If it was good enough for my gr ugh for me!”. The English cry goes up and each new invasion from the future is greeted with the indignant question: “What was wrong with the old one?”. And as far as the English are concerned, there is no answer to that.InventivenessThe English are endlessly resourceful and inventive, but rarely pro one unobserved by gh, he will come up with something with real pro 2. Read the following passage and finish the following exercises.sunny in English comedy shows,to tea drinking in England: The water musttrol is shown infit from their inventions. The inventor in his garden shed turning out gadgets and widgets tends to be almost exclusively male, lacking the more practical female genes in any great numbers.Often perceiving needs in daily life which have g the rest of his compatriots, he will beaver away 24 hours a day creating such indispensable items as the perfect egg boiler or the self-creasing trouser.Occasionally, thou mise like the hovercraft which will then be ignored by his countrymen and taken up by foreigners.1) The English national character is dualistic: One aspect i conservative, the other _____.2) Most Americans find nothing f since English humor is _____ oriented while American humor is more _____ oriented.3) There is a whole ritual be _____ rapidly, the teapot _____, the tea _____, then _____ at least 5 minutes in a teapot covered by a tea cosy.4) In the following passage, the English spirit of con the following aspects: English pubs, ______, pace of living and ______.The English national character is dualistic: One aspect is conservative, the other extroverted. The English people, like people of elsewhere, love to entertain themselves in some pleasure; however, their pleasure always know temperance.The pub is a fine example of the conservative aspect of English character. The pub, unlike the bar in the U.S., is a focal point for the “locals.” One goes to the pub for the same reasons one used to go to church: for fellowship and spiritual enlightenment. There is nothing flashy or plastic about most pubs. Many look like one’s living room, full of plush, soft chairs, couches, a fireplace, and bright lights. The pubs keep respectable hours, too—open from 10 A.M. to 2 P.M. and 5 P.M. to 10 P.M.; Friday and Saturday nights they stay open until 11 P.M. There are no all-night or 3 A.M. public bars. When the pubs close everyone goes home. The pub represents pleasure with control and in good taste.This control is also exemplified in English humor. Most Americans find nothing funny in English comedy shows, since English humor is word oriented while American humor is more action oriented.The same control that is found in English pubs and humor is also found in the English pace of living. Where else does one stand in line quietly for the bus or the taxi?barbarians drink tea by placinga tea bag in a cup of hot water.There is a whole ritual to teadrinking in England: The watermust be boiling rapidly, theteapot warm, the tea loose, thensteeped at least 5 minutes in ateapot covered by a tea cosy.Then and only then does onepour the tea into a cup and drink it. Not only old ladies in lace with Pekingese on their laps drink tea, but a whole nation of workers, entrepreneurs, and aristocrats have tea for breakfast, lunch, and, of course, all activity stops in the afternoon for thecustomary tea break.NotesWinston Churchill (1874–1965) was a Britishpolitician known chiefly for his leadership of theUnited Kingdom during World War II. He served asPrime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1940 to from 1951 to 1955. A noted 1945 and again statesman and orator, Churchill was also an officer in the British Army, a historian, a Nobel Prize-winning writer, and an artist.For FunBooks to ReadJules Verne, Around the World in Eighty Days —Phileas Fogg bets half his fortune against other members of the Reform Club he can travel around the world in 80 days or less.Peter Mandler, The English National Character —a historian of modern Britain challenges long-held familiar stereotypes and proposes an entirely new perspective on what it means to think of oneself as being English.Movies to SeeMr. Bean—Life is a difficultchallenge for Mr. Bean, whohas trouble completing even thesimplest of tasks. Thankfully, his perseverance is usually rewarded, and he finds an ingenious way around the problem.。
英语国家概况 第8章 英国社会与文化
Cash Benefits5）改革reformsIn the late 1990s a working-families tax credit（税务减免）replaced income support for low-paid working households with children; the government introduced a national minimum wage;the government also introduced a children’s tax credit toprovide additional support to low-and middle-income families.5）改革：在20世纪90年代后期，提出工薪家庭税收减免政策，来取代对低收入家庭孩子的收入支持，政府还出台了国家最低工资标准。
政府还出台了一个儿童税收减免，以向中低收入家庭提供更多的支持。
在20世纪中期1）在20世纪中期，英国地方政府营造了简易住宅（包括公共房产）1980年2）1980年“购买权”法律的出现，很多租户变成了业主居住者。
21世纪开端3）21世纪开端，当地政府对房屋的占有率几乎减半。
1）教育国务大臣全面负责英格兰的教育，并对议会、教育部和科学部负责2）在苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰，教育部门由部长领导，并对区议会负责。
初、中级教育是地方政府的责任。
地方教育机构雇佣教师，并提供教育经费。
少数的学校由自愿者经营，多具备宗教性质。
也有一小部分是私营的。
3）初级教育是免费的，从5岁到11岁是义务教育。
地方教育机构通过各种组织形式，为11到19岁的孩子提供中等教育，中等教育是免费的，义务教育到16岁。
1）除了公立学校，一小部分私立学校（常被称为“公学”）为1到20岁的孩子提供教育。
2）在英国，那些私立学校常被称为“公学”。
3）这些学校的教育资金来源于学费和私人募捐。
4）其中的大部分学生来自富裕家庭，并非常愿意继续到名牌大学深造。
英国社会与文化
英国社会与文化The government of the UKThe British government system politics is the most ancient of system. Its origins can be traced back to more than 1000 years ago, and the British parliament is also the world's most ancient representation parliament. Now The UK is a long history of the parliamentary system of democracy, and for government constitutional monarchy. the head of state is a king or a queen. The United Kingdom is governed, in the name of the Sovereign by His or Her Majesty's Government.The democratic political through free elections, freedom of speech and everyone is equal before the law system of public and get. Britain is the principle of democracy, the national through an election in the house of Commons in London elected senator, term not more than five years. Every member of the house of Commons on behalf of Britain's national 651 constituencies in a, or "seat", the senator is usually one of several major political party members.The Monarchy and The role of the monarchThe most ancient system of government is the monarchy (by king rules). This can be traced back to from the 5 th century Britain began to rule until 1066 was the normans conquered Saxon. King egbert in AD 829 will be unified in their England under the rule of, but now the queen Elizabeth ii is the direct descendant of him.The rights of the Kings come mainly from ancient creed "rights granted". It said the authority of the monarchy is from god and not from his people. Although sometimes different between the family have WangWeiZhi divided, have insisted that he is the legal heir of the crown, but with the sacred rights, few peoplequestioned whether the monarchy should exist. For more than 1000 years, Britain is always the hereditary rule by the king and queen. But there is only a short exception.Now the queen of the UK is Elizabeth II, her title in the United Kingdom is “Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and Her Other Realms and Territories, Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith.The Queen is the symbol of the whole nation. In law, She is head of the executive, an integral part of the legislature, head of the judiciary, the commander-in-chief of all the armed forces and the “supreme governor” of the Ch urch of England. She gives Royal Assent to Bills passed by parliament.But now The monarch actually has no real power. The monarch’s power are limited by law and Parliament. a nd the actual state power is in the prime minister hands, In today's monarch symbol is the role of traditional and British national unity. Obviously, the prime minister and the ruling at any time, The party is part of the accounts for only of the population, they voted for. The queen, but, because she is political, belong to everybody. According to the constitution, the scope of her other role as follows: she is legal administration person in charge, legislative, and judicial organs in charge,In 1988, according to the survey, most British people think, the queen of England's most important job is to represent Britain at home and abroad, Her second most important job is to establish a good citizen and family living standards. Although the queen, in fact, is a kind of mould manufacturing Van life.constitutionNow the rule of the British method based on the basis of theterms of the constitution. Israel and the UK is the only two without written written constitution in the world, and most countries have such constitution. Without a specific written documents to list on how to control a country basic terms, the British government is the foundation of the statute law, common law (case law) and the common law. Statute passed by congress is to point to by the law; Common law is refers to the British court ruling has formed by the law; Common law refers to the law not required, but the system of government to run very important some traditional rules and habits.ParliamentThe English language "congress" (parliament) the phrase comes from the verb "parley", meaning is to discuss or talk.The United Kingdom is a unitary, not a federal, state. Parliament consists of the Sovereign, the House of Lords and the House of Commons.The main functions of Parliament are: (1) to pass laws; (2) to provide, by voting for taxation, the means of carrying on the work of government; (3) to examine government Policy and administrations, including proposal for expenditure; and (4) to debate the major issues of the day.Strictly speaking, the parliament today by the queen of England, the house of lords and the house of Commons composition. The three agencies must agree with the through anylaws.The house of lords and the house of CommonsThe House of Lords is made up of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal. The main function of the House of Lords is to bring the wide experience of its members into the process of lawmaking. In other words, the non-elected House is to act as achamber of revision, complementing but not rivaling the elect House.The House of Common is elected by universal adult suffrage and consists of 651 Members of Parliament (MPs). It is in the House of Commons that the ultimate authority.Britain is divided 651 constituencies. Each of the constituencies returns one member to the House of Commons.A general Election must be held every five years and is often held at more frequent intervals.Britain has a number of parties, but there are only two major parties. These two parties are the Conservative Party and the Labour Party.1. The Prime Minister presides over the Cabinet, is responsible for the allocation of functions among ministers and informs the Queen at regular meetings of general business of the Government. Cabinet members hold meetings under the chairmanship of the Prime Minister for a few hours each week to decide Government policy on major issues.2. Ministers are responsible collectively to Parliament for all Cabinet decisions; individual Ministers are responsible to Parliament for the work of their department.Now the British governmentFrom the above in brief, we can see that the British government now by its long history of influence. Britain is a representative democracy, it is a constitutional monarchy. Though the country's official summit is the queen, but her right most of it is traditional and symbolic. National and local government was elected by the people, according to the British constitution principle rules the country.。
英语国家社会与文化(英文)
The British society and cultureThe UK is a rich and colorful, with international and multicultural country .Its full name is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, hereinafter referred to as the United Kingdom or Britain, known as the UK, is on the island of Great Britain by England, Scotland and wales, and Northern Ireland northeast the island of Ireland, and a series of islands of a small island.In Chinese the word "Britain", that is, by "England", the international code for the GB.Britain is located in the northwest of the continent of the British Isles, is the north sea, the English channel, Celtic sea, Irish sea and surrounded by the Atlantic ocean.In addition to Britain, including fourteen overseas territories .Established the "glorious revolution" in 1688 the British constitutional monarchy, Britain was the first to complete the industrial revolution, the national strength growing rapidly.In the 18th century to early 20th century, the rule of the British empire territories across the globe.As the most powerful country.Both after the outbreak of world war ii victory, but seriously damaged national strength, to the disintegration of the British empire in the second half of the 20th century, Britain has lost onceleadership in international affairs.Superpower status be replaced by the United States and the Soviet union.However, the UK is still a worldwide has a strong influence, important economic, cultural, military, science and technology of the world's great powers.About the British people's life custom, British people now pay more attention to the quality of life, the pursuit of spirit to enjoy.Important occasion wear very formal, usually the pursuit of simple, comfortable clothing.Diet style is simple, pay attention to nutrition.The climate is mild and humid, the British people love the sun.Like I'm doing housework at ordinary times, have a passion for sport, like to travel on holiday.In addition the British very hobby cultural activities, such as reading books, writing articles, to the concert, the theatre, etc, also like pets.。
英国社会与文化lecture_3-精品文档
The Canterbury Tales
Vivid and ironic portrayal of characters
The very perfect gentle Knight– a mercenary solider The nun– a sensual woman who enjoys the pleasure of the senses The wife of Bath—who has five husbands
British Society and Culture
Lecture Three Literature and Arts ======================================================= ====================================
The formation of the Old English
Pre-Roman-Conquest—Celts and Britons: Gaelic and Celtic. The Roman Conquest since 43 AD: Latin The Roman departure in 407 A. D.—the invasion of Anglo, Saxon and Jute: Icelandic, Viking, Danish, Germanic influences.
Old English Literature
c.a., the 10th century, Beowulf Author: anonymous Setting: Scandinavian Date of writing: betweeห้องสมุดไป่ตู้ the 8th and the 11the century
英国社会文化
• Capital: London • Population: 48,9 million • Land area: 130, 836 sq km
Scotland
• Capital: Edinburgh • Population: 5,1 million • Land area: nearly 80 thousand sq km
• Isaac Newton
• William Shakespeare
• Charles Dickens
Sherlock Holmes
• Robin Hood
The British royal family
• Vivien Leigh Gone with the wind Waterloo Bridge A Streetcar Named Desire
• 2.4 Other Major Cities • Birmingham (264 sq km/1 million)
• Factories – coal
• Manchester (116 sq km/2.3 million)
• Textiles (all cotton imported)
• Liverpool (113 sq km/500k)
• 2. 2 Climate
• Mild maritime type of climate: • A gift of the North Atlantic Drift Current • Temperature: -7 to 29 centigrade • Rainfall: protracted drizzle instead of heavy showers • Lack of sunshine: London’s Pea Soup Fogs • Generally speaking, though the English have too little sun to shine over their land, they are fortunate in escaping the droughts, floods and hurricanes that strike other lands.
英国社会与文化第二章阅读提纲
3) The third “ Home Rule Bill” was passed in 1914, but the process was overtaken by the First World War and was suspended for the duration of the war.
Unit 2 Northern Ireland
5177 Society and Culture of English-Speaking Countries
Slide 1 of 18
I. Physical Features of Northern Ireland
5177 Society and Culture of English-Speaking Countries
5177 Society and Culture of English-Speaking Countries
Slide 13 of 18
3. Attempts to dissolve conflicts 1) The Power-sharing mechanism in 1973 (权力分享机制）
4. Results:
Northern Ireland then became the only country in the world which is recognized as an independent entity but which is governed by three separate jurisdictions: that of the Republic of Ireland, that of great Britain and that of its own elected executive government of ten ministers.
英国社会与文化
英国社会与文化英国是一个历史悠久、文化繁荣的国家，拥有丰富多样的社会与文化景观。
本篇文档将介绍一些关于英国社会和文化的重要方面。
1. 英国的社会结构英国社会结构由四个主要的阶层组成：贵族阶层、上层中产阶级、下层中产阶级和工人阶级。
这种社会结构基于家庭背景、教育和就业等因素。
贵族阶层通常是由皇室成员和贵族血统的人组成，他们在政府和社会的各个领域发挥着重要作用。
上层中产阶级通常是财富和地位较高的人，他们在商务、金融和媒体等行业占据着重要地位。
下层中产阶级包括一些专业人士和中等收入家庭。
工人阶级是英国社会中最底层的人群，他们在服务业和制造业等行业从事体力劳动。
2. 英国的价值观和习俗英国人有着独特的价值观和习俗，其中最重要的是礼貌和谦逊。
英国人注重个人隐私和个人空间，尊重他人的意见和观点。
在社交场合，他们通常会排队、握手并进行适当的寒暄。
英国人喜欢喝茶，并且将其视为一种社交活动。
他们也喜欢观看足球比赛和参加音乐节或戏剧表演等文化活动。
3. 英国的语言和文学英语是英国的官方语言，也是全球使用最广泛的语言之一。
英国有着悠久的文学传统，从莎士比亚到狄更斯再到现代作家，英国文学一直占据着世界文学的重要地位。
一些著名的英国文学作品包括《哈利·波特》系列、《简·爱》和《1984》等。
4. 英国的节日和庆典英国有许多重要的节日和庆典，其中最著名的是圣诞节和复活节。
在圣诞节期间，家庭成员会相聚一起庆祝，并交换礼物。
复活节则是基督教的重要节日，人们会举行各种庆祝活动，如彩蛋砸碎和游行等。
在英国还有一些独特的庆典，如威斯敏斯特大礼拜仪式和爱丁堡国际艺术节等。
5. 英国的食物和饮料英国的食物和饮料具有自己的特色。
英国早餐以培根、鸡蛋、烤面包和熏肉为主要食材。
晚餐通常包括烤肉、蔬菜和煮土豆。
英国人喜欢喝茶和啤酒，并且有一些独特的饮料，如英式红茶和威士忌。
6. 英国的艺术和音乐英国是艺术和音乐的重要中心之一。
[教育]英国社会与文化lectu
![[教育]英国社会与文化lectu](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/b610f3dba98271fe910ef9cb.png)
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Geoffrey Chaucer(1340-1400)
Contribution to the middle English (1) Wide range of linguistic sources (2) Helped to form a London-based
standard language
The School for Scandal (1777)
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The Rise of the Novel
Daniel Defoe, Robinson Crusoe (1719) Henry Fielding, The History of Tom Jones:
A Foundling (1749) Jonathan Swift, Gulliver’s Travels (1726)
[教育]英国社会与文化 lectu
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Literature: 4 major periods
Old English Literature –before the Norman Conquest (1066)
Medieval Literature (before the English Renaissance beginning from the 15th century)
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Characteristics of Romanticism in Britain
A rejection of the rules of order, calm, harmony, balance, idealization, and rationality.
A deepened high appreciation of the beauties of nature. Belief in the emotion and imagination rather than reason
英国社会与文化
英国文化浅谈英国位于欧洲西部、大西洋的大不列颠群岛上，东濒北海，西临大西洋。
由于独特的地理环境，让英国的历史发展充满了传奇色彩也因此造就了英国富有特色的文化。
现选取政治、科技、教育、艺术几个方面概述。
一、政治文化英国是一个单一制、君主立宪的民主国家，它的政府体系（即所谓西敏制）直接影响了许多其他国家的政治体制，包括加拿大、印度、澳大利亚和牙买加等英联邦成员国。
英国没有成文的宪法，但宪法惯例（constitutional conventions）具有宪法的作用；各种成文法和普通法共同组成了所谓的英国宪法。
英吉利民族是一个理性的民族，他们重视经验，不惟书、不为理，只为实，相信实践的理性超越于抽象的理论，所以他们在不断的政治实践中发展、修正着自己的政治理论，譬如洛克，正是对实践精神的信奉，而不是像法国人那样迷恋于理想的世界，所以每一步都是脚踏实地。
加上英国人强大的传统——保守主义，独特的社会结构——贵族社会以及英国风度的贵族精神，所以，就注定了英国的政治发展是一个妥协、渐进的政治过程。
二、科技文化英国是近代工业革命的发祥地，并哺育出一大批世界著名的科学家，如牛顿、达尔文、麦克斯韦、瓦特和法拉第等以经典力学体系、进化论、电磁学、电力的使用和蒸汽机等方面的杰出成就，奠定了近代科学和现代科学坚实的基础，为世界科学技术众多领域的发展做出了举世瞩目的贡献。
直至今天，英国仍然是世界上最重要的科技强国之一。
英国的研究领域范围很宽，从对极地的研究，到热带病研究、全球气候变化研究等，都有英国人的研究工作和优势。
据英国研究报告表明，目前英国在生物科学、临床前研究、临床研究、环境科学领域的研究水平居世界第二位，数学研究、物理和工程研究居世界第四位。
总体上说，英国的科学研究，总体布局富有前瞻性，适应需要开展交叉学科研究，研究队伍精干，历史积累厚实，学术气氛浓郁开放。
按英国人自己的话说，就是以世界1%的人口，参与了世界5%的研究课题，贡献了世界9%的论文，并拥有12%的科学论文引用率。
英国维多利亚时代的社会与文化变迁
英国维多利亚时代的社会与文化变迁英国维多利亚时代是历史上一段非常重要的时期，它不仅改变了英国，也影响了整个世界。
在这段时间里，英国经历了巨大的社会和文化转变，这些转变在今天依然影响着我们的生活。
本文将对英国维多利亚时代的社会和文化变迁进行探讨。
一、维多利亚时代的社会变迁在维多利亚时代，英国从传统社会逐渐向现代社会转变。
这个时期，英国工业化程度不断提高，科技进步迅速，道路和运输设施的发展使得交流变得更加快捷。
这些变化给社会生活带来了全新的面貌，城市化进程也越来越快。
在这个时期，社会结构也发生了很多变化。
中产阶级的崛起使得社会结构更加复杂，财富、地位和稳定的职业成为人们所追求的目标。
由于工业革命的进程，农村人口逐渐向城市迁移，城市化带来了工业化、商业化和现代化的发展，也造成了许多社会问题，比如劳工问题、贫困问题、住房问题等等。
二、维多利亚时代的文化变迁在文化方面，维多利亚时代也发生了很多的转变和变革。
在这个时期，人们开始关注人文主义、艺术和文学。
诗歌、小说和戏剧的创作都得到了极大的推动，维多利亚时代被誉为英国文学的黄金时代。
同时，由于社会和经济的变革，文化与艺术也变得更加多样化。
新颖的音乐、艺术品和文化活动逐渐填补了人们的生活空白。
维多利亚时代成为了艺术、文化与科技并存的时期，各种类型的艺术活动风靡英国。
三、维多利亚时代的女性地位提升维多利亚时代的女性开始在社会中扮演更为重要的角色。
在这个时期，女性逐渐获得了更多的教育和知识，参与社会活动的机会也越来越多。
她们开始关注教育和医疗的重要性，并成立了一系列的机构和协会去为此奋斗。
同时，女性也开始发挥在劳动力市场、政治和社会事务上的重要作用。
主张妇女参政和妇女平等的组织也陆续成立。
四、维多利亚时代的道德观念和宗教信仰尽管维多利亚时代是一个科技和经济进步的时代，但它也是一个道德观念与宗教理念盛行的时期。
当时的人们非常重视道德和伦理的教育，伦敦经常是道德的焦点所在。
英国社会与文化论文
British Parliament: Mother of Parliaments When it comes to British Parliament, the first impression occurs to us is “Mother of Parliaments”. We are told that many other countries followed the model of Britain to establish their own parliaments. However, what made British Parliament “Mother of Parliament”? Below are some of my points.First, it has the longest history. In 1215, the lords forced King John to sign the Great Charter, which covered two important matters: no tax should be made without the approval of the council, and no freedom should be arrested or imprisoned except by the law of the land(Chang Junyue, p.50). After King John died, his son, Henry III, wanted to defeat the lords and their charter but failed. This time, the lords forced him to accept the charter and the “parliament”, including the lords, churchmen and knights from each county. In order to raise funds for wars, Edward I opened a new parliament in 1295. People called it the model parliament because its composition became the model for later parliaments. The model parliament is the beginning of British Parliament.Second, it always struggled to limit the monarchy. Since its birth, Parliament has started the fight against autocracy. There were a lot of despots in ancient Britain. They were irreconcilable with Parliament and intended to withdraw its powers. Therefore, Parliament used various methods to protect itself and constrained the king’s power. It influenced the state affairs by petitioning to the king, weakened the monarchy by financial powers and even threatened the king by wars. At last, Parliament managed to defeat the monarchy and make it work for parliamentary sovereignty. Because of these, British Parliament is known as “the cradle of democracy”.Third, it created new electoral system. Before the early nineteenth century, the electoral system of Parliament was under control of the king, so feudal officials and rich people could manipulate elections. Nevertheless, since 1832, Parliament carried out a series of reforms. These reform measures gradually abolished restrictions on property and gender of voters and determined the constituencies by administrative divisions. Thus common people could enter Parliament to participate into politics, which accelerated the process of democratization in UK.Forth, it also created party system. Before the mid-19th century politics in Britain was already dominated by the Whigs and the Tories, but they were not political parties in the modern sense. After the reforms, both evolved into the political parties and party system came to mature: the leader of the party with most members in the House of Commons becomes Prime Minister and he chooses other Ministers from his own party colleagues. The party with the next largest number becomes the Opposition. This system makes political parties in Parliament more systematized and institutionalized. Also, competition between the Ruling and the Opposition makes Parliament more democratic.In conclusion, British Parliament is one of the earliest democratic political institutions in human history. Its originality brings it the title of “Mother of Parliaments” and its spirit will influence the world forever.Bibliography常俊跃，英国历史文化，北京：北京大学出版社，2010朱永涛，Essentials of British and American Cultures, 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2007。
最新《英国社会文化》期末复习资料幻灯片课件
• The 1960s – a decade of young rebellious
young generation
• The 1970s – a decade of strikes and recession • The 1980s – a decade of Thatcherism • The 1990s – a decade of great expectation
A 1 Reform & Change Key Stages and Tests
• The Key Stages are age-related: KS 1 goes
up to age seven, KS 2 from seven to eleven, KS 3 from eleven to fourteen (preGCSE) and KS 4 from fourteen to sixteen (preparation for GCSE and equivalent vocational qualifications) -
A 3 Institution of Higher
Education
Oxford
• Oxford University. Legend has it that Oxford
University was founded by King Alfred in 872. A more likely scenario is that it grew out of efforts begun by Alfred to encourage education and establish schools throughout his territory. There may have been a grammar school there in the 9th century. A grammar school was exactly what it sounds like; a place for teaching Latin grammar. The University as we know it actually began in the 12th century as gatherings of students around popular masters. The university consisted of people, not buildings. The buildings came later as a recognition of something that already existed. In a way, Oxford was never founded; it grew.
英国社会与文化重点
1.Britain had been invaded by many invaders before 1066. Who are the invaders, and what were the consequences of each invasion?1.Romans’s loading(55BC):Celts inhabited the southern England. They helped fight the Romans alongside tribes who had stayed behind in Gaul. This led to the Romans invasion in Britain.. The Romans brought many innovations and ideas to the Britain. One of the great social changes was Christianity.The Romans conquered most of the country.Britain was a part of the Roman empire for almost 400 years.2.The Angelo-Saxons’ invision:the Anglo-Saxons,Angeles,Saxons and Jutes.Anglo-Saxons pushed the original, Celtic-speaking inhabitants out of England, leaving behind a few Celtic words. The Angelo-Saxons came to rule most of Britain,except that they never conquered Cornwall and Wales in the west and Scotland in the north.The country was divided into kingdoms.King Alfred the Great from the kingdom of Wessex become the first king to rule most of the England.The Anglo-saxons gradually converted to Christianity after the St.Augustine was sent from Rome in 597 AD.3.The Vikings and Danish Invision:Vikings.Norwegian Vikings sailed to northern and western Scotland, seizing land for their farms (some were fierce pirate raiders who stealed goods and animals or enslaved local people)around the coast and islands. They also settled in the Isle of Man and parts of Wales.They srarted from three countries of scandinavian:Denmark,Norway,Sweden.they may even reached America.The battle started by Danish Vikings ended with the Vikings conquering all of nothern central and eastern England,and seizing much of the land for their own farms.However the Anglo-Saxons won back most of the England afterwards.4.The Norman conquest(1066):The Anglo-Saxons lost the battle and the King Harold was killed.William became the new king of England.They made French the official language.2. The UK architecture has gone through a variety of phases. Explain it in detail.①Neolithic age, neolithic monuments such as Stonehenge and Avebury②Anglo-Saxons period，often built initially of wood, speed of erection being of greater concernthan design or appearance. The most well-known Tower of London,such as those at Stewkley and Buckinghamshire.③The Civil War, after this date houses were built purely for living, and design and appearancewere for ever more important than defense. St Paul’s Cathedral④Early 18th century baroque architecture，a style exemplified by heavy embellishment and masswas very popular in Europe,was an envolved form of Palladianism.It was during this period that comfort and style became truly popular.⑤18th century The Georgian architecture :was evolved form of Palladianism ,was an envolvedform of Palladianism.It was during this period that comfort and style became truly popular.⑥In the early 19C the romantic medieval gothic style:appeared as a backlash to the symmetry ofPalladianism.⑦The middle Age of the 19 C:construct was able to develop incorporating steel as a buildingcomponent.⑧The beginning of the 20th century, Arts and crafts in architecture were symbolized by aninformal, non symmetrical form, often with mullioned or lattice windows, multiple gables andtallchimneys.This style continued to involve until World War II.⑨Following the Second World War reconstruction was heavily influenced by modernism.Suchas the Hayward Gallery.3. The UK is a two-party nation. How does this kind of system work in terms of the balance of political power?The effectiveness of the party system in Parliament rests largely on the relationship between the Government and the opposition parties. Depending on the relative strengths of the parties in the House of Commons, the Opposition may seek to overthrow the Government by defeating it in a vote on a “matter of confidence”.In general,it aims to contribute to the formulation of policy and legislation by constructive criticism;to oppose the government proposals it considers objectionable;to seek amendments to government Bills;and to put forward its own policies in order to improve its chances of winning the next general election.The Opposition performs this role both by debating issues and puting questions on the floor of both Houses and through the committe system.4. The UK has been a leading trading power and financial center in Europe. What are the essential elements that make this possible?Large energy resources:The UK has large coal ,natural gas and oil reserves.highly mechanized agriculture :Agriculture is intensive,highly mechanized,and efficient by European standards,producing about 60% of food needs with only 1% of the labor force. Manufacturing;Other factors:The government target measure,state enterprises were nationalized in the 1940s have been privatized. Inflectional banks centralizing many of their European operations in London,5. What significant role does the Sino-British Joint Declaration play in the relations between China and the UK?The declaration led to the sound development of the relations between China and UK. The two countries exchanged of important visits and signed many agreements for cooperation in various field after the declaration.There has been various exchanges of high official visits.At present,close contacts and fequent exchange of visits at a high level are mantained between the two countries.and there is dynamic exchange and cooperation at all levels in the fields of politics ,trade ,economy ,culture ,and military.6. What is the relationship between Oxford and Cambridge and what are their respective strengths?①Both of the 2 are attracting students and experts from around the world to study and work there. Annual Boat Race between them has become one of the greatest sporting events in Britain drawing nationwide atention. The twin stars have always been mentioned in the same breath, known as “Oxbridge”.--nearly a synonym of upper class intelligentsia in England.②Oxford is famous mainly for its social science and humanities, producing numerous political figures; Cambridge is more accomplished in mathematics and sciences, being the Alma Mater of many Nobel Prize winners.In nature ,the two universities share much in common in terms of their size ,culture and even curricula.7. How was Britain converted into Christianity?The Roman legions invaded Britain and brought with Britain Christianity, and that made the overwhelming majority of the Romano-British population converted to Christianity.In 43,the Roman armies conquered England(Aulus Plautius),and then the Roman captured Wales and Scotland ,and started their rules in Britain,lasting as long as 400 years.The roman legions brought with them Christianity and that made the overwhelming majority of the Romano-British population converted to Christianity.Augustine ,an Italian-born missionaryand prelate who was sent in 597 by Pope Gregory I to britain for missionary propaganda,and formally introduced Christianity to southern britain.8. Why was Mary I nicknamed as “Blood Mary”?The Times have been rather independent in views, with a tradition of recording history in a truthful and objective way. It gained public praise in the spheres of politics and finance.She abolished all laws and religions reform laid down by her father and stepbrother.and briught England back under subjection to Vatican,She even married Spanish King Philip II,a Catholic bigot,to show her determination to restore Cathlicism in England.During her resign,she excuted as many as 300 Protestants ,including Thomas Cranmer,the archbishop of Canterbury(who was burnt on the state),and hence earned a nickname as “blood Mary”.10.What factors do you think contribute to the great influence of The Times?(1)It is the earlist national daily newspaper.(2)The very beginning ,the times has been very independent in views,with a tradition of recording history in a truthful and objective way ,yet it is foundamentally a conservative paper.(3)It involves many fields,such as politics and finance,science,literature and arts.(4)It’s guiding principle in running the newspaper remains quite consistant.(5)Rupert Murdoch wished to maintain its traditional style and taste.(6)More city news and more photo reports have been added to it.11. What is the relationship between British popular culture and that in the U.S.?The complicated process of the 2 countries popular culture interaction can be summarized as the early American imitation and absorption of British models and the gradual reversal of the process to a more reciprocal interrelationship.For example,Americans imitated British sports and games and entertainments until the early 20th C.After the world war I,american popular music and motion pictures won a general popularity in british.In 1950s,American rock and roll was imitated by british bands,who then refined it by adding their them own characterists.12. Since the late half of the 20th century, there has been significant change in the British people’s conception of marriage. What are the factors that have contributed to this change?Because widespread indifference to religious taboos against sexual intercourse and cohabitation prior to marriage and the combined effects of medical advances in general and more sophisticatedcontraception in particular. The longer period of time spent by young women in education and rise in the employment of women.Because widespread indifference to religious taboos against sexual intercourse and cohabitation prior to marriage and the combined effects of medical advances in general and more sophisticated contraception in particular. The longer period of time spent by young women in education and rise in the employment of women.The liberited ethos of the 1960s produced a climate of opinion,which made possible major legislation relating to abortion ,another development which was to effect the average age at first marriage.two other factors which also had a major impact on the average age at first marriage were the longer period of time spent by young women in education and the rise in the employment of women.13. How did the multi-ethic culture come into being in the UK?The multi-ethic culture is a result of a history, which has included invasion, expansion, empire and Commonwealth, and Britain’s role as a haven for people of all races.Britain government has taken steps to tackle problems of discrimination and disadvantage through pioneering such things as race relations legislation which makes racial discrimination an unacceptable ,an illgal, practice,and through policy to redress disadvantage.14.What are the major impacts of the British Empire in the world.The British Empire was the first global power and largest empire in world history. Colonial expansion and imperial holdings spread British influence across the globe and increased wealth and prestige for the mother country.The empire facilitated the spread of british technology,commerce,language,and government around much of the globe.Imperial hegemony contributed to britain’s economic grownth,and greatly strengthed its voice in world affairs.From the perspective of the colonies,the colonies received from britain english language ,an administrative and legal framework on the british model,and technological and economic development.Novertheless,British policies based on comparative advantage left many developing economics dangerously reliant on a single cash crop.15. What significant role does the Commonwealth play in linking its members?The Commonwealth represents significant cultural and historical links between wealthy first-world countries and poorer developing nations with diverse social and religious monwealth countries share many links at non-governmental levels ,with over a hundred nn-governmental organizations that are orginazed on a commonwealth wide basis ,notably in the areas of sport,culture ,education,and other charitable sectors.Before the establishment of the commonwealth’s law,the commonwealth collective actions had been limited by the principle of non-interference inthe internal affairs of other members.16.What is the major purpose of primary education in Britain?What is important in this stage is not how many specific things they learnt but the cultivation of their imagination and curiosity.The purpose of all these are to facilitate their studies in junior education which will involve normal curriculum and more class teaching.17.How did Open University come into being and what kind of role does it play in britain education?The idea of Open University was first proposed by the leader of the Labor Party Harold Wilson who declared that once his party won the election ,he would estabish a university of the air to provide educational oppotunities to a larger number of people who were not able to go to collage for one reason or another .succeeding in the 1964 election ,he put it into practice and named it as “Open University”.Open University ,with its great convenience ,high flexibility ,and low expenses,immediately attracted people of all trades to apply for this program and take the training courses in social science ,arts ,and mathmatics.Among the paticipants in open university ,nearly one third are actually not qualified to get enrolled in collage according to the traditional demand in britain.once the originally rigid requrement in diploma is removed ,these people have access to continue their studiesand thus become better equipped for job competition.18.What is impacts of thatcherism on the economic of Britain?Thatcherism's impact on the UK economy?Definition: Margaret thatcher came to power in the party after the emergence of a dominant ideology of the forces of the "new right".Positive impact: promoted the increase the employment rate in a decade or two years, reduces the rate of inflation, fundamentally promoted the prosperity of the economy. Negative effects: after the boom, the British economy in the financial crisisOverall tendency: economic inequality phenomenon more and more serious, resulting in the disparity, in terms of social status and other fields.She surrounded herself with sycophantic adviors and courtiers ,and was allowed to push through a number of completely potty laws like Poll Tax.Microsoft jas black in the 1980 s, when economic downturn in the UK and hughton thatcher, push forward the reform of privatization, including mass privatisation of state-owned industries and utilities, with an iron fist crackdown on the unions, and sweeping cuts in public spending and social welfare.Margaret thatcher administration advocates privatization, monetarism, deregulation, tax cuts, union power and praise creation wealth rather than redistribution, and reforming the welfare system, such as "the Keynesian" concept, with the ocean the other shore "reaganism" from afar: try to rely on the "small government, big market" for the economy. Supporters praised her bold and radical measures not only saved the British society, more think her privatisation measures can improve the overall competitiveness of UK business success, make its economic growth in developed countries in Europe and the United States after the 1980 s.In fact, in 1988, Britain's economy started to improve: the rate of inflation fell from 18% to8%, the employment rate increase, per capita income have improved, fiscal surplus, exports increased, actual economic growth rate of output per capita than the United States, Germany and France; And Britain's international standing, also began to rebound, one of the most famous example, beat Argentina than in the falklands war in 1982, nationalist or cheer "come back" the British empire.Chinese academy of social sciences researcher at the institute of European Tian Dewen for "first financial daily" said that Mrs Thatcher's approach over a period of time to the UK economy has very positive, but the tension isn't completely can be attributed to her reform, and debate in academia at present. During her administration, Britain's economic structure changed a lot, from the traditional industrial products trade transformation for the financial industry, the transformation is an important in the development of the thatcher period the UK economy background, Margaret thatcher did reform created relatively good conditions for Britain's economic transformation.And Margaret thatcher as "destroyer" britons argues that Britain's in recent years become more economic collapse, social unrest caused by polarization, and Margaret thatcher that mass privatisation, economic policies such as opposed to tax increases have close relationship.Tian Dewen also said privatisation really in a period is considered to improve the efficiency of the enterprise, but now a lot of debate about this issue, as the British railway privatisation came after a lot of problems, including the old equipment, service quality drop, because the private enterprise pursuit of immediate interests, more investment is insufficient, may cause considerable negative impacts.For a few years ago the financial tsunami, western countries, represented by America and Britain also began to generally think the free market theory is the concrete practice of the problem. "The pursuit of the free market is the capital benefit maximization, rather than the social benefit maximization" voice started to flash, and the London riots happened two years ago, is to let the world marvel at social rage "gentleman"."But anyway, Margaret thatcher as a character of time have a significant impact, she did these is definitely worth to remember, and now she's a set of economic ideology in the world bank and international monetary fund or play a leading role." Tian Dewen said, "thatcherism" until now have been accepted by most of the country's rulers, like the European Union and the United States, to curb inflation and maintain financial balance as the basis of all economic policy. Illustrations/Su Yi。
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• These days, an unmarried mother may choose to have a baby without marrying the father. She wants to keep the baby rather than have it adopted.
• The unmarried mother is just one of many single-parent families. But it ma be difficult to bring up a family on her own. She may not be able to work and look after her child. There are some self-help group which she can join. A selfhelp group is one in which all the members are in a similar situation, and they help one another.
• So a family is no longer forced to stay together just to bring up the children. The children are often happier, too, particularly if they are used to their parents quarrelling endlessly. They may feel that they are better off with dependent children have only one parent.
• The result of a divorce or separation, if there are children in family, is a “broken home” . It is usual for the children to live with their mother. Their father well probably have the legal right to visit the children and have them to stay with him for part of the school holidays.
Read the passage and finish the following exercise.
• Please define a “broken home”: A family that children lack of care for their divorced parents. • According to the passage, it is better for the quarreling croup to divorce each other instead of being forced to stay together just to bring up the children. • A one-parent family may headed by a divorced father or mother, by a widow or widower, by a married woman separated from her husband, or it may be headed by an unmarried mother.
•
A self-group family is one in which all the members are in a similar situation, and they help one another. • Fill in each blank with a suitable preposition or adverb. a. The divorced parents very often marry someone else and set up a new family home. b. The children may feel they are better off with just one parent, or with a new stepparent. c. It may be difficult for the unmarried mother to bring up a family on her own. She may not be able to work and look after her child.
• About 14 percent of all families with dependent children have only one parent. A one –parent family may be headed by a divorced father or mother ,by a widow or widower, by a married woman separated from her husband. Or it may be headed by an unmarried mother.
• Over 1.5 million children are affected by divorce. There are, therefore, many broken homes in Britain today, but the parents very often marry someone else and set up a new family.
• Since the Reform Art of 1969,it has been easier to get a divorce in Britain and the divorce rate has increased. There is now one divorced for every three marriages.